A round-to-oval mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in the lateral wall of the PHARYNX. There is one on each side of the oropharynx in the fauces between the anterior and posterior pillars of the SOFT PALATE.
Tumors or cancer of the PALATINE TONSIL.
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.
A collection of lymphoid nodules on the posterior wall and roof of the NASOPHARYNX.
Surgical removal of a tonsil or tonsils. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The anteriorly located rigid section of the PALATE.
Hoofed mammals with four legs, a big-lipped snout, and a humped back belonging to the family Camelidae.
The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura.
The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate (PALATE, HARD) and the posterior soft palate (PALATE, SOFT).
Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the mouth.
A movable fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate. The uvula hangs from the middle of the lower border.
The anatomical study of specific regions or parts of organisms, emphasizing the relationship between the various structures (e.g. muscles, nerves, skeletal, cardiovascular, etc.).
Excision of the adenoids. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
A collective genome representative of the many organisms, primarily microorganisms, existing in a community.
The full collection of microbes (bacteria, fungi, virus, etc.) that naturally exist within a particular biological niche such as an organism, soil, a body of water, etc.
Generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the MOUTH to ANUS, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Identification of a subpopulation of lymphocytes in human peripheral blood cytotoxic to autologous fibroblasts. (1/1274)

A naturally occurring subpopulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes is cytotoxic to autologous and/or allogeneic fibroblasts. The autocytotoxic lymphocytes have a receptor for the third component of complement and for aggregated gamma globulin, do not form rosettes with sheep red blood cells, and are not removed by passage through nylon. The autocytotoxic subpopulation is not present in the thymus and tonsils of normal children or in the peripheral blood of individuals with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Fibroblast absorption experiments demonstrate that the autocytotoxic cells are "sensitized" to antigens expressed on allogeneic fibroblasts in addition to the antigens expressed on autologous cells. Some normal individuals have a second subpopulation of lymphocytes that may "regulate" the autocytotoxic cells. The relevance of these observations to the murine autocytotoxic cells is discussed.  (+info)

Contributory and exacerbating roles of gaseous ammonia and organic dust in the etiology of atrophic rhinitis. (2/1274)

Pigs reared commercially indoors are exposed to air heavily contaminated with particulate and gaseous pollutants. Epidemiological surveys have shown an association between the levels of these pollutants and the severity of lesions associated with the upper respiratory tract disease of swine atrophic rhinitis. This study investigated the role of aerial pollutants in the etiology of atrophic rhinitis induced by Pasteurella multocida. Forty, 1-week-old Large White piglets were weaned and divided into eight groups designated A to H. The groups were housed in Rochester exposure chambers and continuously exposed to the following pollutants: ovalbumin (groups A and B), ammonia (groups C and D), ovalbumin plus ammonia (groups E and F), and unpolluted air (groups G and H). The concentrations of pollutants used were 20 mg m-3 total mass and 5 mg m-3 respirable mass for ovalbumin dust and 50 ppm for ammonia. One week after exposure commenced, the pigs in groups A, C, E, and G were infected with P. multocida type D by intranasal inoculation. After 4 weeks of exposure to pollutants, the pigs were killed and the extent of turbinate atrophy was assessed with a morphometric index (MI). Control pigs kept in clean air and not inoculated with P. multocida (group H) had normal turbinate morphology with a mean MI of 41.12% (standard deviation [SD], +/- 1. 59%). In contrast, exposure to pollutants in the absence of P. multocida (groups B, D, and F) induced mild turbinate atrophy with mean MIs of 49.65% (SD, +/-1.96%), 51.04% (SD, +/-2.06%), and 49.88% (SD, +/-3.51%), respectively. A similar level of atrophy was also evoked by inoculation with P. multocida in the absence of pollutants (group G), giving a mean MI of 50.77% (SD, +/-2.07%). However, when P. multocida inoculation was combined with pollutant exposure (groups A, C, and E) moderate to severe turbinate atrophy occurred with mean MIs of 64.93% (SD, +/-4.64%), 59.18% (SD, +/-2.79%), and 73.30% (SD, +/-3.19%), respectively. The severity of atrophy was greatest in pigs exposed simultaneously to dust and ammonia. At the end of the exposure period, higher numbers of P. multocida bacteria were isolated from the tonsils than from the nasal membrane, per gram of tissue. The severity of turbinate atrophy in inoculated pigs was proportional to the number of P. multocida bacteria isolated from tonsils (r2 = 0.909, P < 0.05) and nasal membrane (r2 = 0.628, P < 0.05). These findings indicate that aerial pollutants contribute to the severity of lesions associated with atrophic rhinitis by facilitating colonization of the pig's upper respiratory tract by P. multocida and also by directly evoking mild atrophy.  (+info)

Human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence and evaluation of nonsexual transmission routes by detection of DNA in clinical specimens from human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative patients from central and southern Italy, with and without Kaposi's sarcoma. (3/1274)

In order to investigate the seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection in central and southern Italy, sera from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative subjects, with and without Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), were analyzed by immunofluorescence assay, using BC-3, a cell line latently infected with HHV-8. High titers of antibody against HHV-8 lytic and latent antigens were detected in all 50 KS patients studied, while in 50 HIV-seronegative subjects without KS, 32 (64%) were found positive for HHV-8 antibodies. Titers in the sera of these patients were lower than those for KS patients. This data suggests that HHV-8 infection is not restricted to KS patients and that the prevalence of HHV-8 infection in the general population may be correlated with differing rates of prevalence of KS in different parts of the world. In view of these findings, possible nonsexual transmission routes were evaluated. Nested PCR was used to test for the presence of HHV-8 DNA in saliva, urine, and tonsillar swabs from KS and non-KS patients. In KS patients, 14 out of 32 tonsillar swabs (43.7%), 11 out of 24 saliva samples (45.8%), and just 2 out of 24 urine samples (8.3%) tested positive for HHV-8 DNA. In the control group, on the contrary, none of the 20 saliva and 20 urine specimens was positive for HHV-8 DNA; only 1 out of 22 tonsillar swabs gave a positive result. This data supports the hypothesis that HHV-8 infects the general population in a latent form. The reactivation of viral infection may result in salivary shedding of HHV-8, contributing to viral spread by nonsexual transmission routes.  (+info)

Nonimmunoglobulin gene hypermutation in germinal center B cells. (4/1274)

Somatic hypermutation is the most critical mechanism underlying the diversification of Ig genes. Although mutation occurs specifically in B cells during the germinal center reaction, it remains a matter of debate whether the mutation machinery also targets non-Ig genes. We have studied mutations in the 5' noncoding region of the Bcl6 gene in different subtypes of lymphomas. We found frequent hypermutation in follicular lymphoma (25 of 59 = 42%) (germinal center cell origin) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (19 of 45 = 42%) (postgerminal center), but only occasionally in mantle cell lymphoma (1 of 21 = 4.8%) (pregerminal center). Most mutations were outside the motifs potentially important for transcription, suggesting they were not important in lymphomagenesis but may, like Ig mutation, represent an inherent feature of the lymphoma precursor cells. Therefore, we investigated their normal cell counterparts microdissected from a reactive tonsil. Bcl6 mutation was found in 13 of 24 (54%) clones from the germinal centre but only in 1 of 24 (4%) clones from the naive B cells of the mantle zone. The frequency, distribution, and nature of these mutations were similar to those resulting from the Ig hypermutation process. The results show unequivocal evidence of non-Ig gene hypermutation in germinal center B cells and provide fresh insights into the process of hypermutation and lymphomagenesis.  (+info)

Toward a role of dendritic cells in the germinal center reaction: triggering of B cell proliferation and isotype switching. (5/1274)

We have reported previously that in vitro generated dendritic cells (DC) can directly regulate B cell responses. Recently, germinal center DC (GCDC) were identified within B cell follicles. Due to their particular localization, we have tested in the present study whether GCDC could contribute to key events characteristic of the GC reaction. Our present results demonstrate that 1) ex vivo GCDC induce a dramatic GC B cell expansion upon CD40 and IL-2 activation and drive plasma cell differentiation, 2) this property is shared by GCDC and blood DC, but not by Langerhans cells, 3) IL-12 production by GCDC is critical in GC B cell expansion and differentiation, and 4) importantly, GCDC also induce IL-10-independent isotype switching toward IgG1. These observations support the novel concept that GCDC directly contribute to the germinal center reaction.  (+info)

Mucosal dendritic cells and immunodeficiency viruses. (6/1274)

Dendritic cells [DCs] have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). When skin was used as a model for mucosae, the cutaneous DC-T cell milieu allowed the growth of HIV-1 and much of the newly produced virus could be detected in multinucleated DC-T cell syncytia. Such virus replication occurs irrespective of the genetic subtype, the syncytium- and non-syncytium-inducing capacities of the viruses, and whether they are classified as T cell- or macrophage-tropic. Similar DC-syncytia have been identified within the mucosal surfaces of the tonsillar tissue of HIV-1-infected persons. More recently, it was demonstrated that DC-T cell mixtures from the skin, mucosae, and blood of healthy macaques similarly support the replication of simian immunodeficiency virus. In both the human and monkey systems, active virus replication requires the presence of both DCs and T cells. Further studies using the macaque model are underway to elucidate the role of DCs in the transmission and spread of HIV infection.  (+info)

Antigen receptor engagement selectively induces macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha) and MIP-1 beta chemokine production in human B cells. (7/1274)

We show herein that B cell Ag receptor (BCR) triggering, but not stimulation by CD40 mAb and/or IL-4, rapidly induced the coordinated expression of two closely related T cell chemoattractants, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1 beta) and MIP-1 alpha, by human B cells. Naive, memory, and germinal center B cells all produced MIP-1 alpha/beta in response to BCR triggering. In contrast to MIP-1 alpha/beta, IL-8, which is spontaneously produced by germinal center B cells but not by naive and memory B cells, was not regulated by BCR triggering. Culturing follicular dendritic cell-like HK cells with activated B cells did not regulate MIP-1 alpha/beta production, but it did induce production of IL-8 by HK cells. Microchemotaxis assays showed that CD4+CD45RO+ T cells of the effector/helper phenotype actively migrated along a chemotactic gradient formed by BCR-stimulated B cells. This effect was partially blocked by anti-MIP-1 beta and anti-CC chemokine receptor 5 Ab, but not by anti-MIP-1 alpha Ab suggesting that MIP-1 beta plays a major role in this chemoattraction. Since maturation of the B cell response to a peptide Ag is mostly dependent on the availability of T cell help, the ability of Ag-stimulated B cells to recruit T cells via MIP-1 alpha/beta, may represent one possible mechanism enabling cognate interactions between rare in vivo Ag-specific T and B cells.  (+info)

Age-dependent altered proportions in subpopulations of tonsillar lymphocytes. (8/1274)

Age-related changes in functional subsets of lymphocytes may influence the potential to build up immune responses. In particular, the capacity of tonsillar lymphocytes to counter infections may be altered during ageing. In order to address this question we investigated the proportional distribution of several subsets of tonsillar T and B cells with regard to ageing. Tonsils were derived from 119 patients between 2 and 65 years of age. Lymphocyte subsets were monitored by three-colour fluorescence of relevant CD markers in flow cytometry. As a general tendency the percentage of CD3+ T cells steadily increased whereas that of CD19+ B cells decreased at the same time. No significant differences were observed between lymphocytes of patients with and without inflammatory history of the tonsils. The percentage of CD8+ T cells declined whereas that of CD4+ T cells increased during the same time span. CD45RA+ T cells increased during the first two decades of life and gradually decreased thereafter. In contrast, CD45RO+ T cells showed an opposite trend. No differences were seen in the population of CD3-/CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells. The mature B cell marker CD40 showed no significant changes during ageing. However, CD38+ B cells, representing B cells of late maturation stages, dramatically declined up to the age of 65. In a similar manner the CD5+ subpopulation of B cells decreased during ageing. Substantial changes in major tonsillar T and B cell populations as shown in this study may have an impact on the ageing process of the immune system.  (+info)

The palatine tonsils, also known as the "tonsils," are two masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the oropharynx, at the back of the throat. They are part of the immune system and play a role in protecting the body from inhaled or ingested pathogens. Each tonsil has a surface covered with crypts and follicles that contain lymphocytes, which help to filter out bacteria and viruses that enter the mouth and nose.

The palatine tonsils are visible through the mouth and can be seen during a routine physical examination. They vary in size, but typically are about the size of a large olive or almond. Swelling or inflammation of the tonsils is called tonsillitis, which can cause symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. In some cases, enlarged tonsils may need to be removed through a surgical procedure called a tonsillectomy.

Tonsillar neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the tonsils, which are two masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the back of the throat (oropharynx). These growths can be benign or malignant (cancerous), and their symptoms may include difficulty swallowing, sore throat, ear pain, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck.

Tonsillar neoplasms are relatively rare, but they can occur at any age. The most common type of malignant tonsillar neoplasm is squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for about 90% of all cases. Other types of malignant tonsillar neoplasms include lymphomas and sarcomas.

The diagnosis of tonsillar neoplasms typically involves a physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and sometimes a biopsy to confirm the type of tumor. Treatment options depend on the stage and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

Tonsillitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and infection of the tonsils, which are two masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the back of the throat. The tonsils serve as a defense mechanism against inhaled or ingested pathogens; however, they can become infected themselves, leading to tonsillitis.

The inflammation of the tonsils is often accompanied by symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, swollen and tender lymph nodes in the neck, cough, headache, and fatigue. In severe or recurrent cases, a tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils) may be recommended to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.

Tonsillitis can be caused by both viral and bacterial infections, with group A streptococcus being one of the most common bacterial causes. It is typically diagnosed based on a physical examination and medical history, and sometimes further confirmed through laboratory tests such as a throat swab or rapid strep test. Treatment may include antibiotics for bacterial tonsillitis, pain relievers, and rest to aid in recovery.

Adenoids are a pair of masses of lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the throat behind the nose. They are part of the immune system and help to protect against infection. Adenoids are largest in children and tend to shrink in size as people get older. In some cases, adenoids can become enlarged or infected, leading to problems such as breathing difficulties, ear infections, and sleep disorders. Treatment for enlarged or infected adenoids may include antibiotics, medications to reduce swelling, or surgical removal of the adenoids (adenoidectomy).

A tonsillectomy is a surgical procedure in which the tonsils, two masses of lymphoid tissue located on both sides of the back of the throat, are removed. This procedure is typically performed to treat recurrent or severe cases of tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils), sleep-disordered breathing such as obstructive sleep apnea, and other conditions where the tonsils are causing problems or complications. The surgery can be done under general anesthesia, and there are various methods for removing the tonsils, including traditional scalpel excision, electrocautery, and laser surgery. After a tonsillectomy, patients may experience pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing, but these symptoms typically improve within 1-2 weeks post-surgery.

The hard palate is the anterior, bony part of the roof of the mouth, forming a vertical partition between the oral and nasal cavities. It is composed of the maxilla and palatine bones, and provides attachment for the muscles of the soft palate, which functions in swallowing, speaking, and breathing. The hard palate also contains taste buds that contribute to our ability to taste food.

A "camel" is a large, even-toed ungulate that belongs to the genus Camelus in the family Camelidae. There are two species of camels: the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), also known as the Arabian camel, which has one hump, and the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), which has two humps.

Camels are well adapted to life in arid environments and are native to the Middle East and Central Asia. They have long legs, large, flat feet that help them walk on sand, and a thick coat of hair that helps protect them from the sun and cold temperatures. Camels are also known for their ability to store fat in their humps, which they can convert into water and energy when food and water are scarce.

Camels have been domesticated for thousands of years and have played an important role in human history as transportation, pack animals, and sources of meat, milk, and wool. They are also used in traditional medicine and religious ceremonies in some cultures.

The maxillary nerve, also known as the second division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V2), is a primary sensory nerve that provides innervation to the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, part of the cheek, upper lip, and roof of the mouth. It also supplies sensory fibers to the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, palate, and upper teeth. Furthermore, it contributes motor innervation to the muscles involved in chewing (muscles of mastication), specifically the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani. The maxillary nerve originates from the trigeminal ganglion and passes through the foramen rotundum in the skull before reaching its target areas.

The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals, separating the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. It consists of two portions: the anterior hard palate, which is composed of bone, and the posterior soft palate, which is composed of muscle and connective tissue. The palate plays a crucial role in speech, swallowing, and breathing, as it helps to direct food and air to their appropriate locations during these activities.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a type of electron microscopy that uses a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface of a sample and produce a high-resolution image. In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of a specimen, and secondary electrons are emitted from the sample due to interactions between the electrons and the atoms in the sample. These secondary electrons are then detected by a detector and used to create an image of the sample's surface topography. SEM can provide detailed images of the surface of a wide range of materials, including metals, polymers, ceramics, and biological samples. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and electronics for the examination and analysis of surfaces at the micro- and nanoscale.

Mouth abnormalities, also known as oral or orofacial anomalies, refer to structural or functional differences or defects in the mouth and surrounding structures, including the lips, teeth, gums, palate, tongue, and salivary glands. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life due to injury, disease, or surgery. They can range from minor variations in size, shape, or position of oral structures to more significant anomalies that may affect speech, swallowing, chewing, breathing, and overall quality of life.

Examples of mouth abnormalities include cleft lip and palate, macroglossia (enlarged tongue), microglossia (small tongue), ankyloglossia (tongue-tie), high or narrow palate, bifid uvula (split uvula), dental malocclusion (misaligned teeth), supernumerary teeth (extra teeth), missing teeth, and various oral tumors or cysts. Some mouth abnormalities may require medical intervention, such as surgery, orthodontic treatment, or speech therapy, while others may not necessitate any treatment.

The soft palate, also known as the velum, is the rear portion of the roof of the mouth that is made up of muscle and mucous membrane. It extends from the hard palate (the bony front part of the roof of the mouth) to the uvula, which is the small piece of tissue that hangs down at the back of the throat.

The soft palate plays a crucial role in speech, swallowing, and breathing. During swallowing, it moves upward and backward to block off the nasal cavity, preventing food and liquids from entering the nose. In speech, it helps to direct the flow of air from the mouth into the nose, which is necessary for producing certain sounds.

Anatomically, the soft palate consists of several muscles that allow it to change shape and move. These muscles include the tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, and palatoglossus. The soft palate also contains a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide sensation and help regulate its function.

Regional anatomy is a subfield of anatomy that focuses on the study of specific regions or parts of the human body, such as the head and neck, thorax, abdomen, or extremities. It involves the detailed examination of the structures and functions of the organs, tissues, and systems within these regions, including their relationships with adjacent regions. Regional anatomy is often taught in medical schools and other health professions programs to provide a foundation for understanding clinical conditions and performing medical procedures. It is also relevant for professionals in fields such as athletic training, physical therapy, and exercise science, who need to understand the regional anatomy of the body to design safe and effective exercise programs or rehabilitation plans.

Adenoidectomy is a surgical procedure in which the adenoids are removed. The adenoids are a patch of tissue located behind the nasal cavity, near the roof of the mouth. They help to filter out germs that are breathed in through the nose. However, sometimes the adenoids can become enlarged or infected, leading to problems such as difficulty breathing through the nose, recurrent ear infections, and sleep apnea. In these cases, an adenoidectomy may be recommended to remove the adenoids and alleviate these symptoms.

The procedure is typically performed on an outpatient basis, which means that the patient can go home the same day as the surgery. The surgeon will use a special instrument to remove the adenoids through the mouth, without making any external incisions. After the surgery, the patient may experience some discomfort, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing for a few days. However, these symptoms usually resolve within a week or two.

It is important to note that an adenoidectomy is not the same as a tonsillectomy, which is the surgical removal of the tonsils. While the tonsils and adenoids are both part of the immune system and located in the same area of the mouth, they serve different functions and may be removed separately or together depending on the individual's medical needs.

In medical terms, the tongue is a muscular organ in the oral cavity that plays a crucial role in various functions such as taste, swallowing, and speech. It's covered with a mucous membrane and contains papillae, which are tiny projections that contain taste buds to help us perceive different tastes - sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. The tongue also assists in the initial process of digestion by moving food around in the mouth for chewing and mixing with saliva. Additionally, it helps in forming words and speaking clearly by shaping the sounds produced in the mouth.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

A metagenome is the collective genetic material contained within a sample taken from a specific environment, such as soil or water, or within a community of organisms, like the microbiota found in the human gut. It includes the genomes of all the microorganisms present in that environment or community, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, and other microbes, whether they can be cultured in the lab or not. By analyzing the metagenome, scientists can gain insights into the diversity, abundance, and functional potential of the microbial communities present in that environment.

Medical Definition of Microbiota:

The community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microscopic life forms, that inhabit a specific environment or body part. In the human body, microbiota can be found on the skin, in the mouth, gut, and other areas. The largest concentration of microbiota is located in the intestines, where it plays an essential role in digestion, immune function, and overall health.

The composition of the microbiota can vary depending on factors such as age, diet, lifestyle, genetics, and environmental exposures. Dysbiosis, or imbalance of the microbiota, has been linked to various health conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, allergies, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders.

Therefore, maintaining a healthy and diverse microbiota is crucial for overall health and well-being. This can be achieved through a balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, stress management, and other lifestyle practices that support the growth and maintenance of beneficial microorganisms in the body.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also known as the digestive tract, is a continuous tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is responsible for ingesting, digesting, absorbing, and excreting food and waste materials. The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anus), and accessory organs such as the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The primary function of this system is to process and extract nutrients from food while also protecting the body from harmful substances, pathogens, and toxins.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Palatine tonsils, commonly called the tonsils and occasionally called the faucial tonsils, are tonsils located on the left and ... Open mouth with no visible palatine tonsils. Palatine tonsil hednk-024-Embryo Images at University of North Carolina Merati AL ... Palatine tonsils consist of approximately 15 crypts, which result in a large internal surface. The tonsils contain four ... It forms part of the Waldeyer's ring, which comprises the adenoid, the paired tubal tonsils, the paired palatine tonsils and ...
Slípka, J. (1 December 2003). "Palatine tonsils-are they branchiogenic organs?". International Congress Series. 1257: 71-74. ...
Palatine tonsil Velotrace Walker, H. Kenneth (1990). "Cranial Nerves IX and X: The Glossopharyngeal and Vagus Nerves". In ... Soft palate without tonsils (after tonsillectomy) Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx. The mouth cavity. The ...
It passes anterior to the palatine tonsil. The palatoglossus arises (the oral aspect of) the palatine aponeurosis of the soft ...
The tubal tonsil may be affected by tonsillitis. However, this usually affects only the palatine tonsils. The tubal tonsil may ... It is one of the four main tonsil groups forming Waldeyer's tonsillar ring. This ring also includes the palatine tonsils, the ... The tubal tonsil, also known as Gerlach tonsil, is one of the four main tonsil groups forming Waldeyer's tonsillar ring. Each ... which is why this tonsil is sometimes also called the tonsil of (the) torus tubarius. Equating the torus with its tonsil ...
It also supplies the palatine tonsils. Lingual artery Lingual artery This article incorporates text in the public domain from ... the tonsil, soft palate, and epiglottis; anastomosing with the vessels of the opposite side. The lingual artery supplies the ...
... the pharyngeal tonsil, two tubal tonsils, two palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsils. The palatine tonsils tend to reach ... or pharyngeal tonsil), two tubal tonsils, two palatine tonsils, and the lingual tonsils. These organs play an important role in ... The palatine tonsils and the adenoid tonsil are organs consisting of lymphoepithelial tissue located near the oropharynx and ... A tonsillolith (also known as a "tonsil stone") is material that accumulates on the palatine tonsil. This can reach the size of ...
They supply the palatine tonsils and the soft palate. The lesser palatine arteries are branches of the descending palatine ... The lesser palatine arteries give off tonsillary branches to supply the palatine tonsils. They also gives off mucosal branches ... The lesser palatine arteries are arteries of the head. It is a branch of the descending palatine artery. ... Lesser palatine nerve Choi, Jinho; Park, Hyung-Sik (1 January 2003). "The clinical anatomy of the maxillary artery in the ...
The adenoids are part of the so-called Waldeyer ring of lymphoid tissue which also includes the palatine tonsils, the lingual ... In anatomy, the adenoid, also known as the pharyngeal tonsil or nasopharyngeal tonsil, is the superior-most of the tonsils. It ... The adenoid is often removed along with the palatine tonsils. Waldeyer's tonsillar ring "Definition of ADENOID". www.merriam- ... The adenoid, unlike the palatine tonsils, has pseudostratified epithelium. ...
Sigurdardottir SL, Thorleifsdottir RH, Valdimarsson H, Johnston A (February 2013). "The role of the palatine tonsils in the ... Limited evidence suggests removal of the tonsils may benefit people with chronic plaque psoriasis, guttate psoriasis, and ...
Contributes the middle ear, palatine tonsils, supplied by the facial nerve. The third pouch possesses Dorsal and Ventral wings ...
... and the other supplies the palatine tonsil and pharyngotympanic tube. The ascending palatine artery arises from the proximal ... The other terminal branch pierces the superior pharyngeal constrictor to provide arterial supply to the palatine tonsil and ... The ascending palatine artery is an artery is a branch of the facial artery which ascends along the neck before spliting into ... Descending palatine artery Uflacker, Renan, ed. (2007). "Arteries of the Head and Neck". Atlas of Vascular Anatomy: An ...
... the palatine tonsil as a protective structure is completed. This structure covers the tonsillar fossa. The third pharyngeal ... The nasal septum grows as a downgrowth from the merged nasal prominences and fuses with the palatine process between the ninth ...
In many cases, however, this sinus is obliterated by its walls becoming adherent to the palatine tonsils. "tonsillar fossa". ...
It is separated from the palatoglossus muscle by an angular interval, in which the palatine tonsil is lodged. It arises from ... Passing laterally and downward behind the palatine tonsil, the palatopharyngeus joins the stylopharyngeus and is inserted with ... The palatine velum is slightly raised by the levator veli palatini and made tense by the tensor veli palatini; the ...
The facial nerve also supplies a small amount of afferent innervation to the oropharynx below the palatine tonsil. There is ... This nerve also includes taste fibers for the palate via the lesser palatine nerve and greater palatine nerve. The ... the palatine glands, the lacrimal gland, and the pharyngeal gland. It also provides parasympathetic innervation to the sphenoid ...
Tonsils in humans include, from superior to inferior: nasopharyngeal tonsils (also known as adenoids), palatine tonsils, and ... Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils and may cause a sore throat and fever. In chronic cases tonsillectomy may be ... The airway in the head and neck may be obstructed with swelling associated with an enlarged tongue (macroglossia), tonsils, ... The tonsils also are lymphatic tissue and help mediate the ingestion of pathogens. ...
Between the arches lies a triangular space, the tonsillar fossa in which lies the palatine tonsil, another lymphoid organ. The ... Cancers of the oropharynx primarily arise in lingual and palatine tonsil lymphoid tissue that is lined by respiratory squamous ... In such situations, resection of the lingual and palatine tonsils together with neck dissection may be diagnostic and ... base of tongue and palatine tonsils) than in regions of stratified squamous epithelium (soft palate and uvula). Human ...
... and palatine tonsil; a palatine branch may sometimes be present, replacing the ascending palatine branch of facial artery. ...
BVDV replication has a predilection for the palatine tonsils, lymphoid tissues and epithelium of the oropharynx. Phagocytes ...
The tonsils show single or multiple greyish-white ulcers, usually on only one of the palatine tonsils. The ulcers appear ... Vincent described a fusospirochetal infection of the pharynx and palatine tonsils, causing "ulcero-membranous pharyngitis and ... inflammation of the palatine tonsils), caused by infection with two types of bacteria called fusiform (Fusobacterium species) ...
While they most commonly occur in the palatine tonsils, they may also occur in the adenoids, lingual tonsils and tubal tonsil. ... Tonsilloliths or tonsil stones are calcifications that form in the crypts of the palatal tonsils. They are also known to form ... Tonsil stones tend to happen most often in people with longterm inflammation in their tonsils. Occasionally there may be pain ... Tonsil stones can become dislodged on their own while eating, drinking, gargling, etc. Tonsil stones may produce no symptoms or ...
... is a surgical procedure in which both palatine tonsils are fully removed from the back of the throat. The ... "COBLATION Tonsillectomy - My Tonsils". My Tonsils.com. Retrieved 11 July 2016. Randive S, Stevens B, Dilkes M, Mehta V (2012 ... Because of the theory of focal infection, many surgeons believed that not only enlarged tonsils, but all tonsils should be ... known as the tonsil guillotine (and later as a tonsillotome), became the standard instrument for tonsil removal for over 80 ...
... these two arches on the lateral walls of the oropharynx is the tonsillar fossa which is the location of the palatine tonsil. ... The arches are also known together as the palatine arches. Each arch runs downwards, laterally and forwards, from the soft ...
A computerized three-dimensional reconstruction of the palatine tonsil crypt system showed that in the centre of the palatine ... Lingual tonsils in humans also have long crypts but, unlike the crypts in the palatine tonsils, they're unbranched. The small ... The human palatine tonsils (PT) are covered by stratified squamous epithelium that extends into deep and partly branched ... In an average adult palatine tonsil the estimated epithelial surface area of the crypts is 295 cm2, in addition to the 45 cm2 ...
The throat contains various blood vessels, pharyngeal muscles, the nasopharyngeal tonsil, the tonsils, the palatine uvula, the ... Adenoids and tonsils help prevent infection and are composed of lymph tissue. The larynx contains vocal cords, the epiglottis ( ...
2 tubal tonsils on each side, where each auditory tube opens into the nasopharynx 2 palatine tonsils (commonly called "the ... Some animals, but not humans, have one or two additional tonsils: Soft palate tonsil Paraepiglottic tonsil "Tonsillitis - ... The palatine tonsils when inflamed/swollen, more common in children, can obstruct respiration. Inflammation of the tonsils is ... These authors simply look at the left and right halves of the pharyngeal tonsil as two tonsils. Many authors also speak of ...
... is the palatine tonsil. The anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and the epiglottic vallecula; the lateral wall is ... The tonsils are a compact mass that points away from the lumen of the pharynx. In the horse, the auditory tube opens into the ... In ruminants the tonsils are a compact mass that points towards the lumen of the pharynx. Pharyngeal arches are characteristic ... The adenoids, also known as the pharyngeal tonsils, are lymphoid tissue structures located in the posterior wall of the ...
... that represents the main source of arterial blood supply for the palatine tonsil. The artery passes superior-ward between the ... the tonsillar artery penetrates the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle to enter the pharynx and reach the palatine tonsil. ... The artery then ramifies within the substance of the tonsil and musculature of the root of the tongue. Standring, Susan (2020 ... though it sometimes arises from the ascending palatine artery instead) ...
Vincent described a fusospirochetal infection of the pharynx and palatine tonsils, causing "ulcero-membranous pharyngitis and ...
Palatine tonsils, commonly called the tonsils and occasionally called the faucial tonsils, are tonsils located on the left and ... Open mouth with no visible palatine tonsils. Palatine tonsil hednk-024-Embryo Images at University of North Carolina Merati AL ... Palatine tonsils consist of approximately 15 crypts, which result in a large internal surface. The tonsils contain four ... It forms part of the Waldeyers ring, which comprises the adenoid, the paired tubal tonsils, the paired palatine tonsils and ...
Palatine tonsil (labels) - histology slide This is a histology slide of a human palatine tonsil. 40X magnification.. Histology ...
... Nat Immunol. 2023 Jul; ... The peptidase inhibitor 16 (PI16)-expressing reticular cell (PI16+ RC) subset of adult tonsils exhibited the strongest ...
... left palatine tonsil; ND, not determined; RLEP, M. leprae repetitive DNA sequence; RPT, right palatine tonsil; -, negative; +, ... Mycobacterium leprae on Palatine Tonsils and Adenoids of Asymptomatic Patients, Brazil Marilda Aparecida Milanez Morgado de ... Mycobacterium leprae on Palatine Tonsils and Adenoids of Asymptomatic Patients, Brazil. ... and PCR assays in study of Mycobacterium leprae on palatine tonsils and adenoids, Brazil, 2019* ...
... of hamartomatous polyp of the tonsil occurring in a 32-year-old male who presented with bilateral enlarged palatine tonsils ... They have been variously termed as a lymphangiectatic fibrous polyp, lipoma, pedunculated tonsil etc. in the English literature ... Both the tonsils showed features of chronic tonsillitis. ... Hamartomatous polyps of the palatine tonsil are very rare. ... Hart Lyngdoh, R., Devaraju, S., JB, L. A Pedunculated Hamartomatous Polyp of the Palatine Tonsil. Iranian Journal of Pathology ...
Samples were collected via a swab from the surface of unfixed palatine tonsil tissue acquired via tonsillectomy at the NHS ... Samples were collected via a swab from the surface of unfixed palatine tonsil tissue acquired via tonsillectomy at the NHS ... Samples were collected via a swab from the surface of unfixed palatine tonsil tissue acquired via tonsillectomy at the NHS ... Samples were collected via a swab from the surface of unfixed palatine tonsil tissue acquired via tonsillectomy at the NHS ...
... Posted on July 6, 2019. by thetechnoant ... The mass was arising from the right palatine tonsil and extending across the midline of the oropharynx (Physique ?(Figure11A). ... Little cell lung cancer (SCLC) metastasizes widely, but palatine tonsil can be an extremely uncommon site for metastasis. ... suggesting malignancy of palatine tonsil. High-resolution computed tomography of RP11-403E24.2 chest showed 2 masses in the ...
2. Palatine tonsil. III. Glossopharyngeal. Greater cornu/ lower part of body of hyoid ...
Enlarged palatine tonsils and adenoids are thought to cause obstruction of the upper airway, triggering changes in breathing ... Influence of the palatine tonsil grade on the morphology of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches / Influencia del grado ... The object of the present study was to correlate the size (grade) of the palatine tonsil with measurements of the maxillary and ... The tonsil size was classified in 5 grades from 0-4, using the Brodsky tonsil grading scale. The researcher was calibrated ...
A pedunculated lymphangiomatous polyp of the palatine tonsil: a case report Cengiz, Betül Peker; Acar, Mustafa; Giritli, Ersem ...
palatine tonsil. Blocking step. Serum as blocking agent for 1 hour(s) and 0 minute(s) · Concentration: 5% · Temperature: 21°C ...
V13_tonsils ,- V13() %,% subset(select = HMP_BODY_SUBSITE == Palatine Tonsils) V13_stool ,- V13() %,% subset(select = HMP_ ... V13_tonsils_phyloseq ,- as_phyloseq(V13_tonsils) V13_stool_phyloseq ,- as_phyloseq(V13_stool). The analysis of all the samples ... sample_data(V13_tonsils_phyloseq)$Study ,- Tonsils sample_data(V13_stool_phyloseq)$Study ,- Stool. Once the two phyloseq. ... we will demonstrate basic comparisons of the palatine tonsils and stool body subsites using the phyloseq package. We first ...
enlarged palatine tonsils. *Deformities in the craniofacial region (such as cleft lip and palate) ...
Palatine tonsils. *. Three-layered epidermis. *. Now, all the bones are getting harder ...
"the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), such as the adenoids and palatine tonsils in humans".. Now I had actually ... In case you were wondering, Im strongly in favor of tonsillectomies - at least in cases of hypertropic tonsils. I have many ... One could make a plausible case that ripping out tonsils for fun & profit might reduce the immune systems opportunities to ...
These branches lie immediately posterior to the palatine tonsils (see the images below). ... The greater palatine nerve and lesser palatine nerves. This ganglion lies posterior to the middle turbinate and the branches ...
Failure of nasal steroids to decrease the size of palatine tonsils is believed to be attributable to location and washout by ... Failure of nasal steroids to decrease the size of palatine tonsils is believed to be attributable to location and washout by ... Failure of nasal steroids to decrease the size of palatine tonsils is believed to be attributable to location and washout by ... Failure of nasal steroids to decrease the size of palatine tonsils is believed to be attributable to location and washout by ...
A comprehensive, fun and entertaining site devoted exclusively to histology. Learning histology was never so easy! This site includes histology quizzes, histology games, slides, mnemonics, histology puzzles and tons of information about histology. One of the best histology sites on the internet!
These masses of lymphatic tissue are also called palatine tonsils, or sometimes just tonsils. These structures lie beneath the ... The palatine glands are in the back of the mouth, on both sides of the tongue and closely associated with the palate. ...
Here, we give advice about identifying tonsil cancer, and describe treatment and prevention. ... Tonsil cancer can affect the mouth and throat area. Risk factors include tobacco use and having human papillomavirus, or HPV. ... Charfi, L., et al. (2008). Two types of squamous cell carcinoma of the palatine tonsil characterized by distinct etiology, ... Tonsil cancer begins when cancerous cells develop in the tonsils. It can occur in people who have had their tonsils removed, as ...
An inflammation and enlargement of the tonsil, especially the palatine tonsils. Tonsils are part of the lymphatic system which ...
... tonsils, which are two balls of tissue on either side of the tongue. The lingual tonsil, the palatine tonsils, and the adenoids ... But when you have tonsillitis, its not your lingual tonsil thats infected. Tonsillitis affects the palatine (say: PAL-uh-tyne ... The back section of your tongue contains something called the lingual tonsil (say: LIN-gwul TAHN-sul). Lingual is a medical ... word that means having to do with the tongue, and tonsils are small masses of tissue that contain cells that help filter out ...
... tonsils, throat; sub- and supra-gingival plaques; and stool. Phyla initially identified from environmental samples were ... BM, buccal mucosa; KG, keratinized gingiva; HP, hard palate; Th, throat; PT, palatine tonsils; TD, tongue dorsum; Sal, saliva; ... The palatine tonsils, located in the oropharynx, are unique among the sites sampled in this study as the only lymphoid tissue. ... palatine tonsils (Figure 3; Additional file 1). In contrast, a minority of stool samples (3.4%) contained trace levels of ...
The palatine and lingual tonsils are located here.. * The laryngopharynx passes food to the esophagus and air to the larynx. ...
This sweet little 1.25 printed aluminum tonsil pin comes packed on an educational card, was... ... how about this tonsil pin? It just wants to jump back into your mouth and behave. ... Once you have your tonsils removed, you might need a cute replacement -- ... These blobs of lymphatic tissue battle bad guys! There are four types of tonsils: adenoid, palatine, lingual and tubal. ...
Isolation and localization of mesenchymal stem cells in human palatine tonsil by W5C5 (SUSD2) ... 2A). Interestingly, LRRC15 normal expression was highly localized with expression restricted to hair follicles, tonsil, stomach ... we found LRRC15 to be expressed on localized normal tissues with mesenchymal characteristics such as hair follicle and tonsil ( ...
We report a case of carcinosarcoma of the minor salivary glands of the left palatine tonsil, an especially rare location. ...
Learn tonsil stone symptoms, prevention methods, and who to trust if you need removal. ... Tonsil stones smell, hurt, and can be bad for your health. ✓ ... We have three different types of tonsils-the palatine tonsils, ... Why do tonsil stones make your breath small bad?. Sometimes, tonsil stones smell. Tonsil stones have a foul odor because they ... Tonsils also help keep foreign objects from reaching our lungs.. What are tonsil stones?. Tonsils have tonsillar crypts which ...
Palatine Tonsil. *Microscopy, Electron. *Male. *Lymphoid Tissue. *Lymphocytes. *Lymph Nodes. *Inclusion Bodies, Viral ...
The palatine tonsils are on either aspect of the soft palate in the oropharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils, or adenoids, are within ...

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