I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Panama Canal Zone" is geographical and historical, not medical. It refers to the area surrounding and including the Panama Canal that was controlled by the United States from 1903 to 1979, and it's not a medical concept that would have a definition in a medical context.
Individual members of Central American ethnic groups with ancient historic ancestral origins in Asia. Mexican Indians are not included.
Central America is not a medical term, but a geographical region consisting of seven countries (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama) that connect North America to South America, which may be relevant in medical contexts such as discussions of regional disease patterns, public health initiatives, or tropical medicine.
A climate which is typical of equatorial and tropical regions, i.e., one with continually high temperatures with considerable precipitation, at least during part of the year. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A genus of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Rhodnius prolixus is a vector for TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.
Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.
This plant order includes 8 families, 66 genera, and about 1,800 species. These herbaceous perennials are mainly found in the wet tropics. Members include the banana family (MUSACEAE) and GINGER family (ZINGIBERACEAE).
I'm sorry for any confusion, but there seems to be a misunderstanding as "South America" is not a medical term and cannot have a medical definition. It is a geographical term referring to the southern portion of the American continent, consisting of twelve independent countries and three territories of other nations.
A genus of flagellate protozoans found in the blood and lymph of vertebrates and invertebrates, both hosts being required to complete the life cycle.
A plant family of the order Urticales, subclass Hamamelidae, class Magnoliopsida. Members are trees and shrubs of temperate regions that have watery sap and alternate leaves which are lopsided at the base. The flowers lack petals.
The geographic area of Latin America in general and when the specific country or countries are not indicated. It usually includes Central America, South America, Mexico, and the islands of the Caribbean.
Acute respiratory illness in humans caused by the Muerto Canyon virus whose primary rodent reservoir is the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus. First identified in the southwestern United States, this syndrome is characterized most commonly by fever, myalgias, headache, cough, and rapid respiratory failure.
A form of arboviral encephalitis endemic to Central America and the northern latitudes of South America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, VENEZUELAN EQUINE) is transmitted to humans and horses via the bite of several mosquito species. Human viral infection may be asymptomatic or remain restricted to a mild influenza-like illness. Encephalitis, usually not severe, occurs in a small percentage of cases and may rarely feature SEIZURES and COMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)
The inanimate matter of Earth, the structures and properties of this matter, and the processes that affect it.
The area that lies between continental North and South America and comprises the Caribbean Sea, the West Indies, and the adjacent mainland regions of southern Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela.
"Panama" is not a recognized medical term or condition in healthcare and medicine. It might be a reference to a location, but it does not have a specific medical meaning in itself.
Small, hairy, moth-like flies which are of considerable public health importance as vectors of certain pathogenic organisms. Important disease-related genera are PHLEBOTOMUS, Lutzomyia, and Sergentomyia.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.
A genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE causing HANTAVIRUS INFECTIONS, first identified during the Korean war. Infection is found primarily in rodents and humans. Transmission does not appear to involve arthropods. HANTAAN VIRUS is the type species.
A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Infections with viruses of the genus HANTAVIRUS. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by SEOUL VIRUS; nephropathia epidemica caused by PUUMALA VIRUS; and HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME caused by SIN NOMBRE VIRUS.
('Costa Rica' in medical context is not a defined term) However, in general context, Costa Rica is a country located in Central America, known for its advanced healthcare system and high life expectancy, which could be relevant to various medical or health-related discussions.
Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Guatemala" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. Guatemala is the name of a country located in Central America, known officially as the Republic of Guatemala. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of organisms which inhabit the OCEANS AND SEAS.
A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines. It is seen most commonly in parts of Central and South America.
The constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. It may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease with such area or group. It includes holoendemic and hyperendemic diseases. A holoendemic disease is one for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do children (malaria in many communities is a holoendemic disease). A hyperendemic disease is one that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all groups equally. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed, p53, 78, 80)
A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.
The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)
Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.
The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.
A genus of flagellate protozoa comprising several species that are pathogenic for humans. Organisms of this genus have an amastigote and a promastigote stage in their life cycles. As a result of enzymatic studies this single genus has been divided into two subgenera: Leishmania leishmania and Leishmania viannia. Species within the Leishmania leishmania subgenus include: L. aethiopica, L. arabica, L. donovani, L. enrietti, L. gerbilli, L. hertigi, L. infantum, L. major, L. mexicana, and L. tropica. The following species are those that compose the Leishmania viannia subgenus: L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis, L. lainsoni, L. naiffi, and L. shawi.
Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.
Animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (DISEASE VECTORS) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.
Number of individuals in a population relative to space.
The agent of South American trypanosomiasis or CHAGAS DISEASE. Its vertebrate hosts are man and various domestic and wild animals. Insects of several species are vectors.
The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.
The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.
A class in the phylum CNIDARIA, comprised mostly of corals and anemones. All members occur only as polyps; the medusa stage is completely absent.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure.
The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.
Membrane glycoproteins from influenza viruses which are involved in hemagglutination, virus attachment, and envelope fusion. Fourteen distinct subtypes of HA glycoproteins and nine of NA glycoproteins have been identified from INFLUENZA A VIRUS; no subtypes have been identified for Influenza B or Influenza C viruses.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.
A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.
The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa.
Vaccines used to prevent infection by viruses in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. It includes both killed and attenuated vaccines. The composition of the vaccines is changed each year in response to antigenic shifts and changes in prevalence of influenza virus strains. The vaccine is usually bivalent or trivalent, containing one or two INFLUENZAVIRUS A strains and one INFLUENZAVIRUS B strain.
The type species of the genus INFLUENZAVIRUS A that causes influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. Antigenic variation occurs frequently between strains, allowing classification into subtypes and variants. Transmission is usually by aerosol (human and most non-aquatic hosts) or waterborne (ducks). Infected birds shed the virus in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.
A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Expanded safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent, oral, attenuated cholera vaccine, CVD 103-HgR plus CVD 111, in United States military personnel stationed in Panama. (1/253)

To provide optimum protection against classical and El Tor biotypes of Vibrio cholerae O1, a single-dose, oral cholera vaccine was developed by combining two live, attenuated vaccine strains, CVD 103-HgR (classical, Inaba) and CVD 111 (El Tor, Ogawa). The vaccines were formulated in a double-chamber sachet; one chamber contained lyophilized bacteria, and the other contained buffer. A total of 170 partially-immune American soldiers stationed in Panama received one of the following five formulations: (a) CVD 103-HgR at 10(8) CFU plus CVD 111 at 10(7) CFU, (b) CVD 103-HgR at 10(8) CFU plus CVD 111 at 10(6) CFU, (c) CVD 103-HgR alone at 10(8) CFU, (d) CVD 111 alone at 10(7) CFU, or (e) inactivated Escherichia coli placebo. Among those who received CVD 111 at the high or low dose either alone or in combination with CVD 103-HgR, 8 of 103 had diarrhea, defined as three or more liquid stools. None of the 32 volunteers who received CVD 103-HgR alone or the 35 placebo recipients had diarrhea. CVD 111 was detected in the stools of 46% of the 103 volunteers who received it. About 65% of all persons who received CVD 103-HgR either alone or in combination had a fourfold rise in Inaba vibriocidal titers. The postvaccination geometric mean titers were comparable among groups, ranging from 450 to 550. Ogawa vibriocidal titers were about twice as high in persons who received CVD 111 as in those who received CVD 103-HgR alone (600 versus 300). The addition of CVD 111 improved the overall seroconversion rate and doubled the serum Ogawa vibriocidal titers, suggesting that the combination of an El Tor and a classical cholera strain is desirable. While CVD 111 was previously found to be well tolerated in semiimmune Peruvians, the adverse effects observed in this study indicate that this strain requires further attenuation before it can be safely used in nonimmune populations.  (+info)

Use of base excision sequence scanning for detection of genetic variations in St. Louis encephalitis virus isolates. (2/253)

Twenty-two isolates of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus of various geographical origins (Brazil, Argentina, Panama, Texas, Missouri, Maryland, California, and Florida) were examined for genetic variation by the base excision sequence scanning (BESS T-scan) method. A fragment was amplified in the envelope gene with the forward primer labeled in the PCR. The BESS T-scan method determined different clusters according to the profiles generated for the isolates and successfully grouped the isolates according to their geographical origins. Two major clusters, the North American cluster (cluster A) and the South and Central American cluster (cluster B), were defined. Two subgroups, the Texas-California subgroup (subgroup A1) and the Missouri-Maryland-Florida subgroup (subgroup A2), were distinguished within group A. Similarly, group B strains were subclustered to a South American subgroup (subgroup B1) and a Central American subgroup (subgroup B2). These results were consistent with those obtained by DNA sequencing analysis. The ability of the BESS T-scan method to discriminate between strains that present with high degrees of nucleotide sequence similarity indicated that this method provides reliable results and multiple applications for other virus families. The method has proven to be suitable for phylogenetic comparison and molecular epidemiology studies and may be an alternative to DNA sequencing.  (+info)

Susceptibility of Panamanian Aotus lemurinus lemurinus to sporozoite-induced Plasmodium falciparum (Santa Lucia) infection. (3/253)

Aotus monkeys are good models for erythrocyte-induced Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infections and have been extensively used in malarial drug and vaccine development. Recently, it has been shown that certain species of Aotus can be infected with sporozoites, and that the degree of susceptibility varies among species. We demonstrate here that Panamanian Aotus lemurinus lemurinus are susceptible to a sporozoite-induced infection, opening the possibility that this species of Aotus could be used as models for testing the efficacy of pre-erythrocytic P. falciparum vaccines and drug candidates directed at the pre-erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria. In this species, we compared sporozoite infection rates. Two of four animals splenectomized prior to infection with sporozoites developed patent parasitemias. Seven of eight animals splenectomized either 7 or 35 days after infection became parasitemic. Additionally, we used a P. falciparum-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to detect the early appearance of parasitized erythrocytes in the blood prior to detection by conventional microscopy, and found that the parasitemia was detected first in five animals by the PCR method, first in three animals by blood film, with one parasitemia detected simultaneously. We also demonstrated the feasibility of infecting monkeys located in Panama with sporozoites isolated at an insectary in Atlanta, thus documenting the feasibility of similar studies where the insectary and monkey colony are not in the same location. A subsequent attempt to infect these monkeys using sporozoites was not successful, suggesting that this model of human malaria is not yet ready for routine use in vaccine or drug efficacy screening. This model merits further study because of the importance of testing pre-erythrocytic P. falciparum malaria vaccines and drugs in animals.  (+info)

Risk factors for human T cell lymphotropic virus type II infection among the Guaymi Indians of Panama. (4/253)

To examine risk factors for human T cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) infection, a case-control study was conducted among the Guaymi Indians of Panama. In females, HTLV-II seropositivity was associated with early sexual intercourse (15 years; odds ratio [OR], 2.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-6.14) and number of lifetime sex partners. One partner increased risk of seropositivity by 30% (OR, 1.30; CI, 1.05-1.64), and risk increased with number of partners. Similar risk was associated with number of long-term sexual relationships. Among males, intercourse with prostitutes was associated with HTLV-II seropositivity (OR, 1.68; CI, 1.04-2.72). These data support a role for sexual transmission in HTLV-II infection. Association of seropositivity with primary residence in a traditional village (OR, 3.75; CI, 1.02-15.38) and lack of formal education (0 vs. >6 years [OR, 3.89; CI, 1.67-9.82]) observed in males may reflect differences in sexual practices associated with acculturation.  (+info)

Genetically distinct dog-derived and human-derived Sarcoptes scabiei in scabies-endemic communities in northern Australia. (5/253)

Overcrowding is a significant factor contributing to endemic infection with Sarcoptes scabiei in human and animal populations. However, since scabies mites from different host species are indistinguishable morphologically, it is unclear whether people can be infected from scabies-infested animals. Molecular fingerprinting was done using three S. scabiei-specific single locus hypervariable microsatellite markers, with a combined total of 70 known alleles. Multilocus analysis of 712 scabies mites from human and dog hosts in Ohio, Panama and Aboriginal communities in northern Australia now shows that genotypes of dog-derived and human-derived scabies cluster by host species rather than by geographic location. Because of the apparent genetic separation between human scabies and dog scabies, control programs for human scabies in endemic areas do not require resources directed against zoonotic infection from dogs.  (+info)

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome--Panama, 1999-2000. (6/253)

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is an acute viral rodentborne zoonosis characterized by severe cardiopulmonary illness with a 40%-60% case-fatality rate. Since its identification in the United States in 1993, the recognized clinical spectrum of illnesses associated with human hantavirus infection has expanded to include mild illness, and case-patients have been identified in Canada and South America. This report describes the first confirmed HPS cases from Central America and summarizes preliminary results of clinical, epidemiologic, and ecologic investigations. Investigators identified 12 suspected cases with typical disease and captured four common species of rodents near case households.  (+info)

Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species. (7/253)

Fully mapped tree census plots of large area, 25 to 52 hectares, have now been completed at six different sites in tropical forests, including dry deciduous to wet evergreen forest on two continents. One of the main goals of these plots has been to evaluate spatial patterns in tropical tree populations. Here the degree of aggregation in the distribution of 1768 tree species is examined based on the average density of conspecific trees in circular neighborhoods around each tree. When all individuals larger than 1 centimeter in stem diameter were included, nearly every species was more aggregated than a random distribution. Considering only larger trees (>/= 10 centimeters in diameter), the pattern persisted, with most species being more aggregated than random. Rare species were more aggregated than common species. All six forests were very similar in all the particulars of these results.  (+info)

Relationships of bradyrhizobia from Platypodium and Machaerium (Papilionoideae: tribe Dalbergieae) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. (8/253)

Enzyme electrophoresis and rRNA sequencing indicated that root nodule bacteria from the canopy tree Platypodium elegans and the lianas Machaerium milleflorum and Machaerium arboreum on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, were highly diverse on a local scale. A total of 11 distinct multilocus genotypes [ETs (electrophoretic types)] was found among the 33 isolates analysed. On average, ETs differed from one another at 74% of the 11 enzyme loci assayed, and separate nodules on a single host individual were often occupied by genetically divergent ETs. Certain ETs were sampled multiple times from both Platypodium and Machaerium, suggesting a lack of specificity toward the two legume genera. Within the intervening sequence (IVS) region in the 5' end of 23S rRNA, seven ETs had a length variant similar to that of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110, and the other four ETs had an IVS region 26-28 bp shorter. Parsimony analysis of both partial 23S rRNA and nearly full-length 16S rRNA sequences indicated that all Platypodium and Machaerium isolates were related to B. japonicum rather than Bradyrhizobium elkanii. The 16S rRNA sequence of one isolate was >99% similar to that of B. japonicum USDA 110, and the closest known relatives for other isolates were Philippine bradyrhizobia from the legumes Stylosanthes and Samanea.  (+info)

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Panama Canal Zone" is not a medical term. It refers to an historical territory that surrounds and includes the Panama Canal, which was under the control of the United States from 1903 to 1979. It's more of a geopolitical or historical term rather than a medical one.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Indians, Central American" is not a medical term. It refers to individuals or populations that originate from Central America and self-identify as indigenous or native to the region. In a medical context, it's more common to see specific references to individual ethnic groups or populations, such as Maya, Garifuna, or Miskitu, among others. These groups may have unique genetic characteristics, health risks, or cultural practices that are relevant to medical care and research. However, it's important to note that any discussion of medical issues should be sensitive to the individual's self-identified ethnicity and personal preferences.

Central America is a geographical region that connects North America and South America. It is made up of seven countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. The eastern coast of Central America is bordered by the Caribbean Sea, while the western coast is bordered by the Pacific Ocean.

The region is characterized by its diverse geography, which includes lowland rainforests, volcanic mountain ranges, and coastal plains. It is also home to a wide range of plant and animal species, many of which are found nowhere else in the world.

Culturally, Central America is a melting pot of indigenous, African, and European influences. The region has a rich history of Mayan civilization, as well as Spanish colonialism. Today, the countries of Central America have diverse economies, with agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism being major industries.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "tropical climate" is not a medical term. It is a geographical term that refers to the climate of tropical regions, which are located around the equator. These regions are characterized by high temperatures and consistent rainfall throughout the year.

However, it's worth noting that certain environmental factors, such as climate, can have an impact on human health. For instance, tropical climates can contribute to the spread of certain diseases, like malaria and dengue fever, due to the presence of mosquitoes that thrive in warm, wet environments. But a "tropical climate" itself is not a medical condition or diagnosis.

"Rhodnius" is not a medical term, but rather it refers to a genus of true bugs in the family Reduviidae. These small, wingless insects are known as "bugs" and are commonly found in tropical regions of the Americas. They feed on plant sap and are also known to be vectors for certain diseases, such as Chagas disease, which is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. However, they are not typically associated with human medicine or medical conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "trees" is not a medical term. It is a common term used in various fields, including biology, ecology, and dendrology, to refer to a woody perennial plant with a single stem or trunk that supports branches and leaves in most species.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, please provide more context so I can offer an accurate and helpful response.

Zingiberales is not a medical term, but a botanical term referring to a order of monocotyledonous plants, also known as the ginger order. It includes several families of plants that are important in medicine and related fields, including Zingiberaceae (the ginger family), Cannabaceae (the cannabis family), and Musaceae (the banana family). Plants in this order are characterized by having a unique type of flower structure and often produce aromatic compounds used in perfumes, flavorings, and traditional medicines.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "South America" is not a medical term. It is a geographical term that refers to the southern portion of the Americas, which is a continent in the Western Hemisphere. South America is generally defined as including the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela, as well as the overseas departments and territories of French Guiana (France), and the Falkland Islands (UK).

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you.

Trypanosoma is a genus of flagellated protozoan parasites belonging to the family Trypanosomatidae. These microscopic single-celled organisms are known to cause various tropical diseases in humans and animals, including Chagas disease (caused by Trypanosoma cruzi) and African sleeping sickness (caused by Trypanosoma brucei).

The life cycle of Trypanosoma involves alternating between an insect vector (like a tsetse fly or kissing bug) and a mammalian host. The parasites undergo complex morphological changes as they move through the different hosts and developmental stages, often exhibiting distinct forms in the insect vector compared to the mammalian host.

Trypanosoma species have an undulating membrane and a single flagellum that helps them move through their environment. They can be transmitted through various routes, including insect vectors, contaminated food or water, or congenital transmission from mother to offspring. The diseases caused by these parasites can lead to severe health complications and may even be fatal if left untreated.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Ulmaceae" is not a medical term. It is actually the botanical name of a family of flowering plants known as the elm family. This family includes trees and shrubs with simple, alternate leaves and small, apetalous flowers arranged in clusters. Examples of genera within this family include Ulmus (elm), Planera (sycamore), and Celtis (hackberry).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Latin America" is not a medical term. It is a geographical and cultural region that includes parts of North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean where Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, and French) are predominantly spoken. The term does not have a specific medical relevance or definition.

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a severe, sometimes fatal, respiratory disease in humans caused by infection with hantaviruses. These viruses are spread to people through the aerosolized urine, droppings, or saliva of infected rodents. The virus cannot be transmitted between humans unless there is direct contact with an infected person's blood or bodily fluids. Early symptoms include fatigue, fever, and muscle aches, followed by coughing and shortness of breath as the lungs fill with fluid leading to severe respiratory distress. It's crucial to seek immediate medical attention if you suspect HPS because it can progress rapidly to serious illness or death within days.

Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system of horses and humans. The medical definition of VEE encephalomyelitis is as follows:

A mosquito-borne viral infection caused by the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, which primarily affects equids (horses, donkeys, and mules) but can also infect humans. In horses, VEE is characterized by fever, depression, weakness, ataxia, and often death. In humans, VEE can cause a spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild flu-like illness to severe encephalitis, which may result in permanent neurological damage or death. The virus is endemic in parts of Central and South America, and outbreaks can occur when the virus is amplified in equine populations and then transmitted to humans through mosquito vectors. Prevention measures include vaccination of horses and use of insect repellents to prevent mosquito bites.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geological phenomena" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Geological phenomena refer to natural processes and features related to the earth's physical structure, composition, and the various changes it undergoes over time. This could include things like volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, rock formations, or the formation of fossil fuels. If you have a term that you would like me to provide a medical definition for, I'd be happy to help!

The Caribbean Region, also known as the Caribbean Basin or simply the Caribbean, is a geographical area that includes the Caribbean Sea and its surrounding islands and coasts. It is located in the tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean, southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and North America, east of Central America, and south of the Greater Antilles.

The region consists of more than 7,000 islands, islets, reefs, and cays, which are divided into three main groups: the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Lucayan Archipelago (which includes the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands). The Caribbean Region also includes the coasts of several countries in North, Central, and South America that border the Caribbean Sea.

The Caribbean Region is known for its diverse cultures, rich history, and unique biodiversity. It is home to a wide range of ecosystems, including coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, rainforests, and dry forests, which support a variety of plant and animal species, many of which are found nowhere else in the world.

The Caribbean Region is also an important economic and political area, with several countries and territories that have strong ties to each other and to the United States, Canada, and Europe. Tourism, fishing, agriculture, and shipping are major industries in the region, and many of its islands serve as popular destinations for travelers from around the world.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Panama" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Central America, known for its famous canal and diverse wildlife. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help answer those!

Psychodidae is a family of small, delicate flies known as psychodids or moth flies. The term "psychodidae" itself is the taxonomic name for this group of insects, and it does not have a specific medical definition. However, some species within this family are known to be vectors of various diseases, such as Leishmaniasis, which is transmitted through the bites of infected sandflies (a type of psychodid).

Therefore, in a broader medical context, "psychodidae" may refer to the group of flies that includes potential disease-carrying species. It's important to note that not all psychodids are vectors of diseases, and many species are harmless to humans.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that are facultative anaerobes and are motile due to peritrichous flagella. They are non-spore forming and often have a single polar flagellum when grown in certain conditions. Salmonella species are important pathogens in humans and other animals, causing foodborne illnesses known as salmonellosis.

Salmonella can be found in the intestinal tracts of humans, birds, reptiles, and mammals. They can contaminate various foods, including meat, poultry, eggs, dairy products, and fresh produce. The bacteria can survive and multiply in a wide range of temperatures and environments, making them challenging to control completely.

Salmonella infection typically leads to gastroenteritis, characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and vomiting. In some cases, the infection may spread beyond the intestines, leading to more severe complications like bacteremia (bacterial infection of the blood) or focal infections in various organs.

There are two main species of Salmonella: S. enterica and S. bongori. S. enterica is further divided into six subspecies and numerous serovars, with over 2,500 distinct serotypes identified to date. Some well-known Salmonella serovars include S. Typhi (causes typhoid fever), S. Paratyphi A, B, and C (cause paratyphoid fever), and S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium (common causes of foodborne salmonellosis).

Hantavirus is an etiologic agent for several clinical syndromes, including hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). It's a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae, genus Orthohantavirus.

These viruses are primarily transmitted to humans by inhalation of aerosolized excreta from infected rodents. The symptoms can range from flu-like illness to severe respiratory distress and renal failure, depending upon the specific hantavirus species. There are no known treatments for HFRS, but early recognition and supportive care can significantly improve outcomes. Ribavirin has been used in some cases of HPS with apparent benefit, although its general efficacy is not well-established

(References: CDC, NIH, WHO)

An "ecosystem" is not a term that has a specific medical definition, as it is a concept that is more commonly used in the fields of ecology and environmental science. However, I can provide you with the general ecological definition of an ecosystem:

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment, including both biotic factors (plants, animals, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (climate, soil, water, and air). These interactions create a complex network of relationships that form the foundation of ecological processes, such as energy flow, nutrient cycling, and population dynamics.

While there is no direct medical definition for an ecosystem, understanding the principles of ecosystems can have important implications for human health. For example, healthy ecosystems can provide clean air and water, regulate climate, support food production, and offer opportunities for recreation and relaxation, all of which contribute to overall well-being. Conversely, degraded ecosystems can lead to increased exposure to environmental hazards, reduced access to natural resources, and heightened risks of infectious diseases. Therefore, maintaining the health and integrity of ecosystems is crucial for promoting human health and preventing disease.

Hantavirus infections are a group of viral diseases caused by rodent-borne hantaviruses. These viruses are primarily transmitted to humans through the inhalation of aerosolized urine, droppings, or saliva from infected rodents, particularly the deer mouse, white-tailed mouse, and rice rat in North America.

There are several different types of hantavirus infections, including Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) and Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS). HPS is more common in the Americas, while HFRS is more prevalent in Europe and Asia.

Symptoms of hantavirus infections can vary depending on the specific type of infection but may include fever, muscle aches, headache, fatigue, and coughing. In severe cases, hantavirus infections can lead to respiratory failure, shock, and even death.

Preventive measures include avoiding contact with rodents, sealing entry points to prevent their entry into homes or buildings, and using appropriate personal protective equipment when cleaning areas where rodents may have been present. Currently, there is no specific treatment for hantavirus infections, but early recognition and supportive care can improve outcomes.

I apologize, but "Costa Rica" is not a medical term or concept. Costa Rica is a country located in Central America, known for its rich biodiversity and progressive environmental policies. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Salmonella food poisoning, also known as salmonellosis, is an infection caused by the Salmonella enterica bacterium. It's typically contracted through the consumption of contaminated food or water, or by coming into contact with infected animals or their feces. The bacteria can cause gastrointestinal distress, including diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever, within 12 to 72 hours after exposure. Symptoms usually last for four to seven days, and most people recover without treatment. However, in severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage dehydration caused by excessive diarrhea. In rare instances, Salmonella can spread from the intestines to the bloodstream and cause life-threatening infections.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Guatemala" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in Central America. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!

Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.

I apologize for the confusion, but "Marine Biology" is not a medical term. Instead, it is a branch of biology that deals with the study of marine organisms, their behaviors, and their interactions with the marine environment. Marine biologists investigate various aspects of marine life, such as the ecology, physiology, and genetics of marine plants, animals, and microorganisms. They also study the impact of human activities on marine ecosystems and work towards conservation efforts to protect these environments.

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) is a type of alphavirus that can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in horses and humans. It is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes, although it can also be spread through contact with contaminated food or water, or by aerosolization during laboratory work or in bioterrorism attacks.

VEEV infection can cause a range of symptoms in humans, from mild flu-like illness to severe encephalitis, which may result in permanent neurological damage or death. There are several subtypes of VEEV, some of which are more virulent than others. The virus is endemic in parts of Central and South America, but outbreaks can also occur in other regions, including the United States.

VEEV is considered a potential bioterrorism agent due to its ease of transmission through aerosolization and its high virulence. There are no specific treatments for VEEV infection, although supportive care can help manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites in endemic areas, using personal protective equipment during laboratory work with the virus, and implementing strict biocontainment procedures in research settings.

An endemic disease is a type of disease that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain population, and is spread easily from person to person. The rate of infection is consistently high in these populations, but it is relatively stable and does not change dramatically over time. Endemic diseases are contrasted with epidemic diseases, which suddenly increase in incidence and spread rapidly through a large population.

Endemic diseases are often associated with poverty, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare. They can also be influenced by environmental factors such as climate, water quality, and exposure to vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Examples of endemic diseases include malaria in some tropical countries, tuberculosis (TB) in many parts of the world, and HIV/AIDS in certain populations.

Effective prevention and control measures for endemic diseases typically involve improving access to healthcare, promoting good hygiene and sanitation practices, providing vaccinations when available, and implementing vector control strategies. By addressing the underlying social and environmental factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases, it is possible to reduce their impact on affected populations and improve overall health outcomes.

Ascomycota is a phylum in the kingdom Fungi, also known as sac fungi. This group includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms, such as yeasts, mold species, and morel mushrooms. Ascomycetes are characterized by their reproductive structures called ascus, which contain typically eight haploid spores produced sexually through a process called ascogony. Some members of this phylum have significant ecological and economic importance, as they can be decomposers, mutualistic symbionts, or plant pathogens causing various diseases. Examples include the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea, and morel mushroom Morchella esculenta.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geography" is not a term that has a medical definition. Geography is a field of study that deals with the location and distribution of physical and cultural features on Earth's surface, as well as how humans interact with and affect those features. It is not a concept that is typically used in a medical context. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!

In medical terms, "fossils" do not have a specific or direct relevance to the field. However, in a broader scientific context, fossils are the remains or impressions of prehistoric organisms preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. They offer valuable evidence about the Earth's history and the life forms that existed on it millions of years ago.

Paleopathology is a subfield of paleontology that deals with the study of diseases in fossils, which can provide insights into the evolution of diseases and human health over time.

Biodiversity is the variety of different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms that live in an ecosystem. It also includes the variety of genes within a species and the variety of ecosystems (such as forests, grasslands, deserts, and oceans) that exist in a region or on Earth as a whole. Biodiversity is important for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, providing resources and services such as food, clean water, and pollination, and contributing to the discovery of new medicines and other useful products. The loss of biodiversity can have negative impacts on the functioning of ecosystems and the services they provide, and can threaten the survival of species and the livelihoods of people who depend on them.

Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan *Trypanosoma cruzi*. It is primarily transmitted to humans through the feces of triatomine bugs (also called "kissing bugs"), which defecate on the skin of people while they are sleeping. The disease can also be spread through contaminated food or drink, during blood transfusions, from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth, and through organ transplantation.

The acute phase of Chagas disease can cause symptoms such as fever, fatigue, body aches, headache, rash, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and vomiting. However, many people do not experience any symptoms during the acute phase. After several weeks or months, most people enter the chronic phase of the disease, which can last for decades or even a lifetime. During this phase, many people do not have any symptoms, but about 20-30% of infected individuals will develop serious cardiac or digestive complications, such as heart failure, arrhythmias, or difficulty swallowing.

Chagas disease is primarily found in Latin America, where it is estimated that around 6-7 million people are infected with the parasite. However, due to increased travel and migration, cases of Chagas disease have been reported in other parts of the world, including North America, Europe, and Asia. There is no vaccine for Chagas disease, but medications are available to treat the infection during the acute phase and to manage symptoms during the chronic phase.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with Leishmania parasites, which are transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The disease primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes, causing lesions that can be disfiguring and stigmatizing. There are several clinical forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis, including localized, disseminated, and mucocutaneous.

Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of the disease, characterized by the development of one or more nodular or ulcerative lesions at the site of the sandfly bite, typically appearing within a few weeks to several months after exposure. The lesions may vary in size and appearance, ranging from small papules to large plaques or ulcers, and can be painful or pruritic (itchy).

Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis is a more severe form of the disease, characterized by the widespread dissemination of lesions across the body. This form of the disease typically affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy.

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a rare but severe form of the disease, characterized by the spread of infection from the skin to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat. This can result in extensive tissue destruction, disfigurement, and functional impairment.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, epidemiological data, and laboratory tests such as parasite detection using microscopy or molecular techniques, or serological tests to detect antibodies against the Leishmania parasites. Treatment options for cutaneous leishmaniasis include systemic or topical medications, such as antimonial drugs, miltefosine, or pentamidine, as well as physical treatments such as cryotherapy or thermotherapy. The choice of treatment depends on various factors, including the species of Leishmania involved, the clinical form of the disease, and the patient's overall health status.

Leishmania is a genus of protozoan parasites that are the causative agents of Leishmaniasis, a group of diseases with various clinical manifestations. These parasites are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. The disease has a wide geographic distribution, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of Asia, Africa, South America, and Southern Europe.

The Leishmania species have a complex life cycle that involves two main stages: the promastigote stage, which is found in the sandfly vector, and the amastigote stage, which infects mammalian hosts, including humans. The clinical manifestations of Leishmaniasis depend on the specific Leishmania species and the host's immune response to the infection.

The three main forms of Leishmaniasis are:

1. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL): This form is characterized by skin lesions, such as ulcers or nodules, that can take several months to heal and may leave scars. CL is caused by various Leishmania species, including L. major, L. tropica, and L. aethiopica.

2. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL): Also known as kala-azar, VL affects internal organs such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Symptoms include fever, weight loss, anemia, and enlarged liver and spleen. VL is caused by L. donovani, L. infantum, and L. chagasi species.

3. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL): This form affects the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat, causing destruction of tissues and severe disfigurement. MCL is caused by L. braziliensis and L. guyanensis species.

Prevention and control measures for Leishmaniasis include vector control, early diagnosis and treatment, and protection against sandfly bites through the use of insect repellents and bed nets.

Genetic variation refers to the differences in DNA sequences among individuals and populations. These variations can result from mutations, genetic recombination, or gene flow between populations. Genetic variation is essential for evolution by providing the raw material upon which natural selection acts. It can occur within a single gene, between different genes, or at larger scales, such as differences in the number of chromosomes or entire sets of chromosomes. The study of genetic variation is crucial in understanding the genetic basis of diseases and traits, as well as the evolutionary history and relationships among species.

Seroepidemiologic studies are a type of epidemiological study that measures the presence and levels of antibodies in a population's blood serum to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. These studies help to identify patterns of infection and immunity within a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.

Seroepidemiologic studies typically involve collecting blood samples from a representative sample of individuals in a population and testing them for the presence of antibodies against specific pathogens. The results are then analyzed to estimate the prevalence of infection and immunity within the population, as well as any factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection.

These studies can provide valuable insights into the spread of infectious diseases, including emerging and re-emerging infections, and help to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Additionally, seroepidemiologic studies can also be used to investigate the transmission dynamics of infectious agents, such as identifying sources of infection or tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance.

A disease reservoir refers to a population or group of living organisms, including humans, animals, and even plants, that can naturally carry and transmit a particular pathogen (disease-causing agent) without necessarily showing symptoms of the disease themselves. These hosts serve as a source of infection for other susceptible individuals, allowing the pathogen to persist and circulate within a community or environment.

Disease reservoirs can be further classified into:

1. **Primary (or Main) Reservoir**: This refers to the species that primarily harbors and transmits the pathogen, contributing significantly to its natural ecology and maintaining its transmission cycle. For example, mosquitoes are the primary reservoirs for many arboviruses like dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses.

2. **Amplifying Hosts**: These hosts can become infected with the pathogen and experience a high rate of replication, leading to an increased concentration of the pathogen in their bodies. This allows for efficient transmission to other susceptible hosts or vectors. For instance, birds are amplifying hosts for West Nile virus, as they can become viremic (have high levels of virus in their blood) and infect feeding mosquitoes that then transmit the virus to other animals and humans.

3. **Dead-end Hosts**: These hosts may become infected with the pathogen but do not contribute significantly to its transmission cycle, as they either do not develop sufficient quantities of the pathogen to transmit it or do not come into contact with potential vectors or susceptible hosts. For example, humans are dead-end hosts for many zoonotic diseases like rabies, as they cannot transmit the virus to other humans.

Understanding disease reservoirs is crucial in developing effective strategies for controlling and preventing infectious diseases, as it helps identify key species and environments that contribute to their persistence and transmission.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "population density" is actually a term used in population geography and epidemiology, rather than medical terminology. It refers to the number of people living in a specific area or region, usually measured as the number of people per square mile or square kilometer.

However, understanding population density can be important in public health and medicine because it can influence various factors related to health outcomes and healthcare delivery, such as:

1. Disease transmission rates: Higher population densities can facilitate the spread of infectious diseases, particularly those that are transmitted through close contact between individuals.
2. Access to healthcare services: Areas with lower population density might have fewer healthcare resources and providers available, making it more challenging for residents to access necessary medical care.
3. Health disparities: Population density can contribute to health inequities, as urban areas often have better access to healthcare, education, and economic opportunities than rural areas, leading to differences in health outcomes between these populations.
4. Environmental factors: Higher population densities might lead to increased pollution, noise, and other environmental hazards that can negatively impact health.

Therefore, while "population density" is not a medical definition per se, it remains an essential concept for understanding various public health and healthcare issues.

Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis. It's transmitted to humans and other mammals through the feces of triatomine bugs, often called "kissing bugs." The parasite can also be spread through contaminated food, drink, or from mother to baby during pregnancy or birth.

The life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi involves two main forms: the infective metacyclic trypomastigote that is found in the bug's feces and the replicative intracellular amastigote that resides within host cells. The metacyclic trypomastigotes enter the host through mucous membranes or skin lesions, where they invade various types of cells and differentiate into amastigotes. These amastigotes multiply by binary fission and then differentiate back into trypomastigotes, which are released into the bloodstream when the host cell ruptures. The circulating trypomastigotes can then infect other cells or be taken up by another triatomine bug during a blood meal, continuing the life cycle.

Clinical manifestations of Chagas disease range from an acute phase with non-specific symptoms like fever, swelling, and fatigue to a chronic phase characterized by cardiac and gastrointestinal complications, which can develop decades after the initial infection. Early detection and treatment of Chagas disease are crucial for preventing long-term health consequences.

Population dynamics, in the context of public health and epidemiology, refers to the study of the changes in size and structure of a population over time, as well as the factors that contribute to those changes. This can include birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, aging, and other demographic characteristics. Understanding population dynamics is crucial for planning and implementing public health interventions, such as vaccination programs or disease prevention strategies, as they allow researchers and policymakers to identify vulnerable populations, predict future health trends, and evaluate the impact of public health initiatives.

Molecular epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology that uses laboratory techniques to identify and analyze the genetic material (DNA, RNA) of pathogens or host cells to understand their distribution, transmission, and disease associations in populations. It combines molecular biology methods with epidemiological approaches to investigate the role of genetic factors in disease occurrence and outcomes. This field has contributed significantly to the identification of infectious disease outbreaks, tracking the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, understanding the transmission dynamics of viruses, and identifying susceptible populations for targeted interventions.

Anthozoa is a major class of marine animals, which are exclusively aquatic and almost entirely restricted to shallow waters. They are classified within the phylum Cnidaria, which also includes corals, jellyfish, sea anemones, and hydroids. Anthozoans are characterized by their lack of medusa stage in their life cycle, as they exist solely as polyps.

This class is divided into two main subclasses: Hexacorallia (also known as Zoantharia) and Octocorallia (also known as Alcyonaria). The primary differences between these subclasses lie in the structure of their polyps and the composition of their skeletons.

1. Hexacorallia: These are commonly referred to as 'stony' or 'hard' corals, due to their calcium carbonate-based skeletons. They have a simple polyp structure with six-fold symmetry (hence the name Hexacorallia), featuring 6 tentacles around the mouth opening. Examples of Hexacorallia include reef-building corals, sea fans, and black corals.
2. Octocorallia: These are also called 'soft' corals or 'leather' corals because they lack a calcium carbonate skeleton. Instead, their supporting structures consist of proteins and other organic compounds. Octocorallia polyps exhibit eight-fold symmetry (hence the name Octocorallia), with eight tentacles around the mouth opening. Examples of Octocorallia include sea fans, sea whips, and blue corals.

Anthozoa species are primarily found in tropical and subtropical oceans, but some can be found in colder, deeper waters as well. They play a crucial role in marine ecosystems by providing habitats and shelter for various other marine organisms, particularly on coral reefs. Additionally, they contribute to the formation of limestone deposits through their calcium carbonate-based skeletons.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

18S rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is the smaller subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome, which is the cellular organelle responsible for protein synthesis. The "18S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of this rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its rate of sedimentation in a centrifuge and is expressed in Svedberg units (S).

The 18S rRNA is a component of the 40S subunit of the ribosome, and it plays a crucial role in the decoding of messenger RNA (mRNA) during protein synthesis. Specifically, the 18S rRNA helps to form the structure of the ribosome and contains several conserved regions that are involved in binding to mRNA and guiding the movement of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) during translation.

The 18S rRNA is also a commonly used molecular marker for evolutionary studies, as its sequence is highly conserved across different species and can be used to infer phylogenetic relationships between organisms. Additionally, the analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences has been widely used in various fields such as ecology, environmental science, and medicine to study biodiversity, biogeography, and infectious diseases.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

Demography is the statistical study of populations, particularly in terms of size, distribution, and characteristics such as age, race, gender, and occupation. In medical contexts, demography is often used to analyze health-related data and trends within specific populations. This can include studying the prevalence of certain diseases or conditions, identifying disparities in healthcare access and outcomes, and evaluating the effectiveness of public health interventions. Demographic data can also be used to inform policy decisions and allocate resources to address population health needs.

Biological evolution is the change in the genetic composition of populations of organisms over time, from one generation to the next. It is a process that results in descendants differing genetically from their ancestors. Biological evolution can be driven by several mechanisms, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. These processes can lead to changes in the frequency of alleles (variants of a gene) within populations, resulting in the development of new species and the extinction of others over long periods of time. Biological evolution provides a unifying explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and is supported by extensive evidence from many different fields of science, including genetics, paleontology, comparative anatomy, and biogeography.

Hemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins are surface proteins found on influenza viruses. They play a crucial role in the virus's ability to infect and spread within host organisms.

The HAs are responsible for binding to sialic acid receptors on the host cell's surface, allowing the virus to attach and enter the cell. After endocytosis, the viral and endosomal membranes fuse, releasing the viral genome into the host cell's cytoplasm.

There are several subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1-H18) identified so far, with H1, H2, and H3 being common in human infections. The significant antigenic differences among these subtypes make them important targets for the development of influenza vaccines. However, due to their high mutation rate, new vaccine formulations are often required to match the circulating virus strains.

In summary, hemagglutinin glycoproteins on influenza viruses are essential for host cell recognition and entry, making them important targets for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of influenza infections.

Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that are present in food, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This field examines how these microbes interact with food, how they affect its safety and quality, and how they can be controlled during food production, processing, storage, and preparation. Food microbiology also involves the development of methods for detecting and identifying pathogenic microorganisms in food, as well as studying the mechanisms of foodborne illnesses and developing strategies to prevent them. Additionally, it includes research on the beneficial microbes found in certain fermented foods and their potential applications in improving food quality and safety.

Cluster analysis is a statistical method used to group similar objects or data points together based on their characteristics or features. In medical and healthcare research, cluster analysis can be used to identify patterns or relationships within complex datasets, such as patient records or genetic information. This technique can help researchers to classify patients into distinct subgroups based on their symptoms, diagnoses, or other variables, which can inform more personalized treatment plans or public health interventions.

Cluster analysis involves several steps, including:

1. Data preparation: The researcher must first collect and clean the data, ensuring that it is complete and free from errors. This may involve removing outlier values or missing data points.
2. Distance measurement: Next, the researcher must determine how to measure the distance between each pair of data points. Common methods include Euclidean distance (the straight-line distance between two points) or Manhattan distance (the distance between two points along a grid).
3. Clustering algorithm: The researcher then applies a clustering algorithm, which groups similar data points together based on their distances from one another. Common algorithms include hierarchical clustering (which creates a tree-like structure of clusters) or k-means clustering (which assigns each data point to the nearest centroid).
4. Validation: Finally, the researcher must validate the results of the cluster analysis by evaluating the stability and robustness of the clusters. This may involve re-running the analysis with different distance measures or clustering algorithms, or comparing the results to external criteria.

Cluster analysis is a powerful tool for identifying patterns and relationships within complex datasets, but it requires careful consideration of the data preparation, distance measurement, and validation steps to ensure accurate and meaningful results.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the genetic material present in the mitochondria, which are specialized structures within cells that generate energy. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is present in the cell nucleus and inherited from both parents, mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother.

MtDNA is a circular molecule that contains 37 genes, including 13 genes that encode for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, a process that generates energy in the form of ATP. The remaining genes encode for rRNAs and tRNAs, which are necessary for protein synthesis within the mitochondria.

Mutations in mtDNA can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, including mitochondrial diseases, which can affect any organ system in the body. These mutations can also be used in forensic science to identify individuals and establish biological relationships.

In the context of medicine and biology, symbiosis is a type of close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms. Generally, one organism, called the symbiont, lives inside or on another organism, called the host. This interaction can be mutually beneficial (mutualistic), harmful to the host organism (parasitic), or have no effect on either organism (commensal).

Examples of mutualistic symbiotic relationships in humans include the bacteria that live in our gut and help us digest food, as well as the algae that live inside corals and provide them with nutrients. Parasitic symbioses, on the other hand, involve organisms like viruses or parasitic worms that live inside a host and cause harm to it.

It's worth noting that while the term "symbiosis" is often used in popular culture to refer to any close relationship between two organisms, in scientific contexts it has a more specific meaning related to long-term biological interactions.

There doesn't seem to be a specific medical definition for "DNA, protozoan" as it is simply a reference to the DNA found in protozoa. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be found in various environments such as soil, water, and the digestive tracts of animals.

Protozoan DNA refers to the genetic material present in these organisms. It is composed of nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which contain the instructions for the development, growth, and reproduction of the protozoan.

The DNA in protozoa, like in other organisms, is made up of two strands of nucleotides that coil together to form a double helix. The four nucleotide bases that make up protozoan DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). These bases pair with each other to form the rungs of the DNA ladder, with A always pairing with T and G always pairing with C.

The genetic information stored in protozoan DNA is encoded in the sequence of these nucleotide bases. This information is used to synthesize proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of the organism's cells. Protozoan DNA also contains other types of genetic material, such as regulatory sequences that control gene expression and repetitive elements with no known function.

Understanding the DNA of protozoa is important for studying their biology, evolution, and pathogenicity. It can help researchers develop new treatments for protozoan diseases and gain insights into the fundamental principles of genetics and cellular function.

Influenza vaccines, also known as flu shots, are vaccines that protect against the influenza virus. Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory illness that can cause severe symptoms and complications, particularly in young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with certain underlying health conditions.

Influenza vaccines contain inactivated or weakened viruses or pieces of the virus, which stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that recognize and fight off the virus. The vaccine is typically given as an injection into the muscle, usually in the upper arm.

There are several different types of influenza vaccines available, including:

* Trivalent vaccines, which protect against three strains of the virus (two A strains and one B strain)
* Quadrivalent vaccines, which protect against four strains of the virus (two A strains and two B strains)
* High-dose vaccines, which contain a higher amount of antigen and are recommended for people aged 65 and older
* Adjuvanted vaccines, which contain an additional ingredient to boost the immune response and are also recommended for people aged 65 and older
* Cell-based vaccines, which are produced using cultured cells rather than eggs and may be recommended for people with egg allergies

It's important to note that influenza viruses are constantly changing, so the vaccine is updated each year to match the circulating strains. It's recommended that most people get vaccinated against influenza every year to stay protected.

Influenza A virus is defined as a negative-sense, single-stranded, segmented RNA virus belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae. It is responsible for causing epidemic and pandemic influenza in humans and is also known to infect various animal species, such as birds, pigs, horses, and seals. The viral surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are the primary targets for antiviral drugs and vaccines. There are 18 different HA subtypes and 11 known NA subtypes, which contribute to the diversity and antigenic drift of Influenza A viruses. The zoonotic nature of this virus allows for genetic reassortment between human and animal strains, leading to the emergence of novel variants with pandemic potential.

Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.

It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.

Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.

Serotyping is a laboratory technique used to classify microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, based on the specific antigens or proteins present on their surface. It involves treating the microorganism with different types of antibodies and observing which ones bind to its surface. Each distinct set of antigens corresponds to a specific serotype, allowing for precise identification and characterization of the microorganism. This technique is particularly useful in epidemiology, vaccine development, and infection control.

Electron Transport Complex IV is also known as Cytochrome c oxidase. It is the last complex in the electron transport chain, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells. This complex contains 13 subunits, two heme groups (a and a3), and three copper centers (A, B, and C).

In the electron transport chain, Complex IV receives electrons from cytochrome c and transfers them to molecular oxygen, reducing it to water. This process is accompanied by the pumping of protons across the membrane, contributing to the generation of a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase (Complex V). The overall reaction catalyzed by Complex IV can be summarized as follows:

4e- + 4H+ + O2 → 2H2O

Defects in Cytochrome c oxidase can lead to various diseases, including mitochondrial encephalomyopathies and neurodegenerative disorders.

A rural population refers to people who live in areas that are outside of urban areas, typically defined as having fewer than 2,000 residents and lacking certain infrastructure and services such as running water, sewage systems, and paved roads. Rural populations often have less access to healthcare services, education, and economic opportunities compared to their urban counterparts. This population group can face unique health challenges, including higher rates of poverty, limited access to specialized medical care, and a greater exposure to environmental hazards such as agricultural chemicals and industrial pollutants.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Molecular evolution is the process of change in the DNA sequence or protein structure over time, driven by mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. It refers to the evolutionary study of changes in DNA, RNA, and proteins, and how these changes accumulate and lead to new species and diversity of life. Molecular evolution can be used to understand the history and relationships among different organisms, as well as the functional consequences of genetic changes.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

... portal Latin America portal Index of Panama-related articles Outline of Panama "Panama". CIA World Factbook. February 4 ... Panama from BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Panama Geographic data related to Panama at OpenStreetMap 9°N 80°W / 9°N 80°W / 9; - ... Most of Panama's largest cities are part of the Panama City Metropolitan Area. Christianity is the main religion in Panama. An ... The second wave of black people brought to Panama came from the Caribbean during the construction of the Panama Canal. Panama ...
The Panama Canal Review, "Your Town - Gamboa," Panama Canal Company, September 4, 1953. The Panama Canal Review, "Quarters ... Over time as the Panama Canal Company/Canal Zone Government began to transfer operations to Panama following the 1977 Panama ... Schooling in the Panama Canal Zone 1904-1979, Phi Delta Kappa Panama Canal Area, June 1980 Gamboa Silver Town Reunion 09°07′N ... Gamboa is a small town in corregimiento of Cristóbal in the Colón Province, Panama close to the Panama Canal and the Chagres ...
Mendoza is a corregimiento in La Chorrera District, Panamá Oeste Province, Panama with a population of 1,233 as of 2010. Its ... National Institute of Statistics and Census of Panama. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015. v t ...
The Panama flycatcher (Myiarchus panamensis) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica ... A molecular genetic study published in 2020 found that the Panama flycatcher is sister to the short-crested flycatcher ( ... Birds of Panama, Birds described in 1860, Taxonomy articles created by Polbot, All stub articles, Tyrant flycatcher stubs). ... Panama, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland ...
The Panama Bight extends eastwards from the Azuero Peninsula in Panama along the coast of the Gulf of Panama and Archipelago de ... 1] Panama Bight (WWF) Panama Bight (National Geographic) Panama Bight map (National Geographic) (Articles with short ... The Panama Bight ecoregion is home to rich coral beds in the near shore waters. While coral diversity is lower here than in the ... The Panama Bight ecoregion is one of the World Wildlife Fund's Global 200 priority ecoregions for conservation. Spalding, Mark ...
It was hosted at Summit Golf & Resort in Panama City, Panama. In 2004 and 2005 it was co-sanctioned by the Challenge Tour. CHA ... The Panama Masters was a golf tournament on the Tour de las Américas from 2002 to 2005. ... Golf tournaments in Panama, All stub articles, Panamanian sport stubs, Golf tournament stubs). ...
Maraca is a corregimiento in Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca in the Republic of Panama. "REGLAMENTO DE DISTRIBUCIÓN Y COMERCIALIZACIÓN DE ...
All residents rented their home from the Panama Canal Company; no one owned their home. If a person did not work for the Panama ... while the remainder continued to be held by the Panama Canal Commission (the new incarnation of the Panama Canal Company/ ... Originally, Diablo Hill was much larger, but it was cut back to facilitate the relocation and rerouting of the Panama Railroad ... Isthmian Canal Commission (U.S.); Canal Zone (1919). Panama canal record. The Canal. p. 550. Retrieved 27 August 2013. ( ...
Amador is a corregimiento in La Chorrera District, Panamá Oeste Province, Panama with a population of 2,996 as of 2010. Its ... National Institute of Statistics and Census of Panama. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015. v t ...
Roka is a corregimiento in Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca in the Republic of Panama. "REGLAMENTO DE DISTRIBUCIÓN Y COMERCIALIZACIÓN DE ... Panama articles missing geocoordinate data, All articles needing coordinates, Articles missing coordinates with coordinates on ...
Chitra is a corregimiento in Calobre District, Veraguas Province, Panama with a population of 1,301 as of 2010. Its population ... Panama articles missing geocoordinate data, All articles needing coordinates, Articles missing coordinates with coordinates on ... National Institute of Statistics and Census of Panama. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015. v t ...
Race - Panama village, Illinois: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 22, 2023. Panama ... Panama is located on the border between Bond and Montgomery counties at 39°1′50″N 89°31′25″W / 39.03056°N 89.52361°W / ... Panama is a village in Montgomery and Bond counties, Illinois, United States. The population was 337 at the 2020 census. The ... According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Panama has a total area of 0.37 square miles (0.96 km2), of which 0.002 square miles ( ...
"Panama Sal". Afi.com. Retrieved 2015-12-05. Panama Sal at IMDb v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is ... "Panama Sal (1957) - Overview". TCM.com. Retrieved 2015-12-05. Hal Erickson (2015). "Panama-Sal - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes". ... Panama Sal is a 1957 American musical comedy film directed by William Witney and written by Arnold Belgard. The film stars ... The plane runs out of fuel, making a forced landing in the wilds of Panama. There the three men have a chance encounter with a ...
Bejuco is a corregimiento in Chame District, Panamá Oeste Province, Panama with a population of 5,548 as of 2010. Its ... National Institute of Statistics and Census of Panama. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015. v t ...
1994 establishments in Panama, 2006 disestablishments in Panama, Cargo airlines of Panama, Companies based in Panama City, All ... Panavia was an airline based in Panama City, Panama. Established in 1994, it operated chartered cargo flights out of Tocumen ... Defunct airlines of Panama, Defunct cargo airlines, Airlines established in 1994, Airlines disestablished in 2006, ... International Airport, Panama City. In 2006, Panavia was shut down. [citation needed] In 2005, Panavia operated scheduled ...
The Panama scandals (also known as the Panama Canal Scandal or Panama Affair) was a corruption affair that broke out in the ... "THE PANAMA CANAL 1880-1914: Why de Lesseps failed to build the Panama Canal". Arendt, Hannah (1973-03-21). The Origins of ... In 1894, a second French company, the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama (New Panama Canal Company), was created to manage ... French political scandals Eric Zencey author of the novel Panama dealing with the Panama scandals (CS1: Julian-Gregorian ...
Campana is a corregimiento in Capira District, Panamá Oeste Province, Panama with a population of 2,067 as of 2010. Its ... National Institute of Statistics and Census of Panama. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015. v t ...
Road-inaccessible communities of Panama, All stub articles, Panama geography stubs). ... Cuango is a corregimiento in Santa Isabel District, Colón Province, Panama with a population of 442 as of 2010. Its population ... National Institute of Statistics and Census of Panama. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015. 9° ...
The Panama spadefish (Parapsettus panamensis) is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Ephippidae, the ... The Panama spadefishes is the only known member of the monospecific genus Parapsettus . Smith-Vaniz, B.; Robertson, R.; ...
Soná is a corregimiento in Soná District, Veraguas Province, Panama with a population of 10,802 as of 2010. It is the seat of ... National Institute of Statistics and Census of Panama. Retrieved May 26, 2015. v t e (CS1 Spanish-language sources (es), ...
Official website Panama Music on Facebook Panama at AllMusic Panama on Twitter (Articles with short description, Short ... Panama formed after Jarrah McCleary's previous band, The Dirty Secrets came to an end. Panama has allowed McCleary to ... "Panama". issuemagazine.com. Retrieved 2021-06-24. Phillips, Nicola (2015-09-15). "Sound of the Week: Panama". Kaltblut Magazine ... Corrie (7 March 2014). "Panama Releases Bonus Track "Strange Feeling"". stoneyroads.com. Retrieved 21 March 2018. "Panama - ...
Cascabel is a corregimiento in Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca in the Republic of Panama. "REGLAMENTO DE DISTRIBUCIÓN Y COMERCIALIZACIÓN DE ...
from Panama City or about 40 miles and about 90 Km. from Colón or 55 miles. "Coronado". Vacation to Panama 'Vacation Experts in ... Coronado is part of the first structured agrarian culture that began to take form within Panama in the 18th century. The first ... Coronado is a coastal city and resort located about 87 km (54 miles) southwest of Panama City. Coronado was the first resort ... Coronado is located on the Pacific coast of Panama, with Coronado being located about 60-65 Km. ...
Bays of Panama, Gulf of Panama, Panama City, Panamanian coasts of the Pacific Ocean, Ramsar sites in Panama). ... The Panama Bay (Spanish: Bahia de Panamá) is a large body of water off the coast of southern Panama, at 8°50′00″N 79°15′00″W ... It is a part of the greater Gulf of Panama. The Panama Bay is considered to be in an eutrophic state by the World Resources ... Urban wastewater from nearby Panama City has also contributed to the eutrophication of Panama Bay. Matasnillo River "Bahía de ...
Hurtado is a corregimiento in La Chorrera District, Panamá Oeste Province, Panama with a population of 1,206 as of 2010. Its ... National Institute of Statistics and Census of Panama. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015. v t ...
The Panama tyrannulet or yellow-green tyrannulet (Phylloscartes flavovirens) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae. It ... Endemic birds of Panama, Birds described in 1862, Taxonomy articles created by Polbot, All stub articles, Tyrant flycatcher ... is endemic to Panama. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. BirdLife International (2016). " ...
"Movie Review - Panama Flo - A Jungle Thriller. - NYTimes.com". Retrieved September 9, 2014. "Panama Flo Trailer, Reviews and ... Panama Flo is a 1932 American pre-Code drama film directed by Ralph Murphy and written by Garrett Fort. The film stars Helen ... McTeague realizes the Panama reference and heads home where he finds Babe dead. Flo believes she killed Babe and McTeague lets ... Panama Flo at IMDb (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Use mdy dates from December ...
Panama is an unincorporated community in Millgrove Township, Steuben County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. Panama is located at ... "Panama, Indiana". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 2, 2017. v t e (Use ...
Nibra is a corregimiento in Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca in the Republic of Panama. "REGLAMENTO DE DISTRIBUCIÓN Y COMERCIALIZACIÓN DE ...
Zapotillo is a corregimiento in Las Palmas District, Veraguas Province, Panama with a population of 69 as of 2010. Its ... National Institute of Statistics and Census of Panama. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015. 8° ...
Country Programme Evaluation: Panama 2005-2009. The main problems identified by the Government of Panama, which it presented as ... Aid for Trade at a Glance 2009 - Panama The Aid for Trade at a Glance 2009: Maintaining Momentum report presents the results of ... Peer Review Report of Panama - Phase 1: Legal and Regulatory Framework This report summarises the legal and regulatory ... Evaluación del Programa de País: Panama 2005-2009. Los principales problemas que el Gobierno de Panamá (GdP) documento ...
The construction of the Panama Canal Railway and the Panama Canal brought a large number of migrant workers to Panama.[1] The ... Anarchism in Panama began as an organized movement among immigrant workers, brought to the country to work on the numerous ... It was these workers that first brought anarcho-syndicalism to Panama.[2]: 291 The most libertarian workers came from Spain, a ... A number of individualist anarchists, influenced by the philosophies of Nietzsche and Stirner, also arrived in Panama. They saw ...
Panama portal Latin America portal Index of Panama-related articles Outline of Panama "Panama". CIA World Factbook. February 4 ... Panama from BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Panama Geographic data related to Panama at OpenStreetMap 9°N 80°W / 9°N 80°W / 9; - ... Most of Panamas largest cities are part of the Panama City Metropolitan Area. Christianity is the main religion in Panama. An ... The second wave of black people brought to Panama came from the Caribbean during the construction of the Panama Canal. Panama ...
Panama Canal: References & Edit History. More Articles On This Topic. Assorted References. *major reference* In Panama: Panama ... Making Americas Empire at the Panama Canal (2009); Matthew Parker, Panama Fever: The Epic Story of the Building of the Panama ... 1989); John Major, Prize Possession: The United States and the Panama Canal, 1903-1979 (1993); Mark Falcoff, Panamas Canal: ... Added new Web site: Panama Canal Authority - panama Canal History.. * Grace Young ...
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PANAMA: Tier 2. The Government of Panama does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however ... Traffickers from Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Venezuela, and Panama operated in Panama during the reporting ... RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PANAMA Significantly increase funding for specialized victim services, including by allocating funds to the ... Panama assumed the presidency of the regional coalition against human trafficking and smuggling and helped to coordinate ...
Panama. Panama , officially called the Republic of Panama , is a country usually considered to be entirely in North America or ... Panama Canal Transfer Ceremony. Beginning his speech in Spanish then switching to English, President Carter spoke about the ... Panama has hosted 1 event in the C-SPAN Video Library; the first program was a 1999 Ceremony. ...
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Panama High School is a public high school located in Panama, New York. See more ... AdView Panama High School Yearbooks & Find Old Friends. Register for Free Today! Search Classmates® Free & Find Yearbooks and ... Panama High School, Panama OK Rankings. https://www.homes.com. AdSearch homes, condos, townhomes & properties for sale in ... Panama High School , Search For Your Yearbook Photo. https://www.classmates.com/Panama/High_School. ...
Even though it is only a tiny sliver of land, relative to the sizes of continents, the Isthmus of Panama had an enormous impact ... The formation of the Isthmus of Panama also played a major role in biodiversity on our world. The bridge made it easier for ... Twenty million years ago ocean covered the area where Panama is today. There was a gap between the continents of North and ... Scientists believe the formation of the Isthmus of Panama is one of the most important geologic events to happen on Earth in ...
Our extended-stay Panama City lodging provides pet-friendly suites, complimentary Wi-Fi and a free breakfast buffet. ... Reserve your stay at the new Residence Inn Panama City. ... Strive for success at our all-new Panama City, Panama hotel. ... Does Residence Inn Panama City have Wi-Fi? Yes, Residence Inn Panama City has free Wi-Fi available to hotel guests. ... What are the check-in and check-out times at Residence Inn Panama City? The check-in time at Residence Inn Panama City is 3:00 ...
A Century After the Canal, Panama City Dives Into Design-Led Development. A century after it opened its namesake ...
The massive leak of confidential banking documents known as the Panama Papers has implicated some big names in Africa. The ... The leaked Panama papers also named the nephew of South African President Jacob Zuma. ... The son of former U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan is also mentioned in the alleged leaked Panama papers. ... Caprikat is registered in the British Virgin Islands, the main offshore tax haven involved in the Panama Papers. ...
It is located in the east-central part of the country near the Pacific Ocean terminus of the Panama Canal, on the Gulf of ... Panama. Area city, 38.5 square miles (100 square km). Pop. (2010) city, 430,299; (2010 est.) urban agglomeration, 1,378,000. ... Panama City, capital of the Republic of Panama. ... Panama City, capital of the Republic of Panama. It is located ... Panama City. Aerial view of the Panamá Viejo historic district of Panama City, Panama.. (more). ...
... is a columnist at theGrio. He writes very Black things and drinks very brown liquors, and is pretty fly for a ... About Panama Jackson. Panama Jackson is a columnist at theGrio. He writes very Black things and drinks very brown liquors, and ...
No import licenses are required in Panama. Any company holding a commercial license can freely import goods into Panama. A ...
March means ment miles military naval necessary negotiations neutrality Nicaragua Canal ocean officers operation Pacific Panama ... plans political ports position present President proposed protection question railroad reason relations Republic of Panama ...
160g of PANAMA tea, good for up to 24 litres of iced tea. - 1 pack of Enveloppes-Filtre™. ... PANAMA®. Green iced tea. flowers, fruits & mint. To make up to 24 litres of iced tea. « FRENCH SUMMER TEA » Collection: ... An iced green tea PANAMA is both full bodied and super-refreshing; offering the magnificent energy of gentle mint, it sings the ... MARIAGE FRÈRES enriches its collection of iced teas with "PANAMA", a new FRENCH SUMMER TEA in an obsidian black glass jar ...
The Panama Canal tolls controversy , WorldCat.org ...
ICIJs Ryle told WIRED that the Panama Papers document trove represents the biggest leak in history, about 2,000 times larger ... Their findings from the so-called Panama Papers began rolling out Sunday, revealing a vast global network of secret offshore ... He continues digging into the Panama Papers. There are a lot of amazing stories that are still to be told. ... As part of the International Consortium of Investigative journalists, hes collaborating on the so-called Panama Papers project ...
Browse ways to Volunteer in Panama with the help of StudyAbroad.com ... Volunteering in Panama might be a great way to help those in need and travel the globe. ... The Panama Canal. Its hard to visit Panama and not see the Panama Canal. Since 1914, the canal has been a boon to ... Eating in Panama. What you eat in Panama really depends on where youre volunteering. For instance, on the coasts, you could ...
Find local weather forecasts for Alto Quiel, Panama throughout the world ...
This month, Panama became the latest partner.. "In terms of volume and profile, the addition of Panama to the Container Control ... "The port of Panama (including the Panama Canal and four container terminals) is a highly strategic maritime hub, servicing 11 ... Panama gets on board to boost port security 12 June 2009 - More than 420 million containers move around the globe by sea every ... It is foreseen that a maritime centre of excellence and a UNODC regional office will be established in Panama City. "This is a ...
Panama, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Shanghai) ...
Visit ESPN for Panama live scores, video highlights, and latest news. Find standings and the full 2023 season schedule. ... Panama beats United States in shootout to reach Gold Cup final. Panama beat the United States 5-4 in a shootout in the Gold Cup ... Mexico beats Panama in Gold Cup final with late Gimenez goal. Santiago Gimenez came off the bench to score a stellar late goal ... Panama will face Mexico after El Tri beat Jamaica at Allegiant Stadium in Las Vegas. It was looking similar to the U.S. match ...
Hackers who posted the American flag on the website of Panamas National Assembly forced to keep it down on January 9, 2008. ... Hackers Deface & Crash Panamas Parliamentary Site. An the end of four months (Sept-Dec 2007), after Pedro Miguel Gonzalez was ... Gonzalez, who was vindicated of killing in Panama in 1997, however, continues to be wanted in the US. The White House has ... The hacking incident on the website, which happened after the US forces launched a hostile attack against Panama and overthrew ...
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  • The construction of the Panama Canal Railway and the Panama Canal brought a large number of migrant workers to Panama . (wikipedia.org)
  • and Noel Maurer and Carlos Yu , The Big Ditch: How America Took, Built, Ran, and Ultimately Gave Away the Panama Canal (2011), detail the history of the canal's construction. (britannica.com)
  • Add new Web site: GlobalSecurity.org - Panama Canal. (britannica.com)
  • Add new Web site: National Archives - The Panama Canal: Riots, Treaties, Elections, and a little Military Madness, 1959--1973. (britannica.com)
  • Add new Web site: United States History for Kids - Panama Canal. (britannica.com)
  • Add new Web site: U.S. Department of State - Office of the Historian - Building the Panama Canal, 1903-1914. (britannica.com)
  • Added Panama Canal Centennial infographic. (britannica.com)
  • With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties agreed to transfer the canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Panama Canal, the Marine Exhibition Center of the Smithsonian Institute of Panama, and the Museum of Biodiversity are only 10 miles away. (marriott.com)
  • It is located in the east-central part of the country near the Pacific Ocean terminus of the Panama Canal , on the Gulf of Panama . (britannica.com)
  • Panama City developed and expanded rapidly with the construction of the canal (1904-14). (britannica.com)
  • From the historical Panama Canal to the white sand beaches, there's plenty of places for the student traveler to visit. (studyabroad.com)
  • It's hard to visit Panama and not see the Panama Canal . (studyabroad.com)
  • Located just outside of Panama City, the canal provides an aquatic channel for ships to pass through the North American continent (from the Atlantic to the Pacific), without going down around Cape Horn on the tip of South America. (studyabroad.com)
  • The Panama Canal-which "handles about one-third of Asia-to-Americas seaborne trade"-is at its lowest level in more than 100 years, a development that could jeopardize global supply chains, according to The Wall Street Journal (subscription). (nam.org)
  • In addition to cutting cargo loads, shipowners are adjusting to Panama Canal restrictions by moving containers to trains to ensure safe passage through locks. (nam.org)
  • The Panama Canal Railway has seen a 20% increase in cargo volume as a result of the drought. (nam.org)
  • In Panama City, you'll find a modern metropolis with shopping, dining, and an assortment of attractions and things to do, including the country's most famous site, the Panama Canal . (iata.org)
  • This paper uses a dynamic macro-micro framework to evaluate the potential distributional effects of the expansion of the Panama Canal. (repec.org)
  • Using the additional revenues of the Canal expansion in a targeted cash transfer program such as'Red de Oportunidades', the Government of Panama could offset the adverse distributional effects and eradicate extreme poverty. (repec.org)
  • Distributional effects of the Panama Canal expansion ," Policy Research Working Paper Series 5848, The World Bank. (repec.org)
  • Distributional Effects of the Panama Canal Expansion ," Economía Journal , The Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association - LACEA, vol. 0(Fall 2012), pages 79-129, August. (repec.org)
  • A preliminary analysis of U.S. import volumes and regional effects associated with the Panama Canal expansion ," Research in Transportation Economics , Elsevier, vol. 84(C). (repec.org)
  • But since this country took control of the Panama Canal at the start of the year, citizens have a sense of increased sovereignty, analysts say. (latimes.com)
  • PANAMA CITY, Panama, June 27 (UNHCR) - It's a long way from the Bernabeu stadium to Central America, but there is a direct link between Real Madrid's hallowed ground and a suburb overlooking the Panama Canal. (unhcr.org)
  • The IATA Training Center in Panama City is located in the IATA panama office in the business district of Costa del Este, a short 15-minute drive from Tocumen International Airport. (iata.org)
  • In 2017, imports of antibiotics into Panama amounted to 57.9 million U.S. dollars, up from 8.27 million U.S. dollars the year before. (statista.com)
  • Its capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's over 4 million inhabitants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Orlando Mosquera saved a penalty from the USMNT's Cristian Roldan before Adalberto Carrasquilla beat Turner from the penalty spot in sudden death of the shootout to send Panama to their third Gold Cup final in the country's history. (espn.com)
  • For more details, go to www.visitpanama.com , the website for autoridad de turismo Panama (atP), the country's official tourism board (or call 800/962-1526). (frommers.com)
  • Spanish: Panamá IPA: [panaˈma] ), officially the Republic of Panama (Spanish: República de Panamá), is a transcontinental country in Central America, spanning the southern tip of North America into the northern part of South America. (wikipedia.org)
  • Panama , officially called the Republic of Panama , is a country usually considered to be entirely in North America or Central America. (c-span.org)
  • by Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama. (who.int)
  • In 2019 Panama ranked 57th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index. (wikipedia.org)
  • FILE - A screenshot of the Panama Papers Web site, April 3, 2016. (voanews.com)
  • Pak's Supreme Court disqualified Sharif as PM after an inquiry into the 2016 Panama Papers which linked his family to offshore companies. (asianage.com)
  • This report describes these cases and dengue activity in Nicaragua and Panama and summarizes public health activities to control dengue fever in the Americas. (cdc.gov)
  • Residence Inn Panama City is an extended-stay hotel that helps you feel connected during your time away from home, as all our spacious rooms have a fully equipped kitchen. (marriott.com)
  • Our Panama City family hotel is located in an exclusive area inside the Pacific Center complex which includes a mall, hospital, theater and cinema. (marriott.com)
  • Whatever the reason for your travels, our pet-friendly Panama City lodging provides the service and thoughtful amenities you deserve. (marriott.com)
  • What are the check-in and check-out times at Residence Inn Panama City? (marriott.com)
  • The check-in time at Residence Inn Panama City is 3:00 pm and the check-out time is 12:00 pm. (marriott.com)
  • Does Residence Inn Panama City allow pets? (marriott.com)
  • What are the parking options at Residence Inn Panama City? (marriott.com)
  • What property amenities are available at Residence Inn Panama City? (marriott.com)
  • Does Residence Inn Panama City have Wi-Fi? (marriott.com)
  • Yes, Residence Inn Panama City has free Wi-Fi available to hotel guests. (marriott.com)
  • A century after it opened its namesake infrastructural marvel, Panama City is starting to broaden its cultural reach. (metropolismag.com)
  • Aerial view of the Panamá Viejo historic district of Panama City, Panama. (britannica.com)
  • Panama City , capital of the Republic of Panama . (britannica.com)
  • From the Andean countries bullion was shipped northward by sea to Panama City, and from there it was carried across the isthmus by pack animals to Nombre de Dios or Portobelo on the Caribbean coast for shipment to Spain. (britannica.com)
  • Discover other properties in Panama City that offer a similar experience and ambiance to Luna's Castle Hostel. (hotelscombined.com)
  • In total, there are 970 hotels serving travelers in Panama City. (hotelscombined.com)
  • This hotel in Panama City has many amenities, such as a pool, a gym, conference rooms and a spa to ensure you enjoy your stay at RIU Hotels & Resorts. (hotelscombined.com)
  • Situated on the beach in Punta Pacifica, our luxury, pet friendly hotel in Panama City, Panama boasts a convenient location near local businesses, shops and entertainment venues. (hotelscombined.com)
  • Splash into our resort style infinity pool and soak up stunning views of the Panama City skyline while you sip a tropical cocktail from our hotel's poolside restaurant. (hotelscombined.com)
  • After a thrilling day in Panama City, recharge in a spacious, pet-friendly room or suite adorned with plush bedding and opulent decor inspired by the sparkling coastline. (hotelscombined.com)
  • Welcome to the IATA Training Center in Panama City! (iata.org)
  • Wi-Fi internet connection and quiet workspaces are free for you to use during your time at the Panama City Training Center. (iata.org)
  • Find out more about our IATA Training Center in Panama City , including details about the Training Center, a map to help you find it, and a schedule of all the upcoming courses being held in Panama City. (iata.org)
  • The suit seeks to rescind or set aside the illegal settlement agreement that was procured in Panama City. (foxnews.com)
  • Greta, at one point the judge told Joe and his attorneys down there in Panama City, he said the only way you can avoid jail is to settle the case by the end of the day. (foxnews.com)
  • Jorge Serrano, the onetime president of Guatemala, today rules over a 125-acre country club outside Panama City, commanding an army of gardeners and dishwashers. (latimes.com)
  • This year, following an agreement between UNHCR and the Real Madrid Foundation, it opened its doors to 11 refugee children in Panama City. (unhcr.org)
  • Though not officially a holiday, most call in sick to work to recover from Carnaval on Wed.) The largest celebrations take place in Panama City and the Azuero Peninsula, with parades, floats, drinking, costumes, and music. (frommers.com)
  • Note that celebrations in Panama City can be a bit raucous and aren't usually as classy as those on the Azuero Peninsula. (frommers.com)
  • DEN-3 virus also was isolated from blood samples of two patients with symptoms of dengue fever in Panama by the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory in Panama City. (cdc.gov)
  • The Isthmus of Panama was formed about three million years ago when the land bridge between North and South America finally became complete, and plants and animals gradually crossed it in both directions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scientists believe the formation of the Isthmus of Panama is one of the most important geologic events to happen on Earth in the last 60 million years. (nasa.gov)
  • Even though it is only a tiny sliver of land, relative to the sizes of continents, the Isthmus of Panama had an enormous impact on Earth's climate and its environment. (nasa.gov)
  • In short, the Isthmus of Panama directly and indirectly influenced ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns, which regulated patterns of rainfall, which in turn sculpted landscapes. (nasa.gov)
  • The formation of the Isthmus of Panama also played a major role in biodiversity on our world. (nasa.gov)
  • The massive leak of confidential banking documents known as the Panama Papers has implicated some big names in Africa. (voanews.com)
  • The leaked Panama papers also named the nephew of South African President Jacob Zuma. (voanews.com)
  • Screen grab of website for the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, which reported on the Panama Papers, likely the biggest leak of inside information in history. (voanews.com)
  • Caprikat is registered in the British Virgin Islands, the main offshore tax haven involved in the Panama Papers. (voanews.com)
  • Khulubuse Zuma's spokesperson Vuyo Mkhize said Monday that "Khulubuse does not, and has never held any offshore bank account" and that the Panama Papers simply suggested he was associated with Caprikat, which was a matter of public record. (voanews.com)
  • As part of the International Consortium of Investigative journalists, he's collaborating on the so-called Panama Papers project. (voanews.com)
  • Their findings from the so-called Panama Papers began rolling out Sunday, revealing a vast global network of secret offshore tax havens for the privileged and the powerful. (voanews.com)
  • ICIJ's Ryle told WIRED that the Panama Papers' document trove represents the biggest leak in history, 'about 2,000 times larger than the WikiLeaks state department cables. (voanews.com)
  • Panama Papers: What are the super-wealthy accused of doing? (theweek.com)
  • Results of search for 'su:{Panama. (who.int)
  • In 2018, Panama was ranked the seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index. (wikipedia.org)
  • Senior U.S. officials, along with Latin American leaders and the Organization of American States, urged Panama to accept Montesinos, saying it was necessary to head off turbulence or even a coup in Peru. (latimes.com)
  • In 1924, a group of anarcho-syndicalists established the Sindicato General de Trabajadores , the first national trade union center in Panama, which attracted thousands of members, including foreign and Panamanian anarchists, as well as the future leaders of the Communist and Socialist parties. (wikipedia.org)
  • Instead of sending samples to the U.S. or Switzerland, we identify natural substances that may control cancer, AIDS, malaria and other tropical diseases here, at the University of Panama," explained Luis Cubilla-Rios, one of the Panamanian chemists on the project. (mongabay.com)
  • In addition to describing potential pharmaceutical chemicals, the program helps train a new generation of researcher s in Panama: "over 70 Panamanian students participated during the first seven years of the project, and 22 continue to seek graduate degrees in the sciences," states a media release from STRI. (mongabay.com)
  • In 1955, Gen. Juan Peron of Argentina moved for nearly a year to Panama, where he met cabaret dancer Maria "Isabel" Estela Martinez. (latimes.com)
  • After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Programas de alimentaci'on a grupos : su integraci'on en programas y estrategias de desarrollo en Centroamérica y Panam'a , memorias del seminario sub-regional celebrado en la ciudad de Antigua Guatemala, entre el 21 y 25 de julio de 1986. (who.int)
  • The main problems identified by the Government of Panama, which it presented as a development model for Panama during the period 2004-2009, stem from the dual model for economic growth. (oecd.org)
  • Panama is a founding member of the United Nations and other international organizations such as OAS, LAIA, G77, WHO, and NAM. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anarchism in Panama began as an organized movement among immigrant workers, brought to the country to work on the numerous megaprojects throughout its history. (wikipedia.org)
  • One states that the country was named after a commonly found species of tree (Sterculia apetala, the Panama tree). (wikipedia.org)
  • Located in the country with the highest air connectivity in the region, the Panama Training Center offers convenient access to IATA courses from anywhere in the Americas. (iata.org)
  • Panama is tropical country, and as such has distinct dry and wet seasons. (frommers.com)
  • By making it feasible for host country professionals to conduct as much of the drug discovery process as possible in Panama , the ICBG program provides immediate economic and educational benefits," explained Phyllis Coley, co-author of the paper and a biology professor at the University of Utah. (mongabay.com)
  • Language students might also find a way to practice their Spanish-speaking skills in Panama. (studyabroad.com)
  • Scientists made this false-color image of Panama using data acquired in February 2000 by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), flying aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavor . (nasa.gov)
  • Two visualizations were combined to produce this image of Panama: shading and color coding of topographic height. (nasa.gov)
  • Amador is a corregimiento in La Chorrera District , Panamá Oeste Province , Panama with a population of 2,996 as of 2010. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first case occurred in the province of Chiriqui (sample collected on October 11) and the second, in the province of Panama (sample collected on November 14). (cdc.gov)
  • For example, students interested in conservation efforts might be especially interested in volunteering in Panama. (studyabroad.com)
  • A commonly relayed legend in Panama is that there was a fishing village that bore the name "Panamá", which purportedly meant "an abundance of fish", when the Spanish colonizers first landed in the area. (wikipedia.org)
  • Twenty million years ago ocean covered the area where Panama is today. (nasa.gov)
  • In extra time, Anderson put Panama in front with a clever move to beat Turner near the top of the area before finishing into an empty net, but Ferreira added to his Gold Cup leading goals tally with a well-placed volley from Jordan Morris' header back across the box to tie the game at one apiece. (espn.com)
  • The average temperature in the Chiriquí Highlands, for example, is 60°F (16°C), and it is the only area in Panama where you will likely feel cold. (frommers.com)
  • Panama initially turned down a Peruvian government request to take in Montesinos. (latimes.com)
  • At the time of the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the known inhabitants of Panama included the Cuevas and the Coclé tribes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Jesus Ferreira cancelled out Iván Anderson's extra time strike for Panama to send the game to penalties with the match tied 1-1 and Thomas Christiansen's side won it from the spot to hand interim U.S. coach B.J. Callaghan his first loss since taking over national team duties. (espn.com)
  • Vaccine introduction status in Panama over time. (who.int)
  • Historia del movimiento obrero en América Latina (in Spanish). (wikipedia.org)
  • Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another states that the first settlers arrived in Panama in August, when butterflies are abundant, and that the name means "many butterflies" in one or several of the indigenous Amerindian languages that were spoken in the territory prior to Spanish colonization. (wikipedia.org)
  • When you volunteer in Panama, you could have the chance to serve a community while also exploring a tropical paradise. (studyabroad.com)
  • From the mountains to the tropical rainforests, Panama is home to diverse animal and plant life. (studyabroad.com)
  • Of course, you could always visit tropical Panama during your winter break to escape the snow, if you're in a chilly part of the world. (studyabroad.com)
  • Not only could this program could help you protect the wildlife of Panama, but it could also expand your environmental knowledge as well! (studyabroad.com)