Papio
Papio anubis
Papio hamadryas
Papio cynocephalus
Papio ursinus
Papio papio
Theropithecus
Cercopithecinae
Haplorhini
Herpesviridae
Cercocebus
Piroplasmida
Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine
Primate Diseases
Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1
Cercopithecus
Cercopithecidae
Animals, Laboratory
Protective effect of bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBPI21) in baboon sepsis is related to its antibacterial, not antiendotoxin, properties. (1/1830)
OBJECTIVE AND SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The recombinant fragment of bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein, rBPI21, has potent bactericidal activity against gram-negative bacteria as well as antiendotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) action. On the basis of these activities, the authors sought to discover whether rBPI21 would be protective in baboons with live Escherichia coli-induced sepsis and whether the potential protective effects of rBPI21 (together with antibiotics) would be more closely related to its antibacterial or LPS-neutralizing effects. METHODS: In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled subchronic laboratory study, the efficacy of rBPI21 or placebo was studied over 72 hours in chronically instrumented male baboons infused with live E. coli under antibiotic therapy. RESULTS: Intravenous rBPI21 attenuated sepsis-related organ failure and increased survival significantly. Bacteremia was significantly reduced in the rBPI21 group at 2 hours after the start of the E. coli infusion, whereas circulating LPS was less affected. The in vivo formation of tumor necrosis factor was significantly suppressed by the rBPI21 treatment regimen. Microcirculation and organ function were improved. CONCLUSIONS: In baboon live E. coli sepsis, the salutary effect of rBPI21 results from a more prevalent antibacterial than antiendotoxin activity. (+info)Raf-1 is activated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, SB203580. (2/1830)
SB203580 (4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imi dazole) is widely used as a specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Here, we report that SB203580 activates the serine/threonine kinase Raf-1 in quiescent smooth muscle cells in a dose-dependent fashion. The concentrations of SB203580 required lie above those necessary to inhibit p38 MAPK and we were unable to detect basal levels of active p38 MAPK. SB203580 does not directly activate Raf-1 in vitro, and fails to activate Ras, MEK, and ERK in intact cells. In vitro, however, SB203580-stimulated Raf-1 activates MEK1 in a coupled assay. We conclude that activation of Raf-1 by SB203580 is not mediated by an inhibition of p38 MAPK, is Ras-independent, and is uncoupled from MEK/ERK signaling. (+info)The biological clock of very premature primate infants is responsive to light. (3/1830)
Each year more than 250,000 infants in the United States are exposed to artificial lighting in hospital nurseries with little consideration given to environmental lighting cycles. Essential in determining whether environmental lighting cycles need to be considered in hospital nurseries is identifying when the infant's endogenous circadian clock becomes responsive to light. Using a non-human primate model of the developing human, we examined when the circadian clock, located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), becomes responsive to light. Preterm infant baboons of different ages were exposed to light (5,000 lux) at night, and then changes in SCN metabolic activity and gene expression were assessed. After exposure to bright light at night, robust increases in SCN metabolic activity and gene expression were seen at ages that were equivalent to human infants at 24 weeks after conception. These data provide direct evidence that the biological clock of very premature primate infants is responsive to light. (+info)Modulation of the baboon (Papio anubis) uterine endometrium by chorionic gonadotrophin during the period of uterine receptivity. (4/1830)
This study was undertaken to determine the modulation of uterine function by chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) in a nonhuman primate. Infusion of recombinant human CG (hCG) between days 6 and 10 post ovulation initiated the endoreplication of the uterine surface epithelium to form distinct epithelial plaques. These plaque cells stained intensely for cytokeratin and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen. The stromal fibroblasts below the epithelial plaques stained positively for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA). Expression of alphaSMA is associated with the initiation of decidualization in the baboon endometrium. Synthesis of the glandular secretory protein glycodelin, as assessed by Western blot analysis, was markedly up-regulated by hCG, and this increase was confirmed by immunocytochemistry, Northern blot analysis, and reverse transcriptase-PCR. To determine whether hCG directly modulated these uterine responses, we treated ovariectomized baboons sequentially with estradiol and progesterone to mimic the hormonal profile of the normal menstrual cycle. Infusion of hCG into the oviduct of steroid-hormone-treated ovariectomized baboons induced the expression of alphaSMA in the stromal cells and glycodelin in the glandular epithelium. The epithelial plaque reaction, however, was not readily evident. These studies demonstrate a physiological effect of CG on the uterine endometrium in vivo and suggest that the primate blastocyst signal, like the blastocyst signals of other species, modulates the uterine environment prior to implantation. (+info)Induction of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase gene expression in lungs of newborn primates by oxygen. (5/1830)
Thioredoxin (TRX) is a potent protein disulfide oxidoreductase important in antioxidant defense and regulation of cell growth and signal transduction processes, among them the production of nitric oxide. We report that lung TRX and its reductase, TR, are specifically upregulated at birth by O2. Throughout the third trimester, mRNAs for TRX and TR were expressed constitutively at low levels in fetal baboon lungs. However, after premature birth (125 or 140 of 185 days gestation), lung TRX and TR mRNAs increased rapidly with the onset of O2 or air breathing. Lung TRX mRNA also increased in lungs of term newborns with air breathing. Premature animals (140 days) breathing 100% O2 develop chronic lung disease within 7-14 days. These animals had greater TRX and TR mRNAs after 1, 6, or 10 days of life than fetal control animals. In 140-day animals given lesser O2 concentrations (as needed) who do not develop chronic lung disease, lung TRX and TR mRNAs were also increased on days 1 and 6 but not significantly on day 10. In fetal distal lung explant culture, mRNAs for TRX and TR were elevated within 4 h in 95% O2 relative to 1% O2, and the response was similar at various gestations. In contrast, TRX protein did not increase in lung explants from premature animals (125 or 140 days) but did in those from near-term (175-day) fetal baboons after exposure to hyperoxia. However, lung TRX protein and activity, as well as TR activity, eventually did increase in vivo in response to hyperoxia (6 days). Increases in TRX and TR mRNAs in response to 95% O2 also were observed in adult baboon lung explants. When TRX redox status was determined, increased O2 tension shifted TRX to its oxidized form. Treatment of lung explants with actinomycin D inhibited TRX and TR mRNA increases in 95% O2, indicating transcriptional regulation by O2. The acute increase in gene expression for both TRX and TR in response to O2 suggests an important role for these proteins during the transition from relatively anaerobic fetal life to O2 breathing at birth. (+info)Localization of ubiquitin and ubiquitin cross-reactive protein in human and baboon endometrium and decidua during the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy. (6/1830)
We have examined the distribution of ubiquitin and the related ubiquitin cross-reactive protein (UCRP) in paraffin-embedded sections of human and baboon endometrium and decidua by immunoperoxidase or immunofluorescence cytochemistry with antibodies raised against ubiquitin, UCRP, CD45, and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1. Anti-ubiquitin immunoreactivity was present in the nonpregnant endometrium, particularly in the glandular epithelial cells, and up-regulated in endometrial stromal cells as they decidualized at the beginning of pregnancy. Anti-UCRP immunoreactivity was absent from nonpregnant tissue but accumulated to high levels in decidual cells during pregnancy. Western blotting indicated that immunoreactivity was primarily due to the presence of ubiquitin and UCRP conjugated to other proteins, and that although levels of ubiquitin-protein conjugates do not change substantially during pregnancy, decidualization is accompanied by the appearance of conjugates of UCRP. Baboon uterine tissues demonstrated a similar distribution of the two proteins, which indicates that the baboon may be a useful model for study of the role of the ubiquitin system and UCRP in the establishment of pregnancy in humans. (+info)Lymph and pulmonary response to isobaric reduction in plasma oncotic pressure in baboons. (7/1830)
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure was reduced by 76% (from 19.6 +/- 0.6 to 4.7 +/- 1.5 mm Hg) in five baboons while pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure was maintained at a normal level. This resulted in fluid retention, weight gain, peripheral edema and ascites, but no pulmonary edema. Thoracic duct lymph flow increased 6-fold and pulmonary lymph flow 7-fold. Thoracic duct lymph had a lower colloid osmotic pressure (2.0 +/- 0.7 mm Hg) than plasma (4.7 +/- 1.5 mm Hg), whereas the colloid osmotic pressure of pulmonary lymph (4.7 +/- 0.7 mm Hg) was the same as that of plasma. The lymph-plasma ratio for albumin fell in thoracic duct lymph but remained unchanged in pulmonary lymph. The difference between plasma colloid osmotic pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure decreased from 15.3 +/- 1.9 to -0.7 +/- 2.9 mm Hg. Despite this increase in filtration force, the lungs were protected from edema formation by a decrease of 11 mm Hg in pulmonary interstitial colloid osmotic pressure and a 7-fold increase in lymph flow. (+info)Cytotoxicity of human and baboon mononuclear phagocytes against schistosomula in vitro: induction by immune complexes containing IgE and Schistosoma mansoni antigens. (8/1830)
Normal human blood monocytes, pre-incubated at 37 degrees C with sera from patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni, strongly adhered to S. mansoni schistosomula in vitro, whereas no significant adherence was induced by sera from uninfected individuals. Comparable adherence occurred with normal baboon blood monocytes or peritoneal macrophages when these cells were incubated with sera from S. mansoni-infected baboons. Adherence of macrophages to schistosomula was associated with damage to the larvae, as estimated by a 51Cr release technique. Neither adherence nor cytotoxicity was induced by pre-incubation of the schistosomula, instead of the monocytes, with immune serum. The relevant factor in immune serum was heat-labile, but was not a complement component. Absorption and ultracentrifugation experiments showed that immune complexes, containing S. mansoni-specific IgE antibody and soluble parasite antigens, produced monocyte or macrophage adherence and cytotoxicity. Similar observations have been reported previously in the rat model. Since the production of large amounts of IgE is a predominant feature of schistosome infections in man and experimental animals, it is possible that this new mode of mononuclear phagocyte activation could act as an immune effector mechanism against S. mansoni. (+info)"Papio" is a term used in the field of primatology, specifically for a genus of Old World monkeys known as baboons. It's not typically used in human or medical contexts. Baboons are large monkeys with robust bodies and distinctive dog-like faces. They are native to various parts of Africa and are known for their complex social structures and behaviors.
"Papio anubis" is the scientific name for the Olive Baboon, which is a species of Old World monkey found in savannas, open woodlands, and hills in East Africa. The term "Papio" refers to the genus of baboons, while "anubis" is the specific name for this particular species.
The Olive Baboon is named for its distinctive olive-gray fur, which can vary in color depending on the subspecies. They have a distinct dog-like face with a pink or red area around their mouths and noses. Adult males typically have a large, rough cheek pad on either side of their faces, which they use to display dominance during social interactions.
Olive Baboons are highly social animals that live in large troops consisting of several adult males, females, and their offspring. They have a complex social hierarchy based on age, size, and rank, and engage in various behaviors such as grooming, playing, and communication to maintain social bonds.
While "Papio anubis" is a medical or scientific term, it is not typically used in clinical settings. However, understanding the behavior and ecology of primates like Olive Baboons can provide valuable insights into human evolution, behavior, and disease transmission.
"Papio hamadryas" is a species of old world monkey, also known as the Hamadryas baboon. It is not a medical term or concept. Here's a brief overview of its biological significance:
The Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) is native to the Horn of Africa and the southwestern Arabian Peninsula. They are highly social primates, living in large groups called troops. These troops can consist of hundreds of individuals, but they are hierarchically structured with multiple adult males, harems of females, and their offspring.
Hamadryas baboons have a distinctive appearance, characterized by their dog-like faces, hairless calluses on their rumps, and long, flowing manes. They primarily feed on plants, but they are also known to consume small vertebrates and invertebrates. Their gestation period is approximately six months, and females typically give birth to a single offspring.
In captivity, Hamadryas baboons have been used as subjects in various biomedical research studies due to their close phylogenetic relationship with humans. However, the term 'Papio hamadryas' itself does not have a medical definition.
"Papio cynocephalus" is a scientific name for a species of old world monkey, commonly known as the yellow baboon. It's not typically used in a medical context, but I can provide some general biological information about it if that would be helpful.
Yellow baboons are native to the savannas and woodlands of eastern and southern Africa. They have a distinct appearance with a dog-like face (hence the species name "cynocephalus," which means "dog-headed" in Greek) and a long, close-set coat that is yellowish-brown or olive green in color. Adult males can weigh between 33 to 82 pounds (15 to 37 kg), while females are smaller and typically weigh between 14 to 33 pounds (6 to 15 kg).
Yellow baboons live in large social groups called troops, which can consist of up to 200 individuals. They have a complex hierarchical social structure based on age, sex, and dominance. Their diet is omnivorous, consisting of fruits, seeds, nuts, insects, and small vertebrates.
In terms of medical relevance, yellow baboons are sometimes used as animal models in biomedical research due to their close genetic relationship with humans (they share about 96% of their DNA sequence with us). However, it's important to note that using non-human primates in research is a controversial topic and subject to ethical considerations.
"Papio ursinus" is the scientific name for the Chacma Baboon, which is a species of baboon that is native to southern Africa. They are Old World monkeys that are found in various habitats such as savannas, woodlands, and mountainous regions. Chacma Baboons are known for their social structure, intelligence, and adaptability. They have a distinctive dog-like face with a heavy build and a dog-like muzzle. Adult males can weigh between 33 to 90 kg (73 to 198 lb), while adult females are smaller and weigh between 15 to 27 kg (33 to 59 lb). Chacma Baboons primarily feed on plants, but they also eat insects, small vertebrates, and fruits. They are an important species in the ecosystem and play a significant role in seed dispersal and nutrient cycling.
"Papio papio" is not a medical term, but a scientific name for an animal species. It refers to the Guinea baboon, which is a type of old world monkey found in western and central Africa. The Guinea baboon is not commonly associated with medical definitions or health-related topics. If you have any questions about primatology or veterinary medicine related to this species, I would be happy to try to help answer those!
"Theropithecus" is a genus of Old World monkeys that includes the extinct species "Theropithecus oswaldi" and the currently existing species "Theropithecus gelada." These monkeys are native to Africa and are known for their distinctive long, pointed canines in males. The term "Theropithecus" comes from the Greek words "ther," meaning beast, and "pithekos," meaning ape.
It is important to note that "Theropithecus" species are not to be confused with "Theropoda," which is a group of dinosaurs that includes modern birds and their extinct relatives. The similarity in the names is purely coincidental.
Cercopithecinae is a subfamily of Old World monkeys that includes a diverse group of species, such as macaques, baboons, geladas, and langurs. These monkeys are characterized by their complex social structures, distinct coloration patterns, and adaptations to various habitats across Africa and Asia. Some notable features of Cercopithecinae include their tail-tufts, cheek pouches for food storage, and a variety of vocalizations used in communication.
Haplorhini is a term used in the field of primatology and physical anthropology to refer to a parvorder of simian primates, which includes humans, apes (both great and small), and Old World monkeys. The name "Haplorhini" comes from the Greek words "haploos," meaning single or simple, and "rhinos," meaning nose.
The defining characteristic of Haplorhini is the presence of a simple, dry nose, as opposed to the wet, fleshy noses found in other primates, such as New World monkeys and strepsirrhines (which include lemurs and lorises). The nostrils of haplorhines are located close together at the tip of the snout, and they lack the rhinarium or "wet nose" that is present in other primates.
Haplorhini is further divided into two infraorders: Simiiformes (which includes apes and Old World monkeys) and Tarsioidea (which includes tarsiers). These groups are distinguished by various anatomical and behavioral differences, such as the presence or absence of a tail, the structure of the hand and foot, and the degree of sociality.
Overall, Haplorhini is a group of primates that share a number of distinctive features related to their sensory systems, locomotion, and social behavior. Understanding the evolutionary history and diversity of this group is an important area of research in anthropology, biology, and psychology.
Herpesviridae is a family of large, double-stranded DNA viruses that includes several important pathogens affecting humans and animals. The herpesviruses are characterized by their ability to establish latency in infected host cells, allowing them to persist for the lifetime of the host and leading to recurrent episodes of disease.
The family Herpesviridae is divided into three subfamilies: Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae, and Gammaherpesvirinae. Each subfamily includes several genera and species that infect various hosts, including humans, primates, rodents, birds, and reptiles.
Human herpesviruses include:
* Alphaherpesvirinae: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
* Betaherpesvirinae: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A), Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), and Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7)
* Gammaherpesvirinae: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as HHV-8)
These viruses are responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, from mild skin lesions to life-threatening diseases. Primary infections usually occur during childhood or adolescence and can be followed by recurrent episodes due to virus reactivation from latency.
"Cercocebus" is a genus of Old World monkeys that includes several species, such as the sooty mangabey and the gray-cheeked mangabey. These monkeys are native to central Africa and are known for their distinctive appearance, with a long tail, dark fur, and light cheek whiskers. They are omnivorous and live in social groups. The name "Cercocebus" comes from the Greek words "kerkos," meaning tail, and "kephale," meaning head, referring to their long tails.
Piroplasmida is an order of tick-borne intracellular parasites that infect the red blood cells of various mammals, including humans. These parasites are part of the phylum Apicomplexa and include two main genera: Babesia and Theileria.
Babesia spp. are primarily responsible for causing babesiosis in animals and humans, while Theileria spp. mainly infect cattle, causing a disease known as East Coast fever or Corridor disease. Transmission of these parasites occurs through the bite of infected ticks during their blood meal.
The life cycle of Piroplasmida involves several stages, including sporozoites, merozoites, and gametes. Sporozoites are injected into the host's bloodstream by an infected tick and invade red blood cells, where they multiply as merozoites. These merozoites can then infect other red blood cells or be taken up by another tick during its blood meal, continuing the life cycle.
Symptoms of babesiosis in humans may include fever, chills, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and hemolytic anemia. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), or even death. Treatment typically involves antiparasitic drugs like atovaquone and azithromycin, along with supportive care for managing symptoms.
Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine is a species of the genus *Cercopithec herpesvirus* within the subfamily *Betaherpesvirinae*, family *Herpesviridae*. This virus is also known as Herpesvirus simiae or B-virus. It is closely related to human cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus 6 and 7.
The primary host of this virus is the Asian macaque monkey, including rhesus macaques, pig-tailed macaques, and Formosan rock macaques. The virus can cause a spectrum of diseases in these monkeys, ranging from mild skin lesions to severe systemic illness with neurological involvement.
In humans, infection with Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 is rare but can occur through contact with infected macaque monkeys or their saliva and other bodily fluids. Infection in humans can lead to serious complications, including encephalitis, meningitis, and myelitis, which can be fatal if not treated promptly. Therefore, it is essential to take strict precautions when handling macaque monkeys or their tissues to prevent transmission of this virus to humans.
Primatology is the study of primates, which includes humans and non-human primates such as monkeys, apes, and lemurs. Primate diseases refer to the range of infectious and non-infectious health conditions that affect these animals. These diseases can be caused by various factors including bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, genetics, environmental conditions, and human activities such as habitat destruction, hunting, and keeping primates as pets.
Examples of primate diseases include:
1. Retroviral infections: Primates are susceptible to retroviruses, including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) which is the precursor to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
2. Herpesviruses: Many primate species are infected with herpesviruses that can cause a range of diseases from mild skin infections to severe neurological disorders.
3. Tuberculosis: Primates can contract tuberculosis, which is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can affect multiple organs.
4. Malaria: Primates are hosts to various species of Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria.
5. Hepatitis: Primates can be infected with hepatitis viruses, including hepatitis B and C.
6. Respiratory infections: Primates can suffer from respiratory infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
7. Gastrointestinal diseases: Primates can develop gastrointestinal disorders due to bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections.
8. Neurological disorders: Primates can suffer from neurological conditions such as encephalitis and meningitis caused by various pathogens.
9. Reproductive diseases: Primates can experience reproductive health issues due to infectious agents or environmental factors.
10. Cancer: Primates, like humans, can develop cancer, which can be caused by genetic predisposition, viral infections, or environmental factors.
Understanding primate diseases is crucial for the conservation of endangered species, managing zoonotic diseases that can spread from animals to humans, and advancing medical research, particularly in the fields of infectious diseases and cancer.
Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1 (STLV-1) is a retrovirus that primarily infects Asian monkeys and apes. It is closely related to the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and there is evidence to suggest that STLV-1 may have been transmitted to humans through close contact with infected non-human primates, resulting in the emergence of HTLV-1.
Like HTLV-1, STLV-1 primarily infects CD4+ T lymphocytes and can cause a persistent infection. However, unlike HTLV-1, which is associated with several diseases including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM), STLV-1 has not been definitively linked to any specific human diseases.
STLV-1 infection is typically asymptomatic in both monkeys and humans, but it can cause a range of clinical manifestations in some individuals, including lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, and neurological symptoms. The virus is primarily transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, breast milk, and semen.
Research on STLV-1 is important for understanding the evolution and epidemiology of retroviruses, as well as for developing strategies to prevent transmission and manage related diseases in both humans and non-human primates.
"Cercopithecus" is a genus of Old World monkeys that are commonly known as guenons. These monkeys are native to Africa and are characterized by their colorful fur, long tails, and distinctive facial features. They are agile animals that live in a variety of habitats, including forests, savannas, and mountains.
The term "Cercopithecus" is derived from the Greek words "kerkos," meaning tail, and "pithekos," meaning ape or monkey. This name reflects the long tails that are characteristic of these monkeys.
There are several species of guenons within the genus "Cercopithecus," including the vervet monkey, the grivet, the tantalus monkey, and the de Brazza's monkey, among others. These monkeys are important members of their ecosystems and play a key role in seed dispersal and forest regeneration. They are also popular subjects of research due to their complex social structures and behaviors.
I'm not aware of a specific medical term called "Ape diseases." However, many primates, including apes, can suffer from diseases that are similar to those that affect humans. Some examples include:
1. Tuberculosis (TB): Both humans and apes can be infected with this bacterial disease, which primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other parts of the body.
2. Hepatitis: Apes can contract various forms of hepatitis, such as hepatitis B and C, just like humans. These viral infections affect the liver and can cause acute or chronic illness.
3. Respiratory infections: Both apes and humans are susceptible to respiratory infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
4. Gastrointestinal diseases: Apes can suffer from gastrointestinal issues, such as diarrhea, due to various bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections.
5. Retroviral infections: Some apes are known to be infected with retroviruses, like simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which is similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). SIV can lead to a condition called simian AIDS in apes.
6. Zoonotic diseases: Apes can contract zoonotic diseases, which are transmitted from animals to humans, such as Ebola and Marburg viruses.
7. Cardiovascular diseases: Apes can develop heart conditions similar to those seen in humans, including hypertension and atherosclerosis.
8. Neurological disorders: Some apes may suffer from neurological issues, like Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease, although research on these topics is still ongoing.
It's important to note that while apes can contract many of the same diseases as humans, there are also numerous diseases specific to each species due to differences in genetics, environment, and behavior.
Cercopithecidae is a family of Old World primates, which includes monkeys such as baboons, macaques, and langurs. These primates are characterized by their adaptations for arboreal or terrestrial living, and they have complex social structures. The family Cercopithecidae is divided into two subfamilies: Cercopithecinae (guenons, macaques, and langurs) and Colobinae (leaf monkeys and colobus monkeys). These primates are found in Africa and Asia, and they play important ecological roles in their environments.
'Laboratory animals' are defined as non-human creatures that are used in scientific research and experiments to study various biological phenomena, develop new medical treatments and therapies, test the safety and efficacy of drugs, medical devices, and other products. These animals are kept under controlled conditions in laboratory settings and are typically purpose-bred for research purposes.
The use of laboratory animals is subject to strict regulations and guidelines to ensure their humane treatment and welfare. The most commonly used species include mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, dogs, cats, non-human primates, and fish. Other less common species may also be used depending on the specific research question being studied.
The primary goal of using laboratory animals in research is to advance our understanding of basic biological processes and develop new medical treatments that can improve human and animal health. However, it is important to note that the use of animals in research remains a controversial topic due to ethical concerns regarding their welfare and potential for suffering.