A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.
The infiltrating of tissue specimens with paraffin, as a supporting substance, to prepare for sectioning with a microtome.
The technique of using FIXATIVES in the preparation of cytologic, histologic, or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all the constituent elements.
A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717)
Agents employed in the preparation of histologic or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all of the constituent elements. Great numbers of different agents are used; some are also decalcifying and hardening agents. They must quickly kill and coagulate living tissue.
Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Thinly cut sections of frozen tissue specimens prepared with a cryostat or freezing microtome.
The technique of using a microtome to cut thin or ultrathin sections of tissues embedded in a supporting substance. The microtome is an instrument that hold a steel, glass or diamond knife in clamps at an angle to the blocks of prepared tissues, which it cuts in sections of equal thickness.
The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.
A refined petroleum fraction used as a fuel as well as a solvent.
A plastic substance deposited by insects or obtained from plants. Waxes are esters of various fatty acids with higher, usually monohydric alcohols. The wax of pharmacy is principally yellow wax (beeswax), the material of which honeycomb is made. It consists chiefly of cerotic acid and myricin and is used in making ointments, cerates, etc. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The process by which a tissue or aggregate of cells is kept alive outside of the organism from which it was derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).
The infiltrating of histological specimens with plastics, including acrylic resins, epoxy resins and polyethylene glycol, for support of the tissues in preparation for sectioning with a microtome.
Methods of preparing cells or tissues for examination and study of their origin, structure, function, or pathology. The methods include preservation, fixation, sectioning, staining, replica, or other technique to allow for viewing using a microscope.
A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient.
The technique of placing cells or tissue in a supporting medium so that thin sections can be cut using a microtome. The medium can be paraffin wax (PARAFFIN EMBEDDING) or plastics (PLASTIC EMBEDDING) such as epoxy resins.
Removal of minerals from bones during bone examination.
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.
A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.
The chromosome region which is active in nucleolus formation and which functions in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA.
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
Pneumonia due to aspiration or inhalation of various oily or fatty substances.
Unctuous combustible substances that are liquid or easily liquefiable on warming, and are soluble in ether but insoluble in water. Such substances, depending on their origin, are classified as animal, mineral, or vegetable oils. Depending on their behavior on heating, they are volatile or fixed. (Dorland, 28th ed)
DNA present in neoplastic tissue.
A CELL CYCLE and tumor growth marker which can be readily detected using IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY methods. Ki-67 is a nuclear antigen present only in the nuclei of cycling cells.
Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
A round-to-oval mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in the lateral wall of the PHARYNX. There is one on each side of the oropharynx in the fauces between the anterior and posterior pillars of the SOFT PALATE.
A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
A subspecialty of pathology concerned with the molecular basis (e.g., mutations) of various diseases.
The use of silver, usually silver nitrate, as a reagent for producing contrast or coloration in tissue specimens.
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
The degree of replication of the chromosome set in the karyotype.
A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.
The simultaneous analysis of multiple samples of TISSUES or CELLS from BIOPSY or in vitro culture that have been arranged in an array format on slides or microchips.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Centers for acquiring, characterizing, and storing organs or tissue for future use.
Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.
Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from the UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and extending into the INFRARED RAYS frequencies.
A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.
3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.
A histochemical technique for staining carbohydrates. It is based on PERIODIC ACID oxidation of a substance containing adjacent hydroxyl groups. The resulting aldehydes react with Schiff reagent to form a colored product.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Colloids formed by the combination of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water. Lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion. Water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. The formation of emulsions may be aided by amphiphatic molecules that surround one component of the system to form MICELLES.
The induction of local hyperthermia by either short radio waves or high-frequency sound waves.
The study of the structure of various TISSUES of organisms on a microscopic level.
DNA probes specific for the identification of human papilloma virus.
Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in breast cancer patients has become clinically important.
A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.
A type I keratin that is found associated with the KERATIN-4 in the internal stratified EPITHELIUM. Defects in gene for keratin 13 cause HEREDITARY MUCOSAL LEUKOKERATOSIS.
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.

Immunohistochemical analysis of arterial wall cellular infiltration in Buerger's disease (endarteritis obliterans). (1/1288)

PURPOSE: The diagnosis of Buerger's disease has depended on clinical symptoms and angiographic findings, whereas pathologic findings are considered to be of secondary importance. Arteries from patients with Buerger's tissue were analyzed histologically, including immunophenotyping of the infiltrating cells, to elucidate the nature of Buerger's disease as a vasculitis. METHODS: Thirty-three specimens from nine patients, in whom Buerger's disease was diagnosed on the basis of our clinical and angiographic criteria between 1980 and 1995 at Nagoya University Hospital, were studied. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on paraffin-embedded tissue with a labeled streptoavidin-biotin method. RESULTS: The general architecture of vessel walls was well preserved regardless of the stage of disease, and cell infiltration was observed mainly in the thrombus and the intima. Among infiltrating cells, CD3(+) T cells greatly outnumbered CD20(+) B cells. CD68(+) macrophages or S-100(+) dendritic cells were detected, especially in the intima during acute and subacute stages. All cases except one showed infiltration by the human leukocyte antigen-D region (HLA-DR) antigen-bearing macrophages and dendritic cells in the intima. Immunoglobulins G, A, and M (IgG, IgA, IgM) and complement factors 3d and 4c (C3d, C4c) were deposited along the internal elastic lamina. CONCLUSION: Buerger's disease is strictly an endarteritis that is introduced by T-cell mediated cellular immunity and by B-cell mediated humoral immunity associated with activation of macrophages or dendritic cells in the intima.  (+info)

Diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever by PCR using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. (2/1288)

A previously described polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (amplification of a 238-bp fragment of ovine herpesvirus 2 [OHV-2] genomic DNA) for diagnosis of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) was adapted for use on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Variables affecting its use were examined. Archived tissues from cattle, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and bison (Bison bison) diagnosed with MCF by clinical signs or histologic lesions were obtained from 2 veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Tissues from healthy animals and from animals diagnosed with other common bovine viral diseases were examined as controls. A total of 86 blocks from 37 suspect MCF cases were examined. Forty-one blocks from healthy animals and animals with unrelated viral diseases were examined as controls. The assay was specific for sheep-associated MCF and did not yield false-positive signals from healthy animals or from cases of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine virus diarrhea, mucosal disease, or parainfluenza-3 virus infection. A wide variety of tissues were suitable substrates, including spleen, lymph node, intestine, brain, lung, and kidney. Extracted DNA provided a more suitable target than did unextracted tissue lysate. The highest levels of viral DNA were present in lymphoid organs and intestine, but the data indicate that in acute clinical cases, most organs contain sufficient viral DNA to serve as a suitable diagnostic specimen. Fixation of 0.5-cm3 blocks of tissue in 10% neutral buffered formalin was deleterious to the target DNA, and PCR signals progressively diminished after fixation for >45 days. Detection of genomic DNA of OHV-2 by PCR was successful for archived tissues that were 15 years old.  (+info)

Immunocytochemical detection of Candida albicans in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded material. (3/1288)

AIM: To assess the ability of the commercially available monoclonal antibody 1B12 (BioGenex, San Ramon, USA) to identify C albicans in formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded material (FFPE). METHODS: Broth cultures of 20 strains of seven Candida species were resuspended in 4% agarose blocks, fixed in formalin for 24 hours, and embedded in paraffin wax. In addition, 16 blocks of FFPE tissue known to contain periodic acid-Schiff positive fungal hyphae were examined. Antigen retrieval involved microwave treatment of specimens in citrate buffer (0.01 M; pH 6.5) before addition of 1B12 antibody for 24 hours. Bound antibody was subsequently detected using a biotinylated link antibody and a peroxidase conjugated streptavidin. RESULTS: Only C albicans strains were 1B12 positive in the agarose blocks. All FFPE tissue blocks were found to contain 1B12 positive hyphal structures, indicating the presence of C albicans. CONCLUSIONS: The ability to identify candida organisms penetrating the lesional tissue in cases of chronic hyperplastic candidosis will help to clarify the role of individual Candida spp in this important form of oral candidosis.  (+info)

Detection of translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) in mantle cell lymphoma by fluorescence in situ hybridization. (4/1288)

To assess an unequivocal diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), we have developed a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay, enabling the demonstration of t(11;14)(q13;q32) directly on pathological samples. We have first selected CCND1 and IGH probes encompassing the breakpoint regions on both chromosomes. Then, we have defined experimental conditions enabling us to obtain bright clear-cut signals in all of the samples, independently of the initial fixation conditions. We have analyzed single-cell suspensions from 26 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded MCL samples with this set of probes. In all cases, we have found a fusion signal (ie, a t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation) in 14% to 99% of cells (median, 87%). So far, IGH-CCND1 fusions have been detected in all of the 51 MCL patients that we have analyzed by FISH (either on paraffin-embedded tumor samples or on peripheral blood samples). Regarding the low sensitivity of other techniques used to diagnose t(11;14)(q13;q32) (ie, 70% to 75% for cytogenetics and 50% to 60% for polymerase chain reaction), our FISH assay is by far the most sensitive technique. Moreover, because of the quality of the fluorescent signals and the rapidity of the experiment, this technique is widely applicable, even in routine cytogenetics or pathology laboratories. As MCL patients are usually refractory to standard therapy, an unambiguous diagnosis is needed to propose adapted therapeutic strategies, and this highly sensitive assay may be of great value for accurate diagnosis in difficult cases.  (+info)

Evidence for two candidate tumour suppressor loci on chromosome 9q in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder but no homozygous deletions in bladder tumour cell lines. (5/1288)

The most frequent genetic alterations in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder involve loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 9p and 9q. The LOH on chromosome 9p most likely targets the CDKN2 locus, which is inactivated in about 50% of TCCs. Candidate genes that are the target for LOH on chromosome 9q have yet to be identified. To narrow the localization of one or more putative tumour suppressor genes on this chromosome that play a role in TCC of the bladder, we examined 59 tumours with a panel of microsatellite markers along the chromosome. LOH was observed in 26 (44%) tumours. We present evidence for two different loci on the long arm of chromosome 9 where potential tumour suppressor genes are expected. These loci are delineated by interstitial deletions in two bladder tumours. Our results confirm the results of others and contribute to a further reduction of the size of these regions, which we called TCC1 and TCC2. These regions were examined for homozygous deletions with EST and STS markers. No homozygous deletions were observed in 17 different bladder tumour cell lines.  (+info)

Labeled carcinoembryonic antigen antibodies excitable by infrared rays: a novel diagnostic method for micro cancers in the digestive tract. (6/1288)

OBJECT: An indocyanine green derivative (ICG-sulfo-OSu) was used as the labeling substance for monoclonal antibody, and a fluorescence imaging system appropriate for ICG-sulfo-OSu excitable by infrared rays (IR) was developed. The goal of this study was to demonstrate antibody labeling at the tissue level using this new imaging system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ICG-sulfo-OSu labeled mouse anti-human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody, a newly developed imaging system, and an infrared ray microscope were employed in this experiment. Paraffin sections of human colon cancer previously proven to have cross-reactivity to anti-CEA antibody were examined. RESULTS: Positive staining was seen as a brownish discoloration of oxidized 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) in sections that reacted with ICG-sulfo-OSu-labeled anti-CEA antibody, and the fluorescence was well-matched with the oxidized DAB-positive sites. CONCLUSION: Specific antibodies labeled with ICG-sulfo-OSu have significant affinity to cancer cells and seem to reflect sufficient amounts of fluorescence by IR to be useful in a system for the endoscopic detection of micro cancers using the immunohistochemical staining method.  (+info)

Optimisation of DNA and RNA extraction from archival formalin-fixed tissue. (7/1288)

Archival, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue is an invaluable resource for molecular genetic studies but the extraction of high quality nucleic acid may be problematic. We have optimised DNA extraction by comparing 10 protocols, including a commercially available kit and a novel method that utilises a thermal cycler. The thermal cycler and Chelex-100 extraction method yielded DNA capable of amplification by PCR from every block and 61% of sections versus 54% using microwave and Chelex-100, 15% with classical xylene-based extraction and 60% of sections using the kit. Successful RNA extraction was observed, by beta-actin amplification, in 83.7% sections for samples treated by the thermal cycler and Chelex-100 method. Thermal cycler and Chelex-100 extraction of nucleic acid is reliable, quick and inexpensive.  (+info)

Detection of clonal B cells in microdissected reactive lymphoproliferations: possible diagnostic pitfalls in PCR analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement. (8/1288)

AIMS: To evaluate the specificity of standard and fluorescence based (Genescan) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement analysis in complete and microdissected paraffin wax embedded sections from lymphoid proliferations. METHODS: PCR IgH gene rearrangement analysis of whole sections and microdissected fragments (n = 62) from paraffin wax embedded reactive lymph nodes (n = 6) and tonsils (n = 3). Amplificant analysis used both standard methods and automated high resolution fluorescence based quantification and size determination using GENESCAN software. RESULTS: Whole tissue sections were consistently polyclonal in control experiments. IgH gene amplification was successful in 59 of 62 microdissected fragments; only two of 59 showed a polyclonal rearrangement pattern, the remainder being oligoclonal or monoclonal. Reanalysis was possible in 33 samples; six showed reproducible bands on gel analysis and satisfied accepted criteria for monoclonality. Use of high resolution gels with Genescan analysis improved sensitivity and band definition; however, three samples still appeared to be monoclonal. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm that PCR based IgH gene rearrangement analysis is a sensitive and specific method for demonstrating B cell clonality in whole paraffin wax embedded sections. However, oligoclonal and monoclonal rearrangement patterns are regularly encountered in small tissue fragments from otherwise unremarkable reactive lymphoproliferations, possibly because of preferential priming or detection of local B cell clones. Data from clonal analysis of small, microdissected or lymphocyte poor samples must be evaluated critically. It is recommended that analyses should be run in parallel on at least two tissue specimens. Only reproducible bands present in more than one sample should be considered to be suggestive of neoplasia.  (+info)

In a medical context, paraffin is often referred to as "medical-grade paraffin," which is a type of mineral wax that is highly refined and purified for use in various medical applications. It is typically used in the form of paraffin baths for heat therapy, where a part of the body is dipped into a bath of melted paraffin to provide soothing warmth and pain relief. Medical-grade paraffin is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and chemically stable, making it safe for topical use on the skin. It has a high melting point and does not conduct electricity, which also makes it suitable for use in certain types of medical equipment and supplies.

Paraffin embedding is a process in histology (the study of the microscopic structure of tissues) where tissue samples are impregnated with paraffin wax to create a solid, stable block. This allows for thin, uniform sections of the tissue to be cut and mounted on slides for further examination under a microscope.

The process involves fixing the tissue sample with a chemical fixative to preserve its structure, dehydrating it through a series of increasing concentrations of alcohol, clearing it in a solvent such as xylene to remove the alcohol, and then impregnating it with melted paraffin wax. The tissue is then cooled and hardened into a block, which can be stored, transported, and sectioned as needed.

Paraffin embedding is a commonly used technique in histology due to its relative simplicity, low cost, and ability to produce high-quality sections for microscopic examination.

Tissue fixation is a process in histology (the study of the microscopic structure of tissues) where fixed tissue samples are prepared for further examination, typically through microscopy. The goal of tissue fixation is to preserve the original three-dimensional structure and biochemical composition of tissues and cells as much as possible, making them stable and suitable for various analyses.

The most common method for tissue fixation involves immersing the sample in a chemical fixative, such as formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde. These fixatives cross-link proteins within the tissue, creating a stable matrix that maintains the original structure and prevents decay. Other methods of tissue fixation may include freezing or embedding samples in various media to preserve their integrity.

Properly fixed tissue samples can be sectioned, stained, and examined under a microscope, allowing pathologists and researchers to study cellular structures, diagnose diseases, and understand biological processes at the molecular level.

Formaldehyde is a colorless, pungent, and volatile chemical compound with the formula CH2O. It is a naturally occurring substance that is found in certain fruits like apples and vegetables, as well as in animals. However, the majority of formaldehyde used in industry is synthetically produced.

In the medical field, formaldehyde is commonly used as a preservative for biological specimens such as organs, tissues, and cells. It works by killing bacteria and inhibiting the decaying process. Formaldehyde is also used in the production of various industrial products, including adhesives, resins, textiles, and paper products.

However, formaldehyde can be harmful to human health if inhaled or ingested in large quantities. It can cause irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, and skin, and prolonged exposure has been linked to respiratory problems and cancer. Therefore, it is essential to handle formaldehyde with care and use appropriate safety measures when working with this chemical compound.

Fixatives are substances used in histology and pathology to preserve tissue specimens for microscopic examination. They work by stabilizing the structural components of cells and tissues, preventing decomposition and autolysis. This helps to maintain the original structure and composition of the specimen as closely as possible, allowing for accurate diagnosis and research. Commonly used fixatives include formalin, glutaraldehyde, methanol, and ethanol. The choice of fixative depends on the specific type of tissue being preserved and the intended use of the specimen.

Immunoenzyme techniques are a group of laboratory methods used in immunology and clinical chemistry that combine the specificity of antibody-antigen reactions with the sensitivity and amplification capabilities of enzyme reactions. These techniques are primarily used for the detection, quantitation, or identification of various analytes (such as proteins, hormones, drugs, viruses, or bacteria) in biological samples.

In immunoenzyme techniques, an enzyme is linked to an antibody or antigen, creating a conjugate. This conjugate then interacts with the target analyte in the sample, forming an immune complex. The presence and amount of this immune complex can be visualized or measured by detecting the enzymatic activity associated with it.

There are several types of immunoenzyme techniques, including:

1. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): A widely used method for detecting and quantifying various analytes in a sample. In ELISA, an enzyme is attached to either the capture antibody or the detection antibody. After the immune complex formation, a substrate is added that reacts with the enzyme, producing a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically.
2. Immunoblotting (Western blot): A method used for detecting specific proteins in a complex mixture, such as a protein extract from cells or tissues. In this technique, proteins are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane, where they are probed with an enzyme-conjugated antibody directed against the target protein.
3. Immunohistochemistry (IHC): A method used for detecting specific antigens in tissue sections or cells. In IHC, an enzyme-conjugated primary or secondary antibody is applied to the sample, and the presence of the antigen is visualized using a chromogenic substrate that produces a colored product at the site of the antigen-antibody interaction.
4. Immunofluorescence (IF): A method used for detecting specific antigens in cells or tissues by employing fluorophore-conjugated antibodies. The presence of the antigen is visualized using a fluorescence microscope.
5. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): A method used for detecting and quantifying specific antigens or antibodies in liquid samples, such as serum or culture supernatants. In ELISA, an enzyme-conjugated detection antibody is added after the immune complex formation, and a substrate is added that reacts with the enzyme to produce a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically.

These techniques are widely used in research and diagnostic laboratories for various applications, including protein characterization, disease diagnosis, and monitoring treatment responses.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

"Frozen sections" is a medical term that refers to the process of quickly preparing and examining a small piece of tissue during surgery. This procedure is typically performed by a pathologist in order to provide immediate diagnostic information to the surgeon, who can then make informed decisions about the course of the operation.

To create a frozen section, the surgical team first removes a small sample of tissue from the patient's body. This sample is then quickly frozen, typically using a special machine that can freeze the tissue in just a few seconds. Once the tissue is frozen, it can be cut into thin slices and stained with dyes to help highlight its cellular structures.

The stained slides are then examined under a microscope by a pathologist, who looks for any abnormalities or signs of disease. The results of this examination are typically available within 10-30 minutes, allowing the surgeon to make real-time decisions about whether to remove more tissue, change the surgical approach, or take other actions based on the findings.

Frozen sections are often used in cancer surgery to help ensure that all of the cancerous tissue has been removed, and to guide decisions about whether additional treatments such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy are necessary. They can also be used in other types of surgeries to help diagnose conditions and make treatment decisions during the procedure.

Microtomy is a medical term that refers to the process of cutting thin slices of tissue for examination under a microscope, typically with the use of a microtome. A microtome is a precision instrument that allows for the uniform and controlled cutting of very thin sections of biological tissues, usually ranging from 2-10 micrometers in thickness.

The process of microtomy involves fixing, embedding, and sectioning the tissue specimen. First, the tissue is fixed using a fixative such as formalin to preserve its structure and prevent decomposition. Then, it is embedded in a support medium, often paraffin wax or a plastic resin, which helps to hold the tissue together during cutting.

Once the tissue is properly prepared, it is loaded into the microtome, where a sharp blade cuts through the tissue, producing thin sections that can be mounted on glass slides and stained with various dyes to highlight specific structures or features of interest. These stained sections are then examined under a microscope for diagnostic or research purposes.

Microtomy is an essential technique in histology, pathology, and many areas of biological research, as it allows researchers and clinicians to visualize the structure and composition of tissues at the cellular and subcellular level.

'Staining and labeling' are techniques commonly used in pathology, histology, cytology, and molecular biology to highlight or identify specific components or structures within tissues, cells, or molecules. These methods enable researchers and medical professionals to visualize and analyze the distribution, localization, and interaction of biological entities, contributing to a better understanding of diseases, cellular processes, and potential therapeutic targets.

Medical definitions for 'staining' and 'labeling' are as follows:

1. Staining: A process that involves applying dyes or stains to tissues, cells, or molecules to enhance their contrast and reveal specific structures or components. Stains can be categorized into basic stains (which highlight acidic structures) and acidic stains (which highlight basic structures). Common staining techniques include Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), which differentiates cell nuclei from the surrounding cytoplasm and extracellular matrix; special stains, such as PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff) for carbohydrates or Masson's trichrome for collagen fibers; and immunostains, which use antibodies to target specific proteins.
2. Labeling: A process that involves attaching a detectable marker or tag to a molecule of interest, allowing its identification, quantification, or tracking within a biological system. Labels can be direct, where the marker is directly conjugated to the targeting molecule, or indirect, where an intermediate linker molecule is used to attach the label to the target. Common labeling techniques include fluorescent labels (such as FITC, TRITC, or Alexa Fluor), enzymatic labels (such as horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase), and radioactive labels (such as ³²P or ¹⁴C). Labeling is often used in conjunction with staining techniques to enhance the specificity and sensitivity of detection.

Together, staining and labeling provide valuable tools for medical research, diagnostics, and therapeutic development, offering insights into cellular and molecular processes that underlie health and disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kerosene" is not a medical term. It is a type of fuel that is commonly used in lamps, stoves, and heating systems. Medically, the term "kerosene sniffing" or "huffing" is used to describe the dangerous practice of inhaling kerosene vapors to get high, which can lead to serious health consequences, including death.

I believe you may be asking for a medical explanation or examples of substances that are referred to as "waxes." Waxes are not a specific medical term, but they can refer to various natural or synthetic esters that are insoluble in water and have a soft, waxy consistency. In a medical context, the term "waxes" might refer to:

1. Cerumen (Earwax): A yellowish waxy substance produced by glands in the ear canal. Cerumen helps protect the ear by trapping dirt, dust, and other particles and preventing them from entering the inner ear.
2. Sebaceous Waxes: These are esters found in sebum, an oily substance produced by sebaceous glands in the skin. Sebum helps keep the skin and hair moisturized and protected.
3. Cutaneous Waxes: These are lipid-rich substances secreted by specialized sweat glands called eccrine glands. They help to waterproof and protect the skin.
4. Histological Waxes: Paraffin or other waxes used in histology for tissue processing, embedding, and microtomy to prepare thin sections of tissues for examination under a microscope.

These are some examples of substances that can be referred to as "waxes" in a medical context.

Tissue preservation is the process of preventing decomposition or autolysis (self-digestion) of tissues after they have been removed from a living organism. This is typically achieved through the use of fixatives, such as formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde, which stabilize proteins and other cellular structures by creating cross-links between them. Other methods of tissue preservation include freezing, dehydration, and embedding in paraffin or plastic resins. Properly preserved tissues can be stored for long periods of time and used for various research and diagnostic purposes, such as histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular biology studies.

Plastic embedding is a histological technique used in the preparation of tissue samples for microscopic examination. In this process, thin sections of tissue are impregnated and hardened with a plastic resin, which replaces the water in the tissue and provides support and stability during cutting and mounting. This method is particularly useful for tissues that are difficult to embed using traditional paraffin embedding techniques, such as those that contain fat or are very delicate. The plastic-embedded tissue sections can be cut very thinly (typically 1-2 microns) and provide excellent preservation of ultrastructural details, making them ideal for high-resolution microscopy and immunohistochemical studies.

Histocytoлогиcal preparation techniques are methods used to prepare tissue samples for examination under a microscope in order to study the structure and function of cells, specifically histiocytes. These techniques involve fixing, processing, embedding, sectioning, and staining the tissue samples to preserve their cellular details and enhance the visibility of various cellular components.

The process typically begins with fixing the tissue sample in a fixative solution, such as formalin or alcohol, to preserve its structure and prevent decomposition. The fixed tissue is then dehydrated using a series of increasing concentrations of ethanol and cleared with a clearing agent, such as xylene, to remove the ethanol and make the tissue more transparent.

Next, the tissue is infiltrated with a liquid embedding material, such as paraffin or plastic, and solidified into a block. The block is then cut into thin sections using a microtome, and the sections are mounted onto glass slides.

Finally, the sections are stained with various dyes to highlight different cellular components, such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, or specific organelles. Common staining techniques used in histocytoлогиcal preparation include hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and special stains for specific cell types or structures.

These techniques allow pathologists to examine the tissue sample at a microscopic level, identify any abnormalities or diseases, and make an accurate diagnosis.

Medical Definition of Mineral Oil:

Mineral oil is a commonly used laxative, which is a substance that promotes bowel movements. It is a non-digestible, odorless, and tasteless oil that is derived from petroleum. When taken orally, mineral oil passes through the digestive system without being absorbed, helping to soften stools and relieve constipation by increasing the weight and size of the stool, stimulating the reflexes in the intestines that trigger bowel movements.

Mineral oil is also used topically as a moisturizer and emollient for dry skin conditions such as eczema and dermatitis. It forms a barrier on the skin, preventing moisture loss and protecting the skin from irritants. However, mineral oil should not be used on broken or inflamed skin, as it can trap bacteria and delay healing.

It is important to note that long-term use of mineral oil laxatives can lead to dependence and may interfere with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K. Therefore, it should be used only under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Tissue embedding is a process in histology (the study of the microscopic structure of tissues) where biological tissue samples are encased in a supporting medium, typically paraffin wax or plastic resins, to maintain their shape and structural integrity during sectioning. This allows for thin slices of the embedded tissue to be cut using a microtome, mounted on slides, and then stained for further examination under a microscope. The embedding process ensures that the tissue remains intact and does not tear or compress during sectioning, providing clear and consistent samples for analysis.

I'm not able to provide a specific medical definition for the term "Decalcification Technique" as it is not a standard term in medical or scientific literature. However, decalcification is a process that is commonly used in histology (the study of the microscopic structure of tissues) to prepare calcium-containing tissue samples for sectioning and staining.

Decalcification involves removing the calcium salts from the tissue using a weak acid solution, such as formic acid or acetic acid. This process makes it possible to cut thin sections of the tissue with a microtome (a tool used to cut thin slices of tissue for examination under a microscope).

The decalcification technique may refer to the specific method or protocol used to decalcify tissue samples, including the type and concentration of acid used, the duration of decalcification, and the temperature at which the process is carried out. The choice of decalcification technique will depend on the type and size of the tissue sample being prepared, as well as the specific research or diagnostic questions being addressed.

Tumor markers are substances that can be found in the body and their presence can indicate the presence of certain types of cancer or other conditions. Biological tumor markers refer to those substances that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer or certain benign (non-cancerous) conditions. These markers can be found in various bodily fluids such as blood, urine, or tissue samples.

Examples of biological tumor markers include:

1. Proteins: Some tumor markers are proteins that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to the presence of cancer. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by normal prostate cells and in higher amounts by prostate cancer cells.
2. Genetic material: Tumor markers can also include genetic material such as DNA, RNA, or microRNA that are shed by cancer cells into bodily fluids. For example, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is genetic material from cancer cells that can be found in the bloodstream.
3. Metabolites: Tumor markers can also include metabolic products produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer. For example, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that is released into the bloodstream when cancer cells break down glucose for energy.

It's important to note that tumor markers are not specific to cancer and can be elevated in non-cancerous conditions as well. Therefore, they should not be used alone to diagnose cancer but rather as a tool in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluations.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

Hematoxylin is not a medical term per se, but it is widely used in the field of histology and pathology, which are subspecialties within medicine. Hematoxylin is a natural dye that is commonly used in histological staining procedures to highlight cell nuclei in tissue samples. It is often combined with eosin, another dye, to create the well-known hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, which is routinely used to examine tissue architecture and diagnose various medical conditions.

In essence, hematoxylin is a histological stain that selectively binds to the acidic components of nuclear chromatin, imparting a blue-purple color to the cell nuclei when visualized under a microscope. This staining technique helps pathologists and researchers identify and analyze various cellular structures and abnormalities within tissue samples.

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a molecular biology technique used to detect and localize specific nucleic acid sequences, such as DNA or RNA, within cells or tissues. This technique involves the use of a labeled probe that is complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence. The probe can be labeled with various types of markers, including radioisotopes, fluorescent dyes, or enzymes.

During the ISH procedure, the labeled probe is hybridized to the target nucleic acid sequence in situ, meaning that the hybridization occurs within the intact cells or tissues. After washing away unbound probe, the location of the labeled probe can be visualized using various methods depending on the type of label used.

In situ hybridization has a wide range of applications in both research and diagnostic settings, including the detection of gene expression patterns, identification of viral infections, and diagnosis of genetic disorders.

The Nucleolus Organizer Region (NOR) is a specific region within the chromosomes, primarily in the short arm of the acrocentric chromosomes (chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22). It consists of clusters of repetitive DNA sequences that encode ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. During interphase, these regions form the nucleolus, a distinct structure within the nucleus where rRNA transcription, processing, and ribosome assembly occur. The number of NORs in an individual can vary, which has implications in certain genetic conditions and aging processes.

Monoclonal antibodies are a type of antibody that are identical because they are produced by a single clone of cells. They are laboratory-produced molecules that act like human antibodies in the immune system. They can be designed to attach to specific proteins found on the surface of cancer cells, making them useful for targeting and treating cancer. Monoclonal antibodies can also be used as a therapy for other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and inflammatory conditions.

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing a single type of immune cell, called a B cell, with a tumor cell to create a hybrid cell, or hybridoma. This hybrid cell is then able to replicate indefinitely, producing a large number of identical copies of the original antibody. These antibodies can be further modified and engineered to enhance their ability to bind to specific targets, increase their stability, and improve their effectiveness as therapeutic agents.

Monoclonal antibodies have several mechanisms of action in cancer therapy. They can directly kill cancer cells by binding to them and triggering an immune response. They can also block the signals that promote cancer growth and survival. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies can be used to deliver drugs or radiation directly to cancer cells, increasing the effectiveness of these treatments while minimizing their side effects on healthy tissues.

Monoclonal antibodies have become an important tool in modern medicine, with several approved for use in cancer therapy and other diseases. They are continuing to be studied and developed as a promising approach to treating a wide range of medical conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lipid Pneumonia" is not a type of pneumonia that is defined by the presence of lipids in the lungs. Instead, it refers to a condition where an abnormal amount of lipids or fatty substances accumulate in the lung tissue, which can lead to inflammation and infection, resulting in pneumonia.

Lipid pneumonia can occur due to various reasons, such as aspiration of lipid-containing materials (like oil-based nasal drops, mineral oil, or contaminated food), impaired lipid metabolism, or lung damage from certain medical conditions or treatments. The accumulation of these fatty substances in the lungs can cause an inflammatory response, leading to symptoms similar to those seen in other types of pneumonia, such as cough, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.

Therefore, lipid pneumonia is not a medical definition per se but rather a term used to describe a condition where lipids accumulate in the lungs and cause inflammation and infection.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, oils are typically defined as lipid-based substances that are derived from plants or animals. They are made up of molecules called fatty acids, which can be either saturated or unsaturated. Oils are often used in medical treatments and therapies due to their ability to deliver active ingredients through the skin, as well as their moisturizing and soothing properties. Some oils, such as essential oils, are also used in aromatherapy for their potential therapeutic benefits. However, it's important to note that some oils can be toxic or irritating if ingested or applied to the skin in large amounts, so they should always be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

The term "DNA, neoplasm" is not a standard medical term or concept. DNA refers to deoxyribonucleic acid, which is the genetic material present in the cells of living organisms. A neoplasm, on the other hand, is a tumor or growth of abnormal tissue that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

In some contexts, "DNA, neoplasm" may refer to genetic alterations found in cancer cells. These genetic changes can include mutations, amplifications, deletions, or rearrangements of DNA sequences that contribute to the development and progression of cancer. Identifying these genetic abnormalities can help doctors diagnose and treat certain types of cancer more effectively.

However, it's important to note that "DNA, neoplasm" is not a term that would typically be used in medical reports or research papers without further clarification. If you have any specific questions about DNA changes in cancer cells or neoplasms, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional or conducting further research on the topic.

The Ki-67 antigen is a cellular protein that is expressed in all active phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, and M), but not in the resting phase (G0). It is often used as a marker for cell proliferation and can be found in high concentrations in rapidly dividing cells. Immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67 can help to determine the growth fraction of a group of cells, which can be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of various malignancies, including cancer. The level of Ki-67 expression is often associated with the aggressiveness of the tumor and its response to treatment.

Histochemistry is the branch of pathology that deals with the microscopic localization of cellular or tissue components using specific chemical reactions. It involves the application of chemical techniques to identify and locate specific biomolecules within tissues, cells, and subcellular structures. This is achieved through the use of various staining methods that react with specific antigens or enzymes in the sample, allowing for their visualization under a microscope. Histochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to identify different types of tissues, cells, and structures, as well as in research to study cellular and molecular processes in health and disease.

A neoplasm is a tumor or growth that is formed by an abnormal and excessive proliferation of cells, which can be benign or malignant. Neoplasm proteins are therefore any proteins that are expressed or produced in these neoplastic cells. These proteins can play various roles in the development, progression, and maintenance of neoplasms.

Some neoplasm proteins may contribute to the uncontrolled cell growth and division seen in cancer, such as oncogenic proteins that promote cell cycle progression or inhibit apoptosis (programmed cell death). Others may help the neoplastic cells evade the immune system, allowing them to proliferate undetected. Still others may be involved in angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels that supply the tumor with nutrients and oxygen.

Neoplasm proteins can also serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment response. For example, the presence or level of certain neoplasm proteins in biological samples such as blood or tissue may indicate the presence of a specific type of cancer, help predict the likelihood of cancer recurrence, or suggest whether a particular therapy will be effective.

Overall, understanding the roles and behaviors of neoplasm proteins can provide valuable insights into the biology of cancer and inform the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

The palatine tonsils, also known as the "tonsils," are two masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the oropharynx, at the back of the throat. They are part of the immune system and play a role in protecting the body from inhaled or ingested pathogens. Each tonsil has a surface covered with crypts and follicles that contain lymphocytes, which help to filter out bacteria and viruses that enter the mouth and nose.

The palatine tonsils are visible through the mouth and can be seen during a routine physical examination. They vary in size, but typically are about the size of a large olive or almond. Swelling or inflammation of the tonsils is called tonsillitis, which can cause symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. In some cases, enlarged tonsils may need to be removed through a surgical procedure called a tonsillectomy.

Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the breast tissue that can be benign or malignant. Benign breast neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors or growths, while malignant breast neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Breast neoplasms can arise from different types of cells in the breast, including milk ducts, milk sacs (lobules), or connective tissue. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which starts in the milk ducts and can spread to other parts of the breast and nearby structures.

Breast neoplasms are usually detected through screening methods such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI, or through self-examination or clinical examination. Treatment options for breast neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type and stage of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy.

Molecular pathology is a branch of pathology that involves the study and diagnosis of diseases at the molecular level. It utilizes various molecular biology techniques such as DNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and others to identify genetic mutations, gene expression changes, and protein abnormalities that underlie various diseases including cancer, genetic disorders, infectious diseases, and autoimmune conditions. The information obtained from molecular testing can help guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and monitor response to therapy. Additionally, molecular pathology plays a critical role in the development of personalized medicine, which tailors treatment strategies based on an individual's unique genetic makeup and disease characteristics.

"Silver staining" is a histological term that refers to a technique used to selectively stain various components of biological tissues, making them more visible under a microscope. This technique is often used in the study of histopathology and cytology. The most common type of silver staining is known as "silver impregnation," which is used to demonstrate the presence of argyrophilic structures, such as nerve fibers and neurofibrillary tangles, in tissues.

The process of silver staining involves the use of silver salts, which are reduced by a developer to form metallic silver that deposits on the tissue components. The intensity of the stain depends on the degree of reduction of the silver ions, and it can be modified by adjusting the concentration of the silver salt, the development time, and other factors.

Silver staining is widely used in diagnostic pathology to highlight various structures such as nerve fibers, axons, collagen, basement membranes, and microorganisms like fungi and bacteria. It has also been used in research to study the distribution and organization of these structures in tissues. However, it's important to note that silver staining is not specific for any particular substance, so additional tests are often needed to confirm the identity of the stained structures.

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from glandular epithelial cells. These cells line the inside of many internal organs, including the breasts, prostate, colon, and lungs. Adenocarcinomas can occur in any of these organs, as well as in other locations where glands are present.

The term "adenocarcinoma" is used to describe a cancer that has features of glandular tissue, such as mucus-secreting cells or cells that produce hormones. These cancers often form glandular structures within the tumor mass and may produce mucus or other substances.

Adenocarcinomas are typically slow-growing and tend to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. They can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these treatments. The prognosis for adenocarcinoma depends on several factors, including the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and age.

Ploidy is a term used in genetics to describe the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or an organism. The ploidy level can have important implications for genetic inheritance and expression, as well as for evolutionary processes such as speciation and hybridization.

In most animals, including humans, the normal ploidy level is diploid, meaning that each cell contains two sets of chromosomes - one set inherited from each parent. However, there are also many examples of polyploidy, in which an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes.

Polyploidy can arise through various mechanisms, such as genome duplication or hybridization between different species. In some cases, polyploidy may confer evolutionary advantages, such as increased genetic diversity and adaptability to new environments. However, it can also lead to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species.

In plants, polyploidy is relatively common and has played a significant role in their evolution and diversification. Many crop plants are polyploids, including wheat, cotton, and tobacco. In some cases, artificial induction of polyploidy has been used to create new varieties with desirable traits for agriculture and horticulture.

Overall, ploidy is an important concept in genetics and evolution, with implications for a wide range of biological processes and phenomena.

In situ hybridization, fluorescence (FISH) is a type of molecular cytogenetic technique used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes through the use of fluorescent probes. This technique allows for the direct visualization of genetic material at a cellular level, making it possible to identify chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions, duplications, translocations, and other rearrangements.

The process involves denaturing the DNA in the sample to separate the double-stranded molecules into single strands, then adding fluorescently labeled probes that are complementary to the target DNA sequence. The probe hybridizes to the complementary sequence in the sample, and the location of the probe is detected by fluorescence microscopy.

FISH has a wide range of applications in both clinical and research settings, including prenatal diagnosis, cancer diagnosis and monitoring, and the study of gene expression and regulation. It is a powerful tool for identifying genetic abnormalities and understanding their role in human disease.

Tissue Microarray (TMA) analysis is a surgical pathology technique that allows for the simultaneous analysis of multiple tissue samples (known as "cores") from different patients or even different regions of the same tumor, on a single microscope slide. This technique involves the extraction of small cylindrical samples of tissue, which are then arrayed in a grid-like pattern on a recipient paraffin block. Once the TMA is created, sections can be cut and stained with various histochemical or immunohistochemical stains to evaluate the expression of specific proteins or other molecules of interest.

Tissue Array Analysis has become an important tool in biomedical research, enabling high-throughput analysis of tissue samples for molecular markers, gene expression patterns, and other features that can help inform clinical decision making, drug development, and our understanding of disease processes. It's widely used in cancer research to study the heterogeneity of tumors, identify new therapeutic targets, and evaluate patient prognosis.

Prognosis is a medical term that refers to the prediction of the likely outcome or course of a disease, including the chances of recovery or recurrence, based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. It is an important aspect of clinical decision-making and patient communication, as it helps doctors and patients make informed decisions about treatment options, set realistic expectations, and plan for future care.

Prognosis can be expressed in various ways, such as percentages, categories (e.g., good, fair, poor), or survival rates, depending on the nature of the disease and the available evidence. However, it is important to note that prognosis is not an exact science and may vary depending on individual factors, such as age, overall health status, and response to treatment. Therefore, it should be used as a guide rather than a definitive forecast.

A Tissue Bank is a specialized facility that collects, stores, and distributes human tissues for medical research, transplantation, or therapeutic purposes. These tissues can include organs, bones, skin, heart valves, tendons, and other bodily tissues that can be used for various medical applications.

Tissue banks follow strict regulations and guidelines to ensure the safety and quality of the tissues they handle. They implement rigorous screening and testing procedures to minimize the risk of disease transmission and maintain the integrity of the tissues. The tissues are stored under specific conditions, such as temperature and humidity, to preserve their function and viability until they are needed for use.

Tissue banks play a critical role in advancing medical research and improving patient outcomes by providing researchers and clinicians with access to high-quality human tissues for study and transplantation.

Neoplasm antigens, also known as tumor antigens, are substances that are produced by cancer cells (neoplasms) and can stimulate an immune response. These antigens can be proteins, carbohydrates, or other molecules that are either unique to the cancer cells or are overexpressed or mutated versions of normal cellular proteins.

Neoplasm antigens can be classified into two main categories: tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) and tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). TSAs are unique to cancer cells and are not expressed by normal cells, while TAAs are present at low levels in normal cells but are overexpressed or altered in cancer cells.

TSAs can be further divided into viral antigens and mutated antigens. Viral antigens are produced when cancer is caused by a virus, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical cancer. Mutated antigens are the result of genetic mutations that occur during cancer development and are unique to each patient's tumor.

Neoplasm antigens play an important role in the immune response against cancer. They can be recognized by the immune system, leading to the activation of immune cells such as T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, which can then attack and destroy cancer cells. However, cancer cells often develop mechanisms to evade the immune response, allowing them to continue growing and spreading.

Understanding neoplasm antigens is important for the development of cancer immunotherapies, which aim to enhance the body's natural immune response against cancer. These therapies include checkpoint inhibitors, which block proteins that inhibit T cell activation, and therapeutic vaccines, which stimulate an immune response against specific tumor antigens.

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) is a protein that plays an essential role in the process of DNA replication and repair in eukaryotic cells. It functions as a cofactor for DNA polymerase delta, enhancing its activity during DNA synthesis. PCNA forms a sliding clamp around DNA, allowing it to move along the template and coordinate the actions of various enzymes involved in DNA metabolism.

PCNA is often used as a marker for cell proliferation because its levels increase in cells that are actively dividing or have been stimulated to enter the cell cycle. Immunostaining techniques can be used to detect PCNA and determine the proliferative status of tissues or cultures. In this context, 'proliferating' refers to the rapid multiplication of cells through cell division.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "microwaves" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; they are commonly used in communication devices and home appliances such as microwave ovens. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, please provide more context so I can give you a more accurate response.

Adenofibroma is a rare, benign tumor that occurs most commonly in the salivary glands. It is composed of both glandular tissue (adeno-) and fibrous tissue (-fibroma). These tumors are slow-growing and typically do not spread to other parts of the body.

Adenofibromas can also occur in other areas of the body, such as the skin, where they may be referred to as "fibroepithelial polyps" or "skin tags." In general, adenofibromas are not cancerous and can often be removed surgically. However, it is important to have any new growths or lumps evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate course of treatment.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in the squamous cells, which are flat, thin cells that form the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). It commonly occurs on sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, lips, and backs of the hands. Squamous cell carcinoma can also develop in other areas of the body including the mouth, lungs, and cervix.

This type of cancer usually develops slowly and may appear as a rough or scaly patch of skin, a red, firm nodule, or a sore or ulcer that doesn't heal. While squamous cell carcinoma is not as aggressive as some other types of cancer, it can metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body if left untreated, making early detection and treatment important.

Risk factors for developing squamous cell carcinoma include prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, fair skin, a history of sunburns, a weakened immune system, and older age. Prevention measures include protecting your skin from the sun by wearing protective clothing, using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, avoiding tanning beds, and getting regular skin examinations.

Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the immune system. They are found throughout the body, especially in the neck, armpits, groin, and abdomen. Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, which carries waste and unwanted substances such as bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells. They contain white blood cells called lymphocytes that help fight infections and diseases by attacking and destroying the harmful substances found in the lymph fluid. When an infection or disease is present, lymph nodes may swell due to the increased number of immune cells and fluid accumulation as they work to fight off the invaders.

Digoxigenin is a steroidal glycoside compound that is derived from the digitalis plant, which includes foxglove species. This compound is known for its cardiotonic properties and has been used in the treatment of various heart conditions, such as congestive heart failure and atrial arrhythmias.

In a medical or scientific context, digoxigenin is often used in research and diagnostic applications due to its ability to bind to specific antibodies or other molecules. This binding property makes it useful for techniques like immunohistochemistry, where it can be used to label and visualize specific proteins or structures within cells or tissues.

It's important to note that digoxigenin itself is not a medication or treatment, but rather a component derived from a plant that has been used in the development of certain medications and research tools.

The Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction is a histological staining method used to detect the presence of certain carbohydrates, such as glycogen and glycoproteins, in tissues or cells. This technique involves treating the tissue with periodic acid, which oxidizes the vicinal hydroxyl groups in the carbohydrates, creating aldehydes. The aldehydes then react with Schiff's reagent, forming a magenta-colored complex that is visible under a microscope.

The PAS reaction is commonly used to identify and analyze various tissue components, such as basement membranes, fungal cell walls, and mucins in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. It can also be used to diagnose certain medical conditions, like kidney diseases, where abnormal accumulations of carbohydrates occur in the renal tubules or glomeruli.

In summary, the Periodic Acid-Schiff reaction is a staining method that detects specific carbohydrates in tissues or cells, which can aid in diagnostic and research applications.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

An emulsion is a type of stable mixture of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, which are normally unable to mix together uniformly. In an emulsion, one liquid (the dispersed phase) is broken down into small droplets and distributed throughout the other liquid (the continuous phase), creating a stable, cloudy mixture.

In medical terms, emulsions can be used in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. For example, certain medications may be formulated as oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions to improve their absorption, stability, or palatability. Similarly, some skincare products and makeup removers contain emulsifiers that help create stable mixtures of water and oils, allowing for effective cleansing and moisturizing.

Emulsions can also occur naturally in the body, such as in the digestion of fats. The bile salts produced by the liver help to form small droplets of dietary lipids (oil) within the watery environment of the small intestine, allowing for efficient absorption and metabolism of these nutrients.

Diathermy is a medical term that refers to the use of high-frequency electrical currents to heat body tissues. The term "diathermy" comes from the Greek words "dia," meaning "through," and "therme," meaning "heat." There are several types of diathermy, including shortwave, microwave, and ultrasound diathermy.

Shortwave diathermy uses electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 10 MHz and 27 MHz to generate heat in deep tissues. This type of diathermy is often used to treat muscle or joint pain, increase blood flow, or promote healing after surgery or injury.

Microwave diathermy uses high-frequency electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 915 MHz and 2450 MHz to generate heat in superficial tissues. This type of diathermy is often used to treat skin conditions such as dermatitis or psoriasis.

Ultrasound diathermy uses high-frequency sound waves with frequencies above 1 MHz to generate heat in soft tissues. This type of diathermy is often used to treat muscle or tendon injuries, promote healing, or relieve pain.

Diathermy should be administered by a trained healthcare professional, as there are potential risks and complications associated with its use, including burns, discomfort, or damage to implanted medical devices such as pacemakers.

Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues. It involves the examination of tissues at the level of individual cells and their organization into functional units. This field uses various staining techniques to visualize different cellular components, allowing for the identification and analysis of specific cell types, tissue architecture, and pathological changes. Histology is a fundamental discipline in anatomy, physiology, and pathology, providing essential information for understanding normal tissue function and disease processes.

DNA probes for HPV (Human Papillomavirus) are specific DNA sequences that are used in diagnostic tests to detect and identify the presence of HPV DNA in a sample. HPV is a viral infection that can cause various types of cancer, including cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers.

DNA probes for HPV work by binding to complementary sequences of HPV DNA in the sample. This binding can be detected and measured using various methods, such as hybridization, amplification, or labeling techniques. The use of DNA probes for HPV can help identify the specific type of HPV that is present in a sample, which can inform clinical management and treatment decisions.

It's important to note that not all HPV infections lead to cancer, and most HPV infections resolve on their own without causing any harm. However, certain high-risk types of HPV are more strongly associated with an increased risk of developing cancer, so identifying the presence and type of HPV infection can be useful for monitoring and managing patients who may be at higher risk.

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a type of nuclear receptor protein that are expressed in various tissues and cells throughout the body. They play a critical role in the regulation of gene expression and cellular responses to the hormone estrogen. There are two main subtypes of ERs, ERα and ERβ, which have distinct molecular structures, expression patterns, and functions.

ERs function as transcription factors that bind to specific DNA sequences called estrogen response elements (EREs) in the promoter regions of target genes. When estrogen binds to the ER, it causes a conformational change in the receptor that allows it to recruit co-activator proteins and initiate transcription of the target gene. This process can lead to a variety of cellular responses, including changes in cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism.

Estrogen receptors are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including the development and maintenance of female reproductive tissues, bone homeostasis, cardiovascular function, and cognitive function. They have also been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and osteoporosis. As a result, ERs are an important target for therapeutic interventions in these diseases.

Keratins are a type of fibrous structural proteins that constitute the main component of the integumentary system, which includes the hair, nails, and skin of vertebrates. They are also found in other tissues such as horns, hooves, feathers, and reptilian scales. Keratins are insoluble proteins that provide strength, rigidity, and protection to these structures.

Keratins are classified into two types: soft keratins (Type I) and hard keratins (Type II). Soft keratins are found in the skin and simple epithelial tissues, while hard keratins are present in structures like hair, nails, horns, and hooves.

Keratin proteins have a complex structure consisting of several domains, including an alpha-helical domain, beta-pleated sheet domain, and a non-repetitive domain. These domains provide keratin with its unique properties, such as resistance to heat, chemicals, and mechanical stress.

In summary, keratins are fibrous structural proteins that play a crucial role in providing strength, rigidity, and protection to various tissues in the body.

Keratin-13 is a type of keratin protein that is primarily found in the differentiated suprabasal layers of the epithelial tissues, including the oral mucosa and the esophageal mucosa. It is a component of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton of the epithelial cells and plays an important role in maintaining the structural integrity and function of these tissues.

Mutations in the gene that encodes keratin-13 have been associated with several inherited skin disorders, including epidermolysis bullosa simplex, a group of blistering diseases characterized by fragility of the skin and mucous membranes. These mutations can lead to abnormalities in the structure and stability of keratin-13, resulting in the formation of blisters and sores in response to minor trauma or friction.

T-cell lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the T-cells, which are a specific type of white blood cell responsible for immune function. These lymphomas develop from mature T-cells and can be classified into various subtypes based on their clinical and pathological features.

T-cell lymphomas can arise in many different organs, including the lymph nodes, skin, and other soft tissues. They often present with symptoms such as enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The diagnosis of T-cell lymphoma typically involves a biopsy of the affected tissue, followed by immunophenotyping and genetic analysis to determine the specific subtype.

Treatment for T-cell lymphomas may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or stem cell transplantation, depending on the stage and aggressiveness of the disease. The prognosis for T-cell lymphoma varies widely depending on the subtype and individual patient factors.

Carcinoma, ductal, breast is a type of breast cancer that begins in the milk ducts (the tubes that carry milk from the lobules of the breast to the nipple). It is called "ductal" because it starts in the cells that line the milk ducts. Ductal carcinoma can be further classified as either non-invasive or invasive, based on whether the cancer cells are confined to the ducts or have spread beyond them into the surrounding breast tissue.

Non-invasive ductal carcinoma (also known as intraductal carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ) is a condition where abnormal cells have been found in the lining of the milk ducts, but they have not spread outside of the ducts. These cells have the potential to become invasive and spread to other parts of the breast or body if left untreated.

Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is a type of breast cancer that starts in a milk duct and then grows into the surrounding breast tissue. From there, it can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream and lymphatic system. IDC is the most common form of breast cancer, accounting for about 80% of all cases.

Symptoms of ductal carcinoma may include a lump or thickening in the breast, changes in the size or shape of the breast, dimpling or puckering of the skin on the breast, nipple discharge (especially if it is clear or bloody), and/or redness or scaling of the nipple or breast skin. However, many cases of ductal carcinoma are detected through mammography before any symptoms develop.

Treatment for ductal carcinoma depends on several factors, including the stage and grade of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and personal preferences. Treatment options may include surgery (such as a lumpectomy or mastectomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and/or targeted therapies.

Typing of skeletal muscle fibers in paraffin embedded sections". Histochemistry. 83 (3): 231-5. doi:10.1007/bf00953989. PMID ...
Paraffin wax, whose melting point is from 56 to 62°C, is commonly used for embedding. Since few plant tissues have a color, ... This process is called embedding. The substance used to embed tissue is embedding media, which is chosen depends on the ... A tissue specimen can keep for several years after finishing embedding this tissue into the wax. Paraffin wax, which is soft ... "Sectioning of paraffin-embedded tissue protocol , Abcam". www.abcam.com. Retrieved 2019-05-19. "Advanced Sectioning Techniques ...
The test is run on formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Oncotype results are reported as a Recurrence Score (RS), where a ... The test is run on formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. MammaPrint traditionally used rapidly frozen tissue but a room ... October 2005). "Gene expression profiles in paraffin-embedded core biopsy tissue predict response to chemotherapy in women with ...
Poul Prentø (1978). "Rapid dehydration--clearing with 2,2-dimethoxypropane for paraffin embedding". J. Histochem. Cytochem. 26 ...
Frozen and paraffin embedded archival tissue may also be used. Emmert-Buck MR, Bonner RF, Smith PD, Chuaqui RF, Zhuang Z, ...
Lau SK, Chu PG, Weiss LM (November 2004). "CD163: a specific marker of macrophages in paraffin-embedded tissue samples". ...
The cut sections are mounted by embedding in paraffin or frozen medium. The cut edge is then thinly sliced with a microtome or ...
For light microscopy, paraffin wax is the most frequently used embedding material. Paraffin is immiscible with water, the main ... However, extraction and analysis of nucleic acids and proteins from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues is possible using ... and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human tissue samples". EuPA Open Proteomics. 10: 9-18. doi:10.1016/j.euprot.2015.10.001. ... reported that he had for some years embedded his specimens in paraffin. The 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was ...
Engbaek, K; Johansen, KS; Jensen, ME (February 1979). "A new technique for Gram staining paraffin-embedded tissue". Journal of ...
"Chemical typing of amyloid protein contained in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens". American Journal of ...
Many antigens can be successfully demonstrated in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. However, some antigens will ... difficulty in cutting over paraffin sections, and the need for frozen storage. Alternatively, vibratome sections do not require ...
Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded inputs can also be used. In the specific protocol steps, there are also some limitations. ...
Because SNP array karyotyping can be performed on paraffin embedded tumors, it is an attractive option when tumor cells fail to ... Array-based karyotyping performs well on paraffin embedded tumors and is amenable to routine clinical use. In addition, recent ... CLIA-certified laboratories offering testing on tumors include Creighton Medical Laboratories (fresh and paraffin embedded ... "Optimization of the Affymetrix GeneChip Mapping 10K 2.0 Assay for Routine Clinical Use on Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ...
paratuberculosis in paraffin embedded tissues from animals with Johne's disease by in situ hybridization". J. Microbiol. ...
Summersgill, B. M.; Shipley, J. M. (2010). "Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Analysis of Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ... "Chromogenic in situ hybridization and p16/Ki67 dual staining on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cervical specimens: ... Tissue samples are securely attached to a surface, which is usually a glass slide, with paraffin. The tissue samples must then ... be washed and heated several times to remove any paraffin before the hybridization step. After this, the sample has to undergo ...
1998). "Correlation between mitotic and Ki-67 labeling indices in paraffin-embedded carcinoma specimens". Human Pathology. 29 ( ...
HER2 amplification can be detected by virtual karyotyping of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumor. Virtual karyotyping has ... The HER receptors are proteins that are embedded in the cell membrane and communicate molecular signals from outside the cell ( ...
... an immunohistochemical study in paraffin-embedded tissues". Modern Pathology. 13 (9): 988-993. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3880179. ...
In more conventional paraffin-embedded tissue samples, only the FDCs retain the staining pattern. As a result, CR2, more ...
He developed a technique to embed plant material in paraffin to make fine cross-sections; he was one of the first if not the ...
... paraffin-embedded cancer tissue". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (29): 11982-11987. Bibcode:2013PNAS.. ...
... paraffin-embedded cancer tissue". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (29): 11982-11987. Bibcode:2013PNAS.. ...
Array-based karyotyping performs well on paraffin embedded tumours and is amenable to routine clinical use. See also Virtual ... "Optimization of the Affymetrix GeneChip Mapping 10K 2.0 Assay for routine clinical use on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ...
For formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, antigen-retrieval is often necessary, and involves pre-treating the sections with ... Before sectioning, the tissue sample may be embedded in a medium, like paraffin wax or cryomedia. Sections can be sliced on a ... staining and troubleshooting Immunofluorescent Staining of Paraffin-Embedded Tissue (IF-P) IHC Tip 1: Antigen retrieval - ...
... and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human colon mucosal biopsies". Data in Brief. 6: 942-947. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2016.01.061. ... and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human tissue samples". EuPA Open Proteomics. 10: 9-18. doi:10.1016/j.euprot.2015.10.001. ... "RNA extraction from ten year old formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast cancer samples: a comparison of column purification ...
Embedding paraffin wax-coated copper wires in a fiber reinforced polymer creates a network of tubes. Using a catalyst, these ... It is most common to observe lightning strikes on the tips of the blades, especially in rainy weather due to embedded copper ...
An alternative method for confirming a UHS diagnosis molecularly is by embedding UHS hairs into paraffin. Due to the atypical ...
"N-glycan MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry on Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Enables the Delineation of Ovarian Cancer ... "Unlocking Cancer Glycomes from Histopathological Formalin-fixed and Paraffin-embedded (FFPE) Tissue Microdissections". ...
First, cells, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), or frozen tissue sections are fixed. ...
CHPs can stain frozen tissue sections, formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) sections, as well as fresh tissues. CHP is ...
... paraffin-embedded sections); find Sigma-Aldrich-403S MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products ...
... Pathol Res ... T311 revealed intense reactivity on paraffin-embedded material. Immunoreactivity was limited to cells of melanocytic ... that T311 is a specific and sensitive marker for the detection of melanocytic lesions in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ... study was performed to evaluate T311 as a diagnostic immunohistochemical reagent for use on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ...
Context: While formalin fixation and paraffin embedding has become a universal mechanism of tissue preservation and a gold ... Effects of preanalytical variables on the detection of proteins by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded ... paraffin-embedded specimens. Conclusions: Of the 62 preanalytical variables identified, 27 were examined in published research ... and paraffin impregnation; and the duration of paraffin block storage). Variables with antigen-dependent or inconsistent ...
19 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) duodenal biopsy specimens of 12 patients with treated (6/12) and untreated (6/12) WD ... 19 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) duodenal biopsy specimens of 12 patients with treated (6/12) and untreated (6/12) WD ... 19 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) duodenal biopsy specimens of 12 patients with treated (6/12) and untreated (6/12) WD ... Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for Diagnosis of Whipples Disease in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue. Peter ...
... formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue manufacturers & formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue suppliers from China. ... Buy quality formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue products from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue manufacturer, 8 ... Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded FFPE Tissue Extraction Kit (CE Certified) for Next Generation Sequencing Company Information ... Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded FFPE Tissue Extraction Kit (CE Certified) for Next Generation Sequencing Company Information ...
Improve your experiments with R&D Systems detailed Protocol for the Preparation and Chromogenic IHC Staining of Paraffin- ... Embed the tissue in paraffin at 58 °C. Tissues can be embedded into paraffin using specialized automated tissue processing ... Slides with paraffin-embedded sections can be stored either at room temperature or in at 2-8 °C for several years in slide ... Immunohistochemistry Protocol for Chromogenic Staining of Paraffin-embedded Sections. Reagents Required. *Wash Buffer: 1X PBS ( ...
Purification of full-length proteins from sections of PAXgene® Tissue fixed, paraffin-embedded (PFPE) tissue - (EN). ...
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) clinical samples are a valuable resource for retrospective research. However, working ... The paraffin is removed and the tissue is rehydrated from each slide/tube. The tissue then undergoes an incubation in lysis ... The paraffin is removed and the tissue is rehydrated from each slide/tube. The tissue then undergoes a sonication. A final ...
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Purification of full-length proteins from sections of PAXgene® Tissue fixed, paraffin-embedded (PFPE) tissue cut directly from ...
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Embedding Paraffin What paraffin does everyone like for embedding? We are currently using Surgipaths EM-400 but its dirty! Who ... Histonet] Embedding Paraffin. Pam Marcum mucram11 ,@t, comcast.net Tue Nov 12 10:33:25 CST 2013 *Previous message: [Histonet] ... We use Polyscientific R&D Paraffin Prills and love it. The price has been excellent and it is a very clean product. Too ma ny ... has a clean, easy to section paraffin that they like? Thanks! Matthew Roark- HT/HTL(ASCP)CM Histology Specialist Saint Francis ...
Protein extraction from methanol fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks: A new possibility using cell blocks ... formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. methanol fixation. methanol fixed and paraffin embedded. protein. Qiagen. ... Figure 2: Workflow for extraction of protein using various buffers from Cellient- methanol fixed and paraffin embedded tissue ... Figure 6: Comparison analysis of protein yields obtained using (a) formalin fixed and paraffin embedded method, (b) mammalian ...
This report describes the experience of using two commonly used monoclonal FOXP3 antibodies on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ... FOXP3 immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue: poor correlation between different antibodies ... FOXP3 immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue: poor correlation between different antibodies ...
Embedding paraffin blocks, , Is there an average number of blocks that a tech should be able to embed in a defined time period ... Histonet] Embedding paraffin blocks. joelle weaver joelleweaver ,@t, hotmail.com Thu Dec 4 13:38:08 CST 2008 *Previous message ... such as so many blocks per hour? Also, would that number vary if the tech was embedding biopsies, skin or cones versus large ... I have recently researched some workload and task analysis in the histo lab related to embedding. I found some good ideas are ...
"Paraffin Embedding" by people in this website by year, and whether "Paraffin Embedding" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Paraffin Embedding" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Tissue Contamination During Transportation of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Blocks. Am J Clin Pathol. 2022 07 01; 158(1):96 ... Segmental Chromosomal Aberrations in Localized Neuroblastoma Can be Detected in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples ...
Preserving samples in paraffin blocks enables detailed advancing local scientific discoveries. ... How is paraffin embedded tissue in Oklahoma packaged for shipping?. When it comes to shipping paraffin embedded tissue in ... What is paraffin embedded tissue?. Paraffin embedded tissue refers to a method of preserving tissue samples for examination and ... How is paraffin embedded tissue prepared?. The process of preparing paraffin embedded tissue involves several steps: ...
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples can be DNA-extracted and used for human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping. The ... Evaluation of the Novaplex II HPV28 Detection Assay for HPV Typing in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues Cite ... 2023). Evaluation of the Novaplex II HPV28 Detection Assay for HPV Typing in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues. 25(4). ... "Evaluation of the Novaplex II HPV28 Detection Assay for HPV Typing in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues" vol. 25, no. 4 ...
Tek-Select® Embedding Paraffin (4 Bags per Case). QUICK OVERVIEW. Recommended for processing and embedding a wide variety of ... This high quality paraffin is for multi-use (processing and embedding) to save your lab on overall costs and free up space. ... This high quality paraffin is for multi-use (processing and embedding) to save your lab on overall costs and free up space. ... Recommended for processing and embedding a wide variety of tissue types.. TS2MM is a blend of purified waxes with no additives ...
Require embedding date in Register paraffin blocks wizard Reported by:. Nicklas Nordborg. Owned by:. Nicklas Nordborg. ... In [2264]) Fixes #583: Require embedding date in Register paraffin blocks wizard ... The wizard currently allows the registration to proceed without an Embedding date. This creates a big problem for the Lab ... is fortunately spotted since when printing the new list all samples are listed as already located on existing paraffin blocks ( ...
This indicates that the binding affinity of Ca-apt-1 toward C. albicans was better than that of PcAb on paraffin-embedded ... Validation of RNA Aptamer Probes to Image Candida albicans in Paraffin-Embedded Sections of Wistar Rat Tongue. In: European ... This indicates that the binding affinity of Ca-apt-1 toward C. albicans was better than that of PcAb on paraffin-embedded ... This indicates that the binding affinity of Ca-apt-1 toward C. albicans was better than that of PcAb on paraffin-embedded ...
... at extracted DNAs from 50 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of PCa patients. For the controls, blood samples obtained ...
Epigenomic analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples by CUT&Tag Conducting epigenomic studies on FFPE samples is ...
Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues - Presenting an area of research that intersects with and integrates diverse ... Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues: Methods and Protocols collects contributions from expert researchers in order to ...
... and is highly effective for immunocytochemistry using routinely processed paraffin-embedded material. Staining is enhanced by ... and is highly effective for immunocytochemistry using routinely processed paraffin-embedded material. Staining is enhanced by ... antibody recognizing low molecular weight cytokeratins effective for immunohistochemistry using fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. ... antibody recognizing low molecular weight cytokeratins effective for immunohistochemistry using fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. ...
KAWATA, LEANDRO TOYOJI et al. Evaluation of DNA dilution extracted of paraffin-embedded material for PCR amplification. RPG, ... Material and Method: Paraffin-embedded blocks from 30 patients with oropharynx squamous cell carcinomas, diagnosed and treated ... Objective: To evaluate the dilution influence of DNA purified from paraffin-embedded materials on β-globin PCR amplification. ... Dilution of the DNA extracted of paraffin-embedded materials did not modify statistically the amount of positive samples β- ...
Phosphoproteome Analysis of Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Sections Mounted on Microscope Slides ... Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections mounted on microscope slides are one of the largest available resources ... Phosphoproteome Analysis of Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Sections Mounted on Microscope Slides. ...
Background: Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues are most commonly used for routine pathology analysis and for long term ... Quality assessment metrics for whole genome gene expression profiling of paraffin embedded samples. BMC Research Notes. 2013;6( ... Quality assessment metrics for whole genome gene expression profiling of paraffin embedded samples. In: BMC Research Notes. ... Quality assessment metrics for whole genome gene expression profiling of paraffin embedded samples. / Mahoney, Douglas W.; ...
  • 19 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) duodenal biopsy specimens of 12 patients with treated (6/12) and untreated (6/12) WD were retrospectively examined using PAS diastase staining, immunohistochemistry, and FISH. (frontiersin.org)
  • Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) clinical samples are a valuable resource for retrospective research. (activemotif.com)
  • Advances in the field of molecular biotechnology have made it possible to extract proteins from formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks. (cytojournal.com)
  • Protein was extracted from Cellient-methanol fixed and paraffin embedded blocks with CHAPS buffer method as well as FFPE and Mammalian Qiagen ® kits. (cytojournal.com)
  • Despite advances in technology, the relatively small size of the cytology scrapings MFPE cell blocks in comparison to the formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) counterparts have caused them to be often overlooked in biomarker discovery. (cytojournal.com)
  • Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections mounted on microscope slides are one of the largest available resources for retrospective research on various diseases, but quantitative phosphoproteome analysis of FFPE sections has never been achieved because of the extreme difficulty of procuring sufficient phosphopeptides from the limited amounts of proteins on the slides. (figshare.com)
  • This document specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the collection, handling, documentation, transport, storage and processing during the pre-examination phase of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens intended for qualitative and/or (semi-)quantitative in situ examination of the morphology and of biomolecules, such as metabolites, proteins, DNA and/or RNA, on FFPE tissue sections by using different in situ detection techniques. (iso.org)
  • Yet, robust transcriptional profiling is difficult using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples, which complicates testing in clinical and archival material. (ega-archive.org)
  • Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue is the method of choice for storage of clinical samples, however low quality of FFPE genomic DNA (gDNA) can limit its use for downstream applications. (omicsdi.org)
  • Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are an invaluable resource for clinical research. (omicsdi.org)
  • POC specimens with a normal karyotype (NK) or culture failure (CF) and from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues were subjected to DNA extraction for OMA. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Liver micro- proteomics based on the routinely used formaldehyde -fixed paraffin -embedded (FFPE) samples is valuable for innovative research , but the technical approach for sample preparation is often challenging. (bvsalud.org)
  • Formalin -fixed paraffin -embedded (FFPE) tissue archives in hospitals , biobanks, and others offer a vast collection of extensive, readily available specimens for molecular testing . (bvsalud.org)
  • We conclude that T311 is a specific and sensitive marker for the detection of melanocytic lesions in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues and a useful serological reagent for diagnostic pathology. (nih.gov)
  • Embed the tissue in paraffin at 58 °C. Tissues can be embedded into paraffin using specialized automated tissue processing systems. (rndsystems.com)
  • This process involves treating tissues with various chemicals to remove water and replace it with paraffin wax. (ibiospecimen.com)
  • This indicates that the binding affinity of Ca-apt-1 toward C. albicans was better than that of PcAb on paraffin-embedded tissues. (unair.ac.id)
  • Materials and methods: We examined three eNOS gene polymorphisms (T-786C promoter region, G894T, and Intron 4 VNTR 4a/b) at extracted DNAs from 50 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of PCa patients. (cumhuriyet.edu.tr)
  • Presenting an area of research that intersects with and integrates diverse disciplines, including genomics, epigenetics, proteomics, and cellular biology, among others, Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues: Methods and Protocols collects contributions from expert researchers in order to provide practical guidelines to this complex study. (blunck-medical-books.de)
  • Background: Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues are most commonly used for routine pathology analysis and for long term tissue preservation in the clinical setting. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Many institutions have large archives of Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues that provide a unique opportunity for understanding genomic signatures of disease. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The Core offers high-quality mouse dissection, tissue processing, slide preparation from paraffin-embedded and frozen tissues, routine and specialized histological staining, and expert interpretation of slides. (harvard.edu)
  • Tissues were embedded in paraffin, epoxy (EponAraldite), and butoxyethanol-glycol methacrylate (BGMA). (cdc.gov)
  • RT-PCR is extremely sensitive and can be performed using paraffin-embedded, fresh, or frozen tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Segmental Chromosomal Aberrations in Localized Neuroblastoma Can be Detected in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples and Are Associated With Recurrence. (uchicago.edu)
  • NCL-5D3: a new monoclonal antibody recognizing low molecular weight cytokeratins effective for immunohistochemistry using fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. (ox.ac.uk)
  • MethCORR modelling of methylomes from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue enables characterization and prognostication of colorectal cancer. (ega-archive.org)
  • Formalin -fixed paraffin -embedded tissue samples were collected and archived from autopsies conducted over 13 years in the forensic medicine department of the University of Pretoria (Pretoria, South Africa ). (bvsalud.org)
  • While formalin fixation and paraffin embedding has become a universal mechanism of tissue preservation and a gold standard for immunohistochemistry, fixation and processing variables that may confound assay effectiveness have received little attention from the scientific community. (nih.gov)
  • Thresholds identified in the literature were then compared with published immunohistochemistry guidelines for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens. (nih.gov)
  • The following immunohistochemistry (IHC) protocol has been developed and optimized by R&D Systems' IHC/ICC laboratory for chromogenic IHC experiments using paraffin-embedded tissue samples. (rndsystems.com)
  • Immunoglobulin and Complement Immunohistochemistry on Paraffin Sections in Autoimmune Bullous Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. (uchicago.edu)
  • However, I know that the numbers above are easy to meet with some experience and practice in any clinical/routine histology lab with paraffin embedding. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Paraffin embedding of tissue is a common technique used in histology and pathology to preserve and prepare tissue samples for microscopic examination. (ibiospecimen.com)
  • A practical protocol to prepare paraffin-embedded whole tick histology sections. (ncsu.edu)
  • Therefore, the current study aims to provide researchers with a workable protocol to prepare high quality paraffin-embedded whole tick histology sections. (ncsu.edu)
  • Heavy metal staining of paraffin epoxy and glycol methacrylate embedded biological tissue for scanning electron microscope histology. (cdc.gov)
  • This IHC protocol provides a basic guide for the fixation, microtome sectioning, and staining of paraffin-embedded tissue samples. (rndsystems.com)
  • Do I need to deparaffinize my paraffin-embedded tissue sections before staining F-actin with Phalloidin-iFluor® conjugates? (aatbio.com)
  • I think that there is more time involved with embedding skins, biopsies, and 'complex' specimens, rather than large, flat pieces. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Most labs I have seen, just figure the amount as a miniumum expectation to be an average based on a mix of easy and difficult specimens to embed. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • The infiltrating of tissue specimens with paraffin, as a supporting substance, to prepare for sectioning with a microtome. (uchicago.edu)
  • Because paraffin is immiscible with water, tissue must be dehydrated before adding molten paraffin wax. (rndsystems.com)
  • The tissue is then immersed in molten paraffin wax, which infiltrates and impregnates the tissue, ensuring its preservation. (ibiospecimen.com)
  • Also, would that number vary if the tech was embedding biopsies, skin or cones versus large tissue blocks, such as uterus? (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Distinguishing primary from secondary forms of membranous nephropathy (MN) in paraffin-embedded kidney biopsies is challenging. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Here, we measure the correlation and discrepancy of PLA2R on MN in paraffin-embedded kidney biopsies by correlating PLA2R findings with immunofluorescence (IF), light microscopy (LM), and electron microscopy (EM) results. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Paraffin embedded tissue refers to a method of preserving tissue samples for examination and analysis in a laboratory setting. (ibiospecimen.com)
  • Paraffin embedded tissue is commonly used in histopathology, a branch of medicine that involves the microscopic examination of tissue samples. (ibiospecimen.com)
  • This situation is fortunately spotted since when printing the new list all samples are listed as already located on existing paraffin blocks (eg. (lu.se)
  • Conclusion: Dilution of the DNA extracted of paraffin-embedded materials did not modify statistically the amount of positive samples β-globin gene amplified in PCR, although the results suggest that this is a way to increase the method for efficacy amplification of PCR. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, genome-wide expression profiling of Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded samples have been challenging due to RNA degradation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These metrics are applied to a study involving 1618 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded HER2-positive breast cancer samples from the N9831 adjuvant trial processed with Illumina's cDNA-mediated Annealing Selection extension and Ligation assay. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples of Hodgkin's disease (HD) was investigated by Southern blot hybridization using a specific EBV Bam H1W fragment probe. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Performance comparison of two commercial human whole-exome capture systems on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lung adenocarcinoma samples. (omicsdi.org)
  • Development of a sample preparation method for micro-proteomics analysis of the formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded liver tissue samples. (bvsalud.org)
  • Organ samples were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. (cdc.gov)
  • This embedded tissue block is then sliced into thin sections using a microtome and mounted onto glass slides. (ibiospecimen.com)
  • Slides with paraffin-embedded sections can be stored either at room temperature or in at 2-8 °C for several years in slide storage boxes. (rndsystems.com)
  • This study was performed to evaluate T311 as a diagnostic immunohistochemical reagent for use on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pathological material. (nih.gov)
  • This report describes the experience of using two commonly used monoclonal FOXP3 antibodies on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of different organs, including the cervix and vulva. (bmj.com)
  • In Oklahoma, paraffin-embedded tissue sections are stained with various dyes to highlight different cellular components. (ibiospecimen.com)
  • Objective This study aimed to validate the use of Ca-apt-1, an RNA aptamer, that we generated previously as a probe for immunostaining of Candida albicans in rat tongue paraffin-fixed tissue sections Material and Methods The performance of Ca-apt-1 as a detector molecule was compared with that of anti- C. albicans polyclonal antibody (PcAb), which was used as a positive control. (unair.ac.id)
  • Briefly, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were deparaffinized, treated with 0.01?M Tris/HCl protease K (20?g/mL at 37?C) for 15?min, and then incubated with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase labeling reaction combination for 60?min at 37?C. RIP1 KO not only significantly suppressed BoNT-IN-1 the tumor growth but also greatly attenuated cisplatins anticancer activity. (innovation-ecosystems-agora.com)
  • Briefly, paraffin-embedded renal tissue sections have been dewaxed with xylene, dehydrated with a gradient series of alcohol, incubated with H2O2, and sealed with goat serum. (lckinhibitor.com)
  • Yes, in order to stain F-actin with any fluorescent phalloidin conjugate you must first deparaffinize (remove paraffin) your paraffin-embedded tissue sections. (aatbio.com)
  • Paraffin sections were stained with silver. (cdc.gov)
  • Paraffin and BGMA sections were histologically stained for LM. (cdc.gov)
  • It has also been shown that DNA of sufficient quality for the detection of EBV DNA can be extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material, and that comparable results can be obtained using DNA extracted from fresh and fixed tissue. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • In USA, there are several laboratories and hospitals that offer blood tests and diagnostic services that may involve the use of paraffin embedded tissue. (ibiospecimen.com)
  • Paraffin embedding - for the best correlation of surface topography and internal structure. (cdc.gov)
  • BGMA embedding - for the best correlation of LM, SEM and TEM. (cdc.gov)
  • True statistics seem to be scarce, but I have seen in a few presentations on increasing standardization and efficiency citing numbers for embedding of 35-50 blocks/hour as an average. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Tissue Contamination During Transportation of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Blocks. (uchicago.edu)
  • Material and Method: Paraffin-embedded blocks from 30 patients with oropharynx squamous cell carcinomas, diagnosed and treated at the Oral Oncology Center were selected. (bvsalud.org)
  • The antibody recognizes several low molecular weight cytokeratins, in particular cytokeratin Moll number 8 as determined by immunoblotting studies, and is highly effective for immunocytochemistry using routinely processed paraffin-embedded material. (ox.ac.uk)
  • I have recently researched some workload and task analysis in the histo lab related to embedding. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • By preserving the tissue in paraffin wax, it can be stored for long periods of time and can be easily transported to different laboratories for analysis. (ibiospecimen.com)
  • They can also provide recommendations for reputable laboratories or hospitals that offer paraffin embedded tissue analysis. (ibiospecimen.com)
  • Methanol fixed and paraffin embedded (MFPE) cellblocks are an essential cytology preparation. (cytojournal.com)
  • T311 revealed intense reactivity on paraffin-embedded material. (nih.gov)
  • Introduction: Several reasons may lead to the failure of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using DNA purified from paraffin-embedded materials: presence of inhibitors and degradation of target DNA. (bvsalud.org)
  • Objective: To evaluate the dilution influence of DNA purified from paraffin-embedded materials on β-globin PCR amplification. (bvsalud.org)
  • This high quality paraffin is for multi-use (processing and embedding) to save your lab on overall costs and free up space. (imebinc.com)
  • Paraffin embedded tissue is also compatible with a wide range of laboratory techniques. (ibiospecimen.com)
  • Sent: Tuesday, November 12, 2013 9:02:36 AM Subject: [Histonet] Embedding Paraffin What paraffin does everyone like for embedding? (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Paraffin Embedding" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
  • iBioSpecimen Marketplace is a fast, compliant, revolutionary one-stop access to millions of Paraffin Embedded Tissue in Oklahoma and patients from a diverse network of providers. (ibiospecimen.com)
  • Do you require specific Paraffin Embedded Tissue for Sale in Oklahoma? (ibiospecimen.com)
  • The paraffin is removed and the tissue is rehydrated from each slide/tube. (activemotif.com)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Paraffin Embedding" by people in this website by year, and whether "Paraffin Embedding" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uchicago.edu)