INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.
Acute or chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS due to excessive ALCOHOL DRINKING. Alcoholic pancreatitis usually presents as an acute episode but it is a chronic progressive disease in alcoholics.
A severe form of acute INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS characterized by one or more areas of NECROSIS in the pancreas with varying degree of involvement of the surrounding tissues or organ systems. Massive pancreatic necrosis may lead to DIABETES MELLITUS, and malabsorption.
Persons who have a history of physical or psychological dependence on ETHANOL.
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells that is due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. The fatty changes in the alcoholic fatty liver may be reversible, depending on the amounts of TRIGLYCERIDES accumulated.
A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.
Drinkable liquids containing ETHANOL.
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)
A nodular organ in the ABDOMEN that contains a mixture of ENDOCRINE GLANDS and EXOCRINE GLANDS. The small endocrine portion consists of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS secreting a number of hormones into the blood stream. The large exocrine portion (EXOCRINE PANCREAS) is a compound acinar gland that secretes several digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ductal system that empties into the DUODENUM.
A group of amylolytic enzymes that cleave starch, glycogen, and related alpha-1,4-glucans. (Stedman, 25th ed) EC 3.2.1.-.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
An organization of self-proclaimed alcoholics who meet frequently to reinforce their practice of abstinence.
The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.
Disease of CARDIAC MUSCLE resulting from chronic excessive alcohol consumption. Myocardial damage can be caused by: (1) a toxic effect of alcohol; (2) malnutrition in alcoholics such as THIAMINE DEFICIENCY; or (3) toxic effect of additives in alcoholic beverages such as COBALT. This disease is usually manifested by DYSPNEA and palpitations with CARDIOMEGALY and congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).
Ducts that collect PANCREATIC JUICE from the PANCREAS and supply it to the DUODENUM.
Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.
A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
Habitual moderation in the indulgence of a natural appetite, especially but not exclusively the consumption of alcohol.
A condition where damage to the peripheral nervous system (including the peripheral elements of the autonomic nervous system) is associated with chronic ingestion of alcoholic beverages. The disorder may be caused by a direct effect of alcohol, an associated nutritional deficiency, or a combination of factors. Clinical manifestations include variable degrees of weakness; ATROPHY; PARESTHESIAS; pain; loss of reflexes; sensory loss; diaphoresis; and postural hypotension. (From Arch Neurol 1995;52(1):45-51; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1146)
A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.
An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.
Tests based on the biochemistry and physiology of the exocrine pancreas and involving analysis of blood, duodenal contents, feces, or urine for products of pancreatic secretion.
The major component (about 80%) of the PANCREAS composed of acinar functional units of tubular and spherical cells. The acinar cells synthesize and secrete several digestive enzymes such as TRYPSINOGEN; LIPASE; AMYLASE; and RIBONUCLEASE. Secretion from the exocrine pancreas drains into the pancreatic ductal system and empties into the DUODENUM.
Cells lining the saclike dilatations known as acini of various glands or the lungs.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
A mental disorder associated with chronic ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) and nutritional deficiencies characterized by short term memory loss, confabulations, and disturbances of attention. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1139)
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.
A condition with abnormally elevated level of AMYLASES in the serum. Hyperamylasemia due to PANCREATITIS or other causes may be differentiated by identifying the amylase isoenzymes.
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.
The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum.
An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation.
An acute neurological disorder characterized by the triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and disturbances of mental activity or consciousness. Eye movement abnormalities include nystagmus, external rectus palsies, and reduced conjugate gaze. THIAMINE DEFICIENCY and chronic ALCOHOLISM are associated conditions. Pathologic features include periventricular petechial hemorrhages and neuropil breakdown in the diencephalon and brainstem. Chronic thiamine deficiency may lead to KORSAKOFF SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1139-42; Davis & Robertson, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp452-3)
Non-invasive diagnostic technique for visualizing the PANCREATIC DUCTS and BILE DUCTS without the use of injected CONTRAST MEDIA or x-ray. MRI scans provide excellent sensitivity for duct dilatation, biliary stricture, and intraductal abnormalities.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
Incision of Oddi's sphincter or Vater's ampulla performed by inserting a sphincterotome through an endoscope (DUODENOSCOPE) often following retrograde cholangiography (CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY, ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE). Endoscopic treatment by sphincterotomy is the preferred method of treatment for patients with retained or recurrent bile duct stones post-cholecystectomy, and for poor-surgical-risk patients that have the gallbladder still present.
The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).
Surgical removal of the pancreas. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.
An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones.
Surgical anastomosis of the pancreatic duct, or the divided end of the transected pancreas, with the jejunum. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Fermented juice of fresh grapes or of other fruit or plant products used as a beverage.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
Star-shaped, myofibroblast-like cells located in the periacinar, perivascular, and periductal regions of the EXOCRINE PANCREAS. They play a key role in the pathobiology of FIBROSIS; PANCREATITIS; and PANCREATIC CANCER.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
An acute organic mental disorder induced by cessation or reduction in chronic alcohol consumption. Clinical characteristics include CONFUSION; DELUSIONS; vivid HALLUCINATIONS; TREMOR; agitation; insomnia; and signs of autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., elevated blood pressure and heart rate, dilated pupils, and diaphoresis). This condition may occasionally be fatal. It was formerly called delirium tremens. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1175)
The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. It is distinct it from APOPTOSIS, which is a normal, regulated cellular process.
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.
A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents).
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a fiberoptic endoscope. In endosonography the transducer converts electronic signals into acoustic pulses or continuous waves and acts also as a receiver to detect reflected pulses from within the organ. An audiovisual-electronic interface converts the detected or processed echo signals, which pass through the electronics of the instrument, into a form that the technologist can evaluate. The procedure should not be confused with ENDOSCOPY which employs a special instrument called an endoscope. The "endo-" of endosonography refers to the examination of tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed externally or transcutaneously.
A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Surgical removal of the GALLBLADDER.
A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A pancreatic trypsin inhibitor common to all mammals. It is secreted with the zymogens into the pancreatic juice. It is a protein composed of 56 amino acid residues and is different in amino acid composition and physiological activity from the Kunitz bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (APROTININ).
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Gastrointestinal agents that stimulate the flow of bile into the duodenum (cholagogues) or stimulate the production of bile by the liver (choleretic).
Pathological processes of the LIVER.
The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.
Organic or functional motility disorder involving the SPHINCTER OF ODDI and associated with biliary COLIC. Pathological changes are most often seen in the COMMON BILE DUCT sphincter, and less commonly the PANCREATIC DUCT sphincter.
A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.
A subclass of alpha-amylase ISOENZYMES that are secreted into PANCREATIC JUICE.
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents.
A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)
An ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 enzyme that metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Substrates include ETHANOL; INHALATION ANESTHETICS; BENZENE; ACETAMINOPHEN and other low molecular weight compounds. CYP2E1 has been used as an enzyme marker in the study of alcohol abuse.
Analyses for a specific enzyme activity, or of the level of a specific enzyme that is used to assess health and disease risk, for early detection of disease or disease prediction, diagnosis, and change in disease status.
A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the COMMON BILE DUCT and the MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.
A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)
An acronym for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, a scoring system using routinely collected data and providing an accurate, objective description for a broad range of intensive care unit admissions, measuring severity of illness in critically ill patients.
Organic compounds which contain tin in the molecule. Used widely in industry and agriculture.
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes.
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).
A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.
The shortest and widest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE adjacent to the PYLORUS of the STOMACH. It is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers.
An imaging test of the BILIARY TRACT in which a contrast dye (RADIOPAQUE MEDIA) is injected into the BILE DUCT and x-ray pictures are taken.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
The proteinaceous component of the pancreatic stone in patients with PANCREATITIS.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive tract.
A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7.
Non-consumption of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.
Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.
Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.
A condition that is characterized by chronic fatty DIARRHEA, a result of abnormal DIGESTION and/or INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of FATS.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
The sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla within the duodenal papilla. The COMMON BILE DUCT and main pancreatic duct pass through this sphincter.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
An enzyme that hydrolyzes 1,6-alpha-glucosidic branch linkages in glycogen, amylopectin, and their beta-limit dextrins. It is distinguished from pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) by its inability to attack pullulan and by the feeble action of alpha-limit dextrins. It is distinguished from amylopectin 6-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.69) by its action on glycogen. With EC 3.2.1.69, it produces the activity called "debranching enzyme". EC 3.2.1.68.
A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol.
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.
2-Amino-4-(ethylthio)butyric acid. An antimetabolite and methionine antagonist that interferes with amino acid incorporation into proteins and with cellular ATP utilization. It also produces liver neoplasms.

Screening for mutations of the cationic trypsinogen gene: are they of relevance in chronic alcoholic pancreatitis? (1/127)

BACKGROUND: In hereditary pancreatitis mutations of exons 2 (N21I) and 3 (R117H) of the cationic trypsinogen gene have been described. AIMS: To investigate whether the same mutations can also be found in patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. METHODS: Leucocyte DNA was prepared from 23 patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, 21 with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, 34 individuals from seven independent families with hereditary pancreatitis, and 15 healthy controls. DNA was also obtained from pancreatic tissue (n=7) and from pancreatic juice (n=5) of patients suffering from chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. R117H was detected by restriction digestion with Afl III. N21I was identified by an allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: R117H was detected in four families with hereditary pancreatitis. The N21I mutation was identified in three families. All mutations were confirmed by sequencing of the corresponding DNAs. In patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis neither the exon 2 nor exon 3 mutations were present in blood leucocytes, pancreatic juice, or pancreatic tissue. DNA of the patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis as well as all controls was of wild type. CONCLUSIONS: The allele specific PCR may be used to screen for the N21I mutation of cationic trypsinogen. Both trypsinogen mutations were found in hereditary pancreatitis but do not seem to be major pathogenic factors in chronic alcoholic pancreatitis.  (+info)

Endoscopic ultrasonography: changes of chronic pancreatitis in asymptomatic and symptomatic alcoholic patients. (2/127)

Changes suggestive of chronic pancreatic damage by endoscopic ultrasonography were studied in 31 asymptomatic and symptomatic alcohol abusers. Fifteen additional patients who did not drink alcohol served as controls. Eighty-nine percent (17 of 19) of the alcohol abusers with chronic abdominal pain had chronic pancreatitis by endoscopic ultrasonography. Similarly, 58%, (7 of 12) asymptomatic alcoholic patients also had changes of chronic pancreatitis on endosonography. Endoscopic ultrasonography has thus detected changes suggestive of alcohol-induced chronic pancreatic damage in up to 58% of asymptomatic alcoholic persons and in 89% of alcoholic persons with pancreatic type pain.  (+info)

Activation of pancreatic stellate cells in human and experimental pancreatic fibrosis. (3/127)

The mechanisms of pancreatic fibrosis are poorly understood. In the liver, stellate cells play an important role in fibrogenesis. Similar cells have recently been isolated from the pancreas and are termed pancreatic stellate cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether pancreatic stellate cell activation occurs during experimental and human pancreatic fibrosis. Pancreatic fibrosis was induced in rats (n = 24) by infusion of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) into the pancreatic duct. Surgical specimens were obtained from patients with chronic pancreatitis (n = 6). Pancreatic fibrosis was assessed using the Sirius Red stain and immunohistochemistry for collagen type I. Pancreatic stellate cell activation was assessed by staining for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA), desmin, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor type beta (PDGFRbeta). The relationship of fibrosis to stellate cell activation was studied by staining of serial sections for alphaSMA, desmin, PDGFRbeta, and collagen, and by dual-staining for alphaSMA plus either Sirius Red or in situ hybridization for procollagen alpha(1) (I) mRNA. The cellular source of TGFbeta was examined by immunohistochemistry. The histological appearances in the TNBS model resembled those found in human chronic pancreatitis. Areas of pancreatic fibrosis stained positively for Sirius Red and collagen type I. Sirius Red staining was associated with alphaSMA-positive cells. alphaSMA staining colocalized with procollagen alpha(1) (I) mRNA expression. In the rat model, desmin staining was associated with PDGFRbeta in areas of fibrosis. TGFbeta was maximal in acinar cells adjacent to areas of fibrosis and spindle cells within fibrotic bands. Pancreatic stellate cell activation is associated with fibrosis in both human pancreas and in an animal model. These cells appear to play an important role in pancreatic fibrogenesis.  (+info)

Complicated chronic pancreatitis causing mycotic aortic aneurysm: in situ replacement with a cryopreserved aortic allograft. (4/127)

Mycotic aortic aneurysm, which resulted from infected pancreatic pseudocysts with retroperitoneal abscess, developed in a patient with chronic pancreatitis. The aorta was approached through median laparotomy. Necrotic material was debrided from the pancreatic pseudocysts, and the mycotic aneurysm was resected. The aorta was replaced in situ with a cryopreserved aortic allograft. This report discusses the rare complication of pancreatic pseudocysts, which affect the infrarenal abdominal aorta and cause a large mycotic aneurysm. This case suggests that the use of cryopreserved allografts is promising for in situ reconstruction, even in a grossly infected field.  (+info)

Development of an animal model of chronic alcohol-induced pancreatitis in the rat. (5/127)

This study was designed to develop an animal model of alcoholic pancreatitis and to test the hypothesis that the dose of ethanol and the type of dietary fat affect free radical formation and pancreatic pathology. Female Wistar rats were fed liquid diets rich in corn oil (unsaturated fat), with or without a standard or high dose of ethanol, and medium-chain triglycerides (saturated fat) with a high dose of ethanol for 8 wk enterally. The dose of ethanol was increased as tolerance developed, which allowed approximately twice as much alcohol to be delivered in the high-dose group. Serum pancreatic enzymes and histology were normal after 4 wk of diets rich in unsaturated fat, with or without the standard dose of ethanol. In contrast, enzyme levels were elevated significantly by the high ethanol dose. Increases were blunted significantly by dietary saturated fat. Fibrosis and collagen alpha1(I) expression in the pancreas were not detectable after 4 wk of enteral ethanol feeding; however, they were enhanced significantly by the high dose after 8 wk. Furthermore, radical adducts detected by electron spin resonance were minimal with the standard dose; however, the high dose increased carbon-centered radical adducts as well as 4-hydroxynonenal, an index of lipid peroxidation, significantly. Radical adducts were also blunted by approximately 70% by dietary saturated fat. The animal model presented here is the first to demonstrate chronic alcohol-induced pancreatitis in a reproducible manner. The key factors responsible for pathology are the amount of ethanol administered and the type of dietary fat.  (+info)

The natural history of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. (6/127)

An improved knowledge of the natural history is the indispensible basis for a rational concept in regard to the diagnosis, classification, understanding and management of pain in chronic pancreatitis. Unfortunately, data on the natural history of CP are scarce and conflicting. Some relevant observations of our prospective long-term study of a mixed medical-surgical cohort comprising 207 patients with alcoholic CP (mean follow-up 17 years from onset) are summarized. In early-stage CP, episodes of recurrent pancreatitis were predominant. Severe persistent pain was typically associated with local complications (mainly postnecrotic cysts in 54%; symptomatic cholestasis in 24%) relieved definitely by a drainage procedure. Lasting pain remission was documented in >80% of the whole cohort within 10 years from onset in association with marked pancreatic dysfunction. From our experience, the relief of "chronic" pain regularly follows selective surgery tailored to the presumptive pain cause or it occurs spontaneously in uncomplicated advanced CP (excluding narcotic addiction).  (+info)

Effect of somatostatin on the sphincter of Oddi in patients with acute non-biliary pancreatitis. (7/127)

BACKGROUND: Somatostatin has been used to prevent pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography but its effect on acute non-biliary pancreatitis is still unclear. AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the function of the sphincter of Oddi (SO) and the effect of somatostatin on patients with non-biliary pancreatitis. METHODS: Twenty patients (18 males, two females) with acute pancreatitis (alcoholic 18, idiopathic two) received SO manometry within one week after admission. After baseline measurement, a bolus dose of somatostatin (Stilamin, Serono) 250 microg was infused slowly, and SO manometry was repeated after five minutes. Continuous infusion of somatostatin 250 microg/h was given for 12 hours after SO manometry. Serum amylase, lipase, glucose, and C reactive protein (CRP) levels were examined before and after somatostatin infusion. RESULTS: SO manometry was unsuccessful in six patients due to contracted sphincter. In the remaining 14 patients, high SO basal pressure (SOBP >40 mm Hg) was found in seven patients. After somatostatin infusion, mean SOBP decreased from 48.8 (29) to 31.9 (22) mm Hg (p<0.01). One patient had a paradoxical reaction to somatostatin (SOBP increased from 30 to 50 mm Hg) while the other 13 patients had a fall in SOBP after somatostatin. One patient developed abdominal pain with a serum amylase level of 2516 IU/l after SO manometry. No other side effects or changes in amylase, lipase, glucose, or CRP levels were observed in the other 19 patients after SO manometry and somatostatin infusion. DISCUSSION: Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is common in patients with acute non-biliary pancreatitis and in most cases somatostatin can relax the sphincter.  (+info)

Severe hypophosphatemia in a patient with acute pancreatitis. (8/127)

CONTEXT: We describe a patient with alcohol-induced pancreatitis who developed severe life-threatening hypophosphatemia of multifactorial origin during hospitalization. CASE REPORT: Decreased phosphate levels along with urine phosphate wasting were already noticed on the patient's admission due to underlying chronic alcoholism. However, a further deterioration of hypophosphatemia appeared on the second day of hospitalization presumably resulting from an increased transfer of phosphate from extracellular to intracellular fluid. CONCLUSIONS: Phosphate deficiency is often overlooked in patients with acute pancreatitis. Our case emphasizes that serum phosphate levels should be checked along with serum calcium levels in patients with acute pancreatitis, especially in alcoholic patients.  (+info)

Pancreatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen that plays a crucial role in digestion and regulating blood sugar levels. The inflammation can be acute (sudden and severe) or chronic (persistent and recurring), and it can lead to various complications if left untreated.

Acute pancreatitis often results from gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption, while chronic pancreatitis may be caused by long-term alcohol abuse, genetic factors, autoimmune conditions, or metabolic disorders like high triglyceride levels. Symptoms of acute pancreatitis include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate, while chronic pancreatitis may present with ongoing abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and malabsorption issues due to impaired digestive enzyme production. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, pain management, and addressing the underlying cause. In severe cases, hospitalization and surgery may be necessary.

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing inflammation of the pancreas that leads to irreversible structural changes and impaired function of the pancreas. It is characterized by recurrent or persistent abdominal pain, often radiating to the back, and maldigestion with steatorrhea (fatty stools) due to exocrine insufficiency. The pancreatic damage results from repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis, alcohol abuse, genetic predisposition, or autoimmune processes. Over time, the pancreas may lose its ability to produce enough digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin, which can result in diabetes mellitus. Chronic pancreatitis also increases the risk of developing pancreatic cancer.

Alcoholic pancreatitis is a specific type of pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas. This condition is caused by excessive and prolonged consumption of alcohol. The exact mechanism by which alcohol induces pancreatitis is not fully understood, but it is believed that alcohol causes damage to the cells of the pancreas, leading to inflammation. This can result in abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate. Chronic alcoholic pancreatitis can also lead to serious complications such as diabetes, malnutrition, and pancreatic cancer. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as hydration, pain management, and nutritional support, along with abstinence from alcohol. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or to relieve blockages in the pancreas.

Acute necrotizing pancreatitis is a severe and potentially life-threatening form of acute pancreatitis, which is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas. In acute necrotizing pancreatitis, there is widespread death (necrosis) of pancreatic tissue due to autodigestion caused by the activation and release of digestive enzymes within the pancreas. This condition can lead to systemic inflammation, organ failure, and infection of the necrotic areas in the pancreas. It typically has a more complicated clinical course and worse prognosis compared to acute interstitial pancreatitis, which is another form of acute pancreatitis without significant necrosis.

Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a chronic relapsing brain disorder characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol consumption despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. It is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) as a problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:

1. Alcohol is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended.
2. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control alcohol use.
3. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain, use, or recover from the effects of alcohol.
4. Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use alcohol, is present.
5. Recurrent alcohol use results in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.
6. Alcohol use continues despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of alcohol.
7. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of alcohol use.
8. Recurrent alcohol use is in situations in which it is physically hazardous.
9. Alcohol use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by alcohol.
10. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
a) A need for markedly increased amounts of alcohol to achieve intoxication or desired effect.
b) A markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of alcohol.
11. Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:
a) The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for alcohol (refer to DSM-5 for further details).
b) Alcohol (or a closely related substance, such as a benzodiazepine) is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.

The severity of alcohol use disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the number of criteria met:

* Mild: 2-3 criteria met
* Moderate: 4-5 criteria met
* Severe: 6 or more criteria met

It's important to note that alcohol use disorder is a complex condition with various factors contributing to its development and course. If you or someone you know is struggling with alcohol use, it's crucial to seek professional help from a healthcare provider or a mental health specialist for an accurate assessment and appropriate treatment.

Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis is a medical condition characterized by irreversible scarring (fibrosis) and damage to the liver caused by excessive consumption of alcohol over an extended period. The liver's normal structure and function are progressively impaired as healthy liver tissue is replaced by scarred tissue, leading to the formation of nodules (regenerative noduli).

The condition typically develops after years of heavy drinking, with a higher risk for those who consume more than 60 grams of pure alcohol daily. The damage caused by alcoholic liver cirrhosis can be life-threatening and may result in complications such as:

1. Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen)
2. Encephalopathy (neurological dysfunction due to liver failure)
3. Esophageal varices (dilated veins in the esophagus that can rupture and bleed)
4. Hepatorenal syndrome (kidney failure caused by liver disease)
5. Increased susceptibility to infections
6. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma)
7. Portal hypertension (increased blood pressure in the portal vein that supplies blood to the liver)

Abstaining from alcohol and managing underlying medical conditions are crucial for slowing down or halting disease progression. Treatment may involve medications, dietary changes, and supportive care to address complications. In severe cases, a liver transplant might be necessary.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a term that encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders caused by excessive alcohol consumption. The three main stages of ALD are:

1. Fatty Liver: This is the earliest stage of ALD, characterized by the accumulation of fat droplets within liver cells (hepatocytes). It's often reversible with abstinence from alcohol.

2. Alcoholic Hepatitis: This is a more severe form of ALD, characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver cells. It can range from mild to severe, and severe cases can lead to liver failure. Symptoms may include jaundice, abdominal pain, and fever.

3. Cirrhosis: This is the most advanced stage of ALD, characterized by widespread scarring (fibrosis) and nodular transformation of the liver. It's irreversible and can lead to complications such as liver failure, portal hypertension, and increased risk of liver cancer.

The development and progression of ALD are influenced by various factors, including the amount and duration of alcohol consumption, genetic predisposition, nutritional status, and co-existing viral hepatitis or other liver diseases. Abstaining from alcohol is the most effective way to prevent and manage ALD.

Alcoholic hepatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver caused by excessive alcohol consumption. It is a type of hepatitis that specifically results from alcohol abuse, rather than from viral infections or other causes. The condition can vary in severity, and long-term heavy drinking increases the risk of developing alcoholic hepatitis.

The inflammation in alcoholic hepatitis can lead to symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and fever. In severe cases, it can cause liver failure, which may be life-threatening. Treatment typically involves alcohol abstinence, supportive care, and medications to manage symptoms and prevent further liver damage. In some cases, hospitalization and more intensive treatments may be necessary.

Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) is a condition in which there is accumulation of fat in the liver due to heavy and prolonged alcohol consumption. The medical definition of "alcoholic fatty liver" is:

"A buildup of fat in the liver (steatosis) caused by excessive alcohol consumption, leading to inflammation, damage, and possible progression to more severe liver diseases such as alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis."

Excessive alcohol intake causes the liver to prioritize metabolizing alcohol over its other functions, which leads to an accumulation of fatty acids in the liver cells (hepatocytes). Over time, this can result in inflammation, scarring, and ultimately liver failure if not treated or if alcohol consumption continues.

AFLD is often reversible if the individual stops consuming alcohol, allowing the liver to recover and repair itself. However, continued alcohol use will exacerbate the condition and may lead to more severe liver diseases.

Ceruletide is a synthetic analog of the natural hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). It is a decapeptide with the following sequence: cyclo(D-Asp-Tic-Phe-Ser-Leu-Hand-Ala-Lys-Thr-Nle-NH2).

Ceruletide has several pharmacological actions, including stimulation of the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas, contraction of the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi, and inhibition of gastric acid secretion. It is used in clinical medicine for diagnostic purposes to test the motor function of the biliary tract and to diagnose gastrointestinal motility disorders.

Ceruletide has also been investigated as a potential treatment for certain conditions such as pancreatitis, gallstones, and intestinal obstruction, but its use is limited due to its side effects, which include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.

Alcoholic beverages are drinks that contain ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is produced by the fermentation of yeast, sugars, and starches. The amount of alcohol in a drink is measured in terms of "alcohol content" or "alcohol by volume" (ABV). Different types of alcoholic beverages include:

1. Beer: A fermented beverage made from grains, such as barley, wheat, or rye. The alcohol content of beer typically ranges from 3-6% ABV.
2. Wine: A fermented beverage made from grapes or other fruits. The alcohol content of wine usually falls between 10-15% ABV.
3. Spirits (or liquors): Distilled beverages with higher alcohol content, typically ranging from 40-50% ABV. Examples include vodka, whiskey, rum, gin, and tequila.
4. Fortified wines: Wines that have had a distilled spirit added to them, increasing their alcohol content. Examples include port, sherry, and madeira, which typically contain 17-20% ABV.
5. Malt beverages: Fermented beverages made from malted barley or other grains, with additional flavorings or sweeteners. These can range in alcohol content from around 4-8% ABV.

It is important to note that excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages can lead to various health issues, including addiction, liver disease, and an increased risk of accidents and injuries. Moderate drinking is generally defined as up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men, although individual tolerance and sensitivity to alcohol may vary.

Alcoholism is a chronic and often relapsing brain disorder characterized by the excessive and compulsive consumption of alcohol despite negative consequences to one's health, relationships, and daily life. It is also commonly referred to as alcohol use disorder (AUD) or alcohol dependence.

The diagnostic criteria for AUD include a pattern of alcohol use that includes problems controlling intake, continued use despite problems resulting from drinking, development of a tolerance, drinking that leads to risky behaviors or situations, and withdrawal symptoms when not drinking.

Alcoholism can cause a wide range of physical and psychological health problems, including liver disease, heart disease, neurological damage, mental health disorders, and increased risk of accidents and injuries. Treatment for alcoholism typically involves a combination of behavioral therapies, medications, and support groups to help individuals achieve and maintain sobriety.

The pancreas is a glandular organ located in the abdomen, posterior to the stomach. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of acinar cells that produce and secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct. These enzymes help in the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in food.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which include alpha, beta, delta, and F cells. These cells produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin and glucagon are critical regulators of blood sugar levels, with insulin promoting glucose uptake and storage in tissues and glucagon stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose when it is low.

Amylases are enzymes that break down complex carbohydrates, such as starch and glycogen, into simpler sugars like maltose, glucose, and maltotriose. There are several types of amylases found in various organisms, including humans.

In humans, amylases are produced by the pancreas and salivary glands. Pancreatic amylase is released into the small intestine where it helps to digest dietary carbohydrates. Salivary amylase, also known as alpha-amylase, is secreted into the mouth and begins breaking down starches in food during chewing.

Deficiency or absence of amylases can lead to difficulties in digesting carbohydrates and may cause symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Elevated levels of amylase in the blood may indicate conditions such as pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or other disorders affecting the pancreas.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is a international fellowship of individuals who have had a drinking problem and wish to do something about it. AA is nonprofessional, self-supporting, multiracial, apolitical, and available almost everywhere. There are no age or education requirements, and membership is open to anyone who wants to do something about their drinking problem.

AA's primary purpose is to help alcoholics stop drinking, though the organization also aims to inspire personal growth and improve the quality of life for its members. AA's program of recovery is based on the Twelve Steps, a set of principles that, when practiced as a way of life, can expel the obsession to drink and enable the sufferer to become happily and usefully whole.

The organization holds regular meetings where members share their experiences, strength, and hope to help one another recover from alcoholism. AA also offers sponsorship, where more experienced members work with newer members to guide them through the Twelve Step program.

It's important to note that while AA has helped many people achieve and maintain sobriety, it is not the only path to recovery from alcoholism. Other evidence-based treatments, such as medication-assisted treatment and behavioral therapy, are also effective for some individuals.

Trypsinogen is a precursor protein that is converted into the enzyme trypsin in the small intestine. It is produced by the pancreas and released into the duodenum, where it is activated by enterokinase, an enzyme produced by the intestinal mucosa. Trypsinogen plays a crucial role in digestion by helping to break down proteins into smaller peptides and individual amino acids.

In medical terms, an elevated level of trypsinogen in the blood may indicate pancreatic disease or injury, such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. Therefore, measuring trypsinogen levels in the blood is sometimes used as a diagnostic tool to help identify these conditions.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a medical procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the bile ducts and pancreas.

During ERCP, a flexible endoscope (a long, thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) is passed through the patient's mouth and throat, then through the stomach and into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A narrow plastic tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope and into the bile ducts and/or pancreatic duct. Contrast dye is injected through the catheter, and X-rays are taken to visualize the ducts.

ERCP can be used to diagnose a variety of conditions affecting the bile ducts and pancreas, including gallstones, tumors, strictures (narrowing of the ducts), and chronic pancreatitis. It can also be used to treat certain conditions, such as removing gallstones from the bile duct or placing stents to keep the ducts open in cases of stricture.

ERCP is an invasive procedure that carries a risk of complications, including pancreatitis, infection, bleeding, and perforation (a tear in the lining of the GI tract). It should only be performed by experienced medical professionals in a hospital setting.

Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is a type of cardiomyopathy (a disease of the heart muscle) that is caused by excessive alcohol consumption. The condition is characterized by the progressive weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle, which can lead to heart failure. Over time, alcoholic cardiomyopathy can cause the heart to become weakened and unable to pump blood efficiently throughout the body. This can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, irregular heartbeat, and fluid retention.

The exact mechanism by which alcohol causes cardiomyopathy is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a combination of factors, including direct toxic effects of alcohol on the heart muscle, nutritional deficiencies, and genetic predisposition. Treatment for alcoholic cardiomyopathy typically involves lifestyle changes such as abstaining from alcohol, as well as medications to manage symptoms and improve heart function. In severe cases, hospitalization or surgery may be necessary.

The pancreatic ducts are a set of tubular structures within the pancreas that play a crucial role in the digestive system. The main pancreatic duct, also known as the duct of Wirsung, is responsible for transporting pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid from the pancreas to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine.

The exocrine portion of the pancreas contains numerous smaller ducts called interlobular ducts and intralobular ducts that merge and ultimately join the main pancreatic duct. This system ensures that the digestive enzymes and fluids produced by the pancreas are effectively delivered to the small intestine, where they aid in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food.

In addition to the main pancreatic duct, there is an accessory pancreatic duct, also known as Santorini's duct, which can sometimes join the common bile duct before emptying into the duodenum through a shared opening called the ampulla of Vater. However, in most individuals, the accessory pancreatic duct usually drains into the main pancreatic duct before entering the duodenum.

A pancreatic pseudocyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the abdomen, usually as a result of pancreatitis or trauma to the pancreas. It is composed of cells and tissues from the pancreas, along with enzymes, debris, and fluids. Unlike true cysts, pseudocysts do not have an epithelial lining. They can vary in size and may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or fever. In some cases, they may resolve on their own, but larger or symptomatic pseudocysts may require medical intervention, such as drainage or surgery.

Pancreatic diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the structure and function of the pancreas, a vital organ located in the abdomen. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function, which involves the production of digestive enzymes that help break down food in the small intestine, and an endocrine function, which involves the production of hormones such as insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels.

Pancreatic diseases can be broadly classified into two categories: inflammatory and non-inflammatory. Inflammatory pancreatic diseases include conditions such as acute pancreatitis, which is characterized by sudden inflammation of the pancreas, and chronic pancreatitis, which is a long-term inflammation that can lead to scarring and loss of function.

Non-inflammatory pancreatic diseases include conditions such as pancreatic cancer, which is a malignant tumor that can arise from the cells of the pancreas, and benign tumors such as cysts or adenomas. Other non-inflammatory conditions include pancreatic insufficiency, which can occur when the pancreas does not produce enough digestive enzymes, and diabetes mellitus, which can result from impaired insulin production or action.

Overall, pancreatic diseases can have serious consequences on a person's health and quality of life, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for optimal outcomes.

Ethanol is the medical term for pure alcohol, which is a colorless, clear, volatile, flammable liquid with a characteristic odor and burning taste. It is the type of alcohol that is found in alcoholic beverages and is produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts.

In the medical field, ethanol is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant, and it is also used as a solvent for various medicinal preparations. It has central nervous system depressant properties and is sometimes used as a sedative or to induce sleep. However, excessive consumption of ethanol can lead to alcohol intoxication, which can cause a range of negative health effects, including impaired judgment, coordination, and memory, as well as an increased risk of accidents, injuries, and chronic diseases such as liver disease and addiction.

In the context of medicine and health, "temperance" refers to moderation or self-restraint in the consumption of potentially harmful substances, particularly alcohol. It promotes a balanced lifestyle that avoids excessive habits, such as overeating, substance abuse, or any other activities that could negatively impact one's health.

However, it is important to note that "temperance" itself is not a medical term per se but has been used in various historical and social contexts related to health promotion and disease prevention.

Alcoholic neuropathy is a type of nerve damage that occurs due to excessive alcohol consumption. It's caused by the toxic effects of alcohol and its byproducts on nerves throughout the body, particularly in the peripheral nervous system. The condition typically develops over time, with symptoms becoming more severe as alcohol abuse continues.

The symptoms of alcoholic neuropathy can vary widely depending on which nerves are affected. However, common symptoms include:

1. Numbness or tingling in the arms and legs
2. Muscle weakness and cramps
3. Loss of reflexes
4. Difficulty with balance and coordination
5. Pain or burning sensations in the extremities
6. Heat intolerance
7. Bladder and bowel dysfunction
8. Sexual dysfunction

Treatment for alcoholic neuropathy typically involves addressing the underlying alcohol abuse, as well as managing symptoms with medications and physical therapy. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and manage complications. It's important to note that abstaining from alcohol is the only way to prevent further nerve damage and improve symptoms over time.

Alcoholic psychosis is a term used to describe a group of psychiatric disorders that are directly related to alcohol abuse or withdrawal. The two most common types of alcoholic psychosis are Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff's syndrome, which often occur together and are referred to as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Wernicke's encephalopathy is a acute neurological disorder characterized by confusion, memory loss, difficulty with muscle coordination, and abnormal eye movements. It is caused by a thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency that is often seen in people who are chronic alcoholics.

Korsakoff's syndrome, on the other hand, is a chronic memory disorder characterized by severe memory loss and confusion. People with Korsakoff's syndrome often have difficulty learning new information and may confabulate, or make up information, to fill in gaps in their memory.

Both Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff's syndrome are serious conditions that require immediate medical attention. Treatment typically involves administering thiamine and other vitamins, as well as providing supportive care to help manage symptoms. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

It is important to note that alcohol abuse can also lead to other types of psychosis, such as delirium tremens (DTs), which is a severe form of alcohol withdrawal that can cause confusion, hallucinations, and seizures. If you or someone you know is struggling with alcohol abuse, it is important to seek professional help as soon as possible.

Lipase is an enzyme that is produced by the pancreas and found in the digestive system of most organisms. Its primary function is to catalyze the hydrolysis of fats (triglycerides) into smaller molecules, such as fatty acids and glycerol, which can then be absorbed by the intestines and utilized for energy or stored for later use.

In medical terms, lipase levels in the blood are often measured to diagnose or monitor conditions that affect the pancreas, such as pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), pancreatic cancer, or cystic fibrosis. Elevated lipase levels may indicate damage to the pancreas and its ability to produce digestive enzymes.

Pancreatic function tests are a group of medical tests that are used to assess the functionality and health of the pancreas. The pancreas is a vital organ located in the abdomen, which has two main functions: an exocrine function, where it releases digestive enzymes into the small intestine to help break down food; and an endocrine function, where it produces hormones such as insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels.

Pancreatic function tests typically involve measuring the levels of digestive enzymes in the blood or stool, or assessing the body's ability to digest and absorb certain nutrients. Some common pancreatic function tests include:

1. Serum amylase and lipase tests: These tests measure the levels of digestive enzymes called amylase and lipase in the blood. Elevated levels of these enzymes may indicate pancreatitis or other conditions affecting the pancreas.
2. Fecal elastase test: This test measures the level of elastase, an enzyme produced by the pancreas, in a stool sample. Low levels of elastase may indicate exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), a condition where the pancreas is not producing enough digestive enzymes.
3. Secretin stimulation test: This test involves administering a medication called secretin, which stimulates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes. The levels of these enzymes are then measured in the blood or duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).
4. Fat absorption tests: These tests involve measuring the amount of fat that is absorbed from a meal. High levels of fat in the stool may indicate EPI.
5. Glucose tolerance test: This test involves measuring blood sugar levels after consuming a sugary drink. Low levels of insulin or high levels of glucose may indicate diabetes or other endocrine disorders affecting the pancreas.

Overall, pancreatic function tests are important tools for diagnosing and monitoring conditions that affect the pancreas, such as pancreatitis, EPI, and diabetes.

The exocrine portion of the pancreas refers to the part that releases digestive enzymes into the duodenum, which is the first section of the small intestine. These enzymes help in the breakdown of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in food, enabling their absorption and utilization by the body.

The exocrine pancreas is made up of acinar cells that cluster together to form acini (singular: acinus), which are small sac-like structures. When stimulated by hormones such as secretin and cholecystokinin, these acinar cells release digestive enzymes like amylase, lipase, and trypsin into a network of ducts that ultimately merge into the main pancreatic duct. This duct then joins the common bile duct, which carries bile from the liver and gallbladder, before emptying into the duodenum.

It is important to note that the pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of the islets of Langerhans, which release hormones like insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream, regulating blood sugar levels.

Acinar cells are the type of exocrine gland cells that produce and release enzymes or other secretory products into a lumen or duct. These cells are most commonly found in the acini (plural of acinus) of the pancreas, where they produce digestive enzymes that are released into the small intestine to help break down food.

The acinar cells in the pancreas are arranged in clusters called acini, which are surrounded by a network of ducts that transport the secreted enzymes to the duodenum. Each acinus contains a central lumen, into which the digestive enzymes are released by the acinar cells.

Acinar cells have a distinctive morphology, with a large, centrally located nucleus and abundant cytoplasm that contains numerous secretory granules. These granules contain the enzymes that are synthesized and stored within the acinar cells until they are released in response to hormonal or neural signals.

In addition to their role in digestion, acinar cells can also be found in other exocrine glands, such as the salivary glands, where they produce and release enzymes that help to break down food in the mouth.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder is not listed as a separate disorder in the current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental conditions. However, it was previously included in earlier editions as a subtype of Amnestic Disorder due to the effects of substance use or exposure to toxins.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder is characterized by significant memory impairment that is directly caused by alcohol consumption. This disorder can result in anterograde amnesia, which is the inability to form new memories after drinking, and/or retrograde amnesia, which involves forgetting previously learned information or personal experiences.

The diagnosis of Alcohol Amnestic Disorder typically requires a comprehensive medical and neuropsychological evaluation to determine the extent and nature of memory impairment, as well as to rule out other potential causes for cognitive decline. Treatment usually involves a combination of abstinence from alcohol, pharmacotherapy, and psychosocial interventions to address substance use disorder and any co-occurring mental health conditions.

'Alcohol drinking' refers to the consumption of alcoholic beverages, which contain ethanol (ethyl alcohol) as the active ingredient. Ethanol is a central nervous system depressant that can cause euphoria, disinhibition, and sedation when consumed in small to moderate amounts. However, excessive drinking can lead to alcohol intoxication, with symptoms ranging from slurred speech and impaired coordination to coma and death.

Alcohol is metabolized in the liver by enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). The breakdown of ethanol produces acetaldehyde, a toxic compound that can cause damage to various organs in the body. Chronic alcohol drinking can lead to a range of health problems, including liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, and increased risk of cancer.

Moderate drinking is generally defined as up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men, where a standard drink contains about 14 grams (0.6 ounces) of pure alcohol. However, it's important to note that there are no safe levels of alcohol consumption, and any level of drinking carries some risk to health.

Hyperamylasemia is a medical condition characterized by an elevated level of amylase in the blood. Amylase is an enzyme that is primarily produced by the pancreas and salivary glands, and it plays a crucial role in digesting carbohydrates.

Normally, the levels of amylase in the blood are relatively low, but when there is damage to the pancreas or salivary glands, such as in cases of pancreatitis, salivary gland inflammation, or blockage, the levels of amylase can rise significantly. This condition is called hyperamylasemia.

Mild elevations in amylase levels may not cause any symptoms and may be discovered only during routine blood tests. However, more significant elevations can indicate a serious underlying medical condition that requires prompt treatment. Symptoms of hyperamylasemia may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and rapid heartbeat.

It is important to note that hyperamylasemia can also be caused by non-pancreatic conditions such as macroamylasemia, a benign condition where large amylase-containing protein complexes are formed and circulate in the bloodstream, leading to elevated amylase levels. Therefore, it is essential to perform further diagnostic tests to determine the underlying cause of hyperamylasemia.

Gallstones are small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder, a small organ located under the liver. They can range in size from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. Gallstones can be made of cholesterol, bile pigments, or calcium salts, or a combination of these substances.

There are two main types of gallstones: cholesterol stones and pigment stones. Cholesterol stones are the most common type and are usually yellow-green in color. They form when there is too much cholesterol in the bile, which causes it to become saturated and form crystals that eventually grow into stones. Pigment stones are smaller and darker in color, ranging from brown to black. They form when there is an excess of bilirubin, a waste product produced by the breakdown of red blood cells, in the bile.

Gallstones can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating, especially after eating fatty foods. In some cases, gallstones can lead to serious complications, such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), infection, or blockage of the bile ducts, which can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes.

The exact cause of gallstones is not fully understood, but risk factors include being female, older age, obesity, a family history of gallstones, rapid weight loss, diabetes, and certain medical conditions such as cirrhosis or sickle cell anemia. Treatment for gallstones may involve medication to dissolve the stones, shock wave therapy to break them up, or surgery to remove the gallbladder.

Pancreatic juice is an alkaline fluid secreted by the exocrine component of the pancreas, primarily containing digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and trypsin. These enzymes aid in the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, respectively, in the small intestine during the digestion process. The bicarbonate ions present in pancreatic juice help neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the duodenum from the stomach, creating an optimal environment for enzymatic activity.

Beer is a fermented alcoholic beverage typically made from malted barley, hops, water, and yeast. The brewing process involves steeping the malt in water to create a sugary solution called wort, which is then boiled with hops for flavor and preservation. After cooling, the wort is fermented with yeast, which converts the sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. There are many varieties of beer, including ales, lagers, stouts, and porters, that differ in their ingredients, brewing methods, and flavor profiles. The alcohol content of beer generally ranges from 3% to 12% ABV (alcohol by volume).

Wernicke Encephalopathy is a neuropsychiatric disorder that is caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1). It is characterized by a classic triad of symptoms: confusion, oculomotor dysfunction (such as nystagmus and ophthalmoplegia), and gait ataxia. Other symptoms can include memory loss, apathy, and hypothermia.

Wernicke Encephalopathy is most commonly seen in alcoholics due to poor nutrition, but it can also occur in people with conditions that cause malabsorption or increased thiamine requirements, such as AIDS, cancer, and chronic diarrhea. Immediate treatment with thiamine replacement therapy is necessary to prevent progression of the disease and potential permanent neurological damage. If left untreated, Wernicke Encephalopathy can lead to Korsakoff's syndrome, a chronic memory disorder.

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the bile ducts and pancreatic duct. This diagnostic test does not use radiation like other imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) scans or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

During an MRCP, the patient lies on a table that slides into the MRI machine. Contrast agents may be used to enhance the visibility of the ducts. The MRI machine uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the internal structures, allowing radiologists to assess any abnormalities or blockages in the bile and pancreatic ducts.

MRCP is often used to diagnose conditions such as gallstones, tumors, inflammation, or strictures in the bile or pancreatic ducts. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions. However, it does not allow for therapeutic interventions like ERCP, which can remove stones or place stents.

Pancreatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the pancreas that can be benign or malignant. The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach that produces hormones and digestive enzymes. Pancreatic neoplasms can interfere with the normal functioning of the pancreas, leading to various health complications.

Benign pancreatic neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body. They are usually removed through surgery to prevent any potential complications, such as blocking the bile duct or causing pain.

Malignant pancreatic neoplasms, also known as pancreatic cancer, are cancerous growths that can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and organs. They can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, or bones. Pancreatic cancer is often aggressive and difficult to treat, with a poor prognosis.

There are several types of pancreatic neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, and cystic neoplasms. The specific type of neoplasm is determined through various diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies, biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Endoscopic sphincterotomy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope (a flexible tube with a light and camera) to cut the papilla of Vater, which contains the sphincter of Oddi muscle. This procedure is typically performed to treat gallstones or to manage other conditions related to the bile ducts or pancreatic ducts.

The sphincterotomy helps to widen the opening of the papilla, allowing stones or other obstructions to pass through more easily. It may also be used to relieve pressure and pain caused by spasms of the sphincter of Oddi muscle. The procedure is usually done under sedation or anesthesia and carries a risk of complications such as bleeding, infection, perforation, and pancreatitis.

Taurocholic acid is a bile salt, which is a type of organic compound that plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. It is formed in the liver by conjugation of cholic acid with taurine, an amino sulfonic acid.

Taurocholic acid has a detergent-like effect on the lipids in our food, helping to break them down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed through the intestinal wall and transported to other parts of the body for energy production or storage. It also helps to maintain the flow of bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine, where it is stored until needed for digestion.

Abnormal levels of taurocholic acid in the body have been linked to various health conditions, including gallstones, liver disease, and gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, it is important to maintain a healthy balance of bile salts, including taurocholic acid, for optimal digestive function.

Abdominal pain is defined as discomfort or painful sensation in the abdomen. The abdomen is the region of the body between the chest and the pelvis, and contains many important organs such as the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. Abdominal pain can vary in intensity from mild to severe, and can be acute or chronic depending on the underlying cause.

Abdominal pain can have many different causes, ranging from benign conditions such as gastritis, indigestion, or constipation, to more serious conditions such as appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, or abdominal aortic aneurysm. The location, quality, and duration of the pain can provide important clues about its cause. For example, sharp, localized pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen may indicate appendicitis, while crampy, diffuse pain in the lower abdomen may suggest irritable bowel syndrome.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience severe or persistent abdominal pain, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, vomiting, or bloody stools. A thorough physical examination, including a careful history and a focused abdominal exam, can help diagnose the underlying cause of the pain and guide appropriate treatment.

Cholelithiasis is a medical term that refers to the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver that stores bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. Gallstones are hardened deposits that can form in the gallbladder when substances in the bile, such as cholesterol or bilirubin, crystallize.

Gallstones can vary in size and may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball. Some people with gallstones may not experience any symptoms, while others may have severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) if the gallstones block the bile ducts.

Cholelithiasis is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly women over the age of 40 and those with certain medical conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and rapid weight loss. If left untreated, gallstones can lead to serious complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), infection, or pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). Treatment options for cholelithiasis include medication, shock wave lithotripsy (breaking up the gallstones with sound waves), and surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy).

A pancreatectomy is a surgical procedure in which all or part of the pancreas is removed. There are several types of pancreatectomies, including:

* **Total pancreatectomy:** Removal of the entire pancreas, as well as the spleen and nearby lymph nodes. This type of pancreatectomy is usually done for patients with cancer that has spread throughout the pancreas or for those who have had multiple surgeries to remove pancreatic tumors.
* **Distal pancreatectomy:** Removal of the body and tail of the pancreas, as well as nearby lymph nodes. This type of pancreatectomy is often done for patients with tumors in the body or tail of the pancreas.
* **Partial (or segmental) pancreatectomy:** Removal of a portion of the head or body of the pancreas, as well as nearby lymph nodes. This type of pancreatectomy is often done for patients with tumors in the head or body of the pancreas that can be removed without removing the entire organ.
* **Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD):** A type of surgery used to treat tumors in the head of the pancreas, as well as other conditions such as chronic pancreatitis. In this procedure, the head of the pancreas, duodenum, gallbladder, and bile duct are removed, but the stomach and lower portion of the esophagus (pylorus) are left in place.

After a pancreatectomy, patients may experience problems with digestion and blood sugar regulation, as the pancreas plays an important role in these functions. Patients may need to take enzyme supplements to help with digestion and may require insulin therapy to manage their blood sugar levels.

Biliary tract diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the biliary system, which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts, and liver. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine through the bile ducts to help digest fats.

Biliary tract diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, fever, nausea, vomiting, and changes in stool color. Some of the common biliary tract diseases include:

1. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts made up of cholesterol or bilirubin.
2. Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones.
3. Cholangitis: Infection or inflammation of the bile ducts.
4. Biliary dyskinesia: A motility disorder that affects the contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the biliary system.
5. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A chronic autoimmune disease that causes scarring and narrowing of the bile ducts.
6. Biliary tract cancer: Rare cancers that affect the gallbladder, bile ducts, or liver.

Treatment for biliary tract diseases varies depending on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, surgery, or a combination of both.

Gabexate is a medicinal drug that belongs to the class of agents known as serine protease inhibitors. It is used in the treatment and prevention of inflammation and damage to tissues caused by various surgical procedures, pancreatitis, and other conditions associated with the activation of proteolytic enzymes.

Gabexate works by inhibiting the activity of certain enzymes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and thrombin, which play a key role in the inflammatory response and blood clotting cascade. By doing so, it helps to reduce the release of inflammatory mediators, prevent further tissue damage, and promote healing.

Gabexate is available in various forms, including injectable solutions and enteric-coated tablets, and its use is typically reserved for clinical settings under the supervision of a healthcare professional. As with any medication, it should be used only under the direction of a qualified medical practitioner, and its potential benefits and risks should be carefully weighed against those of other available treatment options.

"Calculi" is a medical term that refers to abnormal concretions or hard masses formed within the body, usually in hollow organs or cavities. These masses are typically composed of minerals such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or magnesium ammonium phosphate, and can vary in size from tiny granules to large stones. The plural form of the Latin word "calculus" (meaning "pebble"), calculi are commonly known as "stones." They can occur in various locations within the body, including the kidneys, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and prostate gland. The presence of calculi can cause a range of symptoms, such as pain, obstruction, infection, or inflammation, depending on their size, location, and composition.

Pancreaticojejunostomy is a surgical procedure that involves connecting the pancreas to a portion of the small intestine called the jejunum. This connection is typically created after the head of the pancreas has been removed, as in the case of a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple") procedure. The purpose of this anastomosis is to allow digestive enzymes from the pancreas to flow into the small intestine, where they can aid in the digestion of food.

The connection between the pancreas and jejunum can be created using several different techniques, including a hand-sewn anastomosis or a stapled anastomosis. The choice of technique may depend on various factors, such as the patient's individual anatomy, the surgeon's preference, and the reason for the surgery.

Pancreaticojejunostomy is a complex surgical procedure that requires significant skill and expertise to perform. It carries risks such as leakage of pancreatic enzymes into the abdominal cavity, which can lead to serious complications such as infection, bleeding, or even organ failure. As such, it is typically performed by experienced surgeons in specialized medical centers.

'Wine' is not typically defined in medical terms, but it is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of grape juice. It contains ethanol and can have varying levels of other compounds depending on the type of grape used, the region where it was produced, and the method of fermentation.

In a medical context, wine might be referred to in terms of its potential health effects, which can vary. Moderate consumption of wine, particularly red wine, has been associated with certain health benefits, such as improved cardiovascular health. However, heavy or excessive drinking can lead to numerous health problems, including addiction, liver disease, heart disease, and an increased risk of various types of cancer.

It's important to note that while moderate consumption may have some health benefits, the potential risks of alcohol consumption generally outweigh the benefits for many people. Therefore, it's recommended that individuals who do not currently drink alcohol should not start drinking for health benefits. Those who choose to drink should do so in moderation, defined as up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men.

Drainage, in medical terms, refers to the removal of excess fluid or accumulated collections of fluids from various body parts or spaces. This is typically accomplished through the use of medical devices such as catheters, tubes, or drains. The purpose of drainage can be to prevent the buildup of fluids that may cause discomfort, infection, or other complications, or to treat existing collections of fluid such as abscesses, hematomas, or pleural effusions. Drainage may also be used as a diagnostic tool to analyze the type and composition of the fluid being removed.

Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are adult, tissue-specific mesenchymal cells that are found in the exocrine portion of the pancreas. They are star-shaped and are located in the periacinar area, where they normally remain quiescent. However, in response to injury or inflammation, such as in chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer, PSCs become activated and transform into a myofibroblast-like phenotype.

Activated PSCs play a key role in the pathogenesis of pancreatic fibrosis, which is characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as collagen and fibronectin. This process can lead to the destruction of the normal pancreatic architecture and function. Activated PSCs also produce various growth factors and cytokines that promote the growth and survival of pancreatic cancer cells, contributing to the aggressive behavior of this disease.

Overall, PSCs play a critical role in the development and progression of pancreatic diseases, making them an important target for therapeutic intervention.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Alcoholic intoxication, also known as alcohol poisoning, is a condition that occurs when a person consumes a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time. This can lead to an increase in the concentration of alcohol in the blood, which can affect the normal functioning of the body's organs and systems.

The symptoms of alcoholic intoxication can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but they may include:

* Confusion or disorientation
* Slurred speech
* Poor coordination
* Staggering or difficulty walking
* Vomiting
* Seizures
* Slow or irregular breathing
* Low body temperature (hypothermia)
* Pale or blue-tinged skin
* Unconsciousness or coma

Alcoholic intoxication can be a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment. If you suspect that someone has alcohol poisoning, it is important to seek medical help right away. Treatment may include supportive care, such as providing fluids and oxygen, and monitoring the person's vital signs. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

It is important to note that alcoholic intoxication can occur even at relatively low levels of alcohol consumption, especially in people who are not used to drinking or who have certain medical conditions. It is always best to drink in moderation and to be aware of the potential risks associated with alcohol consumption.

Alcohol withdrawal delirium, also known as delirium tremens (DTs), is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication that can occur in people who are dependent on alcohol and suddenly stop or significantly reduce their consumption. It is a form of alcohol withdrawal syndrome that is characterized by the sudden onset of severe confusion, agitation, hallucinations, tremors, and autonomic hyperactivity.

The diagnostic criteria for alcohol withdrawal delirium, as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), include:

1. Disturbance in consciousness (i.e., reduced clarity of awareness of the environment) with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention.
2. A change in cognition (such as memory deficit, disorientation, or language disturbance) or the development of a perceptual disturbance that is not better explained by another medical condition or substance use disorder.
3. The disturbance develops over a short period of time (usually hours to a few days) and tends to fluctuate throughout the day.
4. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the symptoms are caused by alcohol withdrawal.
5. The symptoms cannot be better explained by another medical condition, medication use, or substance intoxication or withdrawal.

Alcohol withdrawal delirium is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment in a hospital setting. Treatment typically involves the use of medications to manage symptoms, such as benzodiazepines to reduce agitation and prevent seizures, and antipsychotic medications to treat hallucinations and delusions. Supportive care, such as fluid and electrolyte replacement, may also be necessary to prevent dehydration and other complications.

Necrosis is the premature death of cells or tissues due to damage or injury, such as from infection, trauma, infarction (lack of blood supply), or toxic substances. It's a pathological process that results in the uncontrolled and passive degradation of cellular components, ultimately leading to the release of intracellular contents into the extracellular space. This can cause local inflammation and may lead to further tissue damage if not treated promptly.

There are different types of necrosis, including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid, and gangrenous necrosis, each with distinct histological features depending on the underlying cause and the affected tissues or organs.

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the immune system, which normally protects the body from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues. This results in inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues in the body.

In autoimmune diseases, the body produces autoantibodies that target its own proteins or cell receptors, leading to their destruction or malfunction. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development.

There are over 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific autoimmune disease and the organs or tissues affected. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and suppressing the immune system to prevent further damage.

Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants are a class of drugs that slow down the activity of the CNS, leading to decreased arousal and decreased level of consciousness. They work by increasing the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which results in sedation, relaxation, reduced anxiety, and in some cases, respiratory depression.

Examples of CNS depressants include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, and certain types of pain medications such as opioids. These drugs are often used medically to treat conditions such as anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and chronic pain, but they can also be misused or abused for their sedative effects.

It is important to use CNS depressants only under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as they can have serious side effects, including addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. Overdose of CNS depressants can lead to coma, respiratory failure, and even death.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Endosonography, also known as endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), is a medical procedure that combines endoscopy and ultrasound to obtain detailed images and information about the digestive tract and surrounding organs. An endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip, is inserted through the mouth or rectum to reach the area of interest. A high-frequency ultrasound transducer at the tip of the endoscope generates sound waves that bounce off body tissues and create echoes, which are then translated into detailed images by a computer.

Endosonography allows doctors to visualize structures such as the esophageal, stomach, and intestinal walls, lymph nodes, blood vessels, and organs like the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. It can help diagnose conditions such as tumors, inflammation, and infections, and it can also be used to guide biopsies or fine-needle aspirations of suspicious lesions.

Overall, endosonography is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of various gastrointestinal and related disorders.

Acetaldehyde is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid with a pungent odor. It is the simplest aldehyde, with the formula CH3CHO. Acetaldehyde is an important intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol and is produced by the oxidation of ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase. It is also a naturally occurring compound that is found in small amounts in various foods and beverages, such as fruits, vegetables, and coffee.

Acetaldehyde is a toxic substance that can cause a range of adverse health effects, including irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, nausea, vomiting, and headaches. It has been classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Long-term exposure to acetaldehyde has been linked to an increased risk of certain types of cancer, including cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, and liver.

Multiple Organ Failure (MOF) is a severe condition characterized by the dysfunction or failure of more than one organ system in the body. It often occurs as a result of serious illness, trauma, or infection, such as sepsis. The organs that commonly fail include the lungs, kidneys, liver, and heart. This condition can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

The definition of MOF has evolved over time, but a widely accepted one is the "Sequential Organ Failure Assessment" (SOFA) score, which evaluates six organ systems: respiratory, coagulation, liver, cardiovascular, renal, and neurologic. A SOFA score of 10 or more indicates MOF, and a higher score is associated with worse outcomes.

MOF can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary MOF occurs when the initial insult directly causes organ dysfunction, such as in severe trauma or septic shock. Secondary MOF occurs when the initial injury or illness has been controlled, but organ dysfunction develops later due to ongoing inflammation and other factors.

Early recognition and aggressive management of MOF are crucial for improving outcomes. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation, dialysis, and medication to support cardiovascular function. In some cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to address the underlying cause of organ dysfunction.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Cholecystectomy is a medical procedure to remove the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located on the right side of the abdomen, just beneath the liver. The primary function of the gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. During a cholecystectomy, the surgeon removes the gallbladder, usually due to the presence of gallstones or inflammation that can cause pain, infection, or other complications.

There are two primary methods for performing a cholecystectomy:

1. Open Cholecystectomy: In this traditional surgical approach, the surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen to access and remove the gallbladder. This method is typically used when there are complications or unique circumstances that make laparoscopic surgery difficult or risky.
2. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: This is a minimally invasive surgical procedure where the surgeon makes several small incisions in the abdomen, through which a thin tube with a camera (laparoscope) and specialized surgical instruments are inserted. The surgeon then guides these tools to remove the gallbladder while viewing the internal structures on a video monitor.

After the gallbladder is removed, bile flows directly from the liver into the small intestine through the common bile duct, and the body continues to function normally without any significant issues.

Trypsin is a proteolytic enzyme, specifically a serine protease, that is secreted by the pancreas as an inactive precursor, trypsinogen. Trypsinogen is converted into its active form, trypsin, in the small intestine by enterokinase, which is produced by the intestinal mucosa.

Trypsin plays a crucial role in digestion by cleaving proteins into smaller peptides at specific arginine and lysine residues. This enzyme helps to break down dietary proteins into amino acids, allowing for their absorption and utilization by the body. Additionally, trypsin can activate other zymogenic pancreatic enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases, thereby contributing to overall protein digestion.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Trypsin Inhibitor, Kazal Pancreatic is a type of protein that is produced in the pancreas and functions as an inhibitor to trypsin, which is a proteolytic enzyme involved in digestion. Specifically, this inhibitor belongs to the Kazal-type serine protease inhibitors. It helps regulate the activity of trypsin within the pancreas, preventing premature activation and potential damage to pancreatic tissue. Any imbalance or deficiency in this inhibitor can lead to pancreatic diseases such as pancreatitis.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Cholagogues and choleretics are terms used to describe medications or substances that affect bile secretion and flow in the body. Here is a medical definition for each:

1. Cholagogue: A substance that promotes the discharge of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum, often by stimulating the contraction of the gallbladder muscle. This helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. Examples include chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, and some herbal remedies like dandelion root and milk thistle.
2. Choleretic: A substance that increases the production of bile by the liver or its flow through the biliary system. This can help with the digestion of fats and the elimination of waste products from the body. Examples include certain medications like ursodeoxycholic acid, as well as natural substances such as lemon juice, artichoke extract, and turmeric.

It is important to note that while cholagogues and choleretics can aid in digestion, they should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as improper use or overuse may lead to complications like diarrhea or gallstone formation.

Liver diseases refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the normal functioning of the liver. The liver is a vital organ responsible for various critical functions such as detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion.

Liver diseases can be categorized into acute and chronic forms. Acute liver disease comes on rapidly and can be caused by factors like viral infections (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E), drug-induced liver injury, or exposure to toxic substances. Chronic liver disease develops slowly over time, often due to long-term exposure to harmful agents or inherent disorders of the liver.

Common examples of liver diseases include hepatitis, cirrhosis (scarring of the liver tissue), fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune liver diseases, genetic/hereditary liver disorders (like Wilson's disease and hemochromatosis), and liver cancers. Symptoms may vary widely depending on the type and stage of the disease but could include jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and weight loss.

Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent progression and potential complications associated with liver diseases.

The common bile duct is a duct that results from the union of the cystic duct (which drains bile from the gallbladder) and the common hepatic duct (which drains bile from the liver). The common bile duct transports bile, a digestive enzyme, from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine.

The common bile duct runs through the head of the pancreas before emptying into the second part of the duodenum, either alone or in conjunction with the pancreatic duct, via a small opening called the ampulla of Vater. The common bile duct plays a crucial role in the digestion of fats by helping to break them down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) is a condition characterized by abnormalities in the functioning of the Sphincter of Oddi, which is a muscular valve that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice from the pancreas and gallbladder into the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).

In SOD, the sphincter may either fail to relax properly or become overactive, leading to a variety of symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, and elevated liver enzymes. The condition can be classified into two types: Type I, which is associated with elevated liver enzymes and/or pancreatic enzymes, and Type II, which is characterized by abdominal pain without biochemical abnormalities.

The diagnosis of SOD typically involves a series of tests such as manometry (measuring the pressure inside the sphincter), endoscopic ultrasound, or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) to visualize the anatomy and function of the sphincter. Treatment options may include medications to relax the sphincter, endoscopic therapy to cut or stretch the muscle, or surgery in severe cases.

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a condition characterized by the reduced ability to digest and absorb nutrients due to a lack of digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine glands in the pancreas. These enzymes, including lipases, amylases, and proteases, are necessary for breaking down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in food during the digestion process.

When EPI occurs, undigested food passes through the gastrointestinal tract, leading to malabsorption of nutrients, which can result in various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, weight loss, and steatorrhea (fatty stools). EPI is often associated with chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic cancer, or other conditions that damage the exocrine glands in the pancreas.

EPI can be diagnosed through various tests, including fecal elastase testing, fecal fat quantification, and imaging studies to assess the structure and function of the pancreas. Treatment typically involves replacing the missing enzymes with oral supplements taken with meals and snacks to improve digestion and absorption of nutrients. In addition, dietary modifications and management of underlying conditions are essential for optimal outcomes.

Pancreatic alpha-amylases are a type of enzyme that is produced and secreted by the exocrine cells (acinar cells) of the pancreas. These enzymes play an essential role in digesting carbohydrates, particularly starches and glycogen, which are complex forms of carbohydrates found in various foods like grains, potatoes, and legumes.

Alpha-amylases break down these complex carbohydrates into smaller, simpler sugars, such as maltose, maltotriose, and glucose, allowing for their absorption and utilization by the body. The pancreatic alpha-amylases are released into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, along with other digestive enzymes during the process of digestion.

In addition to pancreatic alpha-amylases, salivary glands also produce a form of amylase called salivary alpha-amylase, which initiates the breakdown of starches in the mouth through mastication (chewing). However, the majority of carbohydrate digestion occurs in the small intestine with the help of pancreatic alpha-amylases and other enzymes produced by the intestinal lining.

Edema is the medical term for swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in the body tissues. It can affect any part of the body, but it's most commonly noticed in the hands, feet, ankles, and legs. Edema can be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, such as heart failure, kidney disease, liver disease, or venous insufficiency.

The swelling occurs when the capillaries leak fluid into the surrounding tissues, causing them to become swollen and puffy. The excess fluid can also collect in the cavities of the body, leading to conditions such as pleural effusion (fluid around the lungs) or ascites (fluid in the abdominal cavity).

The severity of edema can vary from mild to severe, and it may be accompanied by other symptoms such as skin discoloration, stiffness, and pain. Treatment for edema depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or medical procedures.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

Duodenal obstruction is a medical condition characterized by the blockage or impediment of the normal flow of contents through the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. This blockage can be partial or complete and can be caused by various factors such as:

1. Congenital abnormalities: Duodenal atresia or stenosis, where there is a congenital absence or narrowing of a portion of the duodenum.
2. Inflammatory conditions: Duodenitis, Crohn's disease, or tumors that cause swelling and inflammation in the duodenum.
3. Mechanical obstructions: Gallstones, tumors, strictures, or adhesions (scar tissue) from previous surgeries can physically block the duodenum.
4. Neuromuscular disorders: Conditions like progressive systemic sclerosis or amyloidosis that affect the neuromuscular function of the intestines can lead to duodenal obstruction.

Symptoms of duodenal obstruction may include nausea, vomiting (often with bilious or fecal matter), abdominal pain, distention, and decreased bowel movements. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or upper gastrointestinal series to visualize the blockage. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve surgery, endoscopic procedures, or medications to manage symptoms and address the obstruction.

A pancreatic cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the pancreas, a gland located behind the stomach that produces enzymes to help with digestion and hormones to regulate blood sugar levels. Pancreatic cysts can be classified into several types, including congenital (present at birth), retention (formed due to blockage of pancreatic ducts), and pseudocysts (formed as a result of injury or inflammation).

While some pancreatic cysts may not cause any symptoms, others can lead to abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, or jaundice. Some cysts may also have the potential to become cancerous over time. Therefore, it is essential to monitor and evaluate pancreatic cysts through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and in some cases, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) may be necessary for further evaluation.

Treatment options for pancreatic cysts depend on the type, size, location, and symptoms of the cyst, as well as the patient's overall health condition. Some cysts may require surgical removal, while others can be managed with regular monitoring and follow-up care. It is essential to consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and management of pancreatic cysts.

Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 is a specific isoform of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system, which is involved in the metabolism of various xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This enzyme is primarily located in the liver and to some extent in other organs such as the lungs, brain, and kidneys.

CYP2E1 plays a significant role in the metabolic activation of several procarcinogens, including nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and certain solvents. It also contributes to the oxidation of various therapeutic drugs, such as acetaminophen, anesthetics, and anticonvulsants. Overexpression or induction of CYP2E1 has been linked to increased susceptibility to chemical-induced toxicity, carcinogenesis, and alcohol-related liver damage.

The activity of CYP2E1 can be influenced by various factors, including genetic polymorphisms, age, sex, smoking status, and exposure to certain chemicals or drugs. Understanding the regulation and function of this enzyme is crucial for predicting individual susceptibility to chemical-induced toxicities and diseases, as well as for optimizing drug therapy and minimizing adverse effects.

Clinical enzyme tests are laboratory tests that measure the amount or activity of certain enzymes in biological samples, such as blood or bodily fluids. These tests are used to help diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, including organ damage, infection, inflammation, and genetic disorders.

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body. Some enzymes are found primarily within specific organs or tissues, so elevated levels of these enzymes in the blood can indicate damage to those organs or tissues. For example, high levels of creatine kinase (CK) may suggest muscle damage, while increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) can indicate liver damage.

There are several types of clinical enzyme tests, including:

1. Serum enzyme tests: These measure the level of enzymes in the blood serum, which is the liquid portion of the blood after clotting. Examples include CK, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
2. Urine enzyme tests: These measure the level of enzymes in the urine. An example is N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), which can indicate kidney damage.
3. Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs): These use antibodies to detect and quantify specific enzymes or proteins in a sample. They are often used for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, such as HIV or hepatitis.
4. Genetic enzyme tests: These can identify genetic mutations that cause deficiencies in specific enzymes, leading to inherited metabolic disorders like phenylketonuria (PKU) or Gaucher's disease.

It is important to note that the interpretation of clinical enzyme test results should be done by a healthcare professional, taking into account the patient's medical history, symptoms, and other diagnostic tests.

The ampulla of Vater, also known as hepatopancreatic ampulla, is a dilated portion of the common bile duct where it joins the main pancreatic duct and empties into the second part of the duodenum. It serves as a conduit for both bile from the liver and digestive enzymes from the pancreas to reach the small intestine, facilitating the digestion and absorption of nutrients. The ampulla of Vater is surrounded by a muscular sphincter, the sphincter of Oddi, which controls the flow of these secretions into the duodenum.

Liver function tests (LFTs) are a group of blood tests that are used to assess the functioning and health of the liver. These tests measure the levels of various enzymes, proteins, and waste products that are produced or metabolized by the liver. Some common LFTs include:

1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found primarily in the liver, ALT is released into the bloodstream in response to liver cell damage. Elevated levels of ALT may indicate liver injury or disease.
2. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): Another enzyme found in various tissues, including the liver, heart, and muscles. Like ALT, AST is released into the bloodstream following tissue damage. High AST levels can be a sign of liver damage or other medical conditions.
3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): An enzyme found in several organs, including the liver, bile ducts, and bones. Elevated ALP levels may indicate a blockage in the bile ducts, liver disease, or bone disorders.
4. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): An enzyme found mainly in the liver, pancreas, and biliary system. Increased GGT levels can suggest liver disease, alcohol consumption, or the use of certain medications.
5. Bilirubin: A yellowish pigment produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. Bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through bile. High bilirubin levels can indicate liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, or certain types of anemia.
6. Albumin: A protein produced by the liver that helps maintain fluid balance in the body and transports various substances in the blood. Low albumin levels may suggest liver damage, malnutrition, or kidney disease.
7. Total protein: A measure of all proteins present in the blood, including albumin and other types of proteins produced by the liver. Decreased total protein levels can indicate liver dysfunction or other medical conditions.

These tests are often ordered together as part of a routine health checkup or when evaluating symptoms related to liver function or disease. The results should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical findings, medical history, and other diagnostic tests.

Secretin is a hormone that is produced and released by the S cells in the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. It is released in response to the presence of acidic chyme (partially digested food) entering the duodenum from the stomach. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate-rich alkaline secretions, which help neutralize the acidity of the chyme and create an optimal environment for enzymatic digestion in the small intestine.

Additionally, secretin also promotes the production of watery fluids from the liver, which aids in the digestion process. Overall, secretin plays a crucial role in maintaining the pH balance and facilitating proper nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

"APACHE" stands for "Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation." It is a system used to assess the severity of illness in critically ill patients and predict their risk of mortality. The APACHE score is calculated based on various physiological parameters, such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate, and laboratory values, as well as age and chronic health conditions.

There are different versions of the APACHE system, including APACHE II, III, and IV, each with its own set of variables and scoring system. The most commonly used version is APACHE II, which includes 12 physiological variables measured during the first 24 hours of ICU admission, as well as age and chronic health points.

The APACHE score is widely used in research and clinical settings to compare the severity of illness and outcomes between different patient populations, evaluate the effectiveness of treatments and interventions, and make informed decisions about resource allocation and triage.

Organotin compounds are a group of chemical compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and tin. They have the general formula RnSnX4-n, where R represents an organic group (such as a methyl or phenyl group), X represents a halogen or other substituent, and n can range from 1 to 3. These compounds are used in a variety of applications, including as biocides, PVC stabilizers, and catalysts. However, they have also been found to have toxic effects on the immune system, endocrine system, and nervous system, and some organotin compounds have been restricted or banned for use in certain products due to these concerns.

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by the replacement of normal liver tissue with scarred (fibrotic) tissue, leading to loss of function. The scarring is caused by long-term damage from various sources such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and other causes. As the disease advances, it can lead to complications like portal hypertension, fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), impaired brain function (hepatic encephalopathy), and increased risk of liver cancer. It is generally irreversible, but early detection and treatment of underlying causes may help slow down its progression.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Enteral nutrition refers to the delivery of nutrients to a person through a tube that is placed into the gastrointestinal tract, specifically into the stomach or small intestine. This type of nutrition is used when a person is unable to consume food or liquids by mouth due to various medical conditions such as swallowing difficulties, malabsorption, or gastrointestinal disorders.

Enteral nutrition can be provided through different types of feeding tubes, including nasogastric tubes, which are inserted through the nose and down into the stomach, and gastrostomy or jejunostomy tubes, which are placed directly into the stomach or small intestine through a surgical incision.

The nutrients provided through enteral nutrition may include commercially prepared formulas that contain a balance of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, or blenderized whole foods that are pureed and delivered through the feeding tube. The choice of formula or type of feed depends on the individual's nutritional needs, gastrointestinal function, and medical condition.

Enteral nutrition is a safe and effective way to provide nutrition support to people who are unable to meet their nutritional needs through oral intake alone. It can help prevent malnutrition, promote wound healing, improve immune function, and enhance overall health and quality of life.

Duodenal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. Here are some examples of duodenal diseases:

1. Duodenitis: This is inflammation of the duodenum, which can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating. Duodenitis can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or chronic inflammation due to conditions like Crohn's disease.
2. Peptic ulcers: These are sores that develop in the lining of the duodenum, usually as a result of infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or long-term use of NSAIDs. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, bloating, and heartburn.
3. Duodenal cancer: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the duodenum. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, weight loss, and blood in the stool.
4. Celiac disease: This is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the lining of the small intestine in response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. This can lead to inflammation and damage to the duodenum.
5. Duodenal diverticulosis: This is a condition in which small pouches form in the lining of the duodenum. While many people with duodenal diverticulosis do not experience symptoms, some may develop complications such as inflammation or infection.
6. Duodenal atresia: This is a congenital condition in which the duodenum does not form properly, leading to blockage of the intestine. This can cause symptoms such as vomiting and difficulty feeding in newborns.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that is produced in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) and in the brain. It is released into the bloodstream in response to food, particularly fatty foods, and plays several roles in the digestive process.

In the digestive system, CCK stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder, which releases bile into the small intestine to help digest fats. It also inhibits the release of acid from the stomach and slows down the movement of food through the intestines.

In the brain, CCK acts as a neurotransmitter and has been shown to have effects on appetite regulation, mood, and memory. It may play a role in the feeling of fullness or satiety after eating, and may also be involved in anxiety and panic disorders.

CCK is sometimes referred to as "gallbladder-stimulating hormone" or "pancreozymin," although these terms are less commonly used than "cholecystokinin."

Ascites is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the lining of the abdominal wall and the organs within it. This buildup of fluid can cause the belly to swell and become distended. Ascites can be caused by various medical conditions, including liver cirrhosis, cancer, heart failure, and kidney disease. The accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity can lead to complications such as infection, reduced mobility, and difficulty breathing. Treatment for ascites depends on the underlying cause and may include diuretics, paracentesis (a procedure to remove excess fluid from the abdomen), or treatment of the underlying medical condition.

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, immediately following the stomach. It is a C-shaped structure that is about 10-12 inches long and is responsible for continuing the digestion process that begins in the stomach. The duodenum receives partially digested food from the stomach through the pyloric valve and mixes it with digestive enzymes and bile produced by the pancreas and liver, respectively. These enzymes help break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules, allowing for efficient absorption in the remaining sections of the small intestine.

Cholangiography is a medical procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the bile ducts (the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine). This is typically done by injecting a contrast dye into the bile ducts through an endoscope or a catheter that has been inserted into the body.

There are several types of cholangiography, including:

* Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): This procedure involves inserting an endoscope through the mouth and down the throat into the small intestine. A dye is then injected into the bile ducts through a small tube that is passed through the endoscope.
* Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC): This procedure involves inserting a needle through the skin and into the liver to inject the contrast dye directly into the bile ducts.
* Operative cholangiography: This procedure is performed during surgery to examine the bile ducts for any abnormalities or blockages.

Cholangiography can help diagnose a variety of conditions that affect the bile ducts, such as gallstones, tumors, or inflammation. It can also be used to guide treatment decisions, such as whether surgery is necessary to remove a blockage.

A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.

It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Lithostathine is a protein that is primarily produced in the pancreas. It is a component of pancreatic stones or calculi, also known as pancreatic lithiasis. These stones can cause blockages in the pancreatic ducts, leading to inflammation (pancreatitis) and damage to the pancreas. Lithostathine is believed to play a role in the formation of these stones, although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. It's worth noting that the medical literature might use the term "lithostathine" or "pancreatic lithostathine" to refer to this protein.

Endoscopy of the digestive system, also known as gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, is a medical procedure that allows healthcare professionals to visually examine the inside lining of the digestive tract using a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it, called an endoscope. This procedure can help diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the digestive system, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cancer.

There are several types of endoscopy procedures that focus on different parts of the digestive tract:

1. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is often used to investigate symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain, or bleeding in the upper GI tract.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure explores the large intestine (colon) and rectum. It is commonly performed to screen for colon cancer, as well as to diagnose and treat conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulosis, or polyps.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: Similar to a colonoscopy, this procedure examines the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) and rectum. It is often used as a screening tool for colon cancer and to investigate symptoms like rectal bleeding or changes in bowel habits.
4. Upper GI endoscopy: This procedure focuses on the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, using a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it. It is used to diagnose and treat conditions such as GERD, ulcers, and difficulty swallowing.
5. Capsule endoscopy: This procedure involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera that captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through. It can help diagnose conditions in the small intestine that may be difficult to reach with traditional endoscopes.

Endoscopy is typically performed under sedation or anesthesia to ensure patient comfort during the procedure. The images captured by the endoscope are displayed on a monitor, allowing the healthcare provider to assess the condition of the digestive tract and make informed treatment decisions.

Peroxidase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction in which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is broken down into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). This enzymatic reaction also involves the oxidation of various organic and inorganic compounds, which can serve as electron donors.

Peroxidases are widely distributed in nature and can be found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They play important roles in various biological processes, such as defense against oxidative stress, breakdown of toxic substances, and participation in metabolic pathways.

The peroxidase-catalyzed reaction can be represented by the following chemical equation:

H2O2 + 2e- + 2H+ → 2H2O

In this reaction, hydrogen peroxide is reduced to water, and the electron donor is oxidized. The peroxidase enzyme facilitates the transfer of electrons between the substrate (hydrogen peroxide) and the electron donor, making the reaction more efficient and specific.

Peroxidases have various applications in medicine, industry, and research. For example, they can be used for diagnostic purposes, as biosensors, and in the treatment of wastewater and medical wastes. Additionally, peroxidases are involved in several pathological conditions, such as inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, making them potential targets for therapeutic interventions.

Alcohol abstinence is the deliberate choice to refrain from consuming alcoholic beverages. This can be a personal choice, or it may be recommended by a healthcare professional for individuals who have alcohol use disorder, are pregnant, have certain medical conditions, or are taking medications that interact negatively with alcohol. Abstinence is often an important part of treatment and recovery for people struggling with alcohol addiction.

A pancreatic fistula is an abnormal connection or passage between the pancreas and another organ, often the digestive system. It usually occurs as a complication following trauma, surgery, or inflammation of the pancreas (such as pancreatitis). The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes, and when these enzymes escape the pancreas through a damaged or disrupted duct, they can cause irritation and inflammation in nearby tissues, leading to the formation of a fistula.

Pancreatic fistulas are typically characterized by the drainage of pancreatic fluid, which contains high levels of digestive enzymes, into other parts of the body. This can lead to various symptoms, including abdominal pain, swelling, fever, and malnutrition. Treatment may involve surgical repair of the fistula, as well as supportive care such as antibiotics, nutritional support, and drainage of any fluid collections.

Common bile duct diseases refer to conditions that affect the common bile duct, a tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine. Some common examples of common bile duct diseases include:

1. Choledocholithiasis: This is the presence of stones (calculi) in the common bile duct, which can cause blockage, inflammation, and infection.
2. Cholangitis: This is an infection or inflammation of the common bile duct, often caused by obstruction due to stones, tumors, or strictures.
3. Common bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma): This is a rare but aggressive cancer that arises from the cells lining the common bile duct.
4. Biliary strictures: These are narrowing or scarring of the common bile duct, which can be caused by injury, inflammation, or surgery.
5. Benign tumors: Non-cancerous growths in the common bile duct can also cause blockage and other symptoms.

Symptoms of common bile duct diseases may include abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and dark urine or light-colored stools. Treatment depends on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Aspartate aminotransferases (ASTs) are a group of enzymes found in various tissues throughout the body, including the heart, liver, and muscles. They play a crucial role in the metabolic process of transferring amino groups between different molecules.

In medical terms, AST is often used as a blood test to measure the level of this enzyme in the serum. Elevated levels of AST can indicate damage or injury to tissues that contain this enzyme, such as the liver or heart. For example, liver disease, including hepatitis and cirrhosis, can cause elevated AST levels due to damage to liver cells. Similarly, heart attacks can also result in increased AST levels due to damage to heart muscle tissue.

It is important to note that an AST test alone cannot diagnose a specific medical condition, but it can provide valuable information when used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluation.

Steatorrhea is a medical condition characterized by the excessive amount of fat in stools, which can make them appear greasy, frothy, and foul-smelling. This occurs due to poor absorption of dietary fats in the intestines, a process called malabsorption. The most common causes of steatorrhea include conditions that affect the pancreas, such as cystic fibrosis or chronic pancreatitis, celiac disease, and other gastrointestinal disorders. Symptoms associated with steatorrhea may include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, weight loss, and vitamin deficiencies due to malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). The diagnosis typically involves testing stool samples for fat content and further investigations to determine the underlying cause. Treatment is focused on addressing the underlying condition and providing dietary modifications to manage symptoms.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

The Sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice from the pancreatic and bile ducts into the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. It is named after Ruggero Oddi, an Italian physiologist who discovered it in 1887. The Sphincter of Oddi has two parts: the sphincter papillae, which surrounds the common opening of the pancreatic and bile ducts into the duodenum, and the sphincter choledochus, which is located more proximally in the bile duct. The contraction and relaxation of these muscles help regulate the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and the flow of bile from the liver to aid in digestion.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Isoamylase is not a medical term per se, but rather a biochemical term used to describe an enzyme. Medically, it may be relevant in the context of certain medical conditions or treatments that involve carbohydrate metabolism. Here's a general definition:

Isoamylase (EC 3.2.1.68) is a type of amylase, a group of enzymes that break down complex carbohydrates, specifically starch and glycogen, into simpler sugars. Isoamylase is more precisely defined as an enzyme that hydrolyzes (breaks down) alpha-1,6 glucosidic bonds in isomaltose, panose, and dextrins, yielding mainly isomaltose and limit dextrin. It is found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plants. In humans, isoamylase is involved in the digestion of starch in the small intestine, where it helps convert complex carbohydrates into glucose for energy absorption.

Fat necrosis is a medical condition that refers to the death (necrosis) of fat cells, typically due to injury or trauma. This can occur when there is an interruption of blood flow to the area, leading to the death of fat cells and the release of their contents. The affected area may become firm, nodular, or lumpy, and can sometimes be mistaken for a tumor.

Fat necrosis can also occur as a result of pancreatic enzymes leaking into surrounding tissues due to conditions such as pancreatitis. These enzymes can break down fat cells, leading to the formation of calcium soaps that can be seen on imaging studies.

While fat necrosis is not typically a serious condition, it can cause discomfort or pain in the affected area. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the affected tissue.

Pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDC) is a specific type of cancer that forms in the ducts that carry digestive enzymes out of the pancreas. It's the most common form of exocrine pancreatic cancer, making up about 90% of all cases.

The symptoms of PDC are often vague and can include abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), unexplained weight loss, and changes in bowel movements. These symptoms can be similar to those caused by other less serious conditions, which can make diagnosis difficult.

Pancreatic ductal carcinoma is often aggressive and difficult to treat. The prognosis for PDC is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of only about 9%. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches. However, because PDC is often not detected until it has advanced, treatment is frequently focused on palliative care to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

Ethionine is a toxic, synthetic analog of the amino acid methionine. It is an antimetabolite that inhibits the enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase, which plays a crucial role in methionine metabolism. Ethionine is often used in research to study the effects of methionine deficiency and to create animal models of various human diseases. It is not a natural component of human nutrition and has no known medical uses. Prolonged exposure or high levels of ethionine can lead to liver damage, growth impairment, and other harmful health effects.

"Pancreas: Alcoholic Pancreatitis-It's the Alcohol, Stupid". Medscape Today. Yadav D, Hawes RH, Brand RE, Anderson MA, Money ME ... Pancreatitis at Curlie GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on PRSS1-Related Hereditary Pancreatitis "Pancreatitis". MedlinePlus. U.S ... There are two main types: acute pancreatitis, and chronic pancreatitis. Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis include pain in the ... Chronic pancreatitis may develop as a result of acute pancreatitis. It is most commonly due to many years of heavy alcohol use ...
It is applicable to both gallstone and alcoholic pancreatitis. Alternatively, pancreatitis can be diagnosed by meeting any of ... Canine pancreatitis Chronic pancreatitis Sommermeyer L (December 1935). "Acute Pancreatitis". American Journal of Nursing. 35 ( ... Acute pancreatitis may be a single event; it may be recurrent; or it may progress to chronic pancreatitis. Mild cases are ... A new index that distinguishes acute episodes of alcoholic from nonalcoholic acute pancreatitis". Gastroenterology. 101 (5): ...
Pancreatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, and gastritis may also result in similar symptoms. The ratio of beta-hydroxybutryate to ... Alcoholic ketoacidosis is caused by complex physiology that is the result of prolonged and heavy alcohol intake, usually in the ... Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) is a specific group of symptoms and metabolic state related to alcohol use. Symptoms often include ... AKA most commonly occurs in long term alcoholics and less commonly in those who binge drink. Onset is generally after a ...
Risk factors include poor immune function, Parkinson's disease, and alcoholic pancreatitis. The condition may worsen with ... Kostović, K.; Lipozencić, J. (2004). "Skin diseases in alcoholics". Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica. 12 (3): 181-190. PMID ...
Alcohol misuse is a leading cause of both acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis. Alcoholic pancreatitis can result in ... Recent research cites alcoholic lung disease as comparable to liver disease in alcohol-related mortality. Alcoholics have a ... 2. Alcoholic dementia or alcoholic cognitive impairment?". Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil (in French). 1 (4): 237-249. PMID ... Large amounts of alcohol over the long term can lead to alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy presents in a manner ...
or chronic pancreatitis, and in the plasma of individuals with alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The level of total ... "Lipidomic Profiling of Serum and Pancreatic Fluid in Chronic Pancreatitis". Pancreas. 41 (4): 518-22. doi:10.1097/MPA. ...
2008). "Microsatellite scan identifies new candidate genes for susceptibility to alcoholic chronic pancreatitis in Japanese ...
The chronic pancreatitis is usually alcoholic in origin in adults, and traumatic in origin in children. They may also be caused ... Internal pancreatic fistulas are most commonly caused by disruption of the pancreatic duct due to chronic pancreatitis. ... ISBN 0-7216-2082-5 Dugernier T, Laterre PF, Reynaert MS (2000). "Ascites fluid in severe acute pancreatitis: from ... "Thoracic complications of pancreatitis". Pancreas. 4 (2): 228-36. doi:10.1097/00006676-198904000-00012. PMID 2755944. Kaman L, ...
2008). "Microsatellite scan identifies new candidate genes for susceptibility to alcoholic chronic pancreatitis in Japanese ... 2009). "Tropical calcific pancreatitis and its association with CTRC and SPINK1 (p.N34S) variants". Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol ... 2009). "Association of novel chymotrypsin C gene variations and haplotypes in patients with chronic pancreatitis in Chinese in ... 2008). "Association of rare chymotrypsinogen C (CTRC) gene variations in patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis". Hum. ...
But chronic pancreatitis that is due to alcohol doesn't increase risk as much as other types of chronic pancreatitis. So if ... Volume 44 Alcohol Drinking: Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation IARC Alcoholic beverages (Group 1) Ethanol in alcoholic ... "About 7 out of 10 cases of chronic pancreatitis are due to long term heavy drinking. Chronic pancreatitis is a known risk ... Its evaluation states, "There is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages in humans. […] Alcoholic ...
Bernard was an unrepentant alcoholic for most of his adult life apart from two years of sobriety in the 1970s. But over time ... He was hospitalised for detoxification, he suffered from pancreatitis for many years and later developed diabetes. He often ...
Risks include alcohol use disorder, malnutrition, chronic pancreatitis, alcoholic liver disease (e.g., permanent liver scarring ... Alcoholic beverage Short-term effects of alcohol consumption Long-term effects of alcohol consumption Williams, Roger; ... Testino G (2008). "Alcoholic diseases in hepato-gastroenterology: a point of view". Hepatogastroenterology. 55 (82-83): 371-377 ... Initially, alcohol education focused on how the consumption of alcoholic beverages affected society, as well as the family unit ...
... pancreatitis, and alcoholic hepatitis. Prevention is by treating withdrawal symptoms using similarly acting compounds to taper ... pancreatitis, and alcoholic hepatitis. Delirium tremens due to alcohol withdrawal can be treated with benzodiazepines. High ... of hospitalized alcoholics and does not carry a risk of significant mortality. In contrast, DT occurs in 5-10% of alcoholics ... Alcoholic beverages can also be prescribed as a treatment for delirium tremens, but this practice is not universally supported ...
The diagnosis is demonstrated by the triad of alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis, hemolytic anemia, and hyperlipidemia.[citation ... Individuals with markedly elevated triglycerides, particularly with a history of pancreatitis or intracerebral hemorrhage, may ... This is distinct from alcoholic hepatitis which, however, may present simultaneously or develop later.[citation needed] ... ISBN 0-19-262515-2. Shukla, Sandhya; Sitrin, Michael (2015-07-09). "Hemolysis in Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis: Zieve's Syndrome". ...
Apparently a fast-living, fast-spending alcoholic during his second career, Frank died at age 57 of acute pancreatitis on ... Deaths from pancreatitis, Novelists from Florida, People of the United States Office of War Information, People from Atlantic ...
Alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), fat accumulation in liver during childhood obesity, ... Other causes of elevated GGT are: diabetes mellitus, acute pancreatitis, myocardial infarction, anorexia nervosa, Guillain- ... Ratio is greater than 1.17 in viral cirrhosis, greater than 2.0 in alcoholic hepatitis, and 0.9 in non-alcoholic hepatitis. ... In alcoholic liver disease, the mean ratio is 1.45, and mean ratio is 1.33 in post necrotic liver cirrhosis. ...
... and non-alcoholic duct destructive chronic pancreatitis. There are also a large number of case reports employing descriptive ... lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis, idiopathic tumefactive chronic pancreatitis, idiopathic pancreatitis with focal ... Autoimmune Pancreatitis (AIP) is an increasingly recognized type of chronic pancreatitis that can be difficult to distinguish ... Type 1 pancreatitis, is as such as manifestation of IgG4 disease, which may also affect bile ducts in the liver, salivary ...
... of all cases of pancreatitis. The symptoms are similar to pancreatitis secondary to other causes, although the presence of ... Chronically elevated serum triglyceride levels are a component of metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( ... Acute pancreatitis may occur in people whose triglyceride levels are above 1000 mg/dL (11.3 mmol/L). Hypertriglyceridemia is ... Very high levels that would increase the risk of pancreatitis is treated with a drug from the fibrate class. Niacin and omega-3 ...
Diverticulitis Hepatitis Viral hepatitis Alcoholic hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis Cholecystitis Cholangitis Pancreatitis ...
Parenteral lipid infusion Decompression sickness Extracorporeal circulation Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis Alcoholic liver ... Other potential causes include pancreatitis, orthopedic surgery, bone marrow transplant, and liposuction. The underlying ...
... pancreatitis, acute necrotizing MeSH C06.689.750.660 - pancreatitis, alcoholic MeSH C06.689.750.830 - pancreatitis, chronic ... alcoholic MeSH C06.552.645.490 - hepatitis, alcoholic MeSH C06.552.645.590 - liver cirrhosis, alcoholic MeSH C06.552.664.272 - ... alcoholic MeSH C06.552.241.649 - reye syndrome MeSH C06.552.308.500 - liver failure MeSH C06.552.308.500.356 - hepatic ... alcoholic MeSH C06.552.380.315 - hepatitis, animal MeSH C06.552.380.315.430 - hepatitis, viral, animal MeSH C06.552.380.315. ...
... was an alcoholic and heavy smoker who suffered from pancreatitis and type 2 diabetes, thus placing him at risk for a heart ...
... as no more than two alcoholic beverages a day for men and no more than one alcoholic beverage a day for women. The National ... Long-term alcohol misuse can cause a number of physical symptoms, including cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatitis, epilepsy, ... Stereotypes of alcoholics are often found in fiction and popular culture. The "town drunk" is a stock character in Western ... Alcoholic ketoacidosis can occur in individuals who chronically misuse alcohol and have a recent history of binge drinking. The ...
My Alcoholic Escape from Reality (現実逃避してたらボロボロになった話, Genjitsu tōhi shitetara boroboro ni natta hanashi, literally "a story of ... is the sixth and latest installment in the series further delves into Nagata's alcoholism and how suffering pancreatitis led ... "Seven Seas Licenses Nagata Kabi's MY ALCOHOLIC ESCAPE FROM REALITY Manga". Seven Seas Entertainment. 2020-04-24. "Seven Seas ... coming apart when I escaped from reality") deals with Nagata's alcoholism and subsequent hospitalization for pancreatitis. The ...
... alcoholic MeSH C21.739.100.087.645.550 - liver cirrhosis, alcoholic MeSH C21.739.100.087.730 - pancreatitis, alcoholic MeSH ... alcoholic MeSH C21.739.100.087.397 - fetal alcohol syndrome MeSH C21.739.100.087.645 - liver diseases, alcoholic MeSH C21.739. ... C21.739.100.087.750 - psychoses, alcoholic MeSH C21.739.100.175 - alcoholic intoxication MeSH C21.739.100.250 - alcoholism MeSH ... alcoholic neuropathy MeSH C21.613.705.200 - dyskinesia, drug-induced MeSH C21.613.705.400 - mptp poisoning MeSH C21.613.705.600 ...
Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis Part 11: Immune-Mediated, Inflammatory, and Rheumatologic Disorders Section 1: The Immune System ... Alcoholic Liver Disease Chapter 336: Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Chapter 337: Cirrhosis ...
... non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and alcoholic steatohepatitis compared to healthy subjects. These studies suggest that high ... levels were elevated in the serum and/or pancreatic secretions of patients with pancreatitis compared to control subjects; 5) ... "Lipidomic Profiling of Serum and Pancreatic Fluid in Chronic Pancreatitis". Pancreas. 41 (4): 518-522. doi:10.1097/MPA. ...
Other causes include cancer, heart failure, tuberculosis, pancreatitis, and blockage of the hepatic vein. In cirrhosis, the ... alcoholic in 65%, viral in 10%, cryptogenic in 6%) Heart failure - 3% Hepatic venous occlusion: Budd-Chiari syndrome or veno- ... or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Pancreatitis - 1% Serositis Nephrotic syndrome Hereditary angioedema Other rare causes[ ...
Meanwhile, acute alcoholic hepatitis may develop with the same amount of alcohol intake within 2 hours, inducing acute ... Barry, Kathleen (2018-03-15). "Chronic Pancreatitis: Diagnosis and Treatment". American Family Physician. 97 (6): 385-393. ISSN ... As for alcohol, acute alcoholic hepatitis triggers a surge in bilirubin while chronic alcohol consumption affects liver bile ... These conditions, collectively named chronic alcoholic liver diseases, are observed in patients with daily alcohol consumption ...
Social drinkers and alcoholics claim that drinking more alcohol gives relief from hangover symptoms, but research shows that ... Straumann A, Bauer M, Pichler WJ, Pirovino M (August 1998). "Acute pancreatitis due to pyritinol: an immune-mediated phenomenon ... Different types of alcoholic beverages contain different amounts of congeners. In general, dark liquors have a higher ... In addition to ethanol and water, most alcoholic drinks also contain congeners, either as flavoring or as a by-product of ...
... necrotizing pancreatitis (34.83% vs 15.75%, OR = 3.08, CI = 2.44-3.90) and had longer in-hospital stay (10.8 vs 9.2 days, WMD ... share some risk factors known to exacerbate the course of acute pancreatitis (AP). This meta-analysis aimed to investigate ... and that of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ... acute pancreatitis; fatty liver disease; non-alcoholic fatty ... Acute Pancreatitis Diagnosis. Leading Etiology of Acute Pancreatitis. Nr. of Acute Pancreatitis Cases. Fatty Liver Disease. ...
Alcoholic Pancreatitis Chronic Pancreatitis Pancreatitis Information Tags: alcoholic pancreatitis, hereditary pancreatitis, ... Alcoholic Pancreatitis: Who Gets Alcoholic Pancreatitis? Alcoholic pancreatitis may not be caused simply by drinking to much ... Alcoholic Pancreatitis Uncategorized Tags: alcoholic pancreatitis, Drinking Alcohol When You Have Pancreatitis, pancreatitis ... Category: Alcoholic Pancreatitis Uncategorized Tags: alcoholic pancreatitis Drinking Alcohol When You Have Pancreatitis Is ...
Chronic pancreatitis is commonly defined as a continuing, chronic, inflammatory process of the pancreas, characterized by ... Alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Excessive alcohol consumption is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis, accounting for ... By definition, chronic pancreatitis is a completely different process from acute pancreatitis. [5] In acute pancreatitis, the ... of 274 patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis, compared with 1.0% of people with alcoholism without pancreatitis. ...
... but a new study has suggested that alcoholics also show emotional processing deficits ... It is known that alcoholic patients suffer from cognitive deficits, ... Pancreatitis or inflammation of the pancreas may show up as acute pancreatitis or chronic pain. Alcohol ... ... It is known that alcoholic patients suffer from cognitive deficits, but a new study has suggested that alcoholics also show ...
"Pancreas: Alcoholic Pancreatitis-Its the Alcohol, Stupid". Medscape Today. Yadav D, Hawes RH, Brand RE, Anderson MA, Money ME ... Pancreatitis at Curlie GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on PRSS1-Related Hereditary Pancreatitis "Pancreatitis". MedlinePlus. U.S ... There are two main types: acute pancreatitis, and chronic pancreatitis. Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis include pain in the ... Chronic pancreatitis may develop as a result of acute pancreatitis. It is most commonly due to many years of heavy alcohol use ...
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. *Noninfectious Gastroenteritis and Colitis. *Pancreatitis. *Peptic Ulcer ...
... alcoholic beverages? Heres what you need to know. ... Your Guide Alcoholic Pancreatitis Symptoms. Heavy and regular ... First things first: When you sip an alcoholic beverage, youre not just bringing on a buzz; youre kicking off a series of ... alcohol use is known to cause alcoholic pancreatitis. Lets review the symptoms and how to pursue a diagnosis. ...
Chronic pancreatitis is present when this problem does not heal or recurs and does not improve, gets worse over time, and leads ... Chronic pancreatitis is present when this problem does not heal or recurs and does not improve, gets worse over time, and leads ... Avoid smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages, even if your pancreatitis is mild. ... Chronic pancreatitis - chronic; Pancreatitis - chronic - discharge; Pancreatic insufficiency - chronic; Acute pancreatitis - ...
Pancreatitis. *Sudden death if you already have cardiovascular disease. *Heart muscle damage (alcoholic cardiomyopathy) leading ...
Pancreatitis may be classified as acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, autoimmune pancreatitis, and hereditary ... Differentiating pancreatitis from other diseases on the basis of abdominal pain and weight loss:. Pancreatitis presents most ... Acute pancreatitis usually presents with fever, sharp abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Patients with chronic pancreatitis ... Chronic pancreatitis *Alcoholic. *Tobacco smoking. *Hypercalcemia. *Hyperlipidemia. *Chronic renal failure. *Medications- ...
Acute Pancreatitis * Alcoholic Liver Disease * Altered Bowel Habits * Anemia * Annular Pancreas * Anorexia ...
Pancreatitis may be classified as acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, autoimmune pancreatitis, and hereditary ... Differentiating pancreatitis from other diseases on the basis of abdominal pain and weight loss:. Pancreatitis presents most ... Acute pancreatitis usually presents with fever, sharp abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Patients with chronic pancreatitis ... Chronic pancreatitis *Alcoholic. *Tobacco smoking. *Hypercalcemia. *Hyperlipidemia. *Chronic renal failure. *Medications- ...
McIlwrath, S. L., and Westlund, K. N. (2015). Pharmacological attenuation of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis induced ... Alcohol-induced stress in painful alcoholic neuropathy. Eur. J. Neurosci. 27, 83-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05987.x ... Adult male rats with pancreatitis-induced visceral hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimulation had the pain ...
... levels greater than three times the upper limit of normal in an appropriate clinical setting are suggestive of pancreatitis. ... Prevalence of normal serum amylase levels in patients with acute alcoholic pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 1983;28(10):865-9. ... Pancreatitis can occur with normal or mild degree of amylase and lipase elevations, and thus, cross-sectional imaging can be ... Frank B, Gottlieb K. Amylase normal, lipase elevated: is it pancreatitis? A case series and review of the literature. Am J ...
Loss of acinar cell VMP1 triggers spontaneous pancreatitis in mice. Wang S, et al. Autophagy, 2022 Jul. PMID 34709991, Free PMC ... Lack of VMP1 impairs hepatic lipoprotein secretion and promotes non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Jiang X, et al. J Hepatol, 2022 ... Title: The pancreatitis-associated protein VMP1, a key regulator of inducible autophagy, promotes Kras(G12D)-mediated ... Loss of acinar cell VMP1 triggers spontaneous pancreatitis in mice. Title: Loss of acinar cell VMP1 triggers spontaneous ...
... explains how patients can identify pancreatitis and take steps to lower their risk factors for the disease. ... Pancreatitis hits most people without warning, and its painful enough to send them to the emergency room. Dr. C. Mel Wilcox, a ... There are several factors that can increase your risk of pancreatitis, including:. *Drinking four to five alcoholic drinks a ... Family history of pancreatitis. Treatment of Pancreatitis. Treating pancreatitis depends on the cause, whether its acute or ...
Tell your doctor right away if you develop symptoms of liver problems or pancreatitis such as nausea/vomiting that doesnt stop ... Avoid alcoholic beverages. Talk to your doctor if you are using marijuana (cannabis). ... This medication has rarely caused severe (sometimes fatal) disease of the pancreas (pancreatitis). This may occur at any time ... Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: liver disease, pancreatitis, ...
Alcoholic chronic pancreatitis, Group 3: Alcoholic chronic pancreatitis and vitamin E supplementation). The animals that ... Gene expression of inflammatory markers in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis in rats vitamin E supplemented. ... the massive loss of acinar cells and fibrosis are highlighted as changes in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis, which is a gene ... E supplementation effect on pancreatic gene expression of inflammatory markers in rats with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis ...
Alcoholic foamy degeneration--a pattern of acute alcoholic injury of the liver. Gastroenterology. 1983 Apr. 84(4):683-92. [QxMD ... Extrahepatic effects, such as skeletal muscle wasting, cardiomyopathy, pancreatitis, or peripheral neuropathy, may be present. ... In rare cases, patients with alcoholic steatosis have severe cholestasis. Ballard et al described five patients with alcoholic ... No specific dietary restrictions are needed in patients with simple alcoholic steatosis. Patients with alcoholic fatty liver ...
Chronic pancreatitis 23. Cirrhosis (causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment principles) 24. Alcoholic liver disease ( ... Acute pancreatitis 19. Tumors of the liver, gallbladder, bile duct and pancreas (signs and symptoms, diagnosis) 20. Acute and ... steatosis, hepatitis and cirrhosis), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) 25. Hyperlipoproteinemia and dyslipoproteinemia ( ...
Alcoholic gastritis refers to inflammation or erosion of the stomach lining that is caused by excessive alcohol consumption. ... Salem, MA: Habitual alcohol consumers who also use cannabis are at less risk for either acute or chronic pancreatitis as ... Study: Cannabis Use Associated With Reduced Risk Of Alcohol-Induced Pancreatitis. * by NORML ... Full text of the study, "Reduced risk of alcohol-induced pancreatitis with cannabis use," appears in Alcoholism, Clinical and ...
... resulting from pancreatitis; renal dysfunction with excess excretion of magnesium into the urine; phosphate depletion; vitamin ... D deficiency; acute alcoholic ketoacidosis; and hyperaldosteronism secondary to liver disease can all contribute to decreased ...
Ole Petersen on Pancreatitis and calcium signaling, part of a collection of multimedia lectures. ... A model for the initiation of alcoholic pancreatitis. Links. Series:. *Calcium Signaling I ... Petersen, O. (2007, October 1). Pancreatitis and calcium signaling [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, ...
... resulting from pancreatitis; renal dysfunction with excess excretion of magnesium into the urine; phosphate depletion; vitamin ... D deficiency; acute alcoholic ketoacidosis; and hyperaldosteronism secondary to liver disease can all contribute to decreased ...
Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2004-2018 ... The incidence and case-fatality rates of acute biliary, alcoholic, and idiopathic pancreatitis in California, 1994-2001. ... Risk of Recurrent Pancreatitis and Progression to Chronic Pancreatitis After a First Episode of Acute Pancreatitis. Clin ... Acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(20):2142-2150.. *Yadav D. Reassessing the risk of pancreatitis with alcohol. ...
UGT1A7*3 was specifically associated with the subgroup of patients with alcoholic pancreatitis, of whom 89% were smokers (OR, ... UDP glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A7) gene polymorphisms increase the risk of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer ... Methods: Genomic DNA from northern German white patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n = 52) and chronic pancreatitis (n = ... Background & aims: Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma are associated with alcohol abuse, consumption of tobacco ...
Symptoms of acute pancreatitis most commonly begin with abdominal pain in the middle or upper left part of the abdomen and ... Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, and the condition has two types, chronic and acute. ... Patients with either chronic or acute pancreatitis strongly advised not to drink any alcoholic beverages. ... Chronic pancreatitis begins as acute pancreatitis. If the pancreas becomes scarred during the attack of acute pancreatitis, it ...
  • Drinking alcohol when you have pancreatitis is deadly stupid because alcohol can definitely cause the next acute attack that just may KILL YOU! (beatingpancreatitis.com)
  • Ok so here's WHY YOU need to quit drinking alcohol when you have pancreatitis. (beatingpancreatitis.com)
  • All patients with pancreatitis are strongly advised to stop drinking alcohol. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Chronic pancreatitis is commonly defined as a continuing, chronic, inflammatory process of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible morphologic changes. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatitis or inflammation of the pancreas may show up as acute pancreatitis or chronic pain. (medindia.net)
  • Pancreatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pancreatitis is swelling of the pancreas. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas characterized by reversible or irreversible changes in pancreatic structure and function leading to inflammation and fibrosis . (wikidoc.org)
  • Inflammation of the pancreas is called pancreatitis, and it can be acute or chronic and mild or severe. (orlandohealth.com)
  • The most common causes of chronic pancreatitis are heavy alcohol use, tobacco use and genetic disorders of your pancreas. (orlandohealth.com)
  • Moreover, -tocopherol content in plasma and liver were analyzed, total lipid content in liver, and pancreas and liver histopathology of animals subjected to different treatments (Group 1: Control, Group 2: Alcoholic chronic pancreatitis, Group 3: Alcoholic chronic pancreatitis and vitamin E supplementation). (usp.br)
  • Vitamin E supplementation showed anti-inflammatory and beneficial effects on pancreatic gene expression of some inflammation biomarkers in rats with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis, confirming its participation in the inflammatory response mechanisms in the pancreas. (usp.br)
  • Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas resulting from the premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas. (health.mil)
  • Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. (health.mil)
  • 2 Pancreatitis results from the premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas that leads to organ injury with or without subsequent destruction of the pancreatic acinar cell clusters. (health.mil)
  • Pancreatitis simply means inflammation of the pancreas. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Necrotizing pancreatitis is a severe form of acute pancreatitis characterized by necrosis in and around the pancreas. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Most acute cases of pancreatitis are treated in the hospital or the goal is to relieve symptoms in support body functions so that the pancreas can recover from the inflammation (if the inflammation is caused by infection, antibiotics are given). (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Surgical treatment of pancreatitis may be used to remove gallstones and the gallbladder or abnormalities in the pancreas. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Inflammation of the pancreas is termed pancreatitis and its inflammation has various causes. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Acute pancreatitis usually begins soon after the damage to the pancreas begins. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Some people have only one attack, whereas other people have more than one attack, but the pancreas always returns to its normal state unless necrotizing pancreatitis develops and becomes life-threatening. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Valproic Acid has rarely caused severe (sometimes fatal) disease of the pancreas (pancreatitis). (universaldrugstore.com)
  • Pancreatitis usually beginning as a sudden attack may occur when the pancreas becomes inflamed. (healthjockey.com)
  • Chronic heavy drinking or acute binge drinking can cause pancreatitis, a potentially life-threatening inflammation of the pancreas, with symptoms including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and fever. (livestrong.com)
  • Acute pancreatitis is acute inflammation of the pancreas (and, sometimes, adjacent tissues). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Chronic Pancreatitis Chronic pancreatitis is persistent inflammation of the pancreas that results in permanent structural damage with fibrosis and ductal strictures, followed by a decline in exocrine and endocrine. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Fung P, Pyrsopoulos N. Emerging concepts in alcoholic hepatitis. (wjgnet.com)
  • Severe alcoholic hepatitis is implicated as a costly, worldwide public health issue with high morbidity and mortality. (wjgnet.com)
  • Identification of individuals with risk factors for the development of severe alcoholic hepatitis may provide insight to the diverse clinical spectrum and prognosis of the disease. (wjgnet.com)
  • The understanding of the complex pathophysiologic processes of alcoholic hepatitis is the key to elucidating new therapeutic treatments. (wjgnet.com)
  • Pancreatitis must be differentiated from various disease which present with abdominal pain and weight loss such as peptic ulcer disease , pancreatic carcinoma , gastritis , and inflammatory bowel disease . (wikidoc.org)
  • Alcoholic gastritis refers to inflammation or erosion of the stomach lining that is caused by excessive alcohol consumption. (norml.org)
  • While a peptic ulcer is not caused by alcohol, consuming excessive alcoholic beverages including beer can interfere with ulcer healing or worsen existing stomach damage. (livestrong.com)
  • For most patients with chronic pancreatitis, abdominal pain is the presenting symptom. (medscape.com)
  • The most common symptoms of pancreatitis are severe upper abdominal or left upper quadrant burning pain radiating to the back, nausea, and vomiting that is worse with eating. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute pancreatitis usually presents with fever , sharp abdominal pain , nausea and vomiting. (wikidoc.org)
  • Patients with chronic pancreatitis present with dull abdominal pain, steatorrhea , pancreatic diabetes , nausea , weight loss , pseudocyst and pancreatic cancer . (wikidoc.org)
  • Pancreatitis presents most commonly with abdominal pain. (wikidoc.org)
  • Serum lipase levels in nonpancreatic abdominal pain versus acute pancreatitis. (springer.com)
  • Acute and chronic pancreatitis both start with upper abdominal pain. (orlandohealth.com)
  • Acute pancreatitis (AP) is characterized by abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and elevated levels of pancreatic enzymes in the blood. (health.mil)
  • Symptoms of acute pancreatitis most commonly begin with abdominal pain in the middle or upper left part of the abdomen and abdominal pain may increase after eating or lying flat on the back. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • If you are experiencing abdominal pain related to drinking beer or other alcoholic beverages, this pain could be an indication of damage to abdominal organs other than the stomach. (livestrong.com)
  • Acute pancreatitis is inflammation that resolves both clinically and histologically. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The prevalence of fatty liver disease (FLD) and that of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) share some risk factors known to exacerbate the course of acute pancreatitis (AP). (mdpi.com)
  • Alcoholic fatty liver is an early and reversible consequence of excessive alcohol consumption. (medscape.com)
  • Its blockade, in animal models, along with ethanol consumption, contributes to the development of alcoholic fatty liver. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, induction of adiponectin, a hormone secreted by adipocytes, has been implicated in the protective effect of saturated fat against the development of alcoholic fatty liver in mice. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatocyte death by apoptosis occurs in alcoholic fatty liver and has been demonstrated in rats and mice after ethanol feeding. (medscape.com)
  • In patients with alcoholic liver disease, the serum leptin level appears to be independently correlated with the grade of steatosis. (medscape.com)
  • Data from animal studies and clinical studies support the role of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the early stages of fatty liver, as well as in alcoholic steatohepatitis. (medscape.com)
  • The on-site diagnosis is alcohol-induced acute pancreatitis and fatty liver. (anigamers.com)
  • Excessive alcohol intake can lead to severe medical consequences, including liver disease, pancreatitis and certain forms of cancer. (livestrong.com)
  • Avoid smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages, even if your pancreatitis is mild. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Other alcoholic beverages, such as cider, sake, fruit wines, British wines, and wine coolers, were included in the calculation of the total alcohol consumption above, if consumption figures were known for them. (cdc.gov)
  • How many alcoholic beverages are being consumed throughout the world? (cdc.gov)
  • Beer and other alcoholic beverages have the potential to aggravate acid reflux. (livestrong.com)
  • Alcoholic Beverages. (bvsalud.org)
  • Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is based on a threefold increase in the blood of either amylase or lipase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Evaluation of amylase and lipase in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. (springer.com)
  • Of the total incident cases of AP, 9.0% received a subsequent incident diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis (CP) during the surveillance period. (health.mil)
  • Diagnosis of pancreatitis (both acute and chronic) is done similarly. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Objectives We systematically reviewed the literature to identify evidence-informed recommendations regarding the detection of drug-induced pancreatitis (DIP) and, secondarily, to describe clinical processes for the diagnosis of DIP. (bmj.com)
  • Eight of 52 studies (15%) reporting a clinical diagnostic process for DIP reported using currently accepted criteria for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. (bmj.com)
  • Following the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, a 50 year old man awaits treatment in the emergency department. (bestbets.org)
  • A diagnosis of cystic fibrosis needs to be ruled out in all patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) onset before the age of 20 yr, as well as in patients with so-called idiopathic CP, regardless of the age of onset. (medscape.com)
  • Eatock FC, Chong PS, Menezes N, Imrie CW, McKay CJ, Carter R. Nasogastric feeding in severe acute pancreatitis is safe and avoids the risks associated with the nasojejunal route: a randomised controlled trial. (springer.com)
  • Lankisch PG, Burchard-Reckert S, Lehnick D. Underestimation of acute pancreatitis: patients with only a small increase in amylase/lipase levels can also have or develop severe acute pancreatitis. (springer.com)
  • In a small percentage of people, severe acute pancreatitis causes a systemic reaction that affects the whole body. (orlandohealth.com)
  • Severe acute pancreatitis symptoms and signs may show skin discoloration around the belly button or the side of the body between the ribs and hip (flank), or small erythematous skin nodules. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • 40 patient were classified as severe acute pancreatitis based on the presence of organ failure for more than 48h. (bestbets.org)
  • Gallstones are the most common etiology of acute pancreatitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Alcohol intake is the second most common etiology of acute pancreatitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Pancreatic calcification is usually due to alcoholic and hereditary pancreatitis. (beatingpancreatitis.com)
  • Pancreatitis may be classified as acute pancreatitis , chronic pancreatitis , autoimmune pancreatitis , and hereditary pancreatitis . (wikidoc.org)
  • Lack of VMP1 impairs hepatic lipoprotein secretion and promotes non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. (nih.gov)
  • In chronic pancreatitis weight loss, fatty stool, and diarrhea may occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • Advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of alcoholic steatosis have provided some useful insights, including the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, which is crucial for the regulation of hepatic fatty acid metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • In patients with alcoholic CP, routine genetic testing cannot be recommended. (medscape.com)
  • A number of genetic mutations predisposing to pancreatitis have been identified. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Treating pancreatitis depends on the cause, whether it's acute or chronic and how severe it is. (orlandohealth.com)
  • Habitual alcohol consumers who also use cannabis are at less risk for either acute or chronic pancreatitis as compared to those who do not use the substance, according to clinical data published in the journal Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research . (norml.org)
  • Overview of Pancreatitis Pancreatitis is classified as either acute or chronic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gallstones are the single most common cause of acute pancreatitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Data suggest that surgical drainage of the pancreatic duct is more effective than endoscopic drainage in patients with obstruction of the pancreatic duct due to chronic pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
  • In patients with a dilated pancreatic duct, a Roux-en-Y side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy is indicated. (medscape.com)
  • The precise mechanism of gallstone pancreatitis is unknown but likely involves increased pressure in the pancreatic duct caused by obstruction at the ampulla secondary to a stone or edema caused by the passage of a stone. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although overall mortality of acute pancreatitis is low, morbidity and mortality are significant in severe cases. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gene expression of inflammatory markers in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis in rats vitamin E supplemented. (usp.br)
  • This study was aimed to evaluate the vitamin E supplementation effect on pancreatic gene expression of inflammatory markers in rats with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis induced by liquid diet containing ethanol (with or without -tocopherol supplementation), cyclosporin A and cerulein through the quantitative real time PCR technique. (usp.br)
  • Eighty percent of cases of pancreatitis are caused by alcohol or gallstones. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, alcoholic beverage consumption should be done in moderation, which is defined as no more than 1 drink per day for women and no more than 2 drinks per day for men. (meshbesher.com)
  • Source - Hoeveel alcoholhoundende dranken worden er in de wereld gedrunken (How much alcoholic beverage is drunk worldwide) 25th edition. (cdc.gov)
  • Late complications include recurrent pancreatitis and the development of pancreatic pseudocysts-collections of pancreatic secretions that have been walled off by scar tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of EUS in patients with IAP, and the rate of recurrent pancreatitis in patients in whom EUS could not determine the aetiology (EUS-negative IAP). (bvsalud.org)
  • Recurrent pancreatitis was associated with poorer quality of life. (bvsalud.org)
  • Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis include pain in the upper abdomen, nausea and vomiting. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma are associated with alcohol abuse, consumption of tobacco smoke, and environmental aromatic hydrocarbon exposure. (nih.gov)
  • A high consumption of alcohol as well as the presence of cholelithiasis represent by far the majority of causes of acute pancreatitis (they jointly account for 80-90% of all cases of acute pancreatitis). (oneradionetwork.com)
  • Gallstones and alcohol consumption account for ≥ 70% of acute pancreatitis cases. (msdmanuals.com)
  • risk was once thought to increase proportionally to duration of alcohol consumption, but acute pancreatitis attacks may occur in susceptible patients after short periods of high alcohol intake. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 10% of patients with chronic alcohol consumption develop acute pancreatitis, suggesting additional triggers or cofactors are needed to precipitate pancreatitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The inflammatory infiltrate, the massive loss of acinar cells and fibrosis are highlighted as changes in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis, which is a gene expression reflection. (usp.br)
  • Unlike pancreatic cancer, which does not have a good prognosis, pancreatitis usually is temporary. (orlandohealth.com)
  • The prognosis for someone with chronic pancreatitis is less optimistic than for acute pancreatitis. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Acute pancreatitis occurs in about 30 per 100,000 people a year. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pancreatitis occurs in both acute and chronic forms. (health.mil)
  • Gallstone pancreatitis is rare in pregnancy and occurs most commonly in the 3rd trimester. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Men are more likely to develop alcohol-related pancreatitis, while women are more likely to develop it as a result of gallstones. (orlandohealth.com)
  • early intervention to prevent complications of gallstones also may reduce the chance of developing pancreatitis. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • While acute pancreatitis (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) can be caused by similar etiologies, these conditions usually follow distinct courses. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Though alcohol remains the most common cause, a larger fraction of patients supposedly have non-alcoholic etiologies. (healthjockey.com)
  • In Western countries, the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis in adults is ethanol abuse. (uspharmacist.com)
  • New cases of chronic pancreatitis develop in about 8 per 100,000 people a year and currently affect about 50 per 100,000 people in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the meantime, the era of dismissing all cases of chronic pancreatitis as alcohol-induced has undoubtedly come to a close. (healthjockey.com)
  • Prevalence of normal serum amylase levels in patients with acute alcoholic pancreatitis. (springer.com)
  • A latest study claims that the relative rate of alcohol-related chronic pancreatitis (CP) is lower than other causes. (healthjockey.com)
  • While the first episode of alcohol-related acute pancreatitis affects primarily males and the peak incidence is between the age of 18 and 30 years, acute pancreatitis of biliary origin is relatively more frequent in females, the peak age range being 50-70 years. (oneradionetwork.com)
  • We knew that alcoholics show a deficit in accurate recognition of facial emotions," said Jasmin B. Salloum, research scientist at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and corresponding author for the study. (medindia.net)
  • My father was an alcoholic who became very active in AA so I grew up with exposure to alcoholism & AA. (cruisersforum.com)
  • Treatment of chronic pancreatitis is often treated with pain relieving medications, diet changes. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Two small studies conducted in patients with a high baseline risk of acute pancreatitis concluded serial monitoring of pancreatic enzymes may be useful to guide early discontinuation of medications with known associations with pancreatitis. (bmj.com)
  • Early discontinuation of medication was not advised for lower-risk patients because some medications cause transient elevations of pancreatic enzymes that do not progress to acute pancreatitis. (bmj.com)
  • With chronic pancreatitis, you may not have symptoms until there are complications. (orlandohealth.com)
  • Some people may develop chronic pancreatitis or die from complications such as kidney failure , diabetes , breathing problems and/or brain damage. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • The severity of acute pancreatitis is classified as mild, moderately severe, or severe based on the presence of local complications and transient or persistent organ failure. (msdmanuals.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Cholecystectomy in patients with idiopathic acute pancreatitis (IAP) is controversial. (bvsalud.org)
  • Acute necrotizing pancreatitis can lead to a pancreatic abscess, a collection of pus caused by necrosis, liquefaction, and infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • EMBASE 1974 to 2012 July 03 [(exp Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/ OR exp Pancreatitis/ OR exp Pancreatitis, Chronic/ OR exp Pancreatitis, Alcoholic/ OR pancreatitis.mp. (bestbets.org)
  • Pancreatitis can occur with normal or mild degree of amylase and lipase elevations, and thus, cross-sectional imaging can be helpful. (springer.com)
  • Patients often relapse when entering previous drinking situations, that is, entering a bar or a shop in which you can buy alcoholic drinks. (medindia.net)
  • In every pediatric patient, cystic fibrosis has to be ruled out, since 10-15% of cystic fibrosis patients with pancreatic sufficiency (comprising 1-2% of all patients with cystic fibrosis) present clinically with recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
  • alcoholic chronic pancreatitis gene expression. (usp.br)
  • As I mentioned in a previous post about Alcoholic Pancreatitis and the need to quit drinking, there may be underlying factors, like a DNA variant, present in those who suffer from alcoholic pancreatitis. (beatingpancreatitis.com)
  • It is known that alcoholic patients suffer from cognitive deficits, but a new study has suggested that alcoholics also show emotional processing deficits, something that may be a reason why they fail to perceive dangerous situations. (medindia.net)
  • Elevated amylase and/or lipase levels greater than three times the upper limit of normal in an appropriate clinical setting are suggestive of pancreatitis. (springer.com)
  • Frank B, Gottlieb K. Amylase normal, lipase elevated: is it pancreatitis? (springer.com)
  • Smoking increases the risk of both acute and chronic pancreatitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although you can't prevent pancreatitis, you can educate yourself about your risk factors and take steps to lower your chances of it occurring. (orlandohealth.com)
  • Who Is Most at Risk for Pancreatitis? (orlandohealth.com)
  • They reported that those subjects who concomitantly used cannabis possessed a significantly lower risk of pancreatitis as compared to those who did not. (norml.org)