Paranasal Sinuses
Paranasal Sinus Diseases
Maxillary Sinus
Frontal Sinus
Ethmoid Sinus
Nasal Cavity
Sphenoid Sinus
Mucocele
Turbinates
Maxillary Sinus Neoplasms
Nasal Polyps
Nasal Septum
Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures
Osteoma
Ethmoid Bone
Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Sphenoid Sinusitis
Rhinometry, Acoustic
Frontal Sinusitis
Exophthalmos
Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory
Endoscopy
Ethmoid Sinusitis
Cranial Sinuses
Nasal Obstruction
Tampons, Surgical
Kartagener Syndrome
Cranial Fossa, Middle
Cavernous Sinus
Skull Base Neoplasms
Maxillary Sinusitis
Papilloma, Inverted
Levocardia
Nose
Carotid Sinus
Nasal Mucosa
Wood
Sphenoid Bone
Skull Base
Mucormycosis
Coronary Sinus
Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial
Sick Sinus Syndrome
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MR appearance of rhinoscleroma. (1/234)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We describe the MR imaging appearance of rhinoscleroma, an endemic, chronic, granulomatous disease whose causative agent is Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis. METHODS: The study included 15 patients (nine males and six females; mean age, 25 years; range, 13-36 years) with rhinoscleroma. MR imaging was performed in all patients. The signal intensity of the nasal masses was compared with that of fat, muscle, and CSF on both T1- and T2-weighted images. All cases were proved by histopathologic examination. RESULTS: The nasal masses were bilateral and symmetrical (n = 6), asymmetrical (n = 4), or unilateral (n = 5). They extended through the anterior nares (n = 9) or posterior choana into the nasopharynx (n = 3). They obstructed the ostiomeatal units with retained secretions in the related sinuses (n = 10). On T1-weighted images, rhinoscleroma showed striking (n = 9) or mild (n = 6) high signal intensity relative to muscle and CSF, but less hyperintensity than fat. On T2-weighted images, the nasal masses showed homogeneous high signal intensity (n = 10) or heterogeneous high signal intensity associated with hypointense foci (n = 5). They were hyperintense relative to fat and muscle, but less hyperintense than CSF. CONCLUSION: The hypertrophic stage of rhinoscleroma has characteristic mild to marked high signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted MR images. (+info)Recurrent inverted papilloma: diagnosis with pharmacokinetic dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. (2/234)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging has been used successfully to identify post-treatment recurrence or postoperative changes in rectal and cervical carcinoma. Our purpose was to evaluate the usefulness of dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging for distinguishing recurrent inverted papilloma (IP) from postoperative changes. METHODS: Fifteen patients with 20 pathologically proved lesions (recurrent IP, 12; fibrosis or granulation tissue, eight) were enrolled in the study. Three observers, blinded to pathologic results, independently evaluated conventional MR images, including T1-weighted (unenhanced and postcontrast), proton-density-weighted, and T2-weighted spin-echo images. Results then were determined by consensus. Dynamic images were obtained using fast spin-echo sequences at 5, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 300 seconds after the injection of gadolinium-diethylene-triamine penta-acetic acid. Time-signal intensity curves of suspected lesions were analyzed by a pharmacokinetic model. The calculated amplitude and tissue distribution time were used to characterize tissue, and their values were displayed as a color-coded overlay. RESULTS: T2-weighted images yielded a sensitivity of 67%, a specificity of 75%, and an accuracy of 70% in the diagnosis of recurrent IP. Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images yielded a sensitivity of 75%, a specificity of 50%, and an accuracy of 65%. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that recurrent IP had faster (distribution time, 41 versus 88 seconds) and higher (amplitude, 2.4 versus 1.2 arbitrary units) enhancement than did fibrosis or granulation tissue. A cut-off of 65 seconds for distribution time and 1.6 units for amplitude yielded a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 100% for diagnosing recurrent IP. CONCLUSION: Dynamic MR imaging can differentiate accurately recurrent IP from postoperative changes and seems to be a valuable diagnostic tool. (+info)Nose blowing propels nasal fluid into the paranasal sinuses. (3/234)
Intranasal pressures were measured in adults during nose blowing, sneezing, and coughing and were used for fluid dynamic modeling. Sinus CT scans were performed after instillation of radiopaque contrast medium into the nasopharynx followed by nose blowing, sneezing, and coughing. The mean (+/-SD) maximal intranasal pressure was 66 (+/-14) mm Hg during 35 nose blows, 4.6 (+/-3.8) mm Hg during 13 sneezes, and 6.6 (+/-3.8) mm Hg during 18 coughing bouts. A single nose blow can propel up to 1 mL of viscous fluid in the middle meatus into the maxillary sinus. Sneezing and coughing do not generate sufficient pressure to propel viscous fluid into the sinus. Contrast medium from the nasopharynx appeared in >/=1 sinuses in 4 of 4 subjects after a nose blow but not after sneezing or coughing. (+info)Septal splint with wax plates. (4/234)
To pack or not to pack, has always been a debate, especially after septal and functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The authors have studied the symptoms of packing versus not packing in their series of 100 patients having undergone nasal surgery. They advocate the use of dental wax for the fashioning of septal splints, since they are easy to introduce, cheap and malleable. The patients postoperative comfort is greatly enhanced with the use of dental wax plate splints instead of nasal packing. (+info)Anatomical variations in the human paranasal sinus region studied by CT. (5/234)
A precise knowledge of the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses is essential for the clinician. Conventional radiology does not permit a detailed study of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, and has now largely been replaced by computerised tomographic (CT) imaging. This gives an applied anatomical view of the region and the anatomical variants that are very often found. The detection of these variants to prevent potential hazards is essential for the use of current of endoscopic surgery on the sinuses. In the present work, we have studied the anatomical variants observed in the nasal fossae and paranasal sinuses in 110 Spanish subjects, using CT in the coronal plane, complemented by horizontal views. We have concentrated on the variants of the nasal septum, middle nasal concha, ethmoid unciform process and ethmoid bulla, together with others of lesser frequency. The population studied showed great anatomical variability, and a high percentage (67%) presented one or more anatomical variants. Discounting agger nasi air cells and asymmetry of both cavities of the sphenoidal sinus, which were present in all our cases, the variations most often observed were, in order, deviation of the nasal septum, the presence of a concha bullosa, bony spurs of the nasal septum and Onodi air cells. (+info)Panfungal PCR and multiplex liquid hybridization for detection of fungi in tissue specimens. (6/234)
A procedure based on panfungal PCR and multiplex liquid hybridization was developed for the detection of fungi in tissue specimens. The PCR amplified the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2). After capture with specific probes, eight common fungal pathogens (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, and Cryptococcus neoformans) were identified according to the size of the amplification product on an automated sequencer. The nonhybridized products were identified by sequencing. The performance of the procedure was examined with 12 deep-tissue specimens and 8 polypous tissue biopsies from the paranasal sinuses. A detection level of 0.1 to 1 pg of purified DNA (2 to 20 CFU) was achieved. Of the 20 specimens, PCR was positive for 19 (95%), of which 10 (53%) were hybridization positive. In comparison, 12 (60%) of the specimens were positive by direct microscopy, but only 7 (35%) of the specimens showed fungal growth. Sequencing of the nonhybridized amplification products identified an infecting agent in six specimens, and three specimens yielded only sequences of unknown fungal origin. The procedure provides a rapid (within 2 days) detection of common fungal pathogens in tissue specimens, and it is highly versatile for the identification of other fungal pathogens. (+info)Sinonasal tract eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis. A report of three cases. (7/234)
Eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis (EAF) is a rare submucosal fibrosis without a well-developed differential diagnosis. Three cases of sinonasal tract EAF were identified in 2 women and 1 man, aged 49, 64, and 28 years, respectively. The patients experienced a nasal cavity mass, maxillary pain, or nasal obstructive symptoms of long duration. The process involved the nasal septum (n = 2), nasal cavity (n = 1), and/or the maxillary sinus (n = 1). There was no evidence for Wegener granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Kimura disease, granuloma faciale, or erythema elevatum diutinum. Histologically, the lesions demonstrated a characteristic perivascular "onion-skin" fibrosis and a full spectrum of inflammatory cells, although eosinophils predominated. Necrosis and foreign body-type giant cells were not identified. Surgical excision was used for all patients, who are all alive but with disease at last follow-up. Sinonasal tract EAF is a unique fibroproliferative disorder that does not seem to have systemic associations with known diseases. The characteristic histomorphologic features permit accurate diagnosis. (+info)Risk factors for post-stem cell transplant sinusitis. (8/234)
An understanding of the factors that place the post-transplant patient at increased risk for sinusitis would help identify patients likely to develop disease and possibly allow for interventions that would decrease the incidence or severity of sinus disease. This retrospective study investigates the ability of screening paranasal sinus computed tomographic scans (CTs), clinical history, and potential risk factors for sinusitis, including history of tobacco use, history of allergies or asthma, IgG level, history of sinusitis, remission status and acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) to predict post-transplant sinusitis. Medical records and sinus CTs of 100 allogeneic bone marrow recipients were reviewed. There was no increased risk of developing sinusitis post SCT for patients with significant disease on screening CT, symptoms at time of transplant, a history of tobacco use, asthma or allergies, low IgG level, history of sinusitis or for patients at high risk of relapse. Patients with GVHD were 4.3 times more likely than patients without GVHD to develop sinusitis post transplant (95% CI: 1.7-11.0, P = 0.002). Acute GVHD places patients at greater risk of developing sinus infections. (+info)Paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities in the skull that surround the nasal cavity. There are four pairs of paranasal sinuses, including the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses. These sinuses help to warm, humidify, and filter the air we breathe. They also contribute to our voice resonance and provide a slight cushioning effect for the skull. The openings of the paranasal sinuses lead directly into the nasal cavity, allowing mucus produced in the sinuses to drain into the nose. Infections or inflammation of the paranasal sinuses can result in conditions such as sinusitis.
Paranasal sinus diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the paranasal sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located within the skull near the nasal cavity. These sinuses include the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses.
Paranasal sinus diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral, bacterial, or fungal infections, allergies, structural abnormalities, or autoimmune disorders. Some common paranasal sinus diseases include:
1. Sinusitis: Inflammation or infection of the sinuses, which can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, thick nasal discharge, facial pain or pressure, and reduced sense of smell.
2. Nasal polyps: Soft, benign growths that develop in the lining of the nasal passages or sinuses, which can obstruct airflow and cause difficulty breathing through the nose.
3. Sinonasal tumors: Abnormal growths that can be benign or malignant, which can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, facial pain, and bleeding from the nose.
4. Sinus cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that form in the sinuses, which can cause symptoms similar to those of sinusitis.
5. Fungal sinusitis: Infection of the sinuses with fungi, which can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, facial pain, and thick, discolored mucus.
Treatment for paranasal sinus diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Treatment options may include medications, such as antibiotics, antihistamines, or corticosteroids, as well as surgical intervention in more severe cases.
Paranasal sinus neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the paranasal sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located inside the skull near the nasal cavity. These tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of tissue within the sinuses, such as the lining of the sinuses (mucosa), bone, or other soft tissues.
Paranasal sinus neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including nasal congestion, nosebleeds, facial pain or numbness, and visual disturbances. The diagnosis of these tumors typically involves a combination of imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans) and biopsy to determine the type and extent of the tumor. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the specific type and stage of the neoplasm.
The maxillary sinuses, also known as the antrums of Highmore, are the largest of the four pairs of paranasal sinuses located in the maxilla bones. They are air-filled cavities that surround the nasolacrimal duct and are situated superior to the upper teeth and lateral to the nasal cavity. Each maxillary sinus is lined with a mucous membrane, which helps to warm, humidify, and filter the air we breathe. Inflammation or infection of the maxillary sinuses can result in conditions such as sinusitis, leading to symptoms like facial pain, headaches, and nasal congestion.
A frontal sinus is a paired, air-filled paranasal sinus located in the frontal bone of the skull, above the eyes and behind the forehead. It is one of the four pairs of sinuses found in the human head. The frontal sinuses are lined with mucous membrane and are interconnected with the nasal cavity through small openings called ostia. They help to warm, humidify, and filter the air we breathe, and contribute to the resonance of our voice. Variations in size, shape, and asymmetry of frontal sinuses are common among individuals.
The ethmoid sinuses are a pair of air-filled spaces located in the ethmoid bone, which is a part of the skull that forms the upper portion of the nasal cavity and the inner eye socket. These sinuses are divided into anterior and posterior groups and are present in adults, but not at birth. They continue to grow and develop until early adulthood.
The ethmoid sinuses are lined with mucous membrane, which helps to warm, humidify, and filter the air we breathe. They are surrounded by a network of blood vessels and nerves, making them susceptible to inflammation and infection. Inflammation of the ethmoid sinuses can lead to conditions such as sinusitis, which can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, headache, and facial pain.
Sinusitis, also known as rhinosinusitis, is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located within the skull near the nose. The inflammation can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections, as well as allergies, structural issues, or autoimmune disorders.
In sinusitis, the mucous membranes lining the sinuses become swollen and may produce excess mucus, leading to symptoms such as nasal congestion, thick green or yellow nasal discharge, facial pain or pressure, reduced sense of smell, cough, fatigue, and fever.
Sinusitis can be classified into acute (lasting less than 4 weeks), subacute (lasting 4-12 weeks), chronic (lasting more than 12 weeks), or recurrent (multiple episodes within a year). Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms, and may include antibiotics, nasal corticosteroids, decongestants, saline irrigation, and in some cases, surgery.
Nose neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms can invade surrounding tissues and have the potential to metastasize.
Nose neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as nasal congestion, nosebleeds, difficulty breathing through the nose, loss of smell, facial pain or numbness, and visual changes if they affect the eye. The diagnosis of nose neoplasms usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), and biopsy to determine the type and extent of the growth. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the neoplasm and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.
The nasal cavity is the air-filled space located behind the nose, which is divided into two halves by the nasal septum. It is lined with mucous membrane and is responsible for several functions including respiration, filtration, humidification, and olfaction (smell). The nasal cavity serves as an important part of the upper respiratory tract, extending from the nares (nostrils) to the choanae (posterior openings of the nasal cavity that lead into the pharynx). It contains specialized structures such as turbinate bones, which help to warm, humidify and filter incoming air.
The sphenoid sinuses are air-filled spaces located within the sphenoid bone, which is one of the bones that make up the skull base. These sinuses are located deep inside the skull, behind the eyes and nasal cavity. They are paired and separated by a thin bony septum, and each one opens into the corresponding nasal cavity through a small opening called the sphenoethmoidal recess. The sphenoid sinuses vary greatly in size and shape between individuals. They develop during childhood and continue to grow until early adulthood. The function of the sphenoid sinuses, like other paranasal sinuses, is not entirely clear, but they may contribute to reducing the weight of the skull, resonating voice during speech, and insulating the brain from trauma.
A mucocele is a mucus-containing cystic lesion that results from the accumulation of mucin within a damaged minor salivary gland duct or mucous gland. It is typically caused by trauma, injury, or blockage of the duct. Mucocele appears as a round, dome-shaped, fluid-filled swelling, which may be bluish or clear in color. They are most commonly found on the lower lip but can also occur on other areas of the oral cavity. Mucocele is generally painless unless it becomes secondarily infected; however, it can cause discomfort during speaking, chewing, or swallowing, and may affect aesthetics. Treatment usually involves surgical excision of the mucocele to prevent recurrence.
In medical terms, turbinates refer to the curled bone shelves that are present inside the nasal passages. They are covered by a mucous membrane and are responsible for warming, humidifying, and filtering the air that we breathe in through our nose. There are three pairs of turbinates in each nasal passage: inferior, middle, and superior turbinates. The inferior turbinate is the largest and most significant contributor to nasal airflow resistance. Inflammation or enlargement of the turbinates can lead to nasal congestion and difficulty breathing through the nose.
Maxillary sinus neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the maxillary sinuses, which are located in the upper part of your cheekbones, below your eyes. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Benign neoplasms may include conditions such as an osteoma (a benign bone tumor), a papilloma (a benign growth of the lining of the sinus), or a fibrous dysplasia (a condition where bone is replaced by fibrous tissue).
Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can be primary (originating in the maxillary sinuses) or secondary (spreading to the maxillary sinuses from another site in the body). Common types of malignant tumors that arise in the maxillary sinus include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Symptoms of maxillary sinus neoplasms may include nasal congestion, nosebleeds, facial pain or numbness, vision changes, and difficulty swallowing or speaking. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.
Nasal polyps are benign (noncancerous) growths that originate from the lining of your nasal passages or sinuses. They most often occur in the area where the sinuses open into the nasal cavity. Small nasal polyps may not cause any problems. But if they grow large enough, they can block your nasal passages and lead to breathing issues, frequent infections and loss of smell.
Nasal polyps are associated with chronic inflammation due to conditions such as asthma, allergic rhinitis or chronic sinusitis. Treatment typically includes medication to reduce the size of the polyps or surgery to remove them. Even after successful treatment, nasal polyps often return.
The nasal septum is the thin, flat wall of bone and cartilage that separates the two sides (nostrils) of the nose. Its primary function is to support the structures of the nose, divide the nostrils, and regulate airflow into the nasal passages. The nasal septum should be relatively centered, but it's not uncommon for a deviated septum to occur, where the septum is displaced to one side, which can sometimes cause blockage or breathing difficulties in the more affected nostril.
Otorhinolaryngologic surgical procedures are surgeries that are performed on the head and neck region, specifically involving the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) regions. This field is also known as otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. The procedures can range from relatively minor ones, such as removing a small nasal polyp or inserting ear tubes, to more complex surgeries like cochlear implantation, endoscopic sinus surgery, or removal of tumors in the head and neck region. These surgical procedures are typically performed by specialized physicians called otorhinolaryngologists (also known as ENT surgeons) who have completed extensive training in this area.
Osteoma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that is made up of mature bone tissue. It usually grows slowly over a period of years and is most commonly found in the skull or jaw, although it can occur in other bones of the body as well. Osteomas are typically small, but they can grow to be several centimeters in size. They may cause symptoms if they press on nearby tissues or structures, such as nerves or blood vessels. In some cases, osteomas may not cause any symptoms and may only be discovered during routine imaging studies. Treatment for osteoma is typically not necessary unless it is causing problems or growing rapidly. If treatment is needed, it may involve surgical removal of the tumor.
The ethmoid bone is a paired, thin, and lightweight bone that forms part of the skull's anterior cranial fossa and contributes to the formation of the orbit and nasal cavity. It is located between the frontal bone above and the maxilla and palatine bones below. The ethmoid bone has several important features:
1. Cribriform plate: This is the horizontal, sieve-like portion that forms part of the anterior cranial fossa and serves as the roof of the nasal cavity. It contains small openings (foramina) through which olfactory nerves pass.
2. Perpendicular plate: The perpendicular plate is a vertical structure that projects downward from the cribriform plate, forming part of the nasal septum and separating the left and right nasal cavities.
3. Superior and middle nasal conchae: These are curved bony projections within the lateral walls of the nasal cavity that help to warm, humidify, and filter incoming air.
4. Lacrimal bone: The ethmoid bone articulates with the lacrimal bone, forming part of the medial wall of the orbit.
5. Frontal process: This is a thin, vertical plate that articulates with the frontal bone above the orbit.
6. Sphenoidal process: The sphenoidal process connects the ethmoid bone to the sphenoid bone posteriorly.
The ethmoid bone plays a crucial role in protecting the brain and providing structural support for the eyes, as well as facilitating respiration by warming, humidifying, and filtering incoming air.
X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.
The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.
CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.
In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.
CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.
In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.
Sphenoid sinusitis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation or infection of the sphenoid sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located in the sphenoid bone at the center of the skull base, behind the eyes. These sinuses are relatively small and difficult to access, making infections less common than in other sinuses. However, when sphenoid sinusitis does occur, it can cause various symptoms such as headaches, facial pain, nasal congestion, fever, and vision problems. Sphenoid sinusitis may result from bacterial or fungal infections, allergies, or autoimmune disorders. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies like CT scans, and sometimes endoscopic examination. Treatment options include antibiotics for bacterial infections, antifungal medications for fungal infections, nasal sprays, decongestants, pain relievers, and, in severe or recurrent cases, surgical intervention.
Rhinitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and irritation of the nasal passages, leading to symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, congestion, and postnasal drip. It can be caused by various factors, including allergies (such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander), infections (viral or bacterial), environmental irritants (such as smoke or pollution), and hormonal changes. Depending on the cause, rhinitis can be classified as allergic rhinitis, non-allergic rhinitis, infectious rhinitis, or hormonal rhinitis. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause but may include medications such as antihistamines, decongestants, nasal sprays, and immunotherapy (allergy shots).
Acoustic rhinometry is a diagnostic technique used to measure the cross-sectional area and volume of the nasal cavity. It utilizes sound waves to create a visual representation of the nasal passages' shape and size. By measuring the reflection of sound waves as they travel through the nasal cavity, acoustic rhinometry can help identify any abnormalities or obstructions in the nasal passage that may be causing difficulty breathing through the nose. This technique is non-invasive and quick, making it a useful tool for evaluating nasal airflow and diagnosing conditions such as nasal congestion, sinusitis, and nasal polyps.
Frontal sinusitis is a type of sinus infection that specifically involves the frontal sinuses, which are located in the forehead region above the eyes. The condition is characterized by inflammation and infection of the mucous membrane lining the frontal sinuses, leading to symptoms such as headaches, facial pain or pressure, nasal congestion, and thick nasal discharge.
Frontal sinusitis can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections, as well as structural issues like nasal polyps or deviated septum that obstruct the sinus drainage pathways. Treatment options for frontal sinitis may include antibiotics, nasal decongestants, corticosteroids, saline nasal irrigation, and in some cases, endoscopic sinus surgery to alleviate obstructions and improve sinus drainage.
Epistaxis is the medical term for nosebleed. It refers to the bleeding from the nostrils or nasal cavity, which can be caused by various factors such as dryness, trauma, inflammation, high blood pressure, or use of blood-thinning medications. Nosebleeds can range from minor nuisances to potentially life-threatening emergencies, depending on the severity and underlying cause. If you are experiencing a nosebleed that does not stop after 20 minutes of applying direct pressure, or if you are coughing up or vomiting blood, seek medical attention immediately.
Nose diseases, also known as rhinologic disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the nose and its surrounding structures. These may include:
1. Nasal Allergies (Allergic Rhinitis): An inflammation of the inner lining of the nose caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or mold.
2. Sinusitis: Inflammation or infection of the sinuses, which are air-filled cavities in the skull that surround the nasal cavity.
3. Nasal Polyps: Soft, fleshy growths that develop on the lining of the nasal passages or sinuses.
4. Deviated Septum: A condition where the thin wall (septum) between the two nostrils is displaced to one side, causing difficulty breathing through the nose.
5. Rhinitis Medicamentosa: Nasal congestion caused by overuse of decongestant nasal sprays.
6. Nosebleeds (Epistaxis): Bleeding from the nostrils, which can be caused by a variety of factors including dryness, trauma, or underlying medical conditions.
7. Nasal Fractures: Breaks in the bone structure of the nose, often caused by trauma.
8. Tumors: Abnormal growths that can occur in the nasal passages or sinuses. These can be benign or malignant.
9. Choanal Atresia: A congenital condition where the back of the nasal passage is blocked, often by a thin membrane or bony partition.
10. Nasal Valve Collapse: A condition where the side walls of the nose collapse inward during breathing, causing difficulty breathing through the nose.
These are just a few examples of the many diseases that can affect the nose.
Exophthalmos is a medical condition that refers to the abnormal protrusion or bulging of one or both eyes beyond the normal orbit (eye socket). This condition is also known as proptosis. Exophthalmos can be caused by various factors, including thyroid eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy), tumors, inflammation, trauma, or congenital abnormalities. It can lead to various symptoms such as double vision, eye discomfort, redness, and difficulty closing the eyes. Treatment of exophthalmos depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or radiation therapy.
Acquired nose deformities refer to structural changes or abnormalities in the shape of the nose that occur after birth, as opposed to congenital deformities which are present at birth. These deformities can result from various factors such as trauma, injury, infection, tumors, or surgical procedures. Depending on the severity and cause of the deformity, it may affect both the aesthetic appearance and functionality of the nose, potentially causing difficulty in breathing, sinus problems, or sleep apnea. Treatment options for acquired nose deformities may include minimally invasive procedures, such as fillers or laser surgery, or more extensive surgical interventions, such as rhinoplasty or septoplasty, to restore both form and function to the nose.
In medical terms, the orbit refers to the bony cavity or socket in the skull that contains and protects the eye (eyeball) and its associated structures, including muscles, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and the lacrimal gland. The orbit is made up of several bones: the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla bone, and palatine bone. These bones form a pyramid-like shape that provides protection for the eye while also allowing for a range of movements.
Orbital neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the orbit, which is the bony cavity that contains the eyeball, muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of cells within the orbit.
Orbital neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include protrusion or displacement of the eyeball, double vision, limited eye movement, pain, swelling, and numbness in the face. In some cases, orbital neoplasms may not cause any noticeable symptoms, especially if they are small and slow-growing.
There are many different types of orbital neoplasms, including:
1. Optic nerve glioma: a rare tumor that arises from the optic nerve's supportive tissue.
2. Orbital meningioma: a tumor that originates from the membranes covering the brain and extends into the orbit.
3. Lacrimal gland tumors: benign or malignant growths that develop in the lacrimal gland, which produces tears.
4. Orbital lymphangioma: a non-cancerous tumor that arises from the lymphatic vessels in the orbit.
5. Rhabdomyosarcoma: a malignant tumor that develops from the skeletal muscle cells in the orbit.
6. Metastatic tumors: cancerous growths that spread to the orbit from other parts of the body, such as the breast, lung, or prostate.
The diagnosis and treatment of orbital neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type, size, location, and extent of the tumor. Imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRI, are often used to visualize the tumor and determine its extent. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the tumor's type and grade. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.
Esthesioneuroblastoma, also known as olfactory neuroblastoma, is a rare type of malignant tumor that develops in the upper part of the nasal cavity, near the area responsible for the sense of smell (olfaction). It arises from the olfactory nerve cells and typically affects adults between 20 to 50 years old, although it can occur at any age.
Esthesioneuroblastomas are characterized by their aggressive growth and potential to spread to other parts of the head and neck, as well as distant organs such as the lungs, bones, and bone marrow. Symptoms may include nasal congestion, nosebleeds, loss of smell, facial pain or numbness, bulging eyes, and visual disturbances.
Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and biopsy. Treatment typically involves surgical resection of the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy to reduce the risk of recurrence. Regular follow-up care is essential due to the possibility of late relapse.
Overall, prognosis varies depending on factors such as the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the patient's age, and the effectiveness of treatment. While some individuals may experience long-term survival or even cure, others may face more aggressive tumor behavior and a higher risk of recurrence.
Endoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, to examine the interior of a body cavity or organ. The endoscope is inserted through a natural opening in the body, such as the mouth or anus, or through a small incision. The images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the physician to visualize the internal structures and detect any abnormalities, such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. Endoscopy can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as taking tissue samples for biopsy, or for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps or performing minimally invasive surgeries.
The skull is the bony structure that encloses and protects the brain, the eyes, and the ears. It is composed of two main parts: the cranium, which contains the brain, and the facial bones. The cranium is made up of several fused flat bones, while the facial bones include the upper jaw (maxilla), lower jaw (mandible), cheekbones, nose bones, and eye sockets (orbits).
The skull also provides attachment points for various muscles that control chewing, moving the head, and facial expressions. Additionally, it contains openings for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord to pass through. The skull's primary function is to protect the delicate and vital structures within it from injury and trauma.
Ethmoid sinusitis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation or infection of the ethmoid sinuses. The ethmoid sinuses are a pair of small, air-filled cavities located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, near the eyes. They are surrounded by delicate bone structures and are connected to the nasal cavity by narrow channels.
Ethmoid sinusitis can occur as a result of a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection, or it may be caused by allergies, environmental factors, or structural abnormalities in the nasal passages. When the ethmoid sinuses become inflamed or infected, they can cause symptoms such as:
* Nasal congestion or stuffiness
* Pain or pressure in the forehead, between the eyes, or in the cheeks
* Headaches or facial pain
* Thick, discolored nasal discharge
* Postnasal drip
* Coughing or sneezing
* Fever
* Fatigue
Ethmoid sinusitis can be acute (lasting for a short period of time) or chronic (persisting for several weeks or months). If left untreated, ethmoid sinusitis can lead to complications such as the spread of infection to other parts of the body, including the eyes and brain. Treatment for ethmoid sinusitis may include antibiotics, decongestants, nasal sprays, or surgery in severe cases.
Cranial sinuses are a part of the venous system in the human head. They are air-filled spaces located within the skull and are named according to their location. The cranial sinuses include:
1. Superior sagittal sinus: It runs along the top of the brain, inside the skull, and drains blood from the scalp and the veins of the brain.
2. Inferior sagittal sinus: It runs along the bottom of the brain and drains into the straight sinus.
3. Straight sinus: It is located at the back of the brain and receives blood from the inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein.
4. Occipital sinuses: They are located at the back of the head and drain blood from the scalp and skull.
5. Cavernous sinuses: They are located on each side of the brain, near the temple, and receive blood from the eye and surrounding areas.
6. Sphenoparietal sinus: It is a small sinus that drains blood from the front part of the brain into the cavernous sinus.
7. Petrosquamosal sinuses: They are located near the ear and drain blood from the scalp and skull.
The cranial sinuses play an essential role in draining blood from the brain and protecting it from injury.
Orbital diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the orbit, which is the bony cavity in the skull that contains the eye, muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as eyelid swelling, protrusion or displacement of the eyeball, double vision, pain, and limited extraocular muscle movement.
Orbital diseases can be broadly classified into inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic (benign or malignant), vascular, traumatic, and congenital categories. Some examples of orbital diseases include:
* Orbital cellulitis: a bacterial or fungal infection that causes swelling and inflammation in the orbit
* Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland and can cause protrusion of the eyeballs (exophthalmos)
* Orbital tumors: benign or malignant growths that develop in the orbit, such as optic nerve gliomas, lacrimal gland tumors, and lymphomas
* Carotid-cavernous fistulas: abnormal connections between the carotid artery and cavernous sinus, leading to pulsatile proptosis and other symptoms
* Orbital fractures: breaks in the bones surrounding the orbit, often caused by trauma
* Congenital anomalies: structural abnormalities present at birth, such as craniofacial syndromes or dermoid cysts.
Proper diagnosis and management of orbital diseases require a multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmologists, neurologists, radiologists, and other specialists.
Nasal obstruction is a medical condition that refers to any blockage or restriction in the normal flow of air through the nasal passages. This can be caused by various factors such as inflammation, swelling, or physical abnormalities in the nasal cavity. Common causes of nasal obstruction include allergies, sinusitis, deviated septum, enlarged turbinates, and nasal polyps. Symptoms may include difficulty breathing through the nose, nasal congestion, and nasal discharge. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
Surgical tampons are medical devices that are used to pack or plug a cavity or wound in the body during surgical procedures. They are typically made of gauze, rayon, or synthetic materials and come in various shapes and sizes to accommodate different surgical needs. Surgical tampons can help control bleeding, prevent the accumulation of fluids, and maintain the position of organs or tissues during surgery. After the procedure, they are usually removed or allowed to dissolve naturally. It is important to note that surgical tampons should not be confused with feminine hygiene tampons used for menstruation.
Kartagener Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects the respiratory system. It is characterized by the triad of chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis (damage and widening of the airways in the lungs), and situs inversus totalis - a condition where the major visceral organs are mirrored or reversed from their normal positions.
In Kartagener Syndrome, the cilia (tiny hair-like structures) lining the respiratory tract are abnormal or dysfunctional, which impairs their ability to clear mucus and other particles. This leads to recurrent respiratory infections, bronchiectasis, and ultimately, progressive lung damage.
The condition is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the defective gene - one from each parent - to develop the syndrome. Kartagener Syndrome is a subtype of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a group of disorders affecting ciliary structure and function.
The middle cranial fossa is a depression or hollow in the skull that forms the upper and central portion of the cranial cavity. It is located between the anterior cranial fossa (which lies anteriorly) and the posterior cranial fossa (which lies posteriorly). The middle cranial fossa contains several important structures, including the temporal lobes of the brain, the pituitary gland, the optic chiasm, and the cavernous sinuses. It is also where many of the cranial nerves pass through on their way to the brain.
The middle cranial fossa can be further divided into two parts: the anterior and posterior fossae. The anterior fossa contains the optic chiasm and the pituitary gland, while the posterior fossa contains the temporal lobes of the brain and the cavernous sinuses.
The middle cranial fossa is formed by several bones of the skull, including the sphenoid bone, the temporal bone, and the parietal bone. The shape and size of the middle cranial fossa can vary from person to person, and abnormalities in its structure can be associated with various medical conditions, such as pituitary tumors or aneurysms.
Maxillary fractures, also known as Le Fort fractures, are complex fractures that involve the upper jaw or maxilla. Named after the French surgeon René Le Fort who first described them in 1901, these fractures are categorized into three types (Le Fort I, II, III) based on the pattern and level of bone involvement.
1. Le Fort I fracture: This type of maxillary fracture involves a horizontal separation through the lower part of the maxilla, just above the teeth's roots. It often results from direct blows to the lower face or chin.
2. Le Fort II fracture: A Le Fort II fracture is characterized by a pyramidal-shaped fracture pattern that extends from the nasal bridge through the inferior orbital rim and maxilla, ending at the pterygoid plates. This type of fracture usually results from forceful impacts to the midface or nose.
3. Le Fort III fracture: A Le Fort III fracture is a severe craniofacial injury that involves both the upper and lower parts of the face. It is also known as a "craniofacial dysjunction" because it separates the facial bones from the skull base. The fracture line extends through the nasal bridge, orbital rims, zygomatic arches, and maxilla, ending at the pterygoid plates. Le Fort III fractures typically result from high-impact trauma to the face, such as car accidents or assaults.
These fractures often require surgical intervention for proper alignment and stabilization of the facial bones.
The cavernous sinus is a venous structure located in the middle cranial fossa, which is a depression in the skull that houses several important nerves and blood vessels. The cavernous sinus is situated on either side of the sphenoid bone, near the base of the skull, and it contains several important structures:
* The internal carotid artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the brain
* The abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI), which controls lateral movement of the eye
* The oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), which controls most of the muscles that move the eye
* The trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV), which controls one of the muscles that moves the eye
* The ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), which transmit sensory information from the face and head
The cavernous sinus is an important structure because it serves as a conduit for several critical nerves and blood vessels. However, it is also vulnerable to various pathological conditions such as thrombosis (blood clots), infection, tumors, or aneurysms, which can lead to serious neurological deficits or even death.
The Sinus of Valsalva are three pouch-like dilations or outpouchings located at the upper part (root) of the aorta, just above the aortic valve. They are named after Antonio Maria Valsalva, an Italian anatomist and physician. These sinuses are divided into three parts:
1. Right Sinus of Valsalva: It is located to the right of the ascending aorta and usually gives rise to the right coronary artery.
2. Left Sinus of Valsalva: It is situated to the left of the ascending aorta and typically gives rise to the left coronary artery.
3. Non-coronary Sinus of Valsalva: This sinus is located in between the right and left coronary sinuses, and it does not give rise to any coronary arteries.
These sinuses play a crucial role during the cardiac cycle, particularly during ventricular contraction (systole). The pressure difference between the aorta and the ventricles causes the aortic valve cusps to be pushed into these sinuses, preventing the backflow of blood from the aorta into the ventricles.
Anatomical variations in the size and shape of the Sinuses of Valsalva can occur, and certain conditions like congenital heart diseases (e.g., aortic valve stenosis or bicuspid aortic valve) may affect their structure and function. Additionally, aneurysms or ruptures of the sinuses can lead to severe complications, such as cardiac tamponade, endocarditis, or stroke.
Skull base neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors located in the skull base, which is the region where the skull meets the spine and where the brain connects with the blood vessels and nerves that supply the head and neck. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of cells in this area, including bone, nerve, glandular, and vascular tissue.
Skull base neoplasms can cause a range of symptoms depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Some common symptoms include headaches, vision changes, hearing loss, facial numbness or weakness, difficulty swallowing, and balance problems. Treatment options for skull base neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history.
Maxillary sinusitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation or infection of the maxillary sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located in the upper part of the cheekbones. These sinuses are lined with mucous membranes that produce mucus to help filter and humidify the air we breathe.
When the maxillary sinuses become inflamed or infected, they can fill with fluid and pus, leading to symptoms such as:
* Pain or pressure in the cheeks, upper teeth, or behind the eyes
* Nasal congestion or stuffiness
* Runny nose or postnasal drip
* Reduced sense of smell or taste
* Headache or facial pain
* Fatigue or fever (in cases of bacterial infection)
Maxillary sinusitis can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi, and may also result from allergies, structural abnormalities, or exposure to environmental irritants such as smoke or pollution. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms with over-the-counter remedies or prescription medications, such as decongestants, antihistamines, or antibiotics. In some cases, more invasive treatments such as sinus surgery may be necessary.
Inverted papilloma is a specific type of benign (non-cancerous) growth that occurs in the mucosal lining of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. It is also known as schneiderian papilloma or cylindrical cell papilloma.
This condition is characterized by the growth of finger-like projections (papillae) that invert or grow inward into the underlying tissue, hence the name "inverted." The lesions are usually composed of an outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium and an inner core of connective tissue.
Inverted papillomas can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, nosebleeds, sinus pressure, and difficulty breathing through the nose. In some cases, they may also lead to more serious complications, including recurrence after removal and a small risk of malignant transformation into squamous cell carcinoma.
It is important to note that while inverted papillomas are benign, they can still cause significant problems due to their location and tendency to recur. Therefore, they typically require surgical removal and close follow-up with an otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat specialist).
Levocardia is a term used in cardiac morphology to describe the normal position of the heart within the chest. In levocardia, the heart's apex points toward the left side of the chest, and the heart's chambers and great vessels are arranged in their usual anatomical positions. This is in contrast to dextrocardia, where the heart's position is mirrored and its apex points toward the right side of the chest.
It's important to note that levocardia refers solely to the position of the heart within the chest and does not provide any information about the internal structure or function of the heart. A heart in levocardia can still have congenital heart defects or other cardiac abnormalities, although these are separate issues from the heart's position within the chest.
A nose, in a medical context, refers to the external part of the human body that is located on the face and serves as the primary organ for the sense of smell. It is composed of bone and cartilage, with a thin layer of skin covering it. The nose also contains nasal passages that are lined with mucous membranes and tiny hairs known as cilia. These structures help to filter, warm, and moisturize the air we breathe in before it reaches our lungs. Additionally, the nose plays an essential role in the process of verbal communication by shaping the sounds we make when we speak.
A nasal spray is a medication delivery device that delivers a liquid formulation directly into the nostrils, where it can then be absorbed through the nasal mucosa and into the bloodstream. Nasal sprays are commonly used to administer medications for local effects in the nose, such as decongestants, corticosteroids, and antihistamines, as well as for systemic absorption of drugs like vaccines and pain relievers.
The medication is typically contained in a small bottle or container that is pressurized or uses a pump mechanism to create a fine mist or spray. This allows the medication to be easily and precisely administered in a controlled dose, reducing the risk of overdose or incorrect dosing. Nasal sprays are generally easy to use, non-invasive, and can provide rapid onset of action for certain medications.
The carotid sinus is a small, dilated area located at the bifurcation (or fork) of the common carotid artery into the internal and external carotid arteries. It is a baroreceptor region, which means it contains specialized sensory nerve endings that can detect changes in blood pressure. When the blood pressure increases, the walls of the carotid sinus stretch, activating these nerve endings and sending signals to the brain. The brain then responds by reducing the heart rate and relaxing the blood vessels, which helps to lower the blood pressure back to normal.
The carotid sinus is an important part of the body's autonomic nervous system, which regulates various involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis and preventing excessive increases in blood pressure that could potentially damage vital organs.
Nasal mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity. It is a delicate, moist, and specialized tissue that contains various types of cells including epithelial cells, goblet cells, and glands. The primary function of the nasal mucosa is to warm, humidify, and filter incoming air before it reaches the lungs.
The nasal mucosa produces mucus, which traps dust, allergens, and microorganisms, preventing them from entering the respiratory system. The cilia, tiny hair-like structures on the surface of the epithelial cells, help move the mucus towards the back of the throat, where it can be swallowed or expelled.
The nasal mucosa also contains a rich supply of blood vessels and immune cells that help protect against infections and inflammation. It plays an essential role in the body's defense system by producing antibodies, secreting antimicrobial substances, and initiating local immune responses.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Wood" is not a medical term. It is a common name for various hard, fibrous tissues that make up the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, as well as a term used for a wide range of items made from these materials. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Anatomy is the branch of biology that deals with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. In medicine, anatomy is the detailed study of the structures of the human body and its organs. It can be divided into several subfields, including:
1. Gross anatomy: Also known as macroscopic anatomy, this is the study of the larger structures of the body, such as the organs and organ systems, using techniques such as dissection and observation.
2. Histology: This is the study of tissues at the microscopic level, including their structure, composition, and function.
3. Embryology: This is the study of the development of the embryo and fetus from conception to birth.
4. Neuroanatomy: This is the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.
5. Comparative anatomy: This is the study of the structures of different species and how they have evolved over time.
Anatomy is a fundamental subject in medical education, as it provides the basis for understanding the function of the human body and the underlying causes of disease.
The sphenoid bone is a complex, irregularly shaped bone located in the middle cranial fossa and forms part of the base of the skull. It articulates with several other bones, including the frontal, parietal, temporal, ethmoid, palatine, and zygomatic bones. The sphenoid bone has two main parts: the body and the wings.
The body of the sphenoid bone is roughly cuboid in shape and contains several important structures, such as the sella turcica, which houses the pituitary gland, and the sphenoid sinuses, which are air-filled cavities within the bone. The greater wings of the sphenoid bone extend laterally from the body and form part of the skull's lateral walls. They contain the superior orbital fissure, through which important nerves and blood vessels pass between the cranial cavity and the orbit of the eye.
The lesser wings of the sphenoid bone are thin, blade-like structures that extend anteriorly from the body and form part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. They contain the optic canal, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery between the brain and the orbit of the eye.
Overall, the sphenoid bone plays a crucial role in protecting several important structures within the skull, including the pituitary gland, optic nerves, and ophthalmic arteries.
The skull base is the lower part of the skull that forms the floor of the cranial cavity and the roof of the facial skeleton. It is a complex anatomical region composed of several bones, including the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, occipital, and ethmoid bones. The skull base supports the brain and contains openings for blood vessels and nerves that travel between the brain and the face or neck. The skull base can be divided into three regions: the anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, and posterior cranial fossa, which house different parts of the brain.
Mucormycosis is a serious and often life-threatening invasive fungal infection caused by the Mucorales family of fungi. It primarily affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with uncontrolled diabetes, cancer, organ transplant recipients, or those who have been treated with high doses of corticosteroids.
The infection typically begins in the respiratory tract after inhaling spores from the environment, but it can also occur through skin wounds or gastrointestinal exposure to the fungi. The infection can quickly spread to other parts of the body, including the sinuses, brain, and lungs, causing tissue damage and necrosis.
Symptoms of mucormycosis depend on the site of infection but may include fever, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, headache, sinus congestion, facial swelling, and blackened areas of skin or tissue. Treatment typically involves a combination of antifungal medications, surgical debridement of infected tissue, and management of underlying medical conditions that increase the risk of infection.
The coronary sinus is a large vein that receives blood from the heart's muscle tissue. It is located on the posterior side of the heart and is a part of the cardiovascular system. The coronary sinus collects oxygen-depleted blood from the myocardium (the heart muscle) and drains it into the right atrium, where it will then be pumped to the lungs for oxygenation.
The coronary sinus is an essential structure in medical procedures such as cardiac catheterization and electrophysiological studies. It is also a common site for the implantation of pacemakers and other cardiac devices.
Intracranial sinus thrombosis is a medical condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within the intracranial venous sinuses, which are responsible for draining blood from the brain. The condition can lead to various neurological symptoms and complications, such as increased intracranial pressure, headaches, seizures, visual disturbances, and altered consciousness. Intracranial sinus thrombosis may result from various factors, including hypercoagulable states, infections, trauma, and malignancies. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent potential long-term neurological damage or even death.
Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS) is a term used to describe a group of abnormal heart rhythm disturbances that originates in the sinoatrial node (the natural pacemaker of the heart). This syndrome is characterized by impaired functioning of the sinoatrial node, resulting in various abnormalities such as sinus bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate), sinus arrest (complete cessation of sinus node activity), and/or sinoatrial exit block (failure of the electrical impulse to leave the sinus node and spread to the atria).
People with SSS may experience symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, fatigue, shortness of breath, or syncope (fainting) due to inadequate blood supply to the brain caused by slow heart rate. The diagnosis of SSS is typically made based on the patient's symptoms and the results of an electrocardiogram (ECG), Holter monitoring, or event recorder that shows evidence of abnormal sinus node function. Treatment options for SSS may include lifestyle modifications, medications, or implantation of a pacemaker to regulate the heart rate.
Aspergillosis is a medical condition that is caused by the infection of the Aspergillus fungi. This fungus is commonly found in decaying organic matter, such as leaf litter and compost piles, and can also be found in some indoor environments like air conditioning systems and old buildings with water damage.
There are several types of aspergillosis, including:
1. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA): This type of aspergillosis occurs when a person's immune system overreacts to the Aspergillus fungi, causing inflammation in the airways and lungs. ABPA is often seen in people with asthma or cystic fibrosis.
2. Invasive aspergillosis: This is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the Aspergillus fungi invade the bloodstream and spread to other organs, such as the brain, heart, or kidneys. Invasive aspergillosis typically affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplantation.
3. Aspergilloma: Also known as a "fungus ball," an aspergilloma is a growth of the Aspergillus fungi that forms in a preexisting lung cavity, such as one caused by previous lung disease or injury. While an aspergilloma itself is not typically harmful, it can cause symptoms like coughing up blood or chest pain if it grows too large or becomes infected.
Symptoms of aspergillosis can vary depending on the type and severity of the infection. Treatment may include antifungal medications, surgery to remove the fungal growth, or management of underlying conditions that increase the risk of infection.
Medical Definition:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.
Exhalation is the act of breathing out or exhaling, which is the reverse process of inhalation. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards, while the chest muscles also relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size. This decrease in size puts pressure on the lungs, causing them to deflate and expel air.
Exhalation is a passive process that occurs naturally after inhalation, but it can also be actively controlled during activities such as speaking, singing, or playing a wind instrument. In medical terms, exhalation may also be referred to as expiration.
A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.
Paranasal sinuses
Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer
Aspergillosis
Maxillary sinus
Chronic atrophic rhinitis
Myospherulosis
Ethmoid sinus
Uncinate process of ethmoid bone
Equine nasal cysts
Ambulocetus
Sinus (anatomy)
Cranial cavity
Caldwell's view
Waters' view
Odontogenic infection
Human nose
Procerus muscle
Antral lavage
Infections associated with diseases
Cadaver
Nose-blowing
Sphenoid sinus
Nasal cartilages
Neanderthal 1
Evolution of olfaction
Glossary of medicine
Inverted papilloma
Nasal cavity
Ramesh C. Deka
OPS-301
Paranasal sinuses - Wikipedia
Nasal Cancer | Paranasal Sinuses | MedlinePlus
CT Scan of the Paranasal Sinuses: History, Basic Concepts, Anatomy
Paranasal Sinus Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy
PRIME PubMed | Pneumatisation of turbinates and paranasal sinuses in children: case report
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer: Screening | Cancer.Net
Who treats nasal and sinus cancer | Nasal and paranasal sinus cancer | Cancer Research UK
paranasal sinus - Ontology Report - Rat Genome Database
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumors in Paranasal Sinus and Nasopharynx: A Clinical Retrospective Study of 13 Cases
Human Bocavirus DNA in Paranasal Sinus Mucosa - Volume 17, Number 8-August 2011 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Endoscopic paranasal sinus surgery on 43 patients with nasal polyps
A Role of Inflammatory Effects of the Nasal Cavities and Paranasal Sinuses
A novel method for producing 3D models of paranasal sinuses for forensic anthropology applications - ...
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses Cancer Staging: TNM Classification for Cancer of Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
Aggressive juvenile fibromatosis of the paranasal sinuses: case report and brief review. - The Desmoid Tumor Research Foundation
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus tumors: Experience from a single institute. -...
Paranasal Sinus Cancer - Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders - MSD Manual Professional Edition
CT Paranasal Sinuses -Sinusitis
Chapter 52: THE NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSES
Paranasal Sinus Diseases | Profiles RNS
Proton beam therapy | British Journal of Cancer
Paranasal Sinus Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy
Paranasal Sinus Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy
Surgery of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses - RKM740 › HNO
FESS-surgery. Surgery on the paranasal sinuses - Meerhof Dental Center
Free Paranasal sinuses (anterior view, inflamed) Icons, Symbols & Images | BioRender
paranasal sinus Archives - Dr Sanu P Moideen
Paranasal sinus sarcoma (Concept Id: C1335342) - MedGen - NCBI
Paranasal Sinus Cancer Market by Types, Applications, Companies and...
Sinusitis18
- If this happens, normal drainage of mucus within the sinuses is disrupted, and sinusitis may occur. (wikipedia.org)
- These clinical problems can include secondary sinusitis, the inflammation of the sinuses from another source such as an infection of the adjacent teeth. (wikipedia.org)
- Today, CT is the radiologic examination of choice in evaluating the paranasal sinuses of a patient with sinusitis. (medscape.com)
- [ 2 ] However, for most patients with sinusitis, noncontrast CT of the paranasal sinuses generally suffices. (medscape.com)
- To clarify this, we analyzed samples of paranasal mucosal tissue and nasal polyps from patients with chronic sinusitis for respiratory viruses and atypical bacteria. (cdc.gov)
- Twenty three men and 20 women ranging from 14 to 65, ail exhibited the clinical signs of bilateral or unilateral nasal polyps and paranasal sinusitis. (eurekamag.com)
- Sinusitis Sinusitis is inflammation of the paranasal sinuses due to viral, bacterial, or fungal infections or allergic reactions. (msdmanuals.com)
- Mild to moderate diffuse soft tissue miucosal thickening is seen involving both maxillary, sphenoidal & ethmoidal sinuses suggesting pan-sinusitis, however, reasonable central aeration is noted in all affected sinuses. (ctlearn.com)
- Methods: A cross sectional study was done to analyze the microorganisms of paranasal sinuses in patients having chronic sinusitis undergoing a functional endoscopic sinus surgery. (manipal.edu)
- Sinusitis is characterized by inflammation of the lining of the paranasal sinuses. (medscape.com)
- Air-fluid level (arrow) in the maxillary sinus suggests sinusitis. (medscape.com)
- Treatment of acute sinusitis consists of providing adequate drainage of the involved sinus and appropriate systemic treatment of the likely bacterial pathogens. (medscape.com)
- Deviasi septum nasi dan sinusitis kronis dapat mempengaruhi volume sinus maksila. (ui.ac.id)
- Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai hubungan antara derajat deviasi septum nasi dengan kejadian sinusitis kronis maksila dan perubahan volume sinus maksila. (ui.ac.id)
- Nasal septal deviation and chronic sinusitis can affect maxillary sinus volume. (ui.ac.id)
- This study aims to assess the relationship between the degree of nasal septal deviation with the incidence of chronic maxillary sinusitis and maxillary sinus volume changes. (ui.ac.id)
- Conclusion There is no significant relationship between nasal septal deviation Grade I and II and the incidence of chronic maxillary sinusitis and change of maxillary sinus volume. (ui.ac.id)
- There are reports of high frequency of chronic sinusitis in patients with cleft lip and palate, especially children, that may be related to hypoplasia of the maxilla and lower volume of the maxillary sinus related to the cleft. (bvsalud.org)
Computed tomography5
- The introduction of computed tomography (CT) scanning and its wider use over time have additionally improved the physician's ability to appreciate nuances of paranasal sinus anatomy and accurate disease correlation. (medscape.com)
- To develop a consensus statement on the appropriate use of computed tomography (CT) for paranasal sinus disease. (entnet.org)
- The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of pathological conditions and anatomical variations occurring within paranasal sinus among the patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan in Gurugram district. (innovareacademics.in)
- Sharma BN, Panta OB, Lohani B, Khanal U. Computed tomography in the evaluation of pathological lesions of paranasal sinuses. (innovareacademics.in)
- The application of computed tomography (CT) in the paranasal sinuses study has allowed the detail assessment of inflammation, cysts, benign, and malignant conditions. (apjhs.com)
Frontal19
- The frontal sinuses, superior to the eyes, in the frontal bone, which forms the hard part of the forehead. (wikipedia.org)
- The sphenoid sinus appears at the age of three, and the frontal sinuses first appear at the age of six, and fully develop during adulthood. (wikipedia.org)
- Coronal CT scan of the paranasal sinuses (Soft Tissue) Coronal CT scan of the paranasal sinuses (Bone) Paranasal sinuses radiograph (occipitofrontal) Paranasal sinuses radiograph (occipitomental) Paranasal sinuses radiograph (lateral) 3D cast of maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, nasal cavity and hypopharynx. (wikipedia.org)
- Tumours of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses are extremely rare. (wikipedia.org)
- Later descriptions of the maxillary sinuses by Leonardo da Vinci (1489), the sphenoid sinuses by Giacomo Berengario da Carpi (1521), and the frontal sinuses by Coiter (16th century) introduced early anatomists and scholars to the presence of these craniofacial air cells. (medscape.com)
- The frontal sinus is housed in the frontal bone superior to the eyes in the forehead. (medscape.com)
- [ 3 ] The frontal sinuses are funnel-shaped structures with their ostia located in the most dependent portion of the cavities. (medscape.com)
- The posterior wall of the frontal sinus, which separates the sinus from the anterior cranial fossa, is much thinner than its anterior wall. (medscape.com)
- The frontal sinus is supplied by the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries of the ophthalmic artery. (medscape.com)
- The middle meatus, under cover of the middle concha, receives the openings of the maxillary and frontal sinuses. (dartmouth.edu)
- The frontal sinus and some anterior ethmoidal cells open either into an extension (ethmoidal infundibulum) of the hiatus or directly into the anterior part (frontal recess) of the middle meatus. (dartmouth.edu)
- Surgical outcomes of drillout procedures for complex frontal sinus pathology. (rush.edu)
- Management of frontal sinus mucoceles with posterior table erosion in the pretransplant cystic fibrosis population. (rush.edu)
- The frontal sinus, because of its proper anatomic features, has a particular relation with nasal cavities. (nih.gov)
- A complete sinus CT scan with frontal and coronal planes is used if an alternative diagnosis (eg, tumors) must be excluded. (medscape.com)
- To evaluate the optimal application protocol for irrigation of the frontal sinus, a prospective cadaver study was performed. (nih.gov)
- With regard to the frontal sinus, we were able to show clear superiority of the squeeze bottle technique filled with 200 mL and applied in the "vertex to floor position. (nih.gov)
- In these patients "bending over the sink," while inferior to the "vertex to floor" position, still ensures some irrigation of the frontal sinus. (nih.gov)
- Only rarely do tumors form behind your ethmoid sinuses or in your frontal sinuses located in the forehead. (healthline.com)
Tumors17
- Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus tumors: Experience from a single institute. (physiciansweekly.com)
- Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors. (rush.edu)
- Tumors of the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity are rare compared to others. (prittleprattlenews.com)
- Sinus tumors develop in your nasal cavity and in the open spaces around your nose, which are called the paranasal sinus cavities. (healthline.com)
- Less than one-half percent of all diagnosed cancers are cancerous sinus tumors, and not all sinus tumors are cancerous. (healthline.com)
- However, treatment is usually needed because even benign, or noncancerous, tumors can damage your sinuses and nasal cavity. (healthline.com)
- The majority of sinus tumors develop in the maxillary sinus cavity . (healthline.com)
- The exact cause of the more severe malignant sinus tumors is often unknown, but there are a few proven risk factors. (healthline.com)
- This is one of the most common risk factors for all cancers of the respiratory tract, including sinus tumors. (healthline.com)
- Breathing in dust from wood, leather, and textiles can increase the risk of cancerous sinus tumors. (healthline.com)
- There's a link between HPV and cancers in your head and neck, including cancerous sinus tumors. (healthline.com)
- Most people who receive a diagnosis of sinus tumors are in their 50s and 60s. (healthline.com)
- People assigned male at birth are more likely to receive a diagnosis of sinus tumors. (healthline.com)
- There are multiple types of noncancerous tumors that form in your sinus. (healthline.com)
- Even if they remain benign, these tumors do need to be treated because they can cause damage to your nasal passages and sinuses, as well as damage to the eyes and base of the skull. (healthline.com)
- Other tumors that form in your sinuses are cancerous. (healthline.com)
- Melanomas are aggressive tumors that form in the sinus lining. (healthline.com)
Cancers10
- You will find out more about screening for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers, including risks and benefits of screening. (cancer.net)
- It explains what changes or medical problems nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers can cause. (cancer.net)
- This is because nasal and sinus cancers can sometimes spread to the eyes or inside the skull. (cancerresearchuk.org)
- Surgery alone will cure some types of nasal and paranasal sinus cancers, but others will respond better to a combination of treatments. (cancerresearchuk.org)
- Treatment for most early-stage paranasal sinus cancers is complete surgical excision. (msdmanuals.com)
- Paranasal and nasal cavity cancers occurs from the malignant transformation of the tissues lining the nasal and paranasal cavities. (prittleprattlenews.com)
- Avoid Exposure to chemicals and dust at work place - Not all nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers can be prevented, but the danger of developing these cancers can be greatly decreased by limiting exposure to certain substances in the workplace, especialy wood dust , petrochemical products. (prittleprattlenews.com)
- Head and neck cancers can also begin in the salivary glands , sinuses , or muscles or nerves in the head and neck, but these types of cancer are much less common than squamous cell carcinomas ( 1 , 2 ). (cancer.gov)
- Contracting Epstein-Barr virus , which causes mononucleosis, can increase your risk of nasal and sinus cancers. (healthline.com)
- Certain jobs, including furniture-making, sawmill work, woodworking (carpentry), shoemaking, metal-plating, and flour mill or bakery work can expose workers to dust and chemicals that increase the risk for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancers. (medicinenet.com)
Cavities2
- CT of the sinuses uses special x-ray equipment to evaluate the paranasal sinus cavities - hollow, air-filled spaces within the bones of the face surrounding the nasal cavity. (apjhs.com)
- Adenocarcinomas grow in the lining of sinus cavities. (healthline.com)
Ethmoid sinus1
- Nasal polyps are inflammatory lesions that venture into the nasal airway, are typically bilateral, and originate from the ethmoid sinus. (alliedacademies.org)
Inflammation1
- Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a clinical condition characterized by inflammation of the paranasal sinuses that typically lasts beyond twelve weeks. (drsanu.com)
Pathology5
- However, a study by Cebula et al indicated that in CT scans of the paranasal sinuses, the use of unsuitable CT-scan windows can lead to inaccurate assessment of sinus pathology. (medscape.com)
- As has happened in all facets of neuroimaging, cross-sectional imaging has dramatically changed our approach and understanding of the anatomy and pathology of paranasal sinuses. (mssm.edu)
- We have moved away from plain film radiographs to modern high-resolution sinus computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that helps us better depict underlying normal anatomy and evaluate pathology. (mssm.edu)
- Within this chapter, the paranasal and related structures surgical anatomy will be extensively reviewed, with emphasis on the anatomical landmarks and the normal anatomical variations, which have a significant impact on the function, pathology, and surgical procedures of the paranasal sinuses. (intechopen.com)
- Based on the study, it is concluded that mucosal thickening is most commonly evident pathology with maximum occurrence seen in the maxillary sinus. (innovareacademics.in)
Maxillary sinuses1
- They are all innervated by branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). The maxillary sinuses, the largest of the paranasal sinuses, are under the eyes, in the maxillary bones (open in the back of the semilunar hiatus of the nose). (wikipedia.org)
Diseases8
- Paranasal Sinus Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (rush.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Paranasal Sinus Diseases" by people in this website by year, and whether "Paranasal Sinus Diseases" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (rush.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Paranasal Sinus Diseases" by people in Profiles. (rush.edu)
- Paranasal sinus infections are diseases most commonly seen during childhood and can cause serious complications in advanced cases that would have been prevented or limited with timely and appropriate diagnosis and treatment. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Discussion: The possibility of a fungal infection should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of difficult to treat diseases of the paranasal sinuses especially in tropical coastal regions. (manipal.edu)
- Assessment of clinical, X-ray and CT in diagnosis of paranasal sinus diseases. (innovareacademics.in)
- Background: Paranasal sinus (PNS) diseases affect a wide range of population and include a broad spectrum of diseases ranging from inflammatory conditions to neoplasms, both benign and malignant. (apjhs.com)
- Conclusion: CT is considered the gold standard for preoperative evaluation of PNS diseases for appropriate patient selection for functional endoscopic sinus surgery. (apjhs.com)
Cancer18
- Cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is rare. (medlineplus.gov)
- Home About cancer Nasal and paranasal sinus cancer Treatment for nasal and paranasal sinus cancer Who treats nasal and sinus cancer? (cancerresearchuk.org)
- Some people with nasal or sinus cancer have surgery to remove part of their upper jawbone. (cancerresearchuk.org)
- Although rare in the US, paranasal sinus cancer is more common in Japan and among the Bantu people of South Africa. (msdmanuals.com)
- Because the sinuses provide room for the cancer to grow, symptoms usually do not develop until the cancer is well advanced. (msdmanuals.com)
- The earlier paranasal sinus cancer is treated, the better the prognosis. (msdmanuals.com)
- Paranasal Sinus Cancer Market by Types, Applications, Companies and. (nasseej.net)
- Paranasal Sinus Cancer Market is expected to portray promising scenarios, as it is estimated to reach $2.8 billion in 2030 which was initially valued at around $2.2 billion in 2021, thereby registering a CAGR of nearly 4% from 2022 to 2030. (nasseej.net)
- During the COVID-19 epidemic, the Paranasal Sinus Cancer Market has played a critical role. (nasseej.net)
- On a regional basis, The North American Paranasal Sinus Cancer Market growth is attributed to a rise in government funding for Paranasal Sinus Cancer Market, growth of cell & gene therapies, increasing demand for biopharmaceuticals, and a rise in competition among prominent market entities.The healthcare business, benefits from the APAC region's strong economic growth, but it also faces problems. (nasseej.net)
- This randomized phase II trial studies how well chemotherapy before surgery and radiation therapy works compared to surgery and radiation therapy alone in treating patients with nasal and paranasal sinus cancer that can be removed by surgery. (stanfordhealthcare.org)
- Does a sinus tumor mean you have cancer? (healthline.com)
- A sinus tumor doesn't always mean cancer . (healthline.com)
- Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of cancer in the respiratory tract and sinuses. (healthline.com)
- This type of cancer forms in one of the saliva glands found in the sinuses. (healthline.com)
- According to a 2004 publication, this is a rare form of cancer in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. (healthline.com)
- True or false: chemical exposure can increase one's risk of sinus cancer. (medicinenet.com)
- It's true: exposure to certain chemicals can increase the risk of developing sinus cancer. (medicinenet.com)
Mucosal3
- Such limited ventilation may be protective for the sinus, as it would help prevent drying of its mucosal surface and maintain a near-sterile environment with high carbon dioxide concentrations and minimal pathogen access. (wikipedia.org)
- MRI was found more sensitive in assessing the early changes in sinus mucosal abnormalities. (innovareacademics.in)
- Background and purpose Sinusistis is an inflammatory of mucosal sinuses by various factors anatomic variations, bacterial virus, allergies and others. (ui.ac.id)
Anatomy5
- Countless 19th and 20th century anatomists, radiologists, and surgeons have further contributed to advancing the knowledge of sinus anatomy (see the image below). (medscape.com)
- Mastery of sinus anatomy and its variant features forms the basis from which radiologic interpretation begins. (medscape.com)
- Familiarization with the radiologic landmarks and cross-sectional anatomy on patient CT scans, along with clinical correlation, can further enhance the reader's ability to understand sinus CT findings. (medscape.com)
- In addition to reviewing the scan to determine the presence of disease, CT scans of the sinuses can also be reviewed to evaluate potential areas of occlusion and variations of the patient's sinus anatomy in the setting of surgical planning. (medscape.com)
- Performing a smooth and clean sinus surgery goes hand in hand with a perfect understanding of the nasal and paranasal anatomy. (intechopen.com)
Tumor5
- Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), as a mesenchymal tumor, is common in the lung and abdomen but rare in the paranasal sinus and nasopharynx. (hindawi.com)
- Surgery is frequently used to a tumor in the paranasal sinus or nasal cavity. (prittleprattlenews.com)
- There are new entities, emerging entities, and significant updates to the taxonomy and characterization of tumor and tumor-like lesions, specifically in this article as it relates to nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and skull base. (elsevierpure.com)
- Where does a sinus tumor develop? (healthline.com)
- This might be linked to the fact that they are more likely to have other sinus tumor factors. (healthline.com)
Mucosa1
- It remains speculative, however, whether paranasal sinus mucosa represents a site of HBoV persistence. (cdc.gov)
Functional endosco2
- The use of CT scanning combined with functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has empowered the modern sinus surgeon to treat patients more effectively, facilitating reduced morbidity and complications. (medscape.com)
- Computer-assisted navigation is increasingly used in functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) to prevent injury to vital structures, necessitating preparative CT and, thus, radiation exposure. (ajnr.org)
Scan1
- The curative effect of the endoscopic paranasal sinus surgery, the indications, the decisions of operation, and preoperative CT scan of paranasal sinuses were discussed in detail. (eurekamag.com)
Squamous cell carc1
- It usually is squamous cell carcinoma but can also be adenocarcinoma, and it occurs most often in the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. (msdmanuals.com)
Mucoceles1
- Paranasal sinus mucoceles with skull-base and/or orbital erosion: is the endoscopic approach sufficient? (rush.edu)
Inverted Papilloma1
- Inverted papilloma is a rare, benign but locally aggressive neoplasm that arises in the Schneiderian epithelium which lines the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. (drsanu.com)
Inflammatory3
- The investigators recommended using windows specific to the sinuses or bones to reduce the chance of missing inflammatory paranasal sinus lesions. (medscape.com)
- The medical records of 13 patients diagnosed pathologically with IMT, inflammatory pseudotumor, or plasma cell granuloma of the paranasal sinus and nasopharynx in the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 2006 to 2017 were reviewed. (hindawi.com)
- Inflammatory sicknesses of the nose and paranasal sinus are normally encountered in diagnostic histopathology. (alliedacademies.org)
Malignant2
- A malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the paranasal sinus. (nih.gov)
- As part of an initiative by the European Rhinologic Society, a group of internationally recognised experts from many disciplines have been invited to contribute to an Advisory Board, which has considered the present knowledge and published evidence concerning endoscopic techniques in the management of tumours, both benign and malignant, affecting the nose, paranasal sinuses and adjacent skull base. (dariusrauba.lt)
Infection2
- Because the maxillary posterior teeth are close to the maxillary sinus, this can also cause clinical problems if any disease processes are present, such as an infection in any of these teeth. (wikipedia.org)
- The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. (bvsalud.org)
Skull-base1
- Behind the posteromedial wall of the maxillary sinus lies the pterygopalatine fossa, a small inverted space that houses several important neurovascular structures and communicates with several skull base foramina. (medscape.com)
Ethmoidal sinuses2
- the ethmoidal sinuses are between the eyes and the sphenoidal sinuses are behind the eyes. (wikipedia.org)
- The ethmoidal sinuses, which are formed from several discrete air cells within the ethmoid bone between the nose and the eyes. (wikipedia.org)
Clinical4
- This study aimed to summarize the clinical characteristics of IMT in the paranasal sinus and nasopharynx and analyze the relationship between the treatment and the overall survival (OS). (hindawi.com)
- The clinical features, treatment, and follow-up data of patients diagnosed with IMT of the paranasal sinus or nasopharynx from 2006 to 2017 were retrospectively analyzed, and the previous literature was reviewed. (hindawi.com)
- To develop a clinical consensus statement on the use of sinus ostial dilation (SOD) of the paranasal sinuses. (entnet.org)
- The clinical findings from CT and MRI were taken as primary data and later on compiled together under different variables to assess the occurrence of paranasal sinus disease and anatomical variations within. (innovareacademics.in)
Surgery8
- There were 43 cases (73 sides) who were operated on with endoscopic paranasal sinus surgery between May, 1993 and September, 1994. (eurekamag.com)
- Biopsy/Swabs were taken from the infected sinus of the patients during surgery and were sent for microbiological analysis within 4. (manipal.edu)
- Postoperative irrigation after endoscopic sinus surgery and endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure is used to remove nasal crusts and to improve wound healing. (nih.gov)
- The purpose of our study was to investigate currently used radiation doses for CT in computer-assisted navigation in sinus surgery (CAS-CT) and to assess minimal doses required. (ajnr.org)
- The only limit for dose reduction in CT for computer-assisted endoscopic sinus surgery is the ENT surgeon's ability to cope with impaired image quality, whereas there is no technically justified lower dose limit. (ajnr.org)
- Image-guided navigation systems are increasingly used for minimally invasive techniques like functional endoscopic surgery of the paranasal sinuses (FESS) 1 , 2 and other ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgical procedures 3 - 5 or in neurosurgery. (ajnr.org)
- Although endoscopic sinus surgery with intraoperative MR imaging guidance is feasible, 7 the use of CT-based datasets for navigation is still standard, involving radiation exposure to the patient. (ajnr.org)
- 8 It is, therefore, mandatory to perform computer-assisted navigation in sinus surgery (CAS-CT) with radiation doses as low as possible. (ajnr.org)
Bones9
- The sinuses are named for the facial bones and sphenoid bone in which they are located. (wikipedia.org)
- Humans possess four pairs of paranasal sinuses, divided into subgroups that are named according to the bones within which the sinuses lie. (wikipedia.org)
- The bones occupied by sinuses are quite variable in these other species. (wikipedia.org)
- The paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces located within the bones of the skull and facial bones. (medscape.com)
- The thickness of the walls of the sphenoid sinus is variable, with the anterosuperior wall and the roof of the sphenoid sinus (the planum sphenoidale) being the thinnest bones. (medscape.com)
- The paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces located within the bones of the skull and face. (medscape.com)
- The para sinuses are hollow, air-filled spaces in the bones around the nose. (prittleprattlenews.com)
- The paranasal sinuses are small hollow spaces in the bones of the head surrounding the nose. (cancer.gov)
- They can also develop in the sphenoid sinuses that are in the hollow spaces in the bones behind your nose, as well as in the ethmoid sinuses on either side of your nose between the eyes. (healthline.com)
Nasopharynx2
- IMTs of the paranasal sinus and nasopharynx are rare, and most studies were case reports. (hindawi.com)
- The records of 13 patients with IMT of paranasal sinus or nasopharynx diagnosed in the hospital were reviewed. (hindawi.com)
Wall of the maxillary sinus1
- The infratemporal fossa lies behind the posterolateral wall of the maxillary sinus. (medscape.com)
Trigeminal nerve1
- Innervation of the sphenoid sinus comes from branches of the first and second divisions of the trigeminal nerve. (medscape.com)
Chronic1
- These symptoms are often caused by chronic changes in the sinuses. (rkm740-hno.de)
Pathologies2
- In this article, we describe the various imaging techniques, concerns, advantages and disadvantages of the individual techniques, and provide an overview of the various pathologies involving the paranasal sinuses. (mssm.edu)
- The role of diagnostic imaging in evaluation of nasal and paranasal sinus pathologies. (innovareacademics.in)
Oral cavity1
- The nasal cavity is related to the anterior and middle cranial fossae, orbit, and paranasal sinuses and is separated from the oral cavity by the hard palate. (dartmouth.edu)
Patients4
- Physicians who are interested in treating patients with sinus disease must be able to read and interpret sinus CT scans. (medscape.com)
- The sphenoid sinus is variably pneumatized and may extend as far as the foramen magnum in some patients. (medscape.com)
- Seven patients (9 sides) were simultaneously operated on with maxillary sinus radical treatment. (eurekamag.com)
- A prospective study was conducted among 20 patients in each modality, the patient undergoing the CT of paranasal sinus and patients undergoing routine MRI brain study. (innovareacademics.in)
Sphenoidal sinus1
- The spheno-ethmoidal recess, above and posterior to the superior concha, receives the opening of the sphenoidal sinus. (dartmouth.edu)
Small hollow spaces1
- Your paranasal sinuses are small hollow spaces around the nose. (medlineplus.gov)
Pseudostratified columnar e1
- The paranasal sinuses are lined with respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium). (wikipedia.org)
Anatomical2
- However, the complex anatomical structure of the sinuses has led to significant limitations in the ability to produce three-dimensional reconstructions for analysis using an automatic approach. (ucl.ac.uk)
- The co-occurrence of more than 1 anatomical variation and involvement of multiple paranasal sinuses were seen positive. (innovareacademics.in)
Posterior1
- The sphenoid sinus is supplied by the sphenopalatine artery, except for the planum sphenoidale, which is supplied by the posterior ethmoidal artery. (medscape.com)
FESS1
- Comparison of delivery of topical medications to the paranasal sinuses via "vertex-to-floor" position and atomizer spray after FESS. (rush.edu)
Sphenoid bone2
- The sphenoidal sinuses, in the sphenoid bone. (wikipedia.org)
- The sphenoid sinus originates in the sphenoid bone at the center of the head. (medscape.com)
Surgeries3
- We carry out surgeries on the paranasal sinuses using the latest endoscopic, minimally invasive technology. (rkm740-hno.de)
- My expertise and areas of special interest are in head and neck oncology, nose and sinus surgeries, hearing loss, rehabilitation and ear surgeries, snoring and sleep apnea surgeries. (drsanu.com)
- Thus, the patient with cleft lip and palate may present maxillary underdevelopment, which may result in hypoplasia of the maxillary sinus, and reparative surgeries can aggravate this complication. (bvsalud.org)
Diagnosis and Treatment1
- The paranasal sinuses continue to develop from birth to 20 years of age, and the age of the patient must be always considered in the diagnosis and treatment. (ingentaconnect.com)
Developmentally2
- Paranasal sinuses form developmentally through excavation of bone by air-filled sacs (pneumatic diverticula) from the nasal cavity. (wikipedia.org)
- Developmentally, this is the last sinus to pneumatize. (medscape.com)
Disease3
- The thinnest portion of the anterior wall is above the canine tooth, called the canine fossa, which is an ideal entry site for addressing various disease processes of the maxillary sinus. (medscape.com)
- CT / MRI: Imaging tests to create pictures of nasal cavity and sinuses to know the extent of the disease. (prittleprattlenews.com)
- Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of nose and paranasal sinus disease. (innovareacademics.in)