AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHumanitiesInformation ScienceHealth Care
PainChronic PainPain ManagementPain ThresholdPain, PostoperativeLow Back PainBack PainPain MeasurementAbdominal PainNeck PainPain, IntractablePelvic PainPain PerceptionFacial PainAcute PainPain, ReferredShoulder PainMusculoskeletal PainAnalgesicsNociceptive PainNeuralgiaAnalgesics, OpioidMyofascial Pain SyndromesHyperalgesiaComplex Regional Pain SyndromesChronic DiseaseVisceral PainArthralgiaAnalgesiaLabor PainTreatment OutcomeNociceptorsFibromyalgiaQuestionnairesAnesthetics, LocalDisability EvaluationCatastrophizationFlank PainEye PainProspective StudiesMorphineDouble-Blind MethodAnalgesics, Non-NarcoticSeverity of Illness IndexInjections, SpinalSciaticaToothacheLidocaineNerve BlockOsteoarthritis, KneeTime FactorsQuality of LifeFollow-Up StudiesNociceptionPhysical Therapy ModalitiesSpinal NervesPhantom LimbMusculoskeletal DiseasesTrigeminal NeuralgiaTemporomandibular Joint DisordersKnee JointRadiculopathyRange of Motion, ArticularPeripheral Nervous System DiseasesSpinal CordTranscutaneous Electric Nerve StimulationAcupuncture AnalgesiaTramadolIntervertebral Disc DisplacementLumbosacral RegionOxycodoneCyclohexanecarboxylic AcidsBupivacaineAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalHot TemperatureOsteoarthritisHeadacheInjections, Intra-ArticularRetrospective StudiesAnalgesia, Patient-ControlledActivities of Daily LivingFacial NeuralgiaExercise TherapyAcupuncture TherapyMagnetic Resonance ImagingCross-Sectional StudiesGanglia, SpinalPalliative CareInjections, EpiduralRats, Sprague-DawleyFentanylAnalysis of VarianceZygapophyseal JointAnesthesia, LocalPosterior Horn CellsHypesthesiaAnxietyAcute DiseasePrevalenceTemporomandibular Joint Dysfunction SyndromeAdaptation, PsychologicalAnalgesia, EpiduralReflex Sympathetic DystrophySpinal DiseasesElectric Stimulation TherapyOccupational DiseasesRecovery of FunctionDysmenorrheaParesthesiaCausalgiaDepressionManipulation, SpinalSingle-Blind MethodHyperesthesiaThermosensingIllness BehaviorPelvic Girdle PainMassageReproducibility of ResultsBehavior, AnimalJoint DiseasesRisk FactorsNeuralgia, PostherpeticSensory Receptor CellsKetorolacOpioid-Related DisordersIntervertebral DiscWhiplash InjuriesDisease Models, AnimalSciatic NeuropathyAminesOsteoarthritis, HipCapsaicinSpineCervical VertebraeCohort StudiesPhysical ExaminationFreund's AdjuvantTomography, X-Ray ComputedAcetaminophenOutcome Assessment (Health Care)Sacroiliac JointHeelCold TemperatureCentral Nervous System SensitizationFormaldehydePilot ProjectsStress, PsychologicalMusculoskeletal ManipulationsAbdomen, AcuteBreakthrough PainSpinal Nerve RootsCumulative Trauma DisordersPredictive Value of TestsHydromorphonePressureHip JointShoulderFoot DiseasesSex FactorsDose-Response Relationship, DrugNeoplasmsFatigueSomatosensory DisordersComorbidityPrilocaineBone NeoplasmsTRPV Cation ChannelsPerceptionHypnosisSensationAfferent PathwaysArthritisSpinal StenosisDyspareuniaAutonomic Nerve BlockSpinal Cord InjuriesCross-Over StudiesInflammationKneePancreatitis, ChronicChiropracticNerve Fibers, UnmyelinatedRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicMigraine DisordersIrritable Bowel SyndromeShoulder JointStatistics, NonparametricLiftingAnalgesia, ObstetricalNeedlesTrigeminal Nerve DiseasesAmitriptylineAge FactorsTrigeminal NerveDiskectomyTouchOrthopedic ProceduresFootTooth ExtractionInjections
Pain: An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.Chronic Pain: Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.Pain Management: A form of therapy that employs a coordinated and interdisciplinary approach for easing the suffering and improving the quality of life of those experiencing pain.Pain Threshold: Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.Pain, Postoperative: Pain during the period after surgery.Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.Pain Measurement: Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.Neck Pain: Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.Pain, Intractable: Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.Pelvic Pain: Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin and of organic or psychogenic etiology. Frequent causes of pain are distension or contraction of hollow viscera, rapid stretching of the capsule of a solid organ, chemical irritation, tissue ischemia, and neuritis secondary to inflammatory, neoplastic, or fibrotic processes in adjacent organs. (Kase, Weingold & Gershenson: Principles and Practice of Clinical Gynecology, 2d ed, pp479-508)Pain Perception: The process by which PAIN is recognized and interpreted by the brain.Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.Acute Pain: Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.Pain, Referred: A type of pain that is perceived in an area away from the site where the pain arises, such as facial pain caused by lesion of the VAGUS NERVE, or throat problem generating referred pain in the ear.Shoulder Pain: Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.Musculoskeletal Pain: Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.Analgesics: Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.Nociceptive Pain: Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.Analgesics, Opioid: Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.Myofascial Pain Syndromes: Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on TRIGGER POINTS, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME.Hyperalgesia: An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.Complex Regional Pain Syndromes: Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)Chronic Disease: Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)Visceral Pain: Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.Arthralgia: Pain in the joint.Analgesia: Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.Labor Pain: Pain associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR in CHILDBIRTH. It is caused primarily by UTERINE CONTRACTION as well as pressure on the CERVIX; BLADDER; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Labor pain mostly occurs in the ABDOMEN; the GROIN; and the BACK.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Nociceptors: Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Fibromyalgia: A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)Questionnaires: Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.Anesthetics, Local: Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.Disability Evaluation: Determination of the degree of a physical, mental, or emotional handicap. The diagnosis is applied to legal qualification for benefits and income under disability insurance and to eligibility for Social Security and workmen's compensation benefits.Catastrophization: Cognitive and emotional processes encompassing magnification of pain-related stimuli, feelings of helplessness, and a generally pessimistic orientation.Flank Pain: Pain emanating from below the RIBS and above the ILIUM.Eye Pain: A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.Double-Blind Method: A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.Analgesics, Non-Narcotic: A subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to OPIOID RECEPTORS and are not addictive. Many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS.Severity of Illness Index: Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.Injections, Spinal: Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.Sciatica: A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.Toothache: Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.Nerve Block: Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.Osteoarthritis, Knee: Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.Nociception: Sensing of noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli by NOCICEPTORS. It is the sensory component of visceral and tissue pain (NOCICEPTIVE PAIN).Physical Therapy Modalities: Therapeutic modalities frequently used in PHYSICAL THERAPY SPECIALTY by PHYSICAL THERAPISTS or physiotherapists to promote, maintain, or restore the physical and physiological well-being of an individual.Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.Phantom Limb: Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)Musculoskeletal Diseases: Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.Trigeminal Neuralgia: A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)Knee Joint: A synovial hinge connection formed between the bones of the FEMUR; TIBIA; and PATELLA.Radiculopathy: Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.Range of Motion, Articular: The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation: The use of specifically placed small electrodes to deliver electrical impulses across the SKIN to relieve PAIN. It is used less frequently to produce ANESTHESIA.Acupuncture Analgesia: Analgesia produced by the insertion of ACUPUNCTURE needles at certain ACUPUNCTURE POINTS on the body. This activates small myelinated nerve fibers in the muscle which transmit impulses to the spinal cord and then activate three centers - the spinal cord, midbrain and pituitary/hypothalamus - to produce analgesia.Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.Intervertebral Disc Displacement: An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.Lumbosacral Region: Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.Cyclohexanecarboxylic AcidsBupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal: Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.Hot Temperature: Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.Headache: The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.Injections, Intra-Articular: Methods of delivering drugs into a joint space.Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Analgesia, Patient-Controlled: Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, or eating.Facial Neuralgia: Neuralgic syndromes which feature chronic or recurrent FACIAL PAIN as the primary manifestation of disease. Disorders of the trigeminal and facial nerves are frequently associated with these conditions.Exercise Therapy: A regimen or plan of physical activities designed and prescribed for specific therapeutic goals. Its purpose is to restore normal musculoskeletal function or to reduce pain caused by diseases or injuries.Acupuncture Therapy: Treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. The placement varies with the disease being treated. It is sometimes used in conjunction with heat, moxibustion, acupressure, or electric stimulation.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.Ganglia, Spinal: Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.Palliative Care: Care alleviating symptoms without curing the underlying disease. (Stedman, 25th ed)Injections, Epidural: The injection of drugs, most often analgesics, into the spinal canal without puncturing the dura mater.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Zygapophyseal Joint: The joint that occurs between facets of the interior and superior articular processes of adjacent VERTEBRAE.Anesthesia, Local: A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.Posterior Horn Cells: Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.Hypesthesia: Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.Anxiety: Feeling or emotion of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course.Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome: A symptom complex consisting of pain, muscle tenderness, clicking in the joint, and limitation or alteration of mandibular movement. The symptoms are subjective and manifested primarily in the masticatory muscles rather than the temporomandibular joint itself. Etiologic factors are uncertain but include occlusal dysharmony and psychophysiologic factors.Adaptation, Psychological: A state of harmony between internal needs and external demands and the processes used in achieving this condition. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)Analgesia, Epidural: The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy: A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)Spinal DiseasesElectric Stimulation Therapy: Application of electric current in treatment without the generation of perceptible heat. It includes electric stimulation of nerves or muscles, passage of current into the body, or use of interrupted current of low intensity to raise the threshold of the skin to pain.Occupational Diseases: Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.Recovery of Function: A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation.Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation.Causalgia: A complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (HYPERESTHESIA) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. Autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1359)Depression: Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.Manipulation, Spinal: Adjustment and manipulation of the vertebral column.Single-Blind Method: A method in which either the observer(s) or the subject(s) is kept ignorant of the group to which the subjects are assigned.Hyperesthesia: Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.Thermosensing: The sensation of cold, heat, coolness, and warmth as detected by THERMORECEPTORS.Illness Behavior: Coordinate set of non-specific behavioral responses to non-psychiatric illness. These may include loss of APPETITE or LIBIDO; disinterest in ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; or withdrawal from social interaction.Pelvic Girdle Pain: Discomfort associated with the bones that make up the pelvic girdle. It occurs frequently during pregnancy.Massage: The systematic and methodical manipulations of body tissues best performed with the hands for the purpose of affecting the nervous and muscular systems and the general circulation.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Joint DiseasesRisk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Neuralgia, Postherpetic: Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.Sensory Receptor Cells: Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)Opioid-Related Disorders: Disorders related or resulting from abuse or mis-use of opioids.Intervertebral Disc: Any of the 23 plates of fibrocartilage found between the bodies of adjacent VERTEBRAE.Whiplash Injuries: Hyperextension injury to the neck, often the result of being struck from behind by a fast-moving vehicle, in an automobile accident. (From Segen, The Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Sciatic Neuropathy: Disease or damage involving the SCIATIC NERVE, which divides into the PERONEAL NERVE and TIBIAL NERVE (see also PERONEAL NEUROPATHIES and TIBIAL NEUROPATHY). Clinical manifestations may include SCIATICA or pain localized to the hip, PARESIS or PARALYSIS of posterior thigh muscles and muscles innervated by the peroneal and tibial nerves, and sensory loss involving the lateral and posterior thigh, posterior and lateral leg, and sole of the foot. The sciatic nerve may be affected by trauma; ISCHEMIA; COLLAGEN DISEASES; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1363)Amines: A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Osteoarthritis, Hip: Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.Capsaicin: An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.Spine: The spinal or vertebral column.Cervical Vertebrae: The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality.Freund's Adjuvant: An antigen solution emulsified in mineral oil. The complete form is made up of killed, dried mycobacteria, usually M. tuberculosis, suspended in the oil phase. It is effective in stimulating cell-mediated immunity (IMMUNITY, CELLULAR) and potentiates the production of certain IMMUNOGLOBULINS in some animals. The incomplete form does not contain mycobacteria.Tomography, X-Ray Computed: Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.Outcome Assessment (Health Care): Research aimed at assessing the quality and effectiveness of health care as measured by the attainment of a specified end result or outcome. Measures include parameters such as improved health, lowered morbidity or mortality, and improvement of abnormal states (such as elevated blood pressure).Sacroiliac Joint: The immovable joint formed by the lateral surfaces of the SACRUM and ILIUM.Heel: The back (or posterior) of the FOOT in PRIMATES, found behind the ANKLE and distal to the TOES.Cold Temperature: An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.Central Nervous System Sensitization: An increased response to stimulation that is mediated by amplification of signaling in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS).Formaldehyde: A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717)Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.Stress, Psychological: Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.Musculoskeletal Manipulations: Various manipulations of body tissues, muscles and bones by hands or equipment to improve health and circulation, relieve fatigue, promote healing.Abdomen, Acute: A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.Breakthrough Pain: Acute pain that comes on rapidly despite the use of pain medication.Spinal Nerve Roots: Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.Cumulative Trauma Disorders: Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.Predictive Value of Tests: In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.Pressure: A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Hip Joint: The joint that is formed by the articulation of the head of FEMUR and the ACETABULUM of the PELVIS.Shoulder: Part of the body in humans and primates where the arms connect to the trunk. The shoulder has five joints; ACROMIOCLAVICULAR joint, CORACOCLAVICULAR joint, GLENOHUMERAL joint, scapulathoracic joint, and STERNOCLAVICULAR joint.Foot Diseases: Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.Sex Factors: Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.Somatosensory Disorders: Disorders of sensory information received from superficial and deep regions of the body. The somatosensory system conveys neural impulses which pertain to proprioception, tactile sensation, thermal sensation, pressure sensation, and pain. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and BRAIN DISEASES may be associated with impaired or abnormal somatic sensation.Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.Bone Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.TRPV Cation Channels: A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after vanilloid receptor. They are very sensitive to TEMPERATURE and hot spicy food and CAPSAICIN. They have the TRP domain and ANKYRIN repeats. Selectivity for CALCIUM over SODIUM ranges from 3 to 100 fold.Perception: The process by which the nature and meaning of sensory stimuli are recognized and interpreted.Hypnosis: A state of increased receptivity to suggestion and direction, initially induced by the influence of another person.Sensation: The process in which specialized SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS transduce peripheral stimuli (physical or chemical) into NERVE IMPULSES which are then transmitted to the various sensory centers in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Afferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.ArthritisSpinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal.Dyspareunia: Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.Autonomic Nerve Block: Interruption of sympathetic pathways, by local injection of an anesthetic agent, at any of four levels: peripheral nerve block, sympathetic ganglion block, extradural block, and subarachnoid block.Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).Cross-Over Studies: Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.Knee: A region of the lower extremity immediately surrounding and including the KNEE JOINT.Pancreatitis, Chronic: INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.Chiropractic: An occupational discipline founded by D.D. Palmer in the 1890's based on the relationship of the spine to health and disease.Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated: A class of nerve fibers as defined by their nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the unmyelinated nerve fibers are small in diameter and usually several are surrounded by a single MYELIN SHEATH. They conduct low-velocity impulses, and represent the majority of peripheral sensory and autonomic fibers, but are also found in the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic: Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.Migraine Disorders: A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.Shoulder Joint: The articulation between the head of the HUMERUS and the glenoid cavity of the SCAPULA.Statistics, Nonparametric: A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)Lifting: Moving or bringing something from a lower level to a higher one. The concept encompasses biomechanic stresses resulting from work done in transferring objects from one plane to another as well as the effects of varying techniques of patient handling and transfer.Analgesia, Obstetrical: The elimination of PAIN, without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, during OBSTETRIC LABOR; OBSTETRIC DELIVERY; or the POSTPARTUM PERIOD, usually through the administration of ANALGESICS.Needles: Sharp instruments used for puncturing or suturing.Trigeminal Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the trigeminal nerve or its nuclei, which are located in the pons and medulla. The nerve is composed of three divisions: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular, which provide sensory innervation to structures of the face, sinuses, and portions of the cranial vault. The mandibular nerve also innervates muscles of mastication. Clinical features include loss of facial and intra-oral sensation and weakness of jaw closure. Common conditions affecting the nerve include brain stem ischemia, INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS, and TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA.Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.Diskectomy: Excision, in part or whole, of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC. The most common indication is disk displacement or herniation. In addition to standard surgical removal, it can be performed by percutaneous diskectomy (DISKECTOMY, PERCUTANEOUS) or by laparoscopic diskectomy, the former being the more common.Touch: Sensation of making physical contact with objects, animate or inanimate. Tactile stimuli are detected by MECHANORECEPTORS in the skin and mucous membranes.Orthopedic Procedures: Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.Foot: The distal extremity of the leg in vertebrates, consisting of the tarsus (ANKLE); METATARSUS; phalanges; and the soft tissues surrounding these bones.Tooth Extraction: The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)Injections: Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.

Pyorrhoea as cause of pyrexia. (1/11014)

Three patients with fever and malaise, one of whom also had joint pains, were extensively investigated before their condition was attributed to dental sepsis. Each patient recovered fully after appropriate dental treatment. Dental sepsis should be added to the list of possible causes of pyrexia of undetermined origin, and a routine dental examination should be carried out in each case.  (+info)

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and quality of life. (2/11014)

The quality of life (QOL) of 79 people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and 37 non-diabetic controls was assessed using the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP). The NHP consists of six domains assessing energy, sleep, pain, physical mobility, emotional reactions and social isolation. Symptomatic diabetic neuropathy was present in 41 of the patients. The neuropathy patients had significantly higher scores (impaired QOL) in 5/6 NHP domains than either the other diabetic patients (p < 0.01) or the non-diabetic (p < 0.001) controls. These were: emotional reaction, energy, pain, physical mobility and sleep. The diabetic patients without neuropathy also had significantly impaired QOL for 4/6 NHP domains compared with the non-diabetic control group (p < 0.05) (energy, pain, physical mobility and sleep). This quantification of the detrimental effect on QOL of diabetes, and in particular of chronic symptomatic peripheral diabetic neuropathy, emphasizes the need for further research into effective management of these patients.  (+info)

Relative efficacy of 32P and 89Sr in palliation in skeletal metastases. (3/11014)

32p and 89Sr have been shown to produce significant pain relief in patients with skeletal metastases from advanced cancer. Clinically significant pancytopenia has not been reported in doses up to 12 mCi (444 MBq) of either radionuclide. To date, no reports comparing the relative efficacy and toxicity of the two radionuclides in comparable patient populations have been available. Although a cure has not been reported, both treatments have achieved substantial pain relief. However, several studies have used semiquantitative measures such as "slight," "fair," "partial" and "dramatic" responses, which lend themselves to subjective bias. This report examines the responses to treatment with 32P or 89Sr by attempting a quantification of pain relief and quality of life using the patients as their own controls and compares toxicity in terms of hematological parameters. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with skeletal metastases were treated for pain relief with either 32P (16 patients) or 89Sr (15 patients). Inclusion criteria were pain from bone scan-positive sites above a subjective score of 5 of 10 despite analgesic therapy with narcotic or non-narcotic medication, limitation of movement related to the performance of routine daily activity and a predicted life expectancy of at least 4 mo. The patients had not had chemotherapy or radiotherapy during the previous 6 wk and had normal serum creatinine, white cell and platelet counts. 32P was given orally as a 12 mCi dose, and 89Sr was given intravenously as a 4 mCi (148 MBq) dose. The patients were monitored for 4 mo. RESULTS: Complete absence of pain was seen in 7 of 16 patients who were given 32P and in 7 of 15 patients who were given 89Sr. Pain scores fell by at least 50% of the pretreatment score in 14 of 16 patients who were given 32P and 14 of 15 patients who were given 89Sr. Mean duration of pain relief was 9.6 wk with 32P and 10 wk with 89Sr. Analgesic scores fell along with the drop in pain scores. A fall in total white cell, absolute granulocyte and platelet counts occurred in all patients. Subnormal values of white cells and platelets were seen in 5 and 7 patients, respectively, with 32P, and in 0 and 4 patients, respectively, after 89Sr therapy. The decrease in platelet count (but not absolute granulocyte count) was statistically significant when 32P patients were compared with 89Sr patients. However, in no instance did the fall in blood counts require treatment. Absolute granulocyte counts did not fall below 1000 in any patient. There was no significant difference between the two treatments in terms of either efficacy or toxicity. CONCLUSION: No justification has been found in this study for the recommendation of 89Sr over the considerably less expensive oral 32P for the palliation of skeletal pain from metastases of advanced cancer.  (+info)

Use of positron emission tomography in evaluation of brachial plexopathy in breast cancer patients. (4/11014)

18-Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) has previously been used successfully to image primary and metastatic breast cancer. In this pilot study, 19 breast cancer patients with symptoms/signs referrable to the brachial plexus were evaluated with 18FDG-PET. In 11 cases computerized tomography (CT) scanning was also performed. Of the 19 patients referred for PET study, 14 had abnormal uptake of 18FDG in the region of the symptomatic plexus. Four patients had normal PET studies and one had increased FDG uptake in the chest wall that accounted for her axillary pain. CT scans were performed in 9 of the 14 patients who had positive brachial plexus PET studies; six of these were either normal or showed no clear evidence of recurrent disease, while three CTs demonstrated clear brachial plexus involvement. Of two of the four patients with normal PET studies, one has had complete resolution of symptoms untreated while the other was found to have cervical disc herniation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. The remaining two patients almost certainly had radiation-induced plexopathy and had normal CT, MRI and PET study. These data suggest that 18FDG-PET scanning is a useful tool in evaluation of patients with suspected metastatic plexopathy, particularly if other imaging studies are normal. It may also be useful in distinguishing between radiation-induced and metastatic plexopathy.  (+info)

Intensive weekly chemotherapy is not effective in advanced pancreatic cancer patients: a report from the Italian Group for the Study of Digestive Tract Cancer (GISCAD). (5/11014)

Twenty-two patients, with locally advanced unresectable and/or metastatic pancreatic carcinoma, received weekly administration of cisplatin 40 mg m(-2), 5-fluorouracil 500 mg m(-2), epidoxorubicin 35 mg m(-2), 6S stereoisomer of leucovorin 250 mg m(-2) and glutathione 1.5 mg m(-2), supported by a daily administration of lenograstim at a dose of 5 microg kg(-1). Nineteen patients were men and three were women. Median age was 63 years (range 47-70). At study entry, pain was present in 15 out of 22 patients (68%) with a mean value of Scott-Huskisson scale of 27.6+/-23.8, whereas a weight loss >10% was present in 15 patients. After eight weekly treatments, three partial responses were achieved for a response rate of 13% (95% CI 0-26%), five patients had stable disease and 14 progressed on therapy. Pain was present in 9 out of 22 patients (40%) with a mean value of Scott-Huskisson scale of 12.3+/-18.4. Eight patients (36%) (three partial response and five stable disease) had a positive weight change. Toxicity was mild: WHO grade III or IV toxicity was recorded in terms of anaemia in 7 out of 188 cycles (3.7%), of neutropenia in 9 out of 188 cycles (4.7%) and of thrombocytopenia in 3 out of 188 cycles (1.5%). Median survival of all patients was 6 months. The outcome of this intensive chemotherapy regimen does not support its use in pancreatic cancer.  (+info)

Paracrine changes in the peritoneal environment of women with endometriosis. (6/11014)

During the past decade, macrophage-derived substances such as prostanoids, cytokines, growth factors and angiogenic factors have been detected in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. In particular, growth-promoting and angiogenic factors are considered to be substantially involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. In this study, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), substances recently detected in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis, were assessed with regard to their concentrations in different stages of endometriosis and changes of the peritoneal paracrine activity after medical treatment with a gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa). Peritoneal fluid was obtained from patients with endometriosis during laparoscopy before and after a 4-month treatment with a GnRHa. VEGF, TGF-beta and ICAM-1 could be detected in all women presenting with various stages of active endometriosis. After GnRHa therapy, all patients showed significant decreases in mean concentrations of VEGF (194+/-77 pg/ml), TGF-beta (902+/-273 pg/ml) and ICAM-1 (157+/-52 ng/ml). Patients with stage III and IV endometriosis (according to the rAFS score) had much higher concentrations of VEGF and TGF-beta before treatment compared with those patients with mild endometriosis (rAFS stages I and II). The most striking decrease in concentration was for TGF-beta, from 902 pg/ml before to 273 pg/ml after therapy. These results indicate an important role for paracrine activity in the establishment and maintenance of endometriosis. Indeed, treatment with a GnRHa may reduce paracrine activity in the peritoneal cavity via hypo-oestrogenism and provide proof of successful therapy.  (+info)

Gabapentin suppresses ectopic nerve discharges and reverses allodynia in neuropathic rats. (7/11014)

Repetitive ectopic discharges from injured afferent nerves play an important role in initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Gabapentin is effective for treatment of neuropathic pain but the sites and mechanisms of its antinociceptive actions remain uncertain. In the present study, we tested a hypothesis that therapeutic doses of gabapentin suppress ectopic afferent discharge activity generated from injured peripheral nerves. Mechanical allodynia, induced by partial ligation of the sciatic nerve in rats, was determined by application of von Frey filaments to the hindpaw. Single-unit afferent nerve activity was recorded proximal to the ligated sciatic nerve site. Intravenous gabapentin, in a range of 30 to 90 mg/kg, significantly attenuated allodynia in nerve-injured rats. Furthermore, gabapentin, in the same therapeutic dose range, dose-dependently inhibited the ectopic discharge activity of 15 injured sciatic afferent nerve fibers through an action on impulse generation. However, the conduction velocity and responses of 12 normal afferent fibers to mechanical stimulation were not affected by gabapentin. Therefore, this study provides electrophysiological evidence that gabapentin is capable of suppressing the ectopic discharge activity from injured peripheral nerves. This action may contribute, at least in part, to the antiallodynic effect of gabapentin on neuropathic pain.  (+info)

The Sock Test for evaluating activity limitation in patients with musculoskeletal pain. (8/11014)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Assessment within rehabilitation often must reflect patients' perceived functional problems and provide information on whether these problems are caused by impairments of the musculoskeletal system. Such capabilities were examined in a new functional test, the Sock Test, simulating the activity of putting on a sock. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Intertester reliability was examined in 21 patients. Concurrent validity, responsiveness, and predictive validity were examined in a sample of 337 patients and in subgroups of this sample. RESULTS: Intertester reliability was acceptable. Sock Test scores were related to concurrent reports of activity limitation in dressing activities. Scores also reflected questionnaire-derived reports of problems in a broad range of activities of daily living and pain and were responsive to change over time. Increases in age and body mass index increased the likelihood of Sock Test scores indicating activity limitation. Pretest scores were predictive of perceived difficulties in dressing activities after 1 year. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: Sock Test scores reflect perceived activity limitations and restrictions of the musculoskeletal system.  (+info)

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Arthritis Pain Treatment, Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain Alternative Medicine, Rheumatoid Arthritis...Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Arthritis Pain Treatment, Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain Alternative Medicine, Rheumatoid Arthritis...
Alternative Neuro Acupuncture Treatment and Alternative Herbal Herbs Medicine Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment, Arthritis Pain Treatment, Elbows Pain Treatment, Shoulders Pain Treatment, Hands Pain Treatment, Fingers Pain Treatment, Hips Pain Treatment, Knees Pain Treatment, Feet Pain Treatment, Ankles Pain Treatment, Hells Pain Treatment, Backbone Pain Treatment, Neck Pain Treatment and Jaw Pain Treatment
Arthritis Pain Processed in Emotion-Linked Brain Area - ABC NewsArthritis Pain Processed in Emotion-Linked Brain Area - ABC News
The study, published in the April issue of the journal Arthritis & Rheumatism, may offer a new target for treating arthritis pain.. The analysis included 12 people with knee osteoarthritis. Using brain imaging scans, researchers at the University of Manchester Rheumatic Diseases Centre monitored the patients brain activity as they experienced osteoarthritis pain, pain caused by heat application, and no pain.. Both the osteoarthritis and heat-induced pain activated a network of brain structures known as the pain matrix, which contains two parallel systems. The medial pain system processes the emotional aspects of pain, including fear and stress. The lateral system processes the pains physical location, intensity and duration.. While both osteoarthritis and heat-induced (experimental) pain activated both systems, osteoarthritis pain caused heightened activity in the medial pain system. This suggests that arthritis pain may have more of an emotional impact and stronger association with fear and ...
Medication for Relief of Joint Pain, Remedy for Back Pain, Neck, Corns, Ointment, Cream, Pain Gel, Rubbing Oil | RingmasterMedication for Relief of Joint Pain, Remedy for Back Pain, Neck, Corns, Ointment, Cream, Pain Gel, Rubbing Oil | Ringmaster
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Abdominal Pain Location Diagram Muscle Pain Location Diagram Wiring Diagram ~ ElsalvadorlaAbdominal Pain Location Diagram Muscle Pain Location Diagram Wiring Diagram ~ Elsalvadorla
Abdominal pain location diagram furthermore heart pain location.kidney pain location symptoms causes diagnosis treatment.muscles of the chest and abdomen.difference between back pain and kidney pain.liver pain.whats the difference between a hernia and a sports hernia.diagram of kidney.cupping hijama points.289848925988366838.ulcer pain location diagram.home remedies hiatal hernias.acid reflux colic gas pain crying.245214.location node lymphatic system back.lymph node dissection in gastric carcinoma.lower abdominal anatomy male.spleen pain location causes and treatment.
Ask Dr. Beth, Pain Psychologist - National Pain ReportAsk Dr. Beth, Pain Psychologist - National Pain Report
Dr. Beth: Many chronic pain conditions, such as autoimmune conditions, migraine and fibromyalgia, are up to 10 times more common in women. So women are simply more likely to acquire chronic pain than men.. Once women have chronic pain, they suffer more from it than men. Research shows women experience pain more frequently, severely, and for a longer duration than men do.. There are many reasons why women have more pain than men. Sex/gender differences in hormones, pain processing, and psychological factors known to influence pain (such as cognition, anxiety, depression and history of abuse) are just a few known reasons.. Pain becomes more common as we age and menopause is known to worsen chronic pain due to hormonal changes. Also, women live longer than men and thus have more years of life to experience pain!. There is growing need to better understand pain in women and how to best treat it. I believe the future of the field of pain medicine is sex-specific pain treatment (medical and ...
Niavin.com: Home Page || Arthritis pain? Neck, back, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, knee, ankle, foot, or muscular pain?...Niavin.com: 'Home Page' || Arthritis pain? Neck, back, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, knee, ankle, foot, or muscular pain?...
Niavin.com: Arthritis pain? Neck, back, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, knee, ankle, foot, or muscular pain? Trigger Point Pain Relief Available Now! || NIAVIN Pain Relief Formula: a revolutionary new approach to topical pain control for arthritis pain, muscle pain and joint pain. NIAVIN TRIGGER POINT PAIN RELIEF provides dramatic, potent, and long lasting relief of pain from tender and trigger spots. It helps to soothe the spasms and relieves the joint pains like no other product available!
JCI - Usage information: Prostaglandin-mediated inhibition of serotonin signaling controls the affective component of...JCI - Usage information: Prostaglandin-mediated inhibition of serotonin signaling controls the affective component of...
Pain is fundamentally unpleasant and induces a negative affective state. The affective component of pain is mediated by circuits that are distinct from those mediating the sensory-discriminative component. Here, we have investigated the role of prostaglandins in the affective dimension of pain using a rodent pain assay based on conditioned place aversion to formalin injection, an inflammatory noxious stimulus. We found that place aversion induced by inflammatory pain depends on prostaglandin E2 that is synthesized by cyclooxygenase 2 in neural cells. Further, mice lacking the prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 selectively on serotonergic cells or selectively in the area of the dorsal raphe nucleus failed to form an aversion to formalin-induced pain, as did mice lacking the serotonin transporter. Chemogenetic manipulations revealed that EP3 receptor activation elicited conditioned place aversion to pain via inhibition of serotonergic neurons. In contrast to their role in inflammatory pain aversion, ...
Niavin.com: Clinical Trial 4-2007 Summary || Arthritis pain? Neck, back, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, knee, ankle, foot, or...Niavin.com: 'Clinical Trial 4-2007' Summary || Arthritis pain? Neck, back, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, knee, ankle, foot, or...
Niavin.com: Clinical Trial 4-2007 Summary || Arthritis pain? Neck, back, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, knee, ankle, foot, or muscular pain? Trigger Point Pain Relief Available Now! || NIAVIN Pain Relief Formula: a revolutionary new approach to topical pain control for arthritis pain, muscle pain and joint pain. NIAVIN TRIGGER POINT PAIN RELIEF provides dramatic, potent, and long lasting relief of pain from tender and trigger spots. It helps to soothe the spasms and relieves the joint pains like no other product available!
Around 14% of adults who experience pain report that it lasts 3 months to a year and 42% report pain that lasts more than a...Around 14% of adults who experience pain report that it lasts 3 months to a year and 42% report pain that lasts more than a...
Around 14% of adults who experience pain report that it lasts 3 months to a year and 42% report pain that lasts more than a year.
Building a Better Aspirin: The Frontiers of Pain Medicine Development Pain Research, Education & PolicyBuilding a Better Aspirin: The Frontiers of Pain Medicine Development Pain Research, Education & Policy
t of innovative ways of safe and effective pain management methods is imperative. The Pain Research, Education and Policy Program (PREP) is honored to have William Schmidt, PhD present the 2013 Sackler Lecture, entitled Building a Better Aspirin: The Frontiers of Pain Medicine Development on Tuesday, September 24 from 4-5 PM at the Tufts University Medical Campus, 145 Harrison Ave (Sackler Building) room 114. Dr. Schmidt is the past president of the Eastern Pain Association and an internationally-recognized expert on pain research and therapeutics. Of particular interest to Dr. Schmidt is the evolution of safer, more effective pharmaceuticals for the treatment of persistent or chronic pain. The Pain Research Forum interviewed Dr. Schmidt recently on his vision of the future of pain medicine development (click here for a link to the interview).. We hope you will be able to join us on Tuesday, September 24 for Dr. Schmidts lecture followed by audience discussion with Dr. Schmidt and members of ...
Effect of Combined Music and Touch Intervention on Pain Response and Î’ by J. Qiu, Y. F. Jiang et al."Effect of Combined Music and Touch Intervention on Pain Response and Î’" by J. Qiu, Y. F. Jiang et al.
BACKGROUND: Preterm neonates undergo many painful procedures as part of their standard care in the neonatal intensive care unit. However, pain treatment is inadequate in many of these routine procedures. In the present study, we investigated the impact and mechanism of combined music and touch intervention (CMT) on the pain response in premature infants.METHODS: Sixty-two preterm neonates (gestational age of RESULTS: In total, 3707 painful procedures were performed on 62 neonates during their hospitalization. The average number of painful procedures in the control group (n = 35.5) was higher than that in the experimental group (n = 29.0) during hospitalization, although no significant difference was reached (P | 0.05). After 2 weeks, the Premature Infant Pain Profile scores were significantly higher in the control group than experimental group (13.000 ± 0.461 vs 10.500 ± 0.850, respectively; P 0.05) or 2 weeks later (162.400 ± 23.580 vs 184.600 ± 21.170, respectively; P | 0.05). However, the serum
Emerging factors in the progression of cancer-related pain. - Semantic ScholarEmerging factors in the progression of cancer-related pain. - Semantic Scholar
Most cancer patients experience severe pain during their disease course, and the management of cancer pain is a major challenge for patients and the healthcare team. Many diverse translational models of cancer pain in recent years have improved our understanding of cancer-related pain. Cancer and associated cells in the cancer microenvironment may release various peripheral mediators, including ATP, formaldehyde, protons, proteases, endothelin, bradykinin, TNF and NGF, that result in the activation and/or sensitization of peripheral and central neurons, that contribute to the clinical manifestations of cancer-related pain. Identification of these mediators and the peripheral and central mechanisms by which they contribute to cancer-related pain may provide novel therapeutic targets to alleviate cancer patient suffering.
IASP refresher courses on pain management: April 1, 1990 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p ... - International Association for the Study of...IASP refresher courses on pain management: April 1, 1990 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p ... - International Association for the Study of...
books.google.comhttps://books.google.com/books/about/IASP_refresher_courses_on_pain_managemen.html?id=ri1OAQAAIAAJ&utm_source=gb-gplus-shareIASP refresher courses on pain management ...
Can pain be more or less neuropathic? : comparison of symptom assessment tools with ratings of certainty by clinicians. -...Can pain be more or less neuropathic? : comparison of symptom assessment tools with ratings of certainty by clinicians. -...
Chronic pain is generally regarded as being divided into two mutually exclusive pain mechanisms: nociceptive and neuropathic. Recently, this dichotomous approach has been questioned and a model of chronic pain being more or less neuropathic has been suggested. To test whether such a spectrum exists, we examined responses by patients with chronic pain to validated neuropathic pain assessment tools and compared these with ratings of certainty about the neuropathic origin of pain by their specialist pain physicians. We examined 200 patients (100 each with nociceptive and neuropathic pain) and administered the self-complete Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (S-LANSS score) and the Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS). Clinicians were asked to rate their certainty of the presence of neuropathic pain mechanisms on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) (0 = not at all neuropathic in origin to 100 = completely neuropathic in origin). The whole sample was divided into tertiles based on ...
Letters to the Editor: Pharmacotherapy for Nonmalignant Pain - American Family PhysicianLetters to the Editor: Pharmacotherapy for Nonmalignant Pain - American Family Physician
to the editor: I was pleased to read the article1 on management of nonmalignant pain. The undertreatment of pain is a widespread issue in the United States, and helping to educate practicing family physicians in the most current pain management techniques is an important, even critical, goal.. I was disappointed, however, by the relative lack of information in the article on the two newest classes of oral analgesics: (1) tramadol (Ultram) and (2) cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, which represent a new type of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).. Tramadol has been available in the United States for five years. It is effective not only for an acute episode of neuropathic pain (as suggested in the article), but also for chronic neuropathic pain syndrome, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis pain2 and chronic low back pain.3 Tramadol may be most notable for what it is not-tramadol is not an NSAID, nor is it a typical opioid. Tramadol has a dual mechanism of action: it acts centrally at ...
Hanne Christine Mohn - Institutt for klinisk medisinHanne Christine Mohn - Institutt for klinisk medisin
Mohn, Christine; Vassend, Olav & Knardahl, Stein (2012). Cardiovascular responses to and modulation of pressure pain sensitivity in normotensive, pain-free women. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. 3(3), s 165- 169 . doi: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2011.12.001 Vis sammendrag Background and purpose: The psychophysiological responses to and modulation of pressure pain stimulation are relatively new areas of investigation. The aims of the present study were to characterize subjective and cardiovascular (CV) responses to pressure pain stimulation, and to examine the relationship between CV responding and pain pressure pain sensitivity. Methods: Thirty-nine pain-free, normotensive women were included in the study and tested during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycles. Pain threshold and tolerance were recorded at the right masseter muscle and the sternum, and visual analogue scales (VAS) were used to rate both pain intensity (the sensory dimension) and discomfort (the affective dimension). ...
Opioid rotation versus combination for cancer patients with chronic uncontrolled pain: a randomized study | BMC Palliative Care...Opioid rotation versus combination for cancer patients with chronic uncontrolled pain: a randomized study | BMC Palliative Care...
For cancer patients with inadequate pain relief, a switch to an alternative opioid is the preferred option for symptomatic improvement. However, multiple opioids are often simultaneously administered for anecdotal reasons. This prospective study evaluated pain response to either opioid rotation or combination in patients with uncontrolled cancer pain. Patients suffering with uncontrolled cancer pain despite dose titration were randomly assigned to opioid rotation group or opioid combination group. Patients answered a questionnaire that included items on pain severity (0 to 10) and interferences at baseline and after one week. Of the 50 patients registered, 39 patients answered the questionnaire after one week of treatment. After one week, the mean pain scores were significantly improved in both groups. Ten patients (42 %) in the rotation group and 16 patients (62 %) in the combination group reported that they achieved relief from pain (p = 0.08). The incidence of adverse events was similar in both
Whats New in Pain ManagementWhat's New in Pain Management
The Pain Patient Pain sensation is highly subjective, and individual pain threshold levels differ. Accurate assessment generally requires understanding the patients pain history, and many programs employ rating scales to measure pain intensity. Cognitive impairment or physical trauma, however, often stifles patients communication. Cognitively impaired patients may underreport pain frequency and intensity,8 leaving nonverbal cues, like labored breathing, aggression, and agitation, to be the first signs of pain.9 Pain oscillates, especially at night. Caregivers must be especially vigilant for nonverbal cues and document carefully, or oscillations may be confused with treatment response. Treatment Approaches Although no ideal agent exists, todays pain treatments include a range of interventions and strategies. Certified pain specialist and geriatric psychiatrist Howard Cohen, MD, director of Dallas Mind/Body Medicine, indicates, "Rational polypharmacy is the rule of thumb when treating chronic ...
Association between Widespread Pain Scores and Functional Impairment and Health-Related Quality of Life in Clinical Samples of...Association between Widespread Pain Scores and Functional Impairment and Health-Related Quality of Life in Clinical Samples of...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Association between Widespread Pain Scores and Functional Impairment and Health-Related Quality of Life in Clinical Samples of Children. AU - Rabbitts, Jennifer A.. AU - Holley, Amy. AU - Groenewald, Cornelius B.. AU - Palermo, Tonya M.. PY - 2016/6/1. Y1 - 2016/6/1. N2 - Pain involving several body regions generally represents nervous system pathophysiology shifting from predominantly peripheral to more central. In adults, higher widespread pain scores are clinically meaningful and confer risk for poor response to treatment. It is unknown whether widespread pain is similarly important in children. To address this gap, we conducted an observational study examining 1) associations between widespread pain and functional impairment and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in clinical pediatric samples, and 2) associations among sociodemographic factors and pain catastrophizing with widespread pain scores. Participants were 166 children aged 10 to 18 years from 3 samples (acute ...
The Facial Affective Scale (FAS) as a predictor for pain unpleasantness when children undergo immunizationsThe Facial Affective Scale (FAS) as a predictor for pain unpleasantness when children undergo immunizations
Needle fear is a common problem in children undergoing immunization. To ensure that the individual childs needs are met during a painful procedure it would be beneficial to be able to predict whether there is a need for extra support. The self-reporting instrument facial affective scale (FAS) could have potential for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the FAS can predict pain unpleasantness in girls undergoing immunization. Girls, aged 11-12 years, reported their expected pain unpleasantness on the FAS at least two weeks before and then experienced pain unpleasantness immediately before each vaccination. The experienced pain unpleasantness during the vaccination was also reported immediately after each immunization. The level of anxiety was similarly assessed during each vaccination and supplemented with stress measures in relation to the procedure in order to assess and evaluate concurrent validity. The results show that the FAS is valid to predict pain unpleasantness ...
Chronic Widespread Pain Drawn on a Body Diagram is a Screening Tool for Increased Pain Sensitization, Psycho-Social Load, and...Chronic Widespread Pain Drawn on a Body Diagram is a Screening Tool for Increased Pain Sensitization, Psycho-Social Load, and...
Home , Papers , Chronic Widespread Pain Drawn on a Body Diagram is a Screening Tool for Increased Pain Sensitization, Psycho-Social Load, and Utilization of Pain Management Strategies. ...
A Nation in Pain: Americas Hidden Epidemic - National Pain ReportA Nation in Pain: America's Hidden Epidemic - National Pain Report
Foreman: Absolutely unaddressed. I have two big infrastructure points in the book. One is that medical schools do not teach pain. There was a big study by Johns Hopkins in 2011. They did a survey of 117 medical schools and found that the median number of hours that students get learning about pain is nine. Thats over four years of medical school! Even veterinarians get more hours on pain education than doctors.. Next time you go to your doctor, ask in a friendly way how many hours of pain education did they get in medical school. A lot of them will say one or zero. They really dont know the neurobiology of it. They dont know the types of pain very well. They certainly dont know a lot about how acute pain transforms into chronic pain, which is a whole complicated nervous system problem. The nervous system essentially gets revved up and gets better and better at transmitting pain signals. So it becomes a self-fulfilling thing, a self-perpetuating problem. Its now known that cells derived from ...
Study estimates persistent pain incidence at 19% of U.S. adultsStudy estimates persistent pain incidence at 19% of U.S. adults
About 39 million people in the U.S., or 19%, have persistent pain, and the incidence varies according to age and gender, according to a recent study. For the study, researchers at the Washington State University College of Nursing in Spokane defined persistent pain as frequent or constant pain lasting longer than three months.. Researchers used data from the 2010 Quality of Life Supplement of the National Health Interview Survey to calculate the prevalence of persistent pain. They also calculated persistent pain based on risk group, chronic condition and disability status. Findings were published in the October issue of The Journal of Pain, the peer-reviewed publication of the American Pain Society.. Results of the analysis showed about 19% of U.S. adults reported persistent pain in 2010, and older adults were more likely to experience persistent pain than younger adults. The age group at highest risk of persistent pain was adults ages 60-69, findings showed. Women also had a slightly higher ...
pain medications - Symptoms, Treatments and Resources for pain medicationspain medications - Symptoms, Treatments and Resources for pain medications
pain medications - MedHelps pain medications Center for Information, Symptoms, Resources, Treatments and Tools for pain medications. Find pain medications information, treatments for pain medications and pain medications symptoms.
Pain among nursing home patients in the Netherlands: prevalence, course, clinical correlates, recognition and analgesic...Pain among nursing home patients in the Netherlands: prevalence, course, clinical correlates, recognition and analgesic...
Pain is highly prevalent in nursing homes (NH) in several countries. Data about pain in Dutch NHs, where medical care is delivered by specifically trained NH-physicians, are not available. The aim of the present study is to determine prevalence, course, correlates, recognition and treatment of pain among Dutch NH-patients and to make a comparison with international data. The study-population consisted of 350 elderly NH-patients from 14 Dutch NHs. Pain (pain-subscale Nottingham Health Profile) and clinical characteristics (gender, age, cognition, depression, anxiety, sleeping problems, morbidity and functional status) were measured at baseline and at six months. Association of pain (baseline and six months) with clinical characteristics was assessed with chi-square and multiple logistic regression analyses. Pain-prevalence was 68.0% (40.5% mild pain symptoms, 27.5% serious pain symptoms). 80% of the patients with pain at baseline still experienced pain at six months. Serious pain at baseline was
The Need for a Multidisciplinary Approach to Combating Cancer-Related Pain - The ASCO PostThe Need for a Multidisciplinary Approach to Combating Cancer-Related Pain - The ASCO Post
The statistics are staggering. Despite the development of novel analgesics and the increasing awareness of the importance of adequately controlling pain from cancer or its treatment, up to 50% of patients undergoing treatment and between 70% and 90% of patients with advanced disease experience some degree of pain.1 Whats more, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 25% of all patients with cancer die with unrelieved pain.2. Although pain from cancer can usually be sufficiently controlled for most patients, the problem remains undertreated due to several factors. They include professional-related barriers, such as poor pain management education during medical training; underutilization of opioids; unavailability of analgesics from pharmacies; inadequate pain assessment; and patient-related barriers, such as adherence to analgesic regimens and cultural differences in response to pain.. Compounding these factors is the multidimensional nature of cancer pain, which can include physical, ...
Understanding the Older Patient With PainUnderstanding the Older Patient With Pain
Chronic pain affects all segments of the population, but of course older adults are more likely to be impacted, particularly by joint pain and other forms of musculoskeletal pain. In some studies, up to 50% of the older population reports clinically significant pain. Those numbers go even higher in nursing home residents where the reported rate is as high as 80%. So, given that the population as we know is aging, we need to be prepared to manage pain in this segment of the population.. When we think about how our bodies perceive pain and handle pain signals, we have one system to amplify pain to let us know and take corrective action, and balancing that, we have a pain inhibition system to diminish the amount of pain that we experience. In healthy, younger adults, those systems are in balance so that we can feel pain when we need to, but we can also control our own pain and move on with our lives. What we see with age is we get better at increasing the pain and we get worse at decreasing the ...
Consequences of Persistent PainConsequences of Persistent Pain
Unlike acute pain that is often associated with hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (e.g., elevated blood pressure and respiratory rate, tachycardia, diaphoresis, dilated pupils), persistent pain frequently leads to gradually developing vegetative signs (e.g., listlessness, decreased appetite, loss of taste for food, weight loss, decreased libido, constipation, and sleep disturbance).3 Impaired ambulation may also be observed. In the elderly, psychosocial factors both affect pain and are affected by pain. 1 Patients with persistent pain may withdraw socially; psychologic and social impairment may be severe, resulting in virtual lack of function.3 Older adults with good coping strategies have been shown to have considerably lower pain and psychologic disability.1 Depression may occur in patients with persistent pain and is commonly associated with pain in the elderly; a significant correlation has been shown between pain and depression among nursing home residents.1,3 Untreated pain ...
Validation of the blink test: a simple measure of pain.Validation of the blink test: a simple measure of pain.
Pain assessment is a complex task often hindered by subjectivity, an overabundance of measurement options, and communication barriers. Research has focused on psychosocial factors that affect pain assessment as well as the need for a more concise method by which to measure pain. This study explored a previously proposed method of pain assessment involving corneal drying, deemed the Blink Test, as a potential method of determining individual pain tolerance. A correlational analysis was used to determine the usefulness of the Blink Test by comparing how long individuals could keep their eyes open with their performance on the Cold Pressor Test, a previously validated pain tool only used in research. No significant correlations were found between performances on the Blink Test with those on the Cold Pressor Test, suggesting that it is not a useful pain assessment. Further, scores on a measure of hope were collected to explore previous research connecting the pain experience to psychological factors ...
Chronic Pain Management - W.I.T.S.Chronic Pain Management - W.I.T.S.
Compiled by June Chewning, MA. Hey! Did you know that all pain is all in your head? It doesnt mean you dont have real pain when something to cause pain happens, or that chronic pain is not real. Feelings of pain are very real and are initiated by the brain for a very important basic reason…to keep you safe.. The study of the neuroscience of pain has changed considerably in the past 10 years. It is now believed that the sensation of pain is a necessary function that warns the body of potential pain or of actual injury. The process starts with the nociceptor detecting a potentially painful stimulus from the skin or an internal organ. Neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) transmit the signals through the nervous system and spinal cord to the brain. In essence, how the brain processes the signals causes an appropriate or inappropriate pain response.. One example is a child falling and skinning his knees. He gets up and continues to play as if nothing happened. Then another child or adult ...
Pain Therapeutics Report, 2018-2019 & 2028 - Latest Concepts of Pathomechanisms of Pain as a Basis for Management and...Pain Therapeutics Report, 2018-2019 & 2028 - Latest Concepts of Pathomechanisms of Pain as a Basis for Management and...
DUBLIN, May 23, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- The "Pain Therapeutics - Drugs, Markets and Companies" report from Jain PharmaBiotech has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.coms offering. This report describes the latest concepts of pathomechanisms of pain as a basis for management and development of new pharmacotherapies for pain. Major segments of the pain market are arthritis, neuropathic pain and cancer pain. Because pain is a subjective sensation, it is difficult to evaluate objectively in clinical trials. Various tools for pain measurement are described, including brain imaging.. Most of the currently used analgesic drugs fall into the categories of opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as COX-2 inhibitors. Non-opioid analgesics include ketamine, a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. Adjuvant analgesics include antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs used for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Management of pain is multidisciplinary and includes both pharmacological and ...
20 Home Remedies For Various Pains - Natural Home Remedies & Supplements20 Home Remedies For Various Pains - Natural Home Remedies & Supplements
Pharmacological drugs, OTC pills and visits to the doctor are not your only choice when it comes to pain relief. We have all suffered from pain in some form be it a muscle ache, headache, backache or an upset stomach.Pain can be quite debilitating especially if it is severe and the person at the receiving end has a low pain threshold. In order to get solace from pain, you can explore several natural remedies. I will be covering some natural pain remedies for different kinds of pain to help you all cope better.. ...
Pain Medication After Shoulder Surgery - KSA ConferencePain Medication After Shoulder Surgery - KSA Conference
This involves the use of an epidural catheter into space within the spinal cord. Pain medications are injected through the catheter post-surgery by the use of a PCA pump.It is an effective method of controlling pain. However, it is associated with some side effects such as nausea, numbness, vomiting, and headaches. Supraclavicular nerve blocks. They are used to control pain in extremities and they also involve the use of a catheter to administer pain medication. They work by inhibiting the transmission of pain signals to the brain. They are also associated with side effects such as nausea and vomiting. They can be used together with other oral pain medications and are very effective in relieving pain.. Intravenous analgesia. They involve the use of a computer programmed PCA pump that pushes medication directly into the blood veins relieving post-surgical shoulder pain.The patients can push the PCA pump by themselves and it is safe as only a limited amount of medication is allowed into the ...
Anestesia Pediatrica e NeonataleAnestesia Pediatrica e Neonatale
BACKGROUND: Pain and sedation assessment are an important aspect of medical care of the hospitalized patient of all ages. Inadequate pain assessment contributes to sub-optimal pain management leading to morbidity and mortality. A clinically useable, reliable, and valid pain and sedation tool is needed to improve patient care and clinical outcomes. The currently available Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) was created for procedural pain. The N-PASS: Neonatal Pain, Agitation and Sedation Scale was developed in response to the need for a clinically useable, consistent, age appropriate assessment and documentation methodology for ongoing infant pain and also sedation in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Ronald McDonald Childrens Hospital of Loyola University Medical Center. OBJECTIVE: To establish the inter-rater and internal consistency as measures of reliability of the N-PASS instrument as well as the convergent and concurrent validity. DESIGN/METHODS: NICU nurses were trained in the ...
Neuropathic PainNeuropathic Pain
... is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain, Neuropathic Special Interest group as "pain arising as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system". It can be caused by lesions of the peripheral or central nervous system or both.. The nerves involved can then transmit abnormal or incorrect messages to the brain resulting in increased intensity of pain, pain over a larger area or persistent pain. Neuropathic pain episodes can be divided into spontaneous or stimulus-evoked pain i.e. sensory changes.. It is estimated that neuropathic pain could be a significant feature in up to 40% of cancer pain syndromes and in one case series it was found that 79% of neuropathic pain cases result from nerve compression, 16% from nerve injury and 5% are sympathetically mediated1. Nerve injury in cancer has 3 main causes:. ...
WHAT THE MAINSTREAM MEDICINE MAY NOT BE TELLING YOU ABOUT PAIN - Estelita Pearce WellnessWHAT THE MAINSTREAM MEDICINE MAY NOT BE TELLING YOU ABOUT PAIN - Estelita Pearce Wellness
There are three types of pain: acute pain and chronic pain. Acute pain is often caused by a disease, injury, or inflammation. It can be diagnosed and treated and is usually only lasts for a short time. Acute pain is often a signal that your body has been injured. On the other hand, pain that lasts for 3 months or longer is called chronic pain. Chronic pain occurs for a long time which can be mild or severe and it can be continuous or intermittent. Chronic pain is considered a health condition in itself and sometimes can also occur without any indication of an injury or illness. In some situations, acute pain becomes chronic pain that can last for months or even years. On the other hand, psychosomatic pain originates from emotional stress or anxiety and progresses with physical symptoms when a persons immune system is compromised due to stress. In simpler terms, psychosomatic pain refers to real physical symptoms that are caused by the mind. Often psychosomatic pain is caused by underlying ...
Chronic Pain Diagnosis Bangalore|Persistent Pain Treatment IndiaChronic Pain Diagnosis Bangalore|Persistent Pain Treatment India
Releaf Pain Center, Bangalore, Noida, India provides Diagnosis of Chronic Pain and Persistent Pain Relief Treatment at affordable rates. Find out more!
Pain Toolbox - Analgesic SolutionsPain Toolbox - Analgesic Solutions
The Focused Analgesia Selection Test is a psychophysical assessment which uses an FDA approved device to evaluate how accurately each subject reports pain by exposing subjects to painful thermal stimuli and recording their pain reports. These pain reports are entered into Analgesic Solutions proprietary algorithm that calculates the subjects FAST score, which may be used as an inclusion/exclusion criterion. Previous studies of the FAST assessment have shown that patients who demonstrate poor pain reporting capabilities on this test also perform poorly at reporting their pain during clinical trials. Therefore, inclusion of good pain reporters in your clinical trial increases assay sensitivity. The net result points to better clinical trial outcomes when pain is more accurately reported as a function of any given intervention. This may point to trial designs that require fewer subjects to demonstrate statistically significant results. In addition, new data emerging from ongoing work at Analgesic ...
Can They Feel Your Pain?Can They Feel Your Pain?
Do primary care physicians also misinterpret other patients pain levels? A recent study in the British Journal of General Practice examined the variation between practitioner and patient perceptions of pain intensity. Nearly 30 general practitioners in Finland and more than 700 of their patients seeking pain relief rated the patients perceived pain levels. A visual pain scale was utilized, with "no pain" at one extreme and the "worst imaginable pain" at the other; a person would make a mark on the scale at the place where they thought their pain level ranked. There was little similarity between doctor and patient ratings of an individuals pain. Patients rated their pain significantly higher than did their physicians in chronic-pain cases. In other words, people who experienced long-term suffering were in more pain than their doctors realized. In fact, general practitioners rated pain intensity significantly lower than the sufferer in almost 40% of cases, and higher in 30% of cases - usually ...
Keeping Pain Under ControlKeeping Pain Under Control
Pain at any age is a disruptive part of life and, as a member ages, is most likely to increase. Pain Assessment and Management is an important part of care for the elderly. In the older patient, the incidence and prevalence of certain pain syndromes may increase. While not all pain can be eliminated, most pain can be managed. Pain may be underreported and undertreated by your elderly patients because they believe that pain is a normal process of aging. Because your elderly patients may not volunteer information about living with chronic pain, it is important that you assess their pain at least annually.. Undertreating pain can severely affect your patients health and quality of life, and can lead to adverse physical and psychological outcomes for them and their families. The effects of chronic pain show up as depression or anxiety, and may create a sense of helplessness and even hopelessness. Be sure to document medical records carefully and include the date of your pain assessment exam. ...
The Purpose Of The Pain Management Clinic | RoboSkin.orgThe Purpose Of The Pain Management Clinic | RoboSkin.org
For those who live every day with chronic pain, the simplest activity can be torturous. There are places that can help when it feels that there is nowhere to turn. The purpose of the pain management clinic is to give back some part of a patients life that was stolen by uncontrollable pain. Not every doctor is a specialist in the treatment of pain, particularly chronic pain. Referrals arent always necessary to be seen by a specialist, but it is always best to make sure before making an appointment. Confirm the type of coverage an insurance policy provides, but its important to know pain can be managed.. Various conditions can result in the need for specialty care. Physicians who havent been trained to care for them do not always understand neurological and physiological pain conditions. Chronic pain is defined as pain that routine treatment and care has not helped for six months or longer. The pain may come and go. It may be piercing and sharp or dull and achy. When these pain signals remain ...
All Pain Isnt Created EqualAll Pain Isn't Created Equal
Pain classification is important because treatment for each type of pain is unique. Pain management specialists use multimodal treatments. This means that we use many different types of medications and procedures to maximize pain control and minimize side effects. Opioid medications such as morphine are the mainstay of management. However we try to minimise use of opioids because of side effects including nausea vomiting constipation sleepiness and sometimes inadequate pain control. Opioids control your pain well when remaining motionless but as soon as you move they do not help. For movement-evoked pain we use medications such as Tylenol and ibuprofen. One of the most effective ways to control pain is with a nerve block. Nerve blocks use local anaesthetics numbing medicine to put a specific part of your body to sleep (like your right arm). Depending on the type of nerve block this nerve sleep can last anywhere from hours to days. For neuropathic pain we use medications such as neurontin to ...
S0421, Docetaxel and Prednisone With or Without Atrasentan in Treating Patients With Stage IV Prostate Cancer and Bone...S0421, Docetaxel and Prednisone With or Without Atrasentan in Treating Patients With Stage IV Prostate Cancer and Bone...
Pain palliation is the proportion of patients showing a two-point reduction in the Worst Pain score (WPS) maintained for two consecutive assessments with no increase in analgesic use. Increase in analgesic use is defined as an increase in Analgesic code Level to 2 (weak opioid) or 3 (strong opioid). Patients will be classified as pain palliated or not palliated. Patients with a WPS of 0 will be defined as stable if their WPS remains 0 for Weeks 7 and 10 with no increase in analgesic use, but they will not be categorized as responders. Pain palliation response is measured by BPI short form that has the following: yes/no question about pain today; 4 pain rating questions (worst pain, least pain, average pain, and current pain); pain medications and pain relief; 7 items addressing effect of pain on functioning. For patients who continue to receive treatment beyond 12 treatment cycles, the Worst Pain item is measured by Pain Medication Log and Pain ...
Effects of ONO-4057 on pain behavior in the formalin te | Open-iEffects of ONO-4057 on pain behavior in the formalin te | Open-i
Effects of ONO-4057 on pain behavior in the formalin test. Time course of pain behavior in mice pretreated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) (A), intraplantar (ipl.)
Exploring Ways To Treat Pain Without Addiction As U.S. Opioid Crisis Worsens - Women With FibromyalgiaExploring Ways To Treat Pain Without Addiction As U.S. Opioid Crisis Worsens - Women With Fibromyalgia
Theres no question that opioids are effective for acute pain," Price says, "but the issue that we have right now is that the drugs that we have to treat chronic pain dont work very well and the drugs that are efficacious are incredibly dangerous.". While opioids are still often necessary after surgeries, Price says theres evidence that they may actually increase the likelihood of chronic pain after surgery.. "We need to have better, non-addictive therapeutics that are not only going to treat acute pain but also prevent the development of chronic pain," he says. "When you take a drug more frequently over time, it requires a larger dose to achieve the same efficacy. This will actually happens in almost everyone taking opioids.". Tolerance is most problematic when people begin taking opioids again after a period without, Price says. Many chronic pain patients experience pain after a long period following surgery. They may take what used to be their normal dose of opioids. In many cases, this ...
The effect of experimental reduction of pain catastrophizing on pain perception, nociceptive flexion reflex, and temporal...The effect of experimental reduction of pain catastrophizing on pain perception, nociceptive flexion reflex, and temporal...
Pain catastrophizing (the cognitive-emotional tendency to ruminate about pain, magnify pain, and feel helplessness in response to pain) enhances pain and pain-related outcomes. However, the mechanisms by which catastrophizing modulates pain are poorly understood. Evidence suggests that catastrophizing modulates supraspinal processing of pain, but does not modulate spinal nociception (as assessed by nociceptive flexion reflex [NFR]). Unfortunately, these studies have all been cross-sectional and relied on between-subject correlations, which limit conclusions about causation. To address this limitation, the present study experimentally reduced catastrophizing to determine whether it modulates spinal nociception (NFR). Healthy pain-free participants (N=113) were randomly assigned to a brief 30-minute catastrophizing reduction manipulation or a control group that received pain education. Before and after manipulations, 2 types of painful stimuli were delivered to elicit (1) NFR (single trains of ...
McGill Pain Questionnaire | Article about McGill Pain Questionnaire by The Free DictionaryMcGill Pain Questionnaire | Article about McGill Pain Questionnaire by The Free Dictionary
Looking for McGill Pain Questionnaire? Find out information about McGill Pain Questionnaire. at Montreal, Que., Canada; coeducational; chartered 1821, opened 1829. It was named for James McGill, who left a bequest to establish it. Its real... Explanation of McGill Pain Questionnaire
Bayer Timed-Release Arthritic Pain Formula financial definition of Bayer Timed-Release Arthritic Pain FormulaBayer Timed-Release Arthritic Pain Formula financial definition of Bayer Timed-Release Arthritic Pain Formula
Definition of Bayer Timed-Release Arthritic Pain Formula in the Financial Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. What is Bayer Timed-Release Arthritic Pain Formula? Meaning of Bayer Timed-Release Arthritic Pain Formula as a finance term. What does Bayer Timed-Release Arthritic Pain Formula mean in finance?
Pain and Pain Measurement Scales, 978-3-659-62722-4, 3659627224 ,9783659627224 by Rahul Goyal, B. NandlalPain and Pain Measurement Scales, 978-3-659-62722-4, 3659627224 ,9783659627224 by Rahul Goyal, B. Nandlal
Pain and Pain Measurement Scales, 978-3-659-62722-4, This book provides an insight about pain and subjective scales that are used to measure pain. Fear of pain is the most vulnerable cause that deters most of the children from seeking dental care. Young children are often unable to explain the intensity of pain and therefore it is of utmost importance for the clinician to identify and measure the pain. Subjective pain measurement scales serve as an useful guide towards pain management in clinical situations and also provides a detailed database for research studies in pain measurement.
Childhood chronic pain - WikipediaChildhood chronic pain - Wikipedia
Childhood chronic pain affects at least 5% of the population under the age of 18, according to conservative epidemiological studies. Rates of paediatric chronic pain have also increased in the past 20 years. While chronic pain conditions vary significantly in severity, they often affect childrens mental health, academic performance, and general quality of life. The outcomes of childhood chronic pain are affected by a number of factors, including demographic factors, genetics, and school and family support. Chronic pain is defined as pain that lasts at least 3-6 months and, in the case of injury or surgery, remains present after standard recovery time has elapsed. The ICD-11 provides seven categories for diagnosing chronic pain: Chronic primary pain Chronic cancer pain Chronic postsurgical and posttraumatic pain Chronic neuropathic pain Chronic headache and orofacial pain Chronic visceral pain Chronic musculoskeletal pain Childhood chronic pain can be caused by a number of conditions, including ...
The use of opioids in chronic pain management -Hospital Pharmacy EuropeThe use of opioids in chronic pain management -Hospital Pharmacy Europe
Chronic pain is generally subdivided into persistent (or around-the-clock) pain and breakthrough pain. Portenoy and Hagen described these pains in cancer patients in 1990.(33) Persistent pain is the baseline pain that chronic pain patients experience. As noted above, when this pain is severe, it is generally managed with sustained-action, time-released (or long-acting) opioids, sometimes in conjunction with peripherally acting nonopioid analgesics and adjuvant analgesics. Breakthrough pain is a flare-up or acute exacerbation of moderate to severe pain in otherwise-controlled baseline pain and is distinguished from poorly controlled persistent pain. Breakthrough pain should be distinguished from continuous uncontrolled pain as well as from acute episodic pain. Most patients who have persistent pain and breakthrough pain are able to acknowledge that there are multiple factors influencing their pain. These range from the disease itself to the patients activity level, as well as other physical and ...
Arthritis pain, the brain and the role of emotions | EmaxHealthArthritis pain, the brain and the role of emotions | EmaxHealth
Marked by morning stiffness, joint aches, and flare-ups, the pain of arthritis tends to be acute and recurrent, in contrast to many chronic pain conditions. Arthritis pain therefore makes an ideal model for comparing common clinical pain with experimental pain. Inspired by this observation, researchers at University of Manchester Rheumatic Diseases Centre in the United Kingdom conducted the first study to compare directly the brain areas involved in processing arthritis pain and experimental pain in a group of patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Their results, published in the April 2007 issue of Arthritis & Rheumatism, shed light on the role of emotions in how patients feel arthritis pain. The study focused on 12 patients with knee osteoarthritis - 6 women and 6 men, with a mean age of 52 years. All subjects underwent positron emission tomography (PET), to measure and map 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the brain as an indicator of brain activity. PET scans were performed during three ...
Community-living older adults living with chronic musculoskeletal pain: The effect of an evidence-based intervention on pain,...Community-living older adults living with chronic musculoskeletal pain: The effect of an evidence-based intervention on pain,...
This study is conducted in Norway.. The primary outcomes for the study will be pain-related disability measured with the pain interference score in the Norwegian version of Brief Pain Inventory short version (BPI) and physical function measured by the Norwegian version of the Short Physical Performance Battery.. Secondary outcomes specifically for the intervention group are if the goals are achieved or not, which will be measured with a yes/no-response question and with self-efficacy in relation to the goal setting which be measured with a four-graded scale from not sure at all to very sure. Also the following secondary outcomes are used, pain severity measured with the BPI, pain catastrophizing measured with the Norwegian version of Pain Catastrophizing Subscale, falls efficacy measured by the Norwegian version of the Falls-Efficacy Scale International, physical activity level is measured by the Grimby-Frändin Activity Scale, and finally health related quality of life is measured by the Short ...
Rheumatologists Issue New Guides for Pain MeasurementsRheumatologists Issue New Guides for Pain Measurements
New guidelines for measuring pain in patients with rheumatic conditions recommend that clinicians use the Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain) for estimating patients pain intensity and the Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS) for evaluating pain in the context of overall health status, says an article by Medscape Medical News based on a review published online last month in Arthritis Care & Research. The review, part of the journals special issue titled "Patient Outcomes in Rheumatology, 2011," includes the Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), NRS Pain, McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), SF-36 BPS, and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP). Details on questionnaire content, ease of use, and measurement properties are included in the review of each questionnaire. The review also discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each questionnaire.. The authors also recommend the ...
Rheumatologists Issue New Guides for Pain MeasurementsRheumatologists Issue New Guides for Pain Measurements
New guidelines for measuring pain in patients with rheumatic conditions recommend that clinicians use the Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain) for estimating patients pain intensity and the Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS) for evaluating pain in the context of overall health status, says an article by Medscape Medical News based on a review published online last month in Arthritis Care & Research. The review, part of the journals special issue titled "Patient Outcomes in Rheumatology, 2011," includes the Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), NRS Pain, McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), SF-36 BPS, and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP). Details on questionnaire content, ease of use, and measurement properties are included in the review of each questionnaire. The review also discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each questionnaire.. The authors also recommend the ...
Pain During Peeing and Groin Pain Symptoms: 25 CausesPain During Peeing and Groin Pain Symptoms: 25 Causes
The freeMD virtual doctor has found 25 conditions that can cause Pain During Peeing and Groin Pain Symptoms. There are 8 common conditions that can cause Pain During Peeing and Groin Pain Symptoms. There are 2 somewhat common conditions that can cause Pain During Peeing and Groin Pain Symptoms. There are 11 uncommon conditions that can cause Pain During Peeing and Groin Pain Symptoms. There are 4 rare conditions that can cause Pain During Peeing and Groin Pain Symptoms.
Ligament Pain | Stop Back PainLigament Pain | Stop Back Pain
Igor S asked: Nowadays pain management programs are in great demand in Brooklyn, NY. Pain management programs are important for ongoing pain control, especially in the case of acute or chronic pains. There are many healthcare centers in Brooklyn NY, offering pain management programs that are effective in providing lasting relief from pain.. Acute pain is a warning from the body about some internal body problem. Chronic pain means long term pain, which decreases the functionality of individuals and cause them to experience poor sleep quality and depressed mood. It is usually linked to a chronic disease and is very often an organic warning calling for immediate medical attention.. People suffering from chronic pain require early diagnosis, assessment, and suitable pain management programs. For diagnosis and treatment, it is necessary to undergo either neurological exam or diagnostic tests such as nerve and muscle tests. Chronic pain management programs are the first step towards lessening or ...
Reciprocal influences of physical function and cognitive inhibition in chronic pain statesReciprocal influences of physical function and cognitive inhibition in chronic pain states
Chronic pain is associated with deficits in cognitive function and decreased physical functioning, both significantly impacting daily life of chronic pain patients. Evidence for cognitive inhibitory deficits in chronic pain patients is mixed; research in this area is complicated by the heterogeneity of chronic pain disorders and the variety of ... read more tasks used to measure cognitive inhibition. Although the exact mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits in chronic pain are currently not known, processing of pain and cognition occurs in overlapping brain areas and significant changes in grey matter density and functional changes in these areas have been observed in chronic pain patients. Because physical fitness has been associated with neuroprotective effects and improved cognition in healthy adults, it has been suggested that improving physical fitness in chronic pain patients might benefit cognitive inhibitory ability. However, some evidence is available that cognitive inhibitory ...
Can Multidimensional Pain Assessment Tools Help Improve Pain Outcomes in the Perianesthesia Setting?<...Can Multidimensional Pain Assessment Tools Help Improve Pain Outcomes in the Perianesthesia Setting?<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Can Multidimensional Pain Assessment Tools Help Improve Pain Outcomes in the Perianesthesia Setting?. AU - Petti, Emily. AU - Scher, Clara. AU - Meador, Lauren. AU - Van Cleave, Janet. AU - Reid, M. Carrington. PY - 2018/10/1. Y1 - 2018/10/1. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85053435757&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85053435757&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1016/j.jopan.2018.07.010. DO - 10.1016/j.jopan.2018.07.010. M3 - Article. VL - 33. SP - 767. EP - 772. JO - Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing. JF - Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing. SN - 1089-9472. IS - 5. ER - ...
Are preoperative experimental pain assessments correlated with clinical pain outcomes after surgery? A systematic review :...Are preoperative experimental pain assessments correlated with clinical pain outcomes after surgery? A systematic review :...
Abstract Background Pain after surgery is not uncommon with 30% of patients reporting moderate to severe postoperative pain. Early identification of patients prone to postoperative pain may be a step forward towards individualized pain medicine providing a basis for improved clinical management through treatment strategies targeting relevant pain mechanisms in each patient. Assessment of pain processing by quantitative sensory testing (QST) prior to surgery has been proposed as a method to identify patients at risk for postoperative pain, although results have been conflicting. Since the last systematic review, several studies investigating the association between postoperative pain and more dynamic measures of pain processing like temporal summation of pain and conditioned pain modulation have been conducted. Objectives According to the PRISMA guidelines, the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate whether assessment of experimental pain processing including measures of central pain mechanisms
Study of GMI-1070 for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Pain Crisis - Tabular View - ClinicalTrials.govStudy of GMI-1070 for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Pain Crisis - Tabular View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Patients being admitted to the hospital for pain crisis may be eligible for this study. In addition, patients should be 12-60 years old and have sickle cell types SS or S-beta-thalassemia. People who take part in the study will be evaluated and then randomly assigned to receive either GMI-1070 or a placebo by IV, in addition to all other usual treatments for their pain crisis.. During the hospital stay for pain crisis, GMI-1070 or placebo will be given twice a day, and patients will be asked about their pain severity (pain score) at the beginning of the study and every few hours during their hospital stay. Their general health, vital signs, lab tests, and pain medications will also be checked on a regular basis through the hospital stay. When a patient is feeling well enough to go home, the study drug (GMI-1070 or placebo) will be stopped, and the patient may go home. Participants will be asked to come back to clinic for a check-up a few days after leaving the hospital, and one month after ...
The Medication Quantification Scale: Measurement of medication usage at a multidisciplinary pain center<...The Medication Quantification Scale: Measurement of medication usage at a multidisciplinary pain center<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The Medication Quantification Scale. T2 - Measurement of medication usage at a multidisciplinary pain center. AU - Guck, Thomas P.. AU - Fleischer, Todd. AU - Pohren, Elaine J.. AU - Tanner, Lu Ann. AU - Criscuolo, Chris M.. AU - Leibrock, Lyal G.. PY - 1999/1/1. Y1 - 1999/1/1. N2 - Program evaluation standards require pain centers to assess medication use as one of an array of outcome criteria. The Medication Quantification Scale (MQS) has been introduced as a continuous method for quantifying medication use in chronic nonmalignant pain patients that overcomes methodological concerns inherent in previous pain medication measures. The reliability and sensitivity to program effects of the MQS was demonstrated by the original authors. The present study reexamined the reliability and sensitivity, and provided evidence for the validity of the MQS in an effort to determine whether use of the MQS can be generalized to other pain centers. Interrater reliability between two nurses on 40 ...
JUSTICE FOR CHRONIC PAIN PATIENTSJUSTICE FOR CHRONIC PAIN PATIENTS
Chronic pain patients have been denied their vital pain medications. We are pleased to announce the filing of two National Class Action Lawsuits, the intent of which is to right that wrong. There are a large number of people who need pain medications because they suffer from chronic pain. We have very carefully assessed the problem and believe an appropriate response is to assert the claim that chronic pain patients have been discriminated against in violation of federal law. We have filed against the largest national pharmacy giants, CVS, Walgreens and Costco.. These suits are filed on behalf of individuals who were unable to have or who have experienced difficulty in having their legitimate prescriptions for opioid medication filled to relieve their suffering from:. *chronic pain;. *pain associated with a cancer diagnosis;. *pain from sickle cell disease;. *palliative or nursing home care;. *pain from nerve injuries;. *pain from osteoarthritic changes.. QUESTION:. If I want to participate in ...
Pain Assessment Tool For Postoperative Pain Week 12 - Essay - 675 Words - BrightKitePain Assessment Tool For Postoperative Pain Week 12 - Essay - 675 Words - BrightKite
Read this full essay on Pain Assessment Tool for Postoperative Pain-week 12. Pain Assessment Tool for Postoperative PainAs mentioned earlier, Clark and Spear...
Arthritis Pain Killers that work - - Arthritis Pain Killers that workArthritis Pain Killers that work - - Arthritis Pain Killers that work
Arthritis Pain Killers that work - Arthritis Pain Killers that work - - View Arthritis Pain Killers that work Articles, Customer Reviews, Products, Coupons, and Videos. Build, Exchange Social Media and Backlinks. - SeachMonster Web Directory
Pain Assessment Tool for Postoperative Pain-week 5 - WriteWorkPain Assessment Tool for Postoperative Pain-week 5 - WriteWork
Running Head: Week 5Pain Assessment Tool for Postoperative Pain[Writer Name][Institute Name] Pain Assessment Tool for Postoperative PainIntroductionA study by Scott and Huskisson (1976) (N = 100) found no significant differences between the distri...
Arthritis Pain Management | Hip & Knee Arthritis Pain Treatment BangaloreArthritis Pain Management | Hip & Knee Arthritis Pain Treatment Bangalore
Steroid injections are used to treat arthritis pain. Hip and knee arthritis pain treatment are offered at Arthritis Foundation of Asia in Bangalore.
Do You Suffer From… Arthritis Pain, Back Pain, Joint Pain, Muscle Pain, Knee Pain, Neck Pain, Sciatica or Sciatic Pain, ...Do You Suffer From… Arthritis Pain, Back Pain, Joint Pain, Muscle Pain, Knee Pain, Neck Pain, Sciatica or Sciatic Pain, ...
Do You Suffer From… Arthritis Pain, Back Pain, Joint Pain, Muscle Pain, Knee Pain, Neck Pain, Sciatica or Sciatic Pain, Headaches or Migraines… ​Then Youve Come to the Right Place. Ease Pain & Discomfort the Natural Way!
Canadian Guideline for Opioid Use for Pain - Appendix B-9: Brief Pain InventoryCanadian Guideline for Opioid Use for Pain - Appendix B-9: Brief Pain Inventory
Brief Pain Inventory©: Cleeland CS. Measurement of pain by subjective report. In: Chapman CR, Loeser JD, editors. Issues in Pain Measurement. New York: Raven Press; pp. 391-403, 1989. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy; Vol. 12.. For further information: The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)© from M. D. Andersons Department of Symptom Research ...
Treating cancer pain - Pain Management Institute - Chicago, Frankfort, ILTreating cancer pain - Pain Management Institute - Chicago, Frankfort, IL
An Intrathecal drug administration or Intrathecal pain therapy has been the backbone for the management of excruciating uncontrollable pain to systematic pain treatments. Since the therapy is well accepted in there are still some complications observed in clinical practices to its implementation with patients with cancer.. With advanced clinical practices, there are potential chances that access to therapy for the management of cancer pain will increase. Cancer pain continues untreated and a potential number of patients with cancer perish while enduring severe untreated pain every year. Moreover, on an average at least 1.7 million new cases of cancer are diagnosed, which are expected to rise. A wide range of chronic cancer pain can be managed by drug therapies, still many patients fail to achieve adequate relief despite of the availability of many conventional methods. Treatment of cancer pain has taken a new turn to chronic pain management strategies, particularly among cancer pain ...
Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of...Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of...
Chronic pain is a major source of suffering. It interferes with daily functioning and often is accompanied by distress. Yet, in the International Classification of Diseases, chronic pain diagnoses are not represented systematically. The lack of appropriate codes renders accurate epidemiological investigations difficult and impedes health policy decisions regarding chronic pain such as adequate financing of access to multimodal pain management. In cooperation with the WHO, an IASP Working Group has developed a classification system that is applicable in a wide range of contexts, including pain medicine, primary care, and low-resource environments. Chronic pain is defined as pain that persists or recurs for more than 3 months. In chronic pain syndromes, pain can be the sole or a leading complaint and requires special treatment and care. In conditions such as fibromyalgia or nonspecific low-back pain, chronic pain may be conceived as a disease in its own right; in our proposal, we call this ...
Abstract - Prevalence and correlates of painful conditions and multimorbidity in national sample of overweight/obese VeteransAbstract - Prevalence and correlates of painful conditions and multimorbidity in national sample of overweight/obese Veterans
Abstract - Chronic pain and overweight/obesity are prevalent public health concerns and occur at particularly high rates among Veterans. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of two common painful conditions (back pain and arthritis/joint pain) among overweight/obese Veterans in Veterans Health Administration (VHA) care. Participants (N = 45,477) completed the MOVE!23, a survey intended to tailor treatment for Veterans in VHAs MOVE! weight-management program. Overall, 72% of the sample reported painful conditions, with 10% reporting back pain, 26% reporting arthritis/joint pain, and 35% reporting both. We used multinomial logistic regression with no pain as the reference category to examine the association between painful conditions and participant characteristics. After multivariable adjustment, female Veterans had higher odds of reporting arthritis/joint pain and combined back and arthritis/joint pain than no pain. Participants with higher body mass index had higher odds of ...
Arthritis Pain ReliefArthritis Pain Relief
You may have tried many drugs for your arthritis. If non of them have given you the level of relief you long for, you may be wondering what else you can try to get arthritis pain relief that really counts for something. What many people dont even begin to consider is that many natural supplements may give them just what theyre seeking; pain relief with no further exacerbation of other health complaints, and a side effect of other health giving properties!. If this sounds too good to be true, we can assure you, it isnt! One of the best things you can to do get arthritis pain relief is begin a process of arthritis pain relief. This should begin with a good diet. Eliminate junk food and step up your intake of fresh fruit and vegetables considerably. Extra vitamin C and the full complement of vitamins will help your body to further detoxify. Then, you may also like to try one or more of the several natural detoxification remedies that you can find in health food stores right now.. ...
Long-Term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain. In Response<...Long-Term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain. In Response<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Long-Term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain. In Response. AU - Chou, Roger. PY - 2015/7/21. Y1 - 2015/7/21. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85003046555&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85003046555&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.7326/L15-5109-3. DO - 10.7326/L15-5109-3. M3 - Letter. C2 - 26192568. AN - SCOPUS:85003046555. VL - 163. SP - 148. JO - Annals of Internal Medicine. JF - Annals of Internal Medicine. SN - 0003-4819. IS - 2. ER - ...
Pain Center Can Help Ease Back/Leg Pain - Trinity HealthPain Center Can Help Ease Back/Leg Pain - Trinity Health
Feeling pain can be … well, a pain.. Just ask Bryon Peterson of Minot, who had been suffering back pain for the past year - that is, until he sought pain management intervention through Trinity Healths Pain Center.. Peterson injured his back last year when he tried to pick up his jet-ski lift out of the water, overextending his back. He had been in pain for the past year. "I had such a bad pain; it was going down both of my legs," he said.. In fact, Peterson was about to undergo surgery to help relieve his pain but his "blood pressure went crazy," leading to a stent. While taking his wife to the Trinity Health Pain Center for her ablation treatment, he took notice of the procedure, which temporarily blocks nerve pain. "I thought, You know, well give it a whirl and see what they say, "he said.. Whether it is chronic pain or pain that persists months after the healing process has ended, Trinity Healths Pain Center can help. The Pain Center includes Michael Templer, MD, who is ...
Enhanced pain modulation among triathletes - Physiospot - Physiotherapy and Physical Therapy in the SpotlightEnhanced pain modulation among triathletes - Physiospot - Physiotherapy and Physical Therapy in the Spotlight
Triathletes and ironman triathletes participate in an extremely intense sport that involves hours of considerable pain, in addition to physical and psychological stress, every day. The basic pain modulation properties of these athletes has not been established and for this reason it is not clear whether they present with unique features that make it possible for them to engage in such efforts. This studys goal was to investigate the existence of possible alterations in pain perception and modulation of triathletes, in addition to possible underlying factors. 19 triathletes and 17 non-athletes who underwent measurement of pain threshold, pain tolerance, suprathreshold perceived pain intensity, temporal summation of pain, and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) participated in the study. Participants also completed the fear of pain and the pain catastrophizing questionnaires, and rated the amount of perceived stress. Triathletes exhibited higher pain tolerance (P,.0001), lower pain ratings ...
DOMS: Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness - Boot Camp & Military Fitness InstituteDOMS: Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness - Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute
What is Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness? Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) describes a phenomenon of muscle pain, muscle soreness or muscle stiffness that is felt 12-48 hours after exercise, particularly at the beginning of a new exercise programme, after a change in sports activities, or after a dramatic increase in the duration or intensity of…
SEVERE PAIN AND ITS TREATMENTSEVERE PAIN AND ITS TREATMENT
... Pain treatment is an extremely urgent health requirement. Pain can be of any form including acute, recurrent and chronic. And the drugs prescribed for pain relief are very harmful. Nowadays, doctors are trying to prescribe non-drug based therapies to reduce drug dependencies and side effects. Pain can occur in any of the body part and treatment and medication depends on the part affected by the pain. Some of the severe pains are as follows: Back Pain Back pain is becoming the most common pain nowadays. Back pain mostly occurs due to a bad posture of sitting. Various back pain treatments NYC are available in the market. These start from self-treatment to medication prescribed by medical professionals. For self-treatment mostly chiropractic treatment and physiotherapy are suggested. Back pain usually starts from a mild pain in the spinal cord but ends in severe cases. Bursitis Knee Pain Pain felt inside the knee below the knee joint, is the major symptom of bursitis ...
SEVERE PAIN AND ITS TREATMENTSEVERE PAIN AND ITS TREATMENT
... Pain treatment is an extremely urgent health requirement. Pain can be of any form including acute, recurrent and chronic. And the drugs prescribed for pain relief are very harmful. Nowadays, doctors are trying to prescribe non-drug based therapies to reduce drug dependencies and side effects. Pain can occur in any of the body part and treatment and medication depends on the part affected by the pain. Some of the severe pains are as follows: Back Pain Back pain is becoming the most common pain nowadays. Back pain mostly occurs due to a bad posture of sitting. Various back pain treatments NYC are available in the market. These start from self-treatment to medication prescribed by medical professionals. For self-treatment mostly chiropractic treatment and physiotherapy are suggested. Back pain usually starts from a mild pain in the spinal cord but ends in severe cases. Bursitis Knee Pain Pain felt inside the knee below the knee joint, is the major symptom of bursitis ...
Pain Management ClinicPain Management Clinic
The Pain Management Clinic assists patients in their efforts to cope with persistent pain. The goal of the Pain Management Program at the North Bay Regional Health Centre is to provide patients with education about their condition and develop strategies for coping with pain so that they may live as full and functional a life as possible. The NBRHC is dedicated to helping patients develop coping skills so that pain ceases to be the focus in their lives.. This clinic is provided on an outpatient basis. Treatment may include consultation with the physician for the diagnosis and management of chronic pain disorders as well as interventional options such as medications, pain blocks, education and problem solving as applicable for various sources of chronic pain. Chronic pain is defined as "pain lasting longer than six months or pain persisting beyond the reasonable amount of time for an injury to heal". Chronic pain affects many people.. Services are provided on a as available basis, by an ...
Guide to Herbal Remedies » Blog Archive » Dancing Is A Great Arthritis Pain Relief OptionGuide to Herbal Remedies » Blog Archive » Dancing Is A Great Arthritis Pain Relief Option
In order to come to these conclusions, an expert team of American researchers at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York City conducted a series of experiments involving 200 arthritis sufferers, and checked out the effects of regular physical exercise as an arthritis pain relief.. The scientists focused on studying arthritis management programs offered by the Hospital for Special Surgery for all the patients with arthritis. It turned out that weekly programs of dance fitness, Pilates, Tai Chi, yoga, and other similar activities helped the participants of the experiment substantially decrease their pains, along with lowering the frequency of painful peaks. Such activities are recommended to be used for muscle pain relief, knee pain relief, and other sorts of arthritis pain relief. As it is reported in the study, such exercises helped the patients achieve more balance, decrease the number of falls, reduce all sorts of arthritis-linked pains, as well as get rid of some of the limits of ...
The Affective Component of Learning Science - Montessori Community SchoolThe Affective Component of Learning Science - Montessori Community School
By Derek Starkenburg, Adolescent Math/Science Guide. One of the most important affective components of learning is seeing a subject made accessible and invigorating. If students can be introduced to a discipline in a manner that is engaging and developmentally appropriate for their plane of development, they can establish a keen interest in a topic and a heartening sense of delight regarding that subject, rather than a fear or disdain for it. The result is a life-long enthusiasm for learning. In science, we strive to create that environment through a variety of avenues, and one of my favorite examples of this is when we have visiting graduate students come work directly with our students on the procedures for a biology lab based on our wetland pond environment.. On Wednesday, November 7, three graduate students from the Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences at North Carolina Central University came to our campus to work directly with our adolescent community conducting a lab that ...
Opiate reduction in chronic pain patients: a comparison of patient-controlledOpiate reduction in chronic pain patients: a comparison of patient-controlled
Author: Ralphs-J-A. Williams-A-C. Richardson-P-H. Pither-C-E. Nicholas-M-K. Title: Opiate reduction in chronic pain patients: a comparison of patient-controlled reduction and staff controlled cocktail methods. Source: Pain. 1994 Mar. 56(3). P 279-88. Journal Title: PAIN. Abstract: This study compares the effectiveness of two methods of opiate reduction in 108 chronic pain patients during a 4 week inpatient pain management programme, and at 1-month and 6-month follow-up. Patients chose either the patient-controlled reduction (PCR) or cocktail reduction method, aiming to complete withdrawal by discharge. Use of opiates and other drugs was recorded, and psychological measures taken, at admission, at discharge, and at follow-ups. Patients who opted for the cocktail reduction method started at higher morphine equivalents (P , 0.001), were less confident in their ability to cope without medication (P , 0.05), and rated their everyday activities a more disrupted by pain (P , 0.05). At discharge, 89% of ...
Painful ConditionsPainful Conditions
... is a chapter in the book, Rheumatology, containing the following 10 pages: Chronic Pain, Chronic Pain Causes, Chronic Pain Evaluation, Chronic Pain Management, Chronic Pain Resources, Chronic Pain Syndrome, Chronic Pain Management with Physical Therapy, Chronic Pain Flare Management, Chronic Narcotic Guideline, Controlled Substance Agreement.
Pain Education is a Public Health Imperative: Reflections on Pain Awareness Month and the Institute of Medicine Pain Report...Pain Education is a Public Health Imperative: Reflections on Pain Awareness Month and the Institute of Medicine Pain Report...
PREPs academic year begins. One key insight connects diverse Pain Awareness activities and PREPs own vision and mission: PAIN IS A PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE, AND PAIN EDUCATION IS A PUBLIC HEALTH IMPERATIVE. Now is a perfect time to step back and place some context around this idea at the heart of not only PREPs curriculum, but also our entire approach to interprofessional education.. The report issued by the Institute of Medicine earlier this summer - "Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education and Research" (ref 1) - is the latest in a series of white papers on pain by governmental and professional groups dating back well over two decades. These include the first US federal clinical practice guideline (ref 2) on any topic, numerous international guidelines (ref 3), and white papers from authoritative sources such as the Mayday Fund (ref 4), the American Academy of Pain Medicine (ref 5), and even the World Health Organization (ref 6). Together, they present ...
Effective Pain Management | Anesthesiologist Assistant SchoolingEffective Pain Management | Anesthesiologist Assistant Schooling
Anesthesiologists Assistants help to minimize pain and provide necessary care to the patients in different medical surgeries and activities assisting the registered nurses, doctors and physicians. With the growing need of medical staff and medical field as a whole, the demand of Anesthesiologists Assistants is highly increasing. These Anesthesiologists Assistants work in various health sectors assisting their supervisors and provide services to their patients and help them relieve pain in a reliable manner. The Anesthesiologists Assistants provide pain management to the patients before, during and after medical procedures. While some Anesthesiologists Assistants work in medicals and hospitals, more in a small organization, most of them work in larger medical fields. The basic and major job responsibilities of an Anesthesiology Assistant include meeting with patients and recording their health history as well as developing, implementing and monitoring safe and effective pain management ...
Transcendental Meditation Reduces The Brains Reaction To Pain | EmaxHealthTranscendental Meditation Reduces The Brain's Reaction To Pain | EmaxHealth
According to Orme-Johnson, lead author of this research, "Prior research indicates that Transcendental Meditation creates a more balanced outlook on life and greater equanimity in reacting to stress. This study suggests that this is not just an attitudinal change, but a fundamental change in how the brain functions".. Pain is part of everyones experience and 50 million people worldwide suffer from chronic pain. Transcendental Meditation would have a long term effect in reducing responses in the affective component of the pain matrix. Future research could focus on other areas of the pain matrix and the possible effects of other meditation techniques to relieve pain.. According to the American Academy of Pain Medicine, chronic pain afflicts 50 million people worldwide, and acute pain is the most common reason people seek medical attention. Stress responses to untreated pain adversely impact virtually all systems of the body, especially the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and immune ...
Naloxone does not affect pain relief induced by electrical stimulation in manNaloxone does not affect pain relief induced by electrical stimulation in man
UI - 000005 AU - Freeman TB AU - Campbell JN AU - Long DM TI - Naloxone does not affect pain relief induced by electrical stimulation in man AB - IN: New York U Medical Ctr, Dept of Neurosurgery LA: English AB: Investigated whether pain relief that resulted from transcutaneous (TNS) or spinal cord electrical stimulation in patients with chronic pain was due to activation of an endogenous opiate-related pain control system. Naloxone (0.4-10 mg, iv) or saline was injected in double-blind fashion into opiate-naive Ss with chronic pain who achieved 30% or greater pain relief with spinal cord stimulation (4 patients) or TNS (9 patients). Ss (aged 14-62 yrs) rated their pain during stimulation and 2, 5, 10, and 15 min after the injection. Two days or more later the procedure was repeated using the alternate agent (naloxone or saline). Naloxone did not decrease the pain relief induced by stimulation, suggesting that the effects of stimulation are probably not mediated by the endogenous opiates. (27 ...
Acetaminophen Arthritis Pain Side Effects, Information and Pricing - GoodRxAcetaminophen Arthritis Pain Side Effects, Information and Pricing - GoodRx
Learn about side effects and possible interactions when taking Acetaminophen Arthritis Pain (Mapap Arthritis Pain and Tylenol Arthritis Pain)
Gene-to-gene interactions regulate endogenous pain modulation in fibromyalgia patients and healthy controls-antagonistic...Gene-to-gene interactions regulate endogenous pain modulation in fibromyalgia patients and healthy controls-antagonistic...
Chronic pain is associated with dysfunctional endogenous pain modulation, involving both central opioid and serotonergic (5-HT) signaling. Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome, characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain and reduced exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH). In this study, we...
Tail flick test - WikipediaTail flick test - Wikipedia
The tail flick test is a test of the pain response in animals, similar to the hot plate test. It is used in basic pain research and to measure the effectiveness of analgesics, by observing the reaction to heat. It was first described by DAmour and Smith in 1941. Most commonly, an intense light beam is focused on the animals tail and a timer starts. When the animal flicks its tail, the timer stops and the recorded time (latency) is a measure of the pain threshold. Alternate methods can be used to apply heat, such as immersion in hot water. Alternately, a dolorimeter with a resistance wire with a constant heat flow may be used. For the tail flick test, the wire is attached to the tail of the organism, and the wire applies heat to the tail. The researcher then records the latency to tail flick. Researchers testing the effectiveness of drugs on the pain threshold often use the tail flick test to measure the extent to which the drug being tested has reduced the amount of pain felt by the model ...
Histamine H3 receptorHistamine H3 receptor
OxycodoneOxycodone
TebaniclineTebanicline
Chronic venous insufficiencyChronic venous insufficiency
GPR55GPR55
Damages (Jewish law)Damages (Jewish law)
Dark energyDark energy
ButorphanolButorphanol
SB-258719SB-258719
Claus MannicheClaus Manniche
Nociception assayNociception assay
Surgical stressSurgical stress
Posterolateral tractPosterolateral tract
Joseph J. MarbachJoseph J. Marbach
Κ-opioid receptorΚ-opioid receptor
Recreational use of dextromethorphanRecreational use of dextromethorphan
P2RX7P2RX7
N-acylethanolamine acid amide hydrolaseN-acylethanolamine acid amide hydrolase
Samuel H. GolterSamuel H. Golter
N100N100
5-HT4 receptor5-HT4 receptor
ButalbitalButalbital
Purinergic receptorPurinergic receptor
Peak-end rulePeak-end rule
SaunaSauna
Merck stitch methodMerck stitch method
Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brainFunctional magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain
TramadolTramadol
MetapramineMetapramine
Gaseous signaling moleculesGaseous signaling molecules
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHumanitiesInformation ScienceHealth Care
PainChronic PainPain ManagementPain ThresholdPain, PostoperativeLow Back PainBack PainPain MeasurementAbdominal PainNeck PainPain, IntractablePelvic PainPain PerceptionFacial PainAcute PainPain, ReferredShoulder PainMusculoskeletal PainAnalgesicsNociceptive PainNeuralgiaAnalgesics, OpioidMyofascial Pain SyndromesHyperalgesiaComplex Regional Pain SyndromesChronic DiseaseVisceral PainArthralgiaAnalgesiaLabor PainTreatment OutcomeNociceptorsFibromyalgiaQuestionnairesAnesthetics, LocalDisability EvaluationCatastrophizationFlank PainEye PainProspective StudiesMorphineDouble-Blind MethodAnalgesics, Non-NarcoticSeverity of Illness IndexInjections, SpinalSciaticaToothacheLidocaineNerve BlockOsteoarthritis, KneeTime FactorsQuality of LifeFollow-Up StudiesNociceptionPhysical Therapy ModalitiesSpinal NervesPhantom LimbMusculoskeletal DiseasesTrigeminal NeuralgiaTemporomandibular Joint DisordersKnee JointRadiculopathyRange of Motion, ArticularPeripheral Nervous System DiseasesSpinal CordTranscutaneous Electric Nerve StimulationAcupuncture AnalgesiaTramadolIntervertebral Disc DisplacementLumbosacral RegionOxycodoneCyclohexanecarboxylic AcidsBupivacaineAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalHot TemperatureOsteoarthritisHeadacheInjections, Intra-ArticularRetrospective StudiesAnalgesia, Patient-ControlledActivities of Daily LivingFacial NeuralgiaExercise TherapyAcupuncture TherapyMagnetic Resonance ImagingCross-Sectional StudiesGanglia, SpinalPalliative CareInjections, EpiduralRats, Sprague-DawleyFentanylAnalysis of VarianceZygapophyseal JointAnesthesia, LocalPosterior Horn CellsHypesthesiaAnxietyAcute DiseasePrevalenceTemporomandibular Joint Dysfunction SyndromeAdaptation, PsychologicalAnalgesia, EpiduralReflex Sympathetic DystrophySpinal DiseasesElectric Stimulation TherapyOccupational DiseasesRecovery of FunctionDysmenorrheaParesthesiaCausalgiaDepressionManipulation, SpinalSingle-Blind MethodHyperesthesiaThermosensingIllness BehaviorPelvic Girdle PainMassageReproducibility of ResultsBehavior, AnimalJoint DiseasesRisk FactorsNeuralgia, PostherpeticSensory Receptor CellsKetorolacOpioid-Related DisordersIntervertebral DiscWhiplash InjuriesDisease Models, AnimalSciatic NeuropathyAminesOsteoarthritis, HipCapsaicinSpineCervical VertebraeCohort StudiesPhysical ExaminationFreund's AdjuvantTomography, X-Ray ComputedAcetaminophenOutcome Assessment (Health Care)Sacroiliac JointHeelCold TemperatureCentral Nervous System SensitizationFormaldehydePilot ProjectsStress, PsychologicalMusculoskeletal ManipulationsAbdomen, AcuteBreakthrough PainSpinal Nerve RootsCumulative Trauma DisordersPredictive Value of TestsHydromorphonePressureHip JointShoulderFoot DiseasesSex FactorsDose-Response Relationship, DrugNeoplasmsFatigueSomatosensory DisordersComorbidityPrilocaineBone NeoplasmsTRPV Cation ChannelsPerceptionHypnosisSensationAfferent PathwaysArthritisSpinal StenosisDyspareuniaAutonomic Nerve BlockSpinal Cord InjuriesCross-Over StudiesInflammationKneePancreatitis, ChronicChiropracticNerve Fibers, UnmyelinatedRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicMigraine DisordersIrritable Bowel SyndromeShoulder JointStatistics, NonparametricLiftingAnalgesia, ObstetricalNeedlesTrigeminal Nerve DiseasesAmitriptylineAge FactorsTrigeminal NerveDiskectomyTouchOrthopedic ProceduresFootTooth ExtractionInjections
Treating Osteoarthritis Pain? Video - ABC NewsTreating Osteoarthritis Pain? Video - ABC News
Types of Chronic PainTypes of Chronic Pain
Can They Feel Your Pain?Can They Feel Your Pain?
Consequences of Persistent PainConsequences of Persistent Pain
Pain Quiz: Muscle Pain, Neuralgia, Joint Pain & CausesPain Quiz: Muscle Pain, Neuralgia, Joint Pain & Causes
Abdominal Pain Location, Causes (Eating, Gas), and ReliefAbdominal Pain Location, Causes (Eating, Gas), and Relief
Prevalence of Chronic Pain and High-Impact Chronic Pain Among Adults - United States, 2016 | MMWRPrevalence of Chronic Pain and High-Impact Chronic Pain Among Adults - United States, 2016 | MMWR
A Study of Orthotic Shoe Inserts for Controlling Osteoarthritic Knee Pain - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govA Study of Orthotic Shoe Inserts for Controlling Osteoarthritic Knee Pain - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Palmitoylethanolamide for the treatment of pain : pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacyPalmitoylethanolamide for the treatment of pain : pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy
A randomised controlled trial of ibuprofen, paracetamol or a combination tablet of ibuprofen/paracetamol in community-derived...A randomised controlled trial of ibuprofen, paracetamol or a combination tablet of ibuprofen/paracetamol in community-derived...
chronic painchronic pain
Neuropathic pain - WikipediaNeuropathic pain - Wikipedia
Painful urination: Causes, Symptoms and DiagnosisPainful urination: Causes, Symptoms and Diagnosis
CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016 | MMWRCDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016 | MMWR
Western News - Chair up to challenge of easing pain for millionsWestern News - Chair up to challenge of easing pain for millions
Back PainBack Pain
Top 8 Health Benefits of MSM SupplementsTop 8 Health Benefits of MSM Supplements
Herpes viruses Symptoms and CausesHerpes viruses Symptoms and Causes
Chest Pain - Managing Side Effects - ChemocareChest Pain - Managing Side Effects - Chemocare
Orofacial PainOrofacial Pain
Orofacial PainOrofacial Pain
Chronic Pain Initial AssessmentChronic Pain Initial Assessment
Back Pain ReliefBack Pain Relief
Pain - Business InsiderPain - Business Insider
Re: computer painRe: computer pain
RE: computer painRE: computer pain
Back Pain ReliefBack Pain Relief
Abdominal Pain | MedlinePlusAbdominal Pain | MedlinePlus
Chronic Pain-MedicationsChronic Pain-Medications
Pain | Britannica.comPain | Britannica.com
Breaking the pain barrier - TelegraphBreaking the pain barrier - Telegraph
Upper Back Pain during Pregnancy - AthleticoUpper Back Pain during Pregnancy - Athletico
Pain Medicine Fellowship] | OHSUPain Medicine Fellowship] | OHSU
Research - VHA Pain ManagementResearch - VHA Pain Management
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHumanitiesInformation ScienceHealth Care
PainChronic PainPain ManagementPain ThresholdPain, PostoperativeLow Back PainBack PainPain MeasurementAbdominal PainNeck PainPain, IntractablePelvic PainPain PerceptionFacial PainAcute PainPain, ReferredShoulder PainMusculoskeletal PainAnalgesicsNociceptive PainNeuralgiaAnalgesics, OpioidMyofascial Pain SyndromesHyperalgesiaComplex Regional Pain SyndromesChronic DiseaseVisceral PainArthralgiaAnalgesiaLabor PainTreatment OutcomeNociceptorsFibromyalgiaQuestionnairesAnesthetics, LocalDisability EvaluationCatastrophizationFlank PainEye PainProspective StudiesMorphineDouble-Blind MethodAnalgesics, Non-NarcoticSeverity of Illness IndexInjections, SpinalSciaticaToothacheLidocaineNerve BlockOsteoarthritis, KneeTime FactorsQuality of LifeFollow-Up StudiesNociceptionPhysical Therapy ModalitiesSpinal NervesPhantom LimbMusculoskeletal DiseasesTrigeminal NeuralgiaTemporomandibular Joint DisordersKnee JointRadiculopathyRange of Motion, ArticularPeripheral Nervous System DiseasesSpinal CordTranscutaneous Electric Nerve StimulationAcupuncture AnalgesiaTramadolIntervertebral Disc DisplacementLumbosacral RegionOxycodoneCyclohexanecarboxylic AcidsBupivacaineAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalHot TemperatureOsteoarthritisHeadacheInjections, Intra-ArticularRetrospective StudiesAnalgesia, Patient-ControlledActivities of Daily LivingFacial NeuralgiaExercise TherapyAcupuncture TherapyMagnetic Resonance ImagingCross-Sectional StudiesGanglia, SpinalPalliative CareInjections, EpiduralRats, Sprague-DawleyFentanylAnalysis of VarianceZygapophyseal JointAnesthesia, LocalPosterior Horn CellsHypesthesiaAnxietyAcute DiseasePrevalenceTemporomandibular Joint Dysfunction SyndromeAdaptation, PsychologicalAnalgesia, EpiduralReflex Sympathetic DystrophySpinal DiseasesElectric Stimulation TherapyOccupational DiseasesRecovery of FunctionDysmenorrheaParesthesiaCausalgiaDepressionManipulation, SpinalSingle-Blind MethodHyperesthesiaThermosensingIllness BehaviorPelvic Girdle PainMassageReproducibility of ResultsBehavior, AnimalJoint DiseasesRisk FactorsNeuralgia, PostherpeticSensory Receptor CellsKetorolacOpioid-Related DisordersIntervertebral DiscWhiplash InjuriesDisease Models, AnimalSciatic NeuropathyAminesOsteoarthritis, HipCapsaicinSpineCervical VertebraeCohort StudiesPhysical ExaminationFreund's AdjuvantTomography, X-Ray ComputedAcetaminophenOutcome Assessment (Health Care)Sacroiliac JointHeelCold TemperatureCentral Nervous System SensitizationFormaldehydePilot ProjectsStress, PsychologicalMusculoskeletal ManipulationsAbdomen, AcuteBreakthrough PainSpinal Nerve RootsCumulative Trauma DisordersPredictive Value of TestsHydromorphonePressureHip JointShoulderFoot DiseasesSex FactorsDose-Response Relationship, DrugNeoplasmsFatigueSomatosensory DisordersComorbidityPrilocaineBone NeoplasmsTRPV Cation ChannelsPerceptionHypnosisSensationAfferent PathwaysArthritisSpinal StenosisDyspareuniaAutonomic Nerve BlockSpinal Cord InjuriesCross-Over StudiesInflammationKneePancreatitis, ChronicChiropracticNerve Fibers, UnmyelinatedRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicMigraine DisordersIrritable Bowel SyndromeShoulder JointStatistics, NonparametricLiftingAnalgesia, ObstetricalNeedlesTrigeminal Nerve DiseasesAmitriptylineAge FactorsTrigeminal NerveDiskectomyTouchOrthopedic ProceduresFootTooth ExtractionInjections
NeuropathicOpioidPatientsAssessmentManagementPrevalenceClinicalPatient'sIntensityNociceptiveDullNerveBackVisceralRelieveTreatmentsAcute and chronicStudySomaticMedicationInjuryPhysiologicalSufferNociceptorsInterventionPediatricPersistent painPatientInterventional
Neuropathic5
Opioid2
Patients11
  • The most common reason patients seek out medical care is pain. (uspharmacist.com)
  • 1 The term chronic pain has been replaced with the preferred term persistent pain in an attempt to remove negative connotations (e.g. chronic psychiatric problems, malingering, drug-seeking behavior) and foster a more positive attitude by those involved in the management of pain and alleviation of suffering in the elderly (e.g., patients, caregivers, and professionals). (uspharmacist.com)
  • 1 Patients with persistent pain can experience a pain exacerbation, referred to as breakthrough pain, as well as acute pain secondary to a new illness or condition. (uspharmacist.com)
  • 6,7 Patients may become preoccupied with physical health, further contributing to the increased health care utilization and costs resulting as a consequence of persistent pain. (uspharmacist.com)
  • It will allow them to explore their own views, beliefs and experiences of pain and also discuss current themes so that they may have a better understanding of clients / patients who experience pain in its broadest concept. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • Pain may be underreported and undertreated by your elderly patients because they believe that pain is a normal process of aging. (emblemhealth.com)
  • Because your elderly patients may not volunteer information about living with chronic pain, it is important that you assess their pain at least annually. (emblemhealth.com)
  • Membership dues help ASIPP promote recognition of the interventional pain management specialty, expand educational opportunities, improve resources and, most importantly, increase safety and quality of the unique and effective interventional techniques offered to our patients. (asipp.org)
  • Patients who have had restricted activities or have become used to muscle splinting or guarding because of pain do not have the natural benefit of exercise. (vanderbilt.org)
  • Patients with chronic pain may end up isolated from their friends. (vanderbilt.org)
  • We often recommend patients be evaluated by someone in mental health care to assist with controlling and reducing stress caused by pain. (vanderbilt.org)
Assessment8
Management13
Prevalence1
Clinical1
Patient's1
Intensity1
Nociceptive3
Dull1
  • If the bones have been weakened by another condition, such as cancer or osteoporosis , then you can have a very achy and very intense dull pain. (spineuniverse.com)
Nerve2
  • We may use different classes of pain medicines or interventional therapies, such as nerve blocks, to treat some types of pain. (vanderbilt.org)
  • In addition to recommending specific medications, the inpatient service may place and manage epidural catheters or nerve catheters to help manage pain after surgery. (vanderbilt.org)
Back1
Visceral1
Relieve1
  • Using the practice of yoga and water therapy/exercise to relieve and even cure chronic pain are proving to be viable and more effective alternatives than pain medication. (witseducation.com)
Treatments1
Acute and chronic1
Study1
Somatic1
  • It's generally easy to identify where somatic pain comes from, and the pain can be sharp or throbbing (depends on what part of your body is injured). (spineuniverse.com)
Medication2
Injury4
Physiological2
Suffer1
Nociceptors2
  • Not every organ has nociceptors, so not every internal organ can send pain messages if it's been injured (the lungs, for example, don't have nociceptors). (spineuniverse.com)
  • However, if you injure an organ that has nociceptors, you will probably feel a deep, achy pain, and it will be hard to pinpoint where the pain is coming from. (spineuniverse.com)
Intervention1
Pediatric3
Persistent pain1
  • 3 Persistent pain, common among older Americans ( TABLE 2 ), may be defined as a painful experience that continues for a prolonged period of time and may or may not be associated with a recognizable disease process, according to The American Geriatrics Society Panel on Persistent Pain in Older Persons. (uspharmacist.com)
Patient2
  • 1,3 Untreated pain may manifest as anxiety, refusal of care (i.e., physical assistance or handling of the patient may exacerbate pain), and agitated behaviors. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Documentation that the patient was assessed for pain (which may include positive or negative findings for pain). (emblemhealth.com)
Interventional1
Brain Structure May Predict Pain Sensitivity
Brain Structure May Predict Pain Sensitivity (livescience.com)
Headaches & Migraines | Pain | health
Headaches & Migraines | Pain | health (emofree.com)
Spleen Diseases | Spleen Pain | Swollen Spleen | MedlinePlus
Spleen Diseases | Spleen Pain | Swollen Spleen | MedlinePlus (medlineplus.gov)
Posture Keeper : Pain Relief & Perfect Posture | Indiegogo
Posture Keeper : Pain Relief & Perfect Posture | Indiegogo (indiegogo.com)
Topics in Pain Management
Topics in Pain Management (journals.lww.com)
Hot baths, saunas can relieve pain, help heart - CNN
Hot baths, saunas can relieve pain, help heart - CNN (edition.cnn.com)
A Spice to Help Ease Pain After Exercise - WSJ
A Spice to Help Ease Pain After Exercise - WSJ (wsj.com)
Knee pain may signify a torn cartilage | Miami Herald
Knee pain may signify a torn cartilage | Miami Herald (miamiherald.com)
Arthritis Joint Pain Relief Oil And Capsules by auscause barrymore - issuu
Arthritis Joint Pain Relief Oil And Capsules by auscause barrymore - issuu (issuu.com)
Chest pain? It might be one of these 7 things - CNN
Chest pain? It might be one of these 7 things - CNN (cnn.com)
Pin on Spine & Pain Related
Pin on Spine & Pain Related (pinterest.com)
Novel migraine intervention reduces pain in early tests - UPI.com
Novel migraine intervention reduces pain in early tests - UPI.com (upi.com)
Gentle yoga poses proving therapeutic for back pain
Gentle yoga poses proving therapeutic for back pain (montgomeryadvertiser.com)
Pain medication Archives - National Headache Foundation
Pain medication Archives - National Headache Foundation (headaches.org)
Medical marijuana: 10 potential uses, from cancer to chronic pain - CNN
Medical marijuana: 10 potential uses, from cancer to chronic pain - CNN (edition.cnn.com)
Tennessee pain clinic handed out opioids at 'cattle calls,' feds say
Tennessee pain clinic handed out opioids at 'cattle calls,' feds say (tennessean.com)
De La Cruz Camphor 11% Pain Relieving Ointment | Walgreens
De La Cruz Camphor 11% Pain Relieving Ointment | Walgreens (walgreens.com)
Shark Bite Victim Recalls Pain of Sinking Teeth - NECN
Shark Bite Victim Recalls Pain of Sinking Teeth - NECN (necn.com)
Home Remedies for Headache Pain | Livestrong.com
Home Remedies for Headache Pain | Livestrong.com (livestrong.com)
Lower-back pain: Should you treat your back with a crack? - CNN
Lower-back pain: Should you treat your back with a crack? - CNN (edition.cnn.com)
Back pain after rest may be symptom of ankylosing spondylitis
Back pain after rest may be symptom of ankylosing spondylitis (rgj.com)
Joint Supplements | Supplements for Joint Pain & Health | GNC
Joint Supplements | Supplements for Joint Pain & Health | GNC (gnc.com)
Easy Juice Remedy for Inflammation and Joint Pain
Easy Juice Remedy for Inflammation and Joint Pain (pinterest.com)
Avoid back pain and more with these travel posture tips | WJLA
Avoid back pain and more with these travel posture tips | WJLA (wjla.com)
Follow These Diet Recommendations to Reduce Gout Risk - Chronic Pain | HealthCentral
Follow These Diet Recommendations to Reduce Gout Risk - Chronic Pain | HealthCentral (healthcentral.com)
Scientists Objectively Measure Pain for the First Time Using Brain Scans
Scientists Objectively Measure Pain for the First Time Using Brain Scans (healthline.com)
Spas Sell Cures for Tech Pains - New York Magazine - Nymag
Spas Sell Cures for Tech Pains - New York Magazine - Nymag (nymag.com)
Groin and Inner Thigh Pain While Running | Livestrong.com
Groin and Inner Thigh Pain While Running | Livestrong.com (livestrong.com)
Being Overweight May Be Causing Your Joint Pain | WSBT
Being Overweight May Be Causing Your Joint Pain | WSBT (wsbt.com)
CBD oil eases anxiety, pain in dogs and cats, owners say | Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
CBD oil eases anxiety, pain in dogs and cats, owners say | Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (post-gazette.com)
Walgreens Enteric Coated Low Dose Aspirin 81 mg Pain Reliever Tablets | Walgreens
Walgreens Enteric Coated Low Dose Aspirin 81 mg Pain Reliever Tablets | Walgreens (walgreens.com)
The Association of Depression and Anxiety with Pain: A Study from NESDA
The Association of Depression and Anxiety with Pain: A Study from NESDA (journals.plos.org)
Pain Scale | Neuropathy | Pinterest | Complex regional pain syndrome, Pain scale and Chronic pain
Pain Scale | Neuropathy | Pinterest | Complex regional pain syndrome, Pain scale and Chronic pain (pinterest.com)