The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).
Compounds that accept electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. The reaction is induced by or accelerated by exposure to electromagnetic radiation in the spectrum of visible or ultraviolet light.
Any substance in the air which could, if present in high enough concentration, harm humans, animals, vegetation or material. Substances include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; and volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.
A shift in the balance between production and destruction of STRATOSPHERIC OZONE that results in a decline of the amount of OZONE in the lower stratosphere.
The presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air (AIR POLLUTANTS) that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects. The substances may include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; or volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.
The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
Inorganic compounds that contain chlorine as an integral part of the molecule.
A mixture of smoke and fog polluting the atmosphere. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.
Particles of any solid substance, generally under 30 microns in size, often noted as PM30. There is special concern with PM1 which can get down to PULMONARY ALVEOLI and induce MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION and PHAGOCYTOSIS leading to FOREIGN BODY REACTION and LUNG DISEASES.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them.
A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.
Ozone in the Earth's stratosphere. It is produced continuously by the action of solar ULTRAVIOLET RAYS on oxygen in the stratosphere. The stratospheric ozone (especially at the ozone layer) blocks much of the solar UV radiation of wavelengths of 320 nanometers or less from being transmitted to lower ATMOSPHERE of the Earth.
A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses.
Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc.
A large or important municipality of a country, usually a major metropolitan center.
Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
The state of the ATMOSPHERE over minutes to months.
Washing liquid obtained from irrigation of the lung, including the BRONCHI and the PULMONARY ALVEOLI. It is generally used to assess biochemical, inflammatory, or infection status of the lung.
The motion of air currents.
Respiratory tract diseases are a broad range of medical conditions that affect the nose, throat, windpipe, and lungs, impairing breathing and oxygen uptake, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, tuberculosis, and sleep apnea.

Double-blind intervention trial on modulation of ozone effects on pulmonary function by antioxidant supplements. (1/1280)

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the acute effects of ozone on lung function could be modulated by antioxidant vitamin supplementation in a placebo-controlled study. Lung function was measured in Dutch bicyclists (n = 38) before and after each training session on a number of occasions (n = 380) during the summer of 1996. The vitamin group (n = 20) received 100 mg of vitamin E and 500 mg of vitamin C daily for 15 weeks. The average ozone concentration during exercise was 77 microg/m3 (range, 14-186 microg/m3). After exclusion of subjects with insufficient compliance from the analysis, a difference in ozone exposure of 100 microg/m3 decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) 95 ml (95% confidence interval (CI) -265 to -53) in the placebo group and 1 ml (95% CI -94 to 132) in the vitamin group; for forced vital capacity, the change was -125 ml (95% CI -384 to -36) in the placebo group and -42 ml (95% CI -130 to 35) in the vitamin group. The differences in ozone effect on lung function between the groups were statistically significant. The results suggest that supplementation with the antioxidant vitamins C and E confers partial protection against the acute effects of ozone on FEV1 and forced vital capacity in cyclists.  (+info)

Enrichment of enzyme activity on deformylation of 1-NFK-lysozyme. (2/1280)

The formamide linkage of an inactive lysozyme derivative (1-NFK-lysozyme), formed by selective ozonization of tryptophan 62 in hen egg-white lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] was hydrolyzed with dilute acid faster in the frozen state at about --10 degrees than at 20 degrees. On hydrolysis of 1-NFK-lysozyme the low lytic activity increased to approximately 80% of that of native lysozyme. It is suggested that the binding ability associated with kynurenine 62 in the lysozyme derivative formed by this hydrolysis may be responsible for increase in enzymatic activity.  (+info)

Airway inflammatory response to ozone in subjects with different asthma severity. (3/1280)

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether ozone exposure induces a similar airway inflammatory response in subjects with different degrees of asthma severity. Two groups of asthmatic subjects were studied: seven with intermittent mild asthma not requiring regular treatment (group A); and seven with persistent mild asthma requiring regular treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta2-agonists (group B). All subjects were exposed, in a randomized cross-over design, to air or O3 (0.26 parts per million (ppm) for 2 h with intermittent exercise); subjects in group B withdrew from regular treatment 72 h before each exposure. Before the exposure, and 1 and 2 h after the beginning of the exposure they performed a pulmonary function test, and a questionnaire was completed to obtain a total symptom score (TSS). Six hours after the end of the exposure, hypertonic saline (HS) sputum induction was conducted. Sputum cell percentages, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and interleukin (IL)-8 concentrations in the sputum supernatant were measured. TSS significantly increased and forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) significantly decreased after O3 exposure in comparison with air exposure in group A, whereas no changes were observed in group B except for a significant decrement of FEV1 2 h after the beginning of O3 exposure. Sputum neutrophil percentage was significantly higher after O3 exposure than after air exposure in both groups (Group A: 70.2% (28-87) versus 26.6% (8.6-73.2); Group B: 62.1% (25-82.4) versus 27.9% (14.4-54)). IL-8 was higher in sputum supernatant collected 6 h after O3 exposure than after air, only in group A. No change due to O3 has been found in sputum eosinophil percentage and ECP concentration in both groups. In conclusion, the degree of airway response to a short-term exposure to ozone is different in subjects with asthma of different severity. The available data do not allow elucidation of whether this difference depends on the severity of the disease or on the regular anti-inflammatory treatment.  (+info)

Capsaicin-sensitive C-fiber-mediated protective responses in ozone inhalation in rats. (4/1280)

To assess the role of lung sensory C fibers during and after inhalation of 1 part/million ozone for 8 h, we compared breathing pattern responses and epithelial injury-inflammation-repair in rats depleted of C fibers by systemic administration of capsaicin as neonates and in vehicle-treated control animals. Capsaicin-treated rats did not develop ozone-induced rapid, shallow breathing. Capsaicin-treated rats showed more severe necrosis in the nasal cavity and greater inflammation throughout the respiratory tract than did control rats exposed to ozone. Incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (a marker of DNA synthesis associated with proliferation) into terminal bronchiolar epithelial cells was not significantly affected by capsaicin treatment in rats exposed to ozone. However, when normalized to the degree of epithelial necrosis present in each rat studied, there was less 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling in the terminal bronchioles of capsaicin-treated rats. These observations suggest that the ozone-induced release of neuropeptides does not measurably contribute to airway inflammation but may play a role in modulating basal and reparative airway epithelial cell proliferation.  (+info)

Air pollution, pollens, and daily admissions for asthma in London 1987-92. (5/1280)

BACKGROUND: A study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between daily hospital admissions for asthma and air pollution in London in 1987-92 and the possible confounding and modifying effects of airborne pollen. METHODS: For all ages together and the age groups 0-14, 15-64 and 65+ years, Poisson regression was used to estimate the relative risk of daily asthma admissions associated with changes in ozone, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and particles (black smoke), controlling for time trends, seasonal factors, calendar effects, influenza epidemics, temperature, humidity, and autocorrelation. Independent effects of individual pollutants and interactions with aeroallergens were explored using two pollutant models and models including pollen counts (grass, oak and birch). RESULTS: In all-year analyses ozone was significantly associated with admissions in the 15-64 age group (10 ppb eight hour ozone, 3.93% increase), nitrogen dioxide in the 0-14 and 65+ age groups (10 ppb 24 hour nitrogen dioxide, 1.25% and 2.96%, respectively), sulphur dioxide in the 0-14 age group (10 micrograms/m3 24 hour sulphur dioxide, 1.64%), and black smoke in the 65% age group (10 micrograms/m3 black smoke, 5.60%). Significant seasonal differences were observed for ozone in the 0-14 and 15-64 age groups, and in the 0-14 age group there were negative associations with ozone in the cool season. In general, cumulative lags of up to three days tended to show stronger and more significant effects than single day lags. In two-pollutant models these associations were most robust for ozone and least for nitrogen dioxide. There was no evidence that the associations with air pollutants were due to confounding by any of the pollens, and little evidence of an interaction between pollens and pollution except for synergism of sulphur dioxide and grass pollen in children (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Ozone, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particles were all found to have significant associations with daily hospital admissions for asthma, but there was a lack of consistency across the age groups in the specific pollutant. These associations were not explained by confounding by airborne pollens nor was there convincing evidence that the effects of air pollutants and airborne pollens interact in causing hospital admissions for asthma.  (+info)

Effect of insurance coverage on the relationship between asthma hospitalizations and exposure to air pollution. (6/1280)

OBJECTIVE: Based on the assumption that people without health insurance have limited access to the primary care services needed to prevent unnecessary hospitalizations for asthma, the authors hypothesized that insurance is a factor in the strength of the association between hospital admissions for asthma and exposure to air pollution. They tested this hypothesis with 1991-1994 data from central Los Angeles. METHODS: The authors analyzed the effect of insurance status on the association between asthma-related hospital admissions and exposure to atmospheric particulates (PM10) and ozone (O3) using hospital discharge and air quality data for 1991-1994 for central Los Angeles. They used regression techniques with weighted moving averages (simulating distributed lag structures) to measure the effects of exposure on overall hospital admissions, admissions of uninsured patients, admissions for which MediCal (California Medicaid) was the primary payer, and admissions for which the primary payer was another government or private health insurance program. RESULTS: No associations were found between asthma admissions and O3 exposure. An estimated increase from 1991 to 1994 of 50 micrograms per cubic meter in PM10 concentrations averaged over eight days was associated with an increase of 21.0% in the number of asthma admissions. An even stronger increase--27.4%--was noted among MediCal asthma admissions. CONCLUSIONS: The authors conclude that low family income, as indicated by MediCal coverage, is a better predictor of asthma exacerbations associated with air pollution than lack of insurance and, by implication, a better predictor of insufficient access to primary care.  (+info)

Public health consequences of global climate change in the United States--some regions may suffer disproportionately. (7/1280)

Current risk assessments of the likely regional health impacts of global climate change (GCC) are hindered by two factors. First, dose-response relationships between weather parameters and many of the likely health effects have not been developed, and second, reliable estimates of future regional climates across the United States are still beyond the scope of current modeling efforts. Consequently, probabilistic risk estimates of most of the likely regional health impacts of GCC have such a high degree of uncertainty that their usefulness to health officials dealing with regional issues is very limited. With the numerous pressures on today's health care systems, it is understandable that the possible consequences of GCC have received scant attention from regional health care decision makers. Indeed, the consensus among this community appears to be that any increases in health effects associated with GCC will be easily handled by the current health care system. However, such a position may be naive as the potential exists that an unequal distribution of such effects could overwhelm some regions, whereas others may feel little or no impact. This review of the likely regional impacts of GCC has been structured as a semianalytical look at this issue of distributional effects. Because of the lack of dose-response information and reliable estimates of future regional climates, however, it takes a historical perspective. That is, it assumes that the quality and quantity of health risks a region faces under GCC will be directly related to its recent history of health risks from warm weather/climate-related diseases as well as to the size, characteristics, and distribution of the sensitive subpopulations currently residing within its borders. The approach is semiquantitative; however, it uses national data gathered on a regional level and as such should only be used to generate a hypothesis rather than test it. When applied to the United States, its outcome leads to the hypothesis that if indeed history repeats itself, some states or regions may be more greatly affected by GCC than others, not only because historically they are more prone to summer weather/climate-related diseases, but also because they contain a greater proportion of the sensitive subpopulations in the United States.  (+info)

Drinking water disinfection byproducts: review and approach to toxicity evaluation. (8/1280)

There is widespread potential for human exposure to disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water because everyone drinks, bathes, cooks, and cleans with water. The need for clean and safe water led the U.S. Congress to pass the Safe Drinking Water Act more than 20 years ago in 1974. In 1976, chloroform, a trihalomethane (THM) and a principal DBP, was shown to be carcinogenic in rodents. This prompted the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in 1979 to develop a drinking water rule that would provide guidance on the levels of THMs allowed in drinking water. Further concern was raised by epidemiology studies suggesting a weak association between the consumption of chlorinated drinking water and the occurrence of bladder, colon, and rectal cancer. In 1992 the U.S. EPA initiated a negotiated rulemaking to evaluate the need for additional controls for microbial pathogens and DBPs. The goal was to develop an approach that would reduce the level of exposure from disinfectants and DBPs without undermining the control of microbial pathogens. The product of these deliberations was a proposed stage 1 DBP rule. It was agreed that additional information was necessary on how to optimize the use of disinfectants while maintaining control of pathogens before further controls to reduce exposure beyond stage 1 were warranted. In response to this need, the U.S. EPA developed a 5-year research plan to support the development of the longer term rules to control microbial pathogens and DBPs. A considerable body of toxicologic data has been developed on DBPs that occur in the drinking water, but the main emphasis has been on THMs. Given the complexity of the problem and the need for additional data to support the drinking water DBP rules, the U.S. EPA, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and the U.S. Army are working together to develop a comprehensive biologic and mechanistic DBP database. Selected DBPs will be tested using 2-year toxicity and carcinogenicity studies in standard rodent models; transgenic mouse models and small fish models; in vitro mechanistic and toxicokinetic studies; and reproductive, immunotoxicity, and developmental studies. The goal is to create a toxicity database that reflects a wide range of DBPs resulting from different disinfection practices. This paper describes the approach developed by these agencies to provide the information needed to make scientifically based regulatory decisions.  (+info)

Ozone (O3) is not a substance that is typically considered a component of health or medicine in the context of human body or physiology. It's actually a form of oxygen, but with three atoms instead of two, making it unstable and reactive. Ozone is naturally present in the Earth's atmosphere, where it forms a protective layer in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.

However, ozone can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on human health depending on its location and concentration. At ground level or in indoor environments, ozone is considered an air pollutant that can irritate the respiratory system and aggravate asthma symptoms when inhaled at high concentrations. It's important to note that ozone should not be confused with oxygen (O2), which is essential for human life and breathing.

Photochemical oxidants refer to chemical compounds that are formed as a result of a photochemical reaction, which involves the absorption of light. These oxidants are often highly reactive and can cause oxidative damage to living cells and tissues.

In the context of environmental science, photochemical oxidants are primarily associated with air pollution and the formation of ozone (O3) and other harmful oxidizing agents in the atmosphere. These pollutants are formed when nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight, particularly ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Photochemical oxidation can also occur in biological systems, such as within cells, where reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be generated by the absorption of light by certain molecules. These ROS can cause damage to cellular components, such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, and have been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Overall, photochemical oxidants are a significant concern in both environmental and health contexts, and understanding the mechanisms of their formation and effects is an important area of research.

Air pollutants are substances or mixtures of substances present in the air that can have negative effects on human health, the environment, and climate. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, transportation, residential heating and cooking, agricultural activities, and natural events. Some common examples of air pollutants include particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Air pollutants can cause a range of health effects, from respiratory irritation and coughing to more serious conditions such as bronchitis, asthma, and cancer. They can also contribute to climate change by reacting with other chemicals in the atmosphere to form harmful ground-level ozone and by directly absorbing or scattering sunlight, which can affect temperature and precipitation patterns.

Air quality standards and regulations have been established to limit the amount of air pollutants that can be released into the environment, and efforts are ongoing to reduce emissions and improve air quality worldwide.

Ozone depletion is defined as the reduction in the total amount of ozone (O3) in the Earth's stratosphere, which ranges from about 12 to 15 kilometers above the planetary surface. This phenomenon is primarily caused by the breakdown of ozone molecules due to the presence of chlorine and bromine-containing chemicals, especially chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons. These substances were once widely used in refrigeration, air conditioning, and aerosol spray cans, but have been phased out due to their harmful effects on the ozone layer.

The depletion of the ozone layer is most pronounced over the polar regions, particularly the Antarctic, where it gives rise to the formation of the "ozone hole." This thinning of the ozone layer allows more ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun to reach the Earth's surface, leading to increased risks of skin cancer, cataracts, and damage to crops and marine ecosystems.

It is important to note that ozone depletion is a global environmental issue, requiring international cooperation and regulations, such as the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, to address it effectively.

Air pollution is defined as the contamination of air due to the presence of substances or harmful elements that exceed the acceptable limits. These pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, gases, or a combination of these. They can be released from various sources, including industrial processes, vehicle emissions, burning of fossil fuels, and natural events like volcanic eruptions.

Exposure to air pollution can have significant impacts on human health, contributing to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular issues, and even premature death. It can also harm the environment, damaging crops, forests, and wildlife populations. Stringent regulations and measures are necessary to control and reduce air pollution levels, thereby protecting public health and the environment.

In medical terms, the term "atmosphere" is not typically used as a standalone definition or diagnosis. However, in some contexts, it may refer to the physical environment or surroundings in which medical care is provided. For example, some hospitals and healthcare facilities may have different atmospheres depending on their specialties, design, or overall ambiance.

Additionally, "atmosphere" may also be used more broadly to describe the social or emotional climate of a particular healthcare setting. For instance, a healthcare provider might describe a patient's home atmosphere as warm and welcoming, or a hospital ward's atmosphere as tense or chaotic.

It is important to note that "atmosphere" is not a medical term with a specific definition, so its meaning may vary depending on the context in which it is used.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a gaseous air pollutant and respiratory irritant. It is a reddish-brown toxic gas with a pungent, choking odor. NO2 is a major component of smog and is produced from the combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants, and industrial processes.

Exposure to nitrogen dioxide can cause respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing, especially in people with asthma or other respiratory conditions. Long-term exposure has been linked to the development of chronic lung diseases, including bronchitis and emphysema. NO2 also contributes to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause additional health problems.

Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.

In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.

Chlorine compounds refer to chemical substances that contain chlorine (Cl), which is a member of the halogen group in the periodic table. Chlorine is a highly reactive element that readily forms compounds with many other elements and molecules.

Chlorine compounds can be found in various forms, including inorganic and organic compounds. Inorganic chlorine compounds include salts of hydrochloric acid, such as sodium chloride (table salt), and chlorides of metals, such as copper chloride and silver chloride. Other inorganic chlorine compounds include chlorine gas (Cl2), hypochlorous acid (HClO), and chlorine dioxide (ClO2).

Organic chlorine compounds are those that contain carbon atoms bonded to chlorine atoms. Examples of organic chlorine compounds include chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene, and pesticides, such as DDT and lindane.

Chlorine compounds have a wide range of uses in various industries, including water treatment, disinfection, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and manufacturing. However, some chlorine compounds can be harmful or toxic to humans and the environment, particularly if they are released into the air, water, or soil in large quantities. Therefore, it is essential to handle and dispose of chlorine compounds properly to minimize potential health and environmental risks.

'Smog' is not a term used in medical definitions. It is a combination of the words "smoke" and "fog" and refers to a type of air pollution typically formed when vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and other sources release large amounts of fine particles and gases (such as nitrogen oxides or ground-level ozone) into the air. These pollutants then react in the presence of sunlight to form smog.

However, exposure to high levels of smog can have negative health effects, particularly for people with respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Smog can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, causing symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Long-term exposure to smog has been linked to more serious health problems, including heart disease, lung cancer, and premature death.

Environmental exposure refers to the contact of an individual with any chemical, physical, or biological agent in the environment that can cause a harmful effect on health. These exposures can occur through various pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Examples of environmental exposures include air pollution, water contamination, occupational chemicals, and allergens. The duration and level of exposure, as well as the susceptibility of the individual, can all contribute to the risk of developing an adverse health effect.

Particulate Matter (PM) refers to the mixture of tiny particles and droplets in the air that are solid or liquid in nature. These particles vary in size, with some being visible to the naked eye while others can only be seen under a microscope. PM is classified based on its diameter:

* PM10 includes particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or smaller. These particles are often found in dust, pollen, and smoke.
* PM2.5 includes particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller. These fine particles are produced from sources such as power plants, industrial processes, and vehicle emissions. They can also come from natural sources like wildfires.

Exposure to particulate matter has been linked to various health problems, including respiratory issues, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. The smaller the particle, the deeper it can penetrate into the lungs, making PM2.5 particularly harmful to human health.

Inhalation exposure is a term used in occupational and environmental health to describe the situation where an individual breathes in substances present in the air, which could be gases, vapors, fumes, mist, or particulate matter. These substances can originate from various sources, such as industrial processes, chemical reactions, or natural phenomena.

The extent of inhalation exposure is determined by several factors, including:

1. Concentration of the substance in the air
2. Duration of exposure
3. Frequency of exposure
4. The individual's breathing rate
5. The efficiency of the individual's respiratory protection, if any

Inhalation exposure can lead to adverse health effects, depending on the toxicity and concentration of the inhaled substances. Short-term or acute health effects may include irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, or lungs, while long-term or chronic exposure can result in more severe health issues, such as respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, or cancer.

It is essential to monitor and control inhalation exposures in occupational settings to protect workers' health and ensure compliance with regulatory standards. Various methods are employed for exposure assessment, including personal air sampling, area monitoring, and biological monitoring. Based on the results of these assessments, appropriate control measures can be implemented to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with inhalation exposure.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is not a medical term per se, but it's an important chemical compound with implications in human health and medicine. Here's a brief definition:

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor. It is primarily released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels (like coal and oil) and the smelting of metals. SO2 is also produced naturally during volcanic eruptions and some biological processes.

In medical terms, exposure to high levels of sulfur dioxide can have adverse health effects, particularly for people with respiratory conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). SO2 can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, causing coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and a tight feeling in the chest. Prolonged exposure to elevated levels of SO2 may exacerbate existing respiratory issues and lead to decreased lung function.

Regulations are in place to limit sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial sources to protect public health and reduce air pollution.

Stratospheric ozone, also known as "good ozone," refers to the ozone layer that exists in the stratosphere, approximately 10-50 kilometers above the Earth's surface. This layer of ozone is crucial for life on Earth because it absorbs most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, preventing it from reaching the Earth's surface and causing damage to living organisms.

The medical significance of stratospheric ozone lies in its role in protecting humans and other species from the harmful effects of UV radiation. Exposure to high levels of UV radiation can lead to skin cancer, cataracts, suppressed immune systems, and other health problems. By filtering out most of the Sun's UV radiation, stratospheric ozone plays a vital role in maintaining the health of Earth's biosphere and preserving the well-being of its inhabitants.

However, human activities such as the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances have contributed to the depletion of stratospheric ozone, leading to a thinning of the ozone layer and an increase in UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface. This has resulted in significant health concerns, including increased rates of skin cancer and eye damage, and underscores the importance of protecting and preserving the stratospheric ozone layer for the benefit of human and environmental health.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are synthetic, volatile organic compounds that consist of carbon atoms, chlorine atoms, and fluorine atoms. They were widely used in various applications such as refrigerants, aerosol propellants, solvents, and fire extinguishing agents due to their non-toxicity, non-flammability, and chemical stability.

However, CFCs have been found to contribute significantly to the depletion of the Earth's ozone layer when released into the atmosphere. This is because they are stable enough to reach the upper atmosphere, where they react with ultraviolet radiation to release chlorine atoms that can destroy ozone molecules. As a result, the production and use of CFCs have been phased out under the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty aimed at protecting the ozone layer.

Indigo Carmine is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that is sometimes used in medical settings. Indigo Carmine is a type of dye that is often used as a marker in various medical tests and procedures. It can be used during surgeries to help identify structures or tissues within the body, such as the urinary tract or the gastrointestinal tract.

Indigo Carmine is also sometimes used as a diagnostic aid in urological procedures, such as cystoscopy, to help visualize the flow of urine and detect any abnormalities in the urinary tract. The dye is usually introduced into the body through a catheter or other medical device, and it is excreted in the urine, turning it blue or green.

It's important to note that Indigo Carmine should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as improper use can lead to adverse effects.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pentanes" is not a medical term. It is a chemical term that refers to a group of five-carbon alkane hydrocarbons, including n-pentane and iso-pentane. These substances can be used in medical settings as anesthetics or for medical research, but "Pentanes" itself does not have a specific medical definition.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seasons" is not a term that has a medical definition. Seasons refer to the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn or fall, and winter) based on the position of the earth in its orbit around the sun. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

Disinfection is the process of eliminating or reducing harmful microorganisms from inanimate objects and surfaces through the use of chemicals, heat, or other methods. The goal of disinfection is to reduce the number of pathogens to a level that is considered safe for human health. Disinfection is an important step in preventing the spread of infectious diseases in healthcare settings, food processing facilities, and other environments where there is a risk of infection transmission.

It's important to note that disinfection is not the same as sterilization, which is the complete elimination of all microorganisms, including spores. Disinfection is generally less effective than sterilization but is often sufficient for most non-critical surfaces and objects. The choice between disinfection and sterilization depends on the level of risk associated with the item or surface being treated and the intended use of that item or surface.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Cities" is not a medical term or concept, but rather a geographical and sociopolitical one referring to large, densely populated urban areas. If you're looking for information about health-related topics associated with cities, I would be happy to help! For example, there are many public health issues that are closely linked to city living, such as air pollution, infectious diseases, and chronic conditions like obesity and heart disease. Please let me know if you have any specific questions in mind!

Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy or irreversibly inactivate microorganisms, but not necessarily their spores. They are different from sterilizers, which kill all forms of life, and from antiseptics, which are used on living tissue. Disinfectants work by damaging the cell wall or membrane of the microorganism, disrupting its metabolism, or interfering with its ability to reproduce. Examples of disinfectants include alcohol, bleach, hydrogen peroxide, and quaternary ammonium compounds. They are commonly used in hospitals, laboratories, and other settings where the elimination of microorganisms is important for infection control. It's important to use disinfectants according to the manufacturer's instructions, as improper use can reduce their effectiveness or even increase the risk of infection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "weather" is not a medical term. Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time, including factors such as temperature, humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, and wind. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you!

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is a type of clinical specimen obtained through a procedure called bronchoalveolar lavage. This procedure involves inserting a bronchoscope into the lungs and instilling a small amount of saline solution into a specific area of the lung, then gently aspirating the fluid back out. The fluid that is recovered is called bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

BAL fluid contains cells and other substances that are present in the lower respiratory tract, including the alveoli (the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs). By analyzing BAL fluid, doctors can diagnose various lung conditions, such as pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, and lung cancer. They can also monitor the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions by comparing the composition of BAL fluid before and after treatment.

BAL fluid is typically analyzed for its cellular content, including the number and type of white blood cells present, as well as for the presence of bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms. The fluid may also be tested for various proteins, enzymes, and other biomarkers that can provide additional information about lung health and disease.

"Air movements" is not a medical term or concept. It generally refers to the movement or circulation of air, which can occur naturally (such as through wind) or mechanically (such as through fans or ventilation systems). In some contexts, it may refer specifically to the movement of air in operating rooms or other controlled environments for medical purposes. However, without more specific context, it is difficult to provide a precise definition or medical interpretation of "air movements."

Respiratory tract diseases refer to a broad range of medical conditions that affect the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat (pharynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. These diseases can be categorized into upper and lower respiratory tract infections based on the location of the infection.

Upper respiratory tract infections affect the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx, and include conditions such as the common cold, flu, sinusitis, and laryngitis. Symptoms often include nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, and fever.

Lower respiratory tract infections affect the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs, and can be more severe. They include conditions such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. Symptoms may include cough, chest congestion, shortness of breath, and fever.

Respiratory tract diseases can also be caused by allergies, irritants, or genetic factors. Treatment varies depending on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, breathing treatments, or surgery in severe cases.

Deflagration of ozone can be triggered by a spark and can occur in ozone concentrations of 10 wt% or higher. Ozone can also be ... Ozone in the ozone layer filters out sunlight wavelengths from about 200 nm UV rays to 315 nm, with ozone peak absorption at ... Low level ozone, or tropospheric ozone, is the most concerning type of ozone pollution in urban areas and is increasing in ... "Ozone Cell vs Ozone Plate - A2Z Ozone". Archived from the original on 2020-01-10. Retrieved 2020-01-10. Smith, L. I.; Greenwood ...
... resided in Ozone. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Ozone, Arkansas "Ozone CDP, Arkansas". United ... Ozone is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Johnson County, Arkansas, United States. Ozone is ... Ozone has a post office with ZIP code 72854. Kenneth Henderson - Republican member of the Arkansas House of Representatives for ... "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Ozone CDP, Arkansas". ...
... Cracks can be formed in many different elastomers by ozone attack, and the characteristic form of attack of ... However, if ozone gas is present, cracking will occur in the seals unless preventative measures are taken. Ozone attack will ... Unfortunately, traces of ozone can turn up in the most unexpected situations. Using ozone-resistant rubbers is another way of ... Titled GORP, for Global Ozone Rubber Participant, users can see the effects of ozone pollution near their own homes or places ...
An ozone monitor is electronic equipment that monitors for ozone concentrations in the air. The instrument may be used to ... During one cycle, the ozone monitor will take one air sample through the air inlet, and scrub the ozone from the air; for the ... and most ozone monitors utilized in regulatory applications use ultraviolet absorption to accurately quantify ozone levels. An ... For ozone, a 254 nanometer wavelength of light created by a mercury lamp is shined through a specific length of tubing with ...
Ozone Alberton was closed in 1961. The Hoyts Ozone Theatre in Murray Bridge closed in 1969. Ozone Glenelg became Glenelg Cinema ... Ozone Theatres Ltd, formerly Ozone Amusements, was a cinema chain based in Adelaide, South Australia, from 1911 until 1951, ... In 1951 the Waterman family sold most of their Ozone theatres to Hoyts, with the new company known as Hoyts-Ozone Theatres Ltd ... S.A. Theatres and Ozone Theatres (Broken Hill) were subsidiary companies, and the chain was referred to as the Ozone circuit. ...
... , Autologous ozone blood therapy, Oxygen-ozone autologous blood therapy, Oxyon therapy, Hyperbaric ozone therapy: ... ozone therapy does not usually involve inhalation of ozone gas. It has been argued that while peroxides (a product of ozone) ... Ozone therapy is an alternative medical treatment that introduces ozone or ozonides to the body. The United States Food and ... Ozone therapy consists of the introduction of ozone into the body via various methods, usually involving its mixture with ...
The metaphors used in the CFC discussion (ozone shield, ozone hole) are not "exact" in the scientific sense. The "ozone hole" ... the enhanced ozone depletion process shuts down, and the ozone hole closes. Most of the ozone that is destroyed is in the lower ... Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of halocarbons increased. Ozone depletion and the ozone ... The Antarctic ozone hole is an area of the Antarctic stratosphere in which the recent ozone levels have dropped to as low as 33 ...
The Ozone Proton is a French single-place paraglider that was designed by hang gliding and paragliding world champion pilot ... Reviewer Noel Bertrand described the Ozone series of gliders in a 2003 review as, "wings that are both pleasant to fly and high ... "Ozone Paragliders > Products > Previous Gliders > Proton GT > Info". flyozone.com. Retrieved 7 September 2016. Proton official ... ISSN 1368-485X "Ozone Paragliders > Products > Previous Gliders > Proton > Info". flyozone.com. Retrieved 7 September 2016. " ...
... is a theoretically predicted form of ozone. Like ordinary ozone (O3), it would have three oxygen atoms. It would ... In ordinary ozone, the atoms are arranged in a bent line; in cyclic ozone, they would form an equilateral triangle. Some of the ... It should have more energy than ordinary ozone. There is evidence that tiny quantities of cyclic ozone exist at the surface of ... Cyclic ozone has not been made in bulk, although at least one researcher has attempted to do so using lasers. Another ...
... (小曽根真, Pronounced [Oh-zone'-ay]; born March 25, 1961) is a Japanese jazz pianist. Ozone was born in Kobe, Japan. ... 2016 Ozone 60 (Verve, 2021) Ozone 60: Standards (Verve, 2022) No Name Horses (Universal, 2006) No Name Horses II (Verve, 2008) ... jazz pianist Makoto Ozone". Christian Science Monitor. "Makoto Ozone music". Allaboutjazz.com. Retrieved 2 October 2021. Colin ... Ozone has collaborated with vocalist Kimiko Itoh. They appeared as a duo at the Montreux Jazz Festival, and he produced her ...
Brief History of Ozone House, 2008. p. 2 Ozone House Records 1970 - 2000, History. Bentley Historical Library, University of ... 1976, Ozone House Collection, box 5; folder: Ozone House Peoples' Handbook (Bently Historical Library, University of Michigan, ... As a "counter culture" organization, Ozone House adopted a collectivist system to make its organizational decisions. Ozone ... Ozone House offers several services to address the needs of youth and families through its main site in Ann Arbor and the Drop- ...
... is a hydrogen polyoxide having the molecular formula HO+3 (also written O3H+). It is a cationic structure ... It has been synthesized in mass spectrometer experiments by protonation of ozone using various strong acids. Related ... Cacace, Fulvio; Speranza, Maurizio (8 July 1994). "Protonated Ozone: Experimental Detection of O3H+ and Evaluation of the ... Ceotto, Michele; Gianturco, Franco A.; Hirst, David M. (1999). "Protonated Ozone: Structure, Energetics, and Nonadiabatic ...
... "ozone holes". "Ozone holes" are actually patches in the ozone layer in which the ozone is thinner. The thinnest parts of the ... Ozone layer Stratospheric ozone: an electronic textbook Ozone Layer Info The CAMS stratospheric ozone service delivers maps, ... The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere ... ozone shield, ozone hole) proved quite useful and, compared to global climate change, the ozone case was much more seen as a " ...
... is a 2016 Pulitzer Prize winning work by Peter Balakian. The title poem of Balakian's Ozone Journal is a sequence ... Ozone Journal creates inventive lyrical insight in a global age of danger and uncertainty. According to Bruce Smith, in this ... "Ozone Journal" by Peter Balakian has won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry". The Washington Post. Apr 18, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10- ... 20.[dead link] Ozone Journal What you need to know about Peter Balakian, the new Pulitzer Prize-winning poet (All articles with ...
Type O-Zone in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter. "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank: O-Zone" (in German). Bundesverband ... in Japanese) O-Zone Official Japanese Website (in German) O-Zone Official German Website (CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro), ... On 5 May 2017, Dan Bălan, Radu Sîrbu and Arsenie Todiraş announced that O-Zone would be reforming for two concerts. O-Zone re- ... "O-Zone Album & Song Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved 2 June 2010. "O-Zone Japanese Official Website" (in Japanese). Avex ...
Ozone may also refer to: Ozone (G.I. Joe), a fictional character in the G.I. Joe universe Ozone, a character played by Shabba ... a magazine Ozone (film), a horror movie produced by Full Moon Features Makoto Ozone (born 1961), a Japanese jazz pianist Ozone ... Ozone 7, 8, 9, 10) Ozone (group), an early 1980s funk/soul group signed to Motown records Ozone (paddle steamer), an early ... a French aircraft manufacturer O-Zone (disambiguation) Ozone cracking, a form of degradation in elastomers Ozone layer, a ...
The Ozone Zeno is a French single-place paraglider that was designed by the Ozone R&D Team and has been produced by Ozone ... Miller, Hugh (29 May 2017). "Ozone Zeno review (EN D)". Cross Country Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. ... Miller, Hugh (18 July 2016). "Ozone announce release of the Zeno". Cross Country Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 ... Ospina, Seb; Miller, Hugh (17 February 2017). "Ozone Zeno Review (EN D)". Cross Country Magazine. Retrieved 2 August 2020. ...
The Ozone Peak is a French single-place paraglider that was designed by hang gliding and paragliding world champion pilot ... Reviewer Noel Bertrand described the Ozone series of gliders in a 2003 review as, "wings that are both pleasant to fly and high ... ISSN 1368-485X "Ozone Paragliders > Products > Previous Gliders > Peak > Info". flyozone.com. Retrieved 7 September 2016. ... Robbie Whittall and produced by Ozone Gliders of Le Bar-sur-Loup. It is no longer in production. The Peak was designed as a ...
The Ozone Vulcan is a French single-place paraglider that was designed by hang gliding and paragliding world champion pilot ... Reviewer Noel Bertrand described the Ozone series of gliders in a 2003 review as, "wings that are both pleasant to fly and high ... The Vulcan was designed as an intermediate sports glider and replaced the Ozone Octane in the product line. The Vulcan models ... ISSN 1368-485X "Ozone Paragliders > Products > Previous Gliders > Vulcan > Info". flyozone.com. Retrieved 7 September 2016. " ...
ISSN 1368-485X "Ozone Atom 3". flyozone.com. Retrieved 7 September 2016. "Ozone Atom 3 Specifications". flyozone.com. Retrieved ... The Ozone Atom is a French single-place paraglider that was designed by hang gliding and paragliding world champion pilot ... It remained in production as the Ozone 3 in 2016. The aircraft was designed as a beginner glider for school use in flight ... Reviewer Noel Bertrand described the Ozone series of gliders in a 2003 review as, "wings that are both pleasant to fly and high ...
... is a waterfall located in Cumberland County, Tennessee in the Ozone Falls State Natural Area and Cumberland Trail ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ozone Falls, Tennessee. Dunigan, Tom. "Ozone Falls 110'". Tennessee landforms. Retrieved ... Ozone Falls is situated along Fall Creek, which drains a short section of the Cumberland Plateau between the Crab Orchard ... The creek spills over Ozone Falls a few hundred meters south of US-70. The trailhead is located along US-70. ...
Ozone Gliders (2020). "Enzo 3 manual" (PDF). Retrieved 7 July 2020. "Ozone Enzo". "Ozone Enzo 2". "Ozone Enzo 3". Official ... The Ozone Enzo is a French single-place two-line competition paraglider that was designed by Luc Armant and produced by Ozone ... Ozone hatte zweiten Bauplan". Ozone Gliders (2020). "Enzo 3". Retrieved 7 July 2020. Mads Syndergaard (2010). Flying rags for ... Ozone's take on this was the Enzo, with the name not only being a nod to Enzo Ferrari, but also a partial anagram of the ...
Ozone at IMDb Ozone at AllMovie Ozone at Rotten Tomatoes Hamman, Cody (2020-07-21). "J.R. Bookwalter brings his SOV cult ... "OZONE (DVD) , Film Threat". 2005-04-16. Retrieved 2023-03-27. "Blu Review - Ozone (Tempe Digital)". Horror Society. 2020-07-17 ... Frank (2020-07-11). "2020 Ozone Blu-ray Review". Psychotronic Review. Retrieved 2023-03-27. "Ozone , Movie Review , Flipside ... Ozone was released on VHS in 1993 by Suburban Tempe Company and later on DVD by Tempe Entertainment. The film was completely ...
Ozone Element Ozone Enzo Ozone FLX Ozone Geo Ozone Groundhog Ozone Jomo Ozone LM4 Ozone LM5 Ozone LM6 Ozone Mac Daddy Bi Ozone ... Magnum Ozone Mag2lite Ozone Mantra Ozone Mojo Ozone Octane Ozone Peak Ozone Proton Ozone Rush Ozone Swift Ozone Swiftmax Ozone ... Ozone 6907 Ozone Addict Ozone Alpina Ozone Atom Ozone Buzz Ozone Cosmic Rider Ozone Delta ... "Ozone Paragliders > Contact > Ozone". flyozone.com. Retrieved 7 September 2016. "Ozone Paragliders > Team > Ozone People > Mike ...
The Ozone Vibe is a French single-place paraglider that was designed by hang gliding and paragliding world champion pilot ... Reviewer Noel Bertrand described the Ozone series of gliders in a 2003 review as, "wings that are both pleasant to fly and high ... ISSN 1368-485X "Ozone Paragliders > Products > Previous Gliders > Vibe > Info". flyozone.com. Retrieved 7 September 2016. " ... "Ozone Paragliders > Products > Previous Gliders > Vibe > Specifications". flyozone.com. Retrieved 7 September 2016. Official ...
Ozone Magazine held its second annual Ozone Award Show on August 13, 2007 at the James L. Knight Center in downtown Miami, ... 3rd Annual Ozone Award Retrieved 5 June 2023 Official website Digital Copies of Ozone Magazine available to read at www.issuu. ... The 3rd Annual Ozone Award and TJs DJs Tastemakers Conference was held on the weekend of August 8-11, 2008 at the George R. ... The first annual Ozone Awards were held on August 6, 2006, and were hosted by Mississippi emcee David Banner and Miami emcee ...
In 1946, 26 people were registered to vote in the Ozone precinct. "Ozone". Geographic Names Information System. United States ... Ozone is a locale in Bonneville County, Idaho, United States. It is located on Bone Road in eastern Idaho. ... "Ozone (In Bonneville County, ID)". "Bone Road could become a major "highway" again". January 5, 1982. "Eastern Idaho Voters ...
... , or Ozone, was a Barbadian mobile network operator and telecommunications company founded in 2011. Ozone was one ... "Ozone Wireless Barbados Inc - Company Overview". Hoover's. "Ozone Wireless: Glassdoor". Glassdoor. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ... As of 2018 Ozone Wireless offers the following smartphones for use on its network. Apple iPhone (several models) Huawei Y5 II ... The company has deployed a 4G LTE network, providing peak data rates of up to 50 Mbit/s. Ozone, offers its customers: post and ...
The Ozone School is a historic school building at 14137 Arkansas Highway 21 in Ozone, Arkansas. It is a single-story masonry ... "NRHP nomination for Ozone School" (PDF). Arkansas Preservation. Retrieved 2016-05-22. v t e (Articles using NRISref without a ...
Ozone is the location of Ozone Falls State Natural Area, which was established in 1973 to protect Ozone Falls, a 110-foot (33 m ... Ozone is where Myles Horton began his practice as a popular educator in 1927, helping poor people in Ozone talk out their ... Fall Creek passes through the western part of Ozone before spilling over Ozone Falls and cutting a gorge that forms the ... U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Ozone, Tennessee "Ozone Falls Class I Scenic-Recreational State ...
Good ozone is 10-30 miles above Earths surface while bad ozone is at ground level. Read more about both. ... Ozone is a gas that can be good or bad. ... Ozone is a gas. It can be good or bad, depending on where it is ... Ground-Level Ozone Pollution (Environmental Protection Agency) * Ozone Air Purifiers: Can They Improve Asthma Symptoms? (Mayo ... Part of the good ozone layer is gone. Man-made chemicals have destroyed it. Without enough good ozone, people may get too much ...
Learn how ground-level ozone can harm your health - and what you can do to protect yourself. ... How can ozone affect my health?. If you have asthma, bronchitis, or emphysema, ozone can make your symptoms worse. Carefully ... When ground-level ozone levels are high, take steps to limit the amount of air you breathe in while youre outside. For example ... Ozone can affect anyone, but it bothers some people more than others. People most likely to experience health effects caused by ...
Deflagration of ozone can be triggered by a spark and can occur in ozone concentrations of 10 wt% or higher. Ozone can also be ... Ozone in the ozone layer filters out sunlight wavelengths from about 200 nm UV rays to 315 nm, with ozone peak absorption at ... Low level ozone, or tropospheric ozone, is the most concerning type of ozone pollution in urban areas and is increasing in ... "Ozone Cell vs Ozone Plate - A2Z Ozone". Archived from the original on 2020-01-10. Retrieved 2020-01-10. Smith, L. I.; Greenwood ...
This series of images shows the Antarctic ozone hole on the day of its maximum depletion in 1979, 1987, 2006, and 2010; that is ... Antarctic Ozone Hole 2010. The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA’s Aura satellite acquired data for this map of ozone ... Ozone Hole Watch. Accessed January 31, 2011. *NASA Earth Observatory. World of Change: Antarctic Ozone Hole. Accessed January ... Ozone Hole 2016, and a Historic Climate Agreement The same international agreement that successfully put the ozone layer on the ...
Large, Deep Antarctic Ozone Hole in 2020. Ozone depletion was significantly worse than in 2019, but better than in the early ... Ozone Hole is Smallest Since 1988. The smaller ozone hole was strongly influenced by an unstable and warmer-than-usual ... Antarctic Ozone Hole, October 1999. This image shows the latest data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Earth ... Estimates for the last two weeks of the size of the Antarctic Ozone Hole (the region with total column ozone below 220 Dobson ...
... , triatomic allotrope of oxygen (a form of oxygen in which the molecule contains three atoms instead of two as in the ... The odour of ozone around electrical machines was reported as early as 1785; ozones chemical constitution was established in ... The resulting mixtures of ozone and original gases are suitable for most industrial purposes, although purer ozone may be ... Ozone is 1.5 times as dense as oxygen; at −112 °C (−170 °F) it condenses to a dark blue liquid, which freezes at −251.4 °C (− ...
The PROTON is our wing for competitors. It is a high-performer with a big difference compared with many of the racing wings from other manufacturers: all the performance is safely useable. This fits our philosophy that it is more important to have as much performance as you can handle rather than ultimate performance at the expense of integrity.. The PROTON has all the features you would expect of a high-performance wing as well as our extended brake travel which adds ease-of-flight when you most need it. The Proton pilot is relaxed enough to maximise in thermals, to choose the efficient route, to arrive in goal having enjoyed every minute of the task!. ...
... as a reference for ozone measurements. International traceability to the SI for ozone measurements can be obtained through the ... NIST SRP 2 is 0.7 %.The SRP system includes an internal ozone generator and an automated control system which allows for ... The NIST Standard Reference Photometer (SRP) is a photometric instrument that accurately measures concentrations of ozone (O3) ... NISTs highest level ozone standard) to better than 0.3 %, and historically the one-standard-deviation spread of all NIST SRPs ...
... ozone hole. John Austin of Britainss Meteorological Office, Neal Butchart of the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and ... of these particles then release chlorine, which attacks ozone. Since the discovery of the ozone hole above the Antarctic, ... When ozone is lost. from the stratosphere, it is not available to absorb incoming ultraviolet. light from the Sun; so the ... of Antarctic stratospheric ozone - 105 Dobson units - from the South Pole. a few weeks ago. They also report that there was a ...
Ozone therapy aims to deliver ozone into the body to help cancer, including breast cancer. However, it may not be a safe ... The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) states that ozone is a toxic gas and they do not support the use of ozone for any ... Ozone is a type of oxygen present in the atmosphere. Ozone therapy may involve body saunas, blowing the gas into the body ... Ozone may also support chemotherapy drugs such as fluorouracil, in cells that had developed resistance to the drug. Ozone may ...
ESA reports that ozone measurements made by the Envisat satellite showed the ozone loss of 40 million tons of ozone, a level ... said that ozone loss in Antarctica hit a record in 2006. ... Ozone hole near record size Ozone loss hits record in 2006 ... Assimilated Ozone Fields. The ozone loss is the amount of ozone in megaton necessary to fill the ozone hole to 220 Dobson units ... Ozone loss is derived by measuring the area and the depth of the ozone hole. The size of this years ozone hole is 28 million ...
Safety info and paragliding information ozone paragliders ...
Makoto Ozone has an extensive discography, releasing more than 30 albums under his name and as a composer in solo, duo, and ... Makoto Ozone is a unique force in jazz and classical music, blending sound worlds and a host of influences into his ... Makoto then became the first Japanese artist to sign an exclusive contract with CBS and released his first album, Ozone, a year ...
Ozone. A free service provided by Louisiana D.E.Q. provides e-mail notifications of potential Ozone Action Days. Go to www. ...
The hole in the planets ozone layer may be altering jet streams and cloud cover over Antarctica, leading to slightly warmer ... and the yellows and reds are where there is more ozone. (Image credit: NASA Ozone Watch/Goddard Space Flight Center) ... How much the ozone hole may be warming the planet is unknown, but Grise and his colleagues estimate an increase of less than ... Ozone is a molecule that consists of three oxygen atoms. These molecules are highly concentrated in the lower portion of the ...
... a differentiated NOx emissions price that varies according to the hourly and region-specific propensity to cause high-ozone ... Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are a precursor to ground-level ozone, a pernicious pollutant that is harmful to human health and ... Targeted Regulation for Reducing High-Ozone Events This working paper considers a differentiated NOx emissions price that ... Despite decades of regulations and a precipitous decline in NOx emissions, episodic high-ozone events prevent many areas from ...
... import and export of ozone-depleting substances in the European Union. ... Ozone-depleting substances 2018 This website has limited functionality with javascript off. Please make sure javascript is ... Estimated sales of ozone-depleting substances, taking into account both the scope of the Montreal Protocol and the additional ... Europe continues to phase out substances harmful to the ozone layer under the Montreal Protocol Overall efforts to reduce the ...
Visualizations and narrated videos about stratospheric ozone, for educators and the press. ... The ozone hole is not technically a hole where no ozone is present, but is actually a region of exceptionally depleted ozone ... The ozone hole is not technically a hole where no ozone is present, but is actually a region of exceptionally depleted ozone ... Monthly Total Column Ozone Oct. 24th, 2013 (updated Aug. 25th, 2023) Ozone gas is a form of oxygen in which each molecule has ...
On 18 July 1990, the following objection was received by the Depositary from the Government of Israel:. "The Government of the State of Israel has noted that the instrument of accession of Bahrain to the above-mentioned Convention and Protocol contains a declaration in respect of Israel. In view of the Government of the State of Israel such declaration, which is explicitly of a political character, is incompatible with the purposes and objectives of the Convention and Protocol and cannot in any way affect whatever obligations are binding upon Bahrain under general international law or under particular conventions. The Government of the State of Israel will, in so far as concerns the substance of the matter, adopt towards Bahrain an attitude of complete reciprocity." ...
Complementary to this edition is the online version of the Handbook for the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone ... The Secretariat hopes that this online edition will be an important tool for the ozone community and welcomes any suggestions ... Welcome to the online edition of the Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. ... These include destruction procedures for ozone-depleting substances, essential-use exemptions and critical-use exemptions for ...
The mechanisms leading to the first ozone hole above the North Pole have now been investigated. ... Extraordinarily cold temperatures in the winter of 2010/2011 caused the most massive destruction of the ozone layer above the ... Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Levels Hit Record Low in March. Apr. 16, 2020 Ozone levels above the Arctic reached a record low for ... Ozone Hole Continues Shrinking in 2022, NASA and NOAA Scientists Say. Oct. 27, 2022 The annual Antarctic ozone hole reached an ...
Trump gives his opinion on whether the little things like hairspray affects the ozone layer. He, without a doubt, decides that ... Trump gives his opinion on whether the little things like hairspray affects the ozone layer. He, without a doubt, decides that ... User Clip: Does Hairspray Affect Ozone?. 960 Views Program ID:. 409094-1. Category:. Public Affairs Event. Format:. Speech. ... Trump gives his opinion on whether the little things like hairspray affects the ozone layer. He, without a doubt, decides that ...
NASA quietly spotted the 9th largest ozone hole on record. Still, it says an international protocol is improving the situation ... Remember ozone holes? NASA just found a big one While CO2 grabs headlines, NASA quietly spotted the 9th largest ozone hole on ... You remember ozone holes: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from aerosol cans and refrigerators deplete the earths protective ozone ... For CO2 optimists, the Montreal Protocol on ozone improvement provides hope. For doom-and-gloomers, the Sept. 12 ozone hole ...
2 million to help PacifiCorp fight EPAs decision to impose federal ozone-reduction plan on Utah, alleging it would force ... Real-world data on ozone values and trends demonstrate that ozone pollution is worse than EPA has projected." ... All that ozone is crossing state borders, and its polluting other places. If those plants need to be shut down by the EPA, ... The plant, and two others in Utah, could face early retirement under a ozone-reduction plan imposed on Utah by the U.S. ...
Tagsozone layer. 6 Replies to "Venus Express Discovers Venusian Ozone Layer" * Torbjörn Larsson says: ... The amount of ozone detected is also critical to refining models. It will need to be at least 20% of Earths value to even be ... To date, ozone has been the sole property of Earth and Mars - but this type of discovery method could aid astronomers in ... "This ozone detection tells us a lot about the circulation and the chemistry of Venus atmosphere," says Hakan Svedhem, ESA ...
Arctic ozone hole and Arctic Oscillation. Figure 4. Arctic stratospheric ozone reached its record low level of 205 Dobson units ... cold stratospheric polar vortex and the largest Arctic stratospheric ozone hole observed to date (Figure 4). Scientists have ... which foster ozone loss through well-understood chemical processes. ... between the persistently positive Arctic Oscillation of last winter and early spring and the record stratospheric Arctic ozone ...
Download Raw data , Format: HTML, Dataset: Column ozone levels in the UK HTML 08 November 2017 Not available ... Column ozone levels at Lerwick, Camborne, Reading and Manchester. Note: Camborne closed in December 2003.. For the Baseline ... Yield and physiology data of two African crops exposed to varying ozone concentrations, grown in solardomes, UK, 2019 ... Yield and physiology data of four African crops exposed to varying ozone concentrations, grown in solardomes, UK, 2017 ...
Get in touch with your creative side at South Ozone Parks Monday Cr... ...
When is World Ozone Layer Day?. World Ozone Layer Day is held every September 16th. Also called the International Day for the ... Importance of the Ozone. The ozone layer is just one of the layers within Earths atmosphere. It is often considered one of the ... Japanese military anti-gas Ozone generator Teikoku Ozone Kogyo WW2 IJA T202305Y ... this holiday also commemorates the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. World Ozone Layer Day has ...
  • In January 2011, the Ozone Secretariat of the United Nations Environment Programme released its latest report and noted that the Protocol has "protected the stratospheric ozone layer from much higher levels of depletion. (nasa.gov)
  • Ozone depletion was significantly worse than in 2019, but better than in the early 2000s. (nasa.gov)
  • The temperature of the stratosphere is one of the key factors in the springtime depletion of ozone above the Antarctic where in winter it gets colder than anywhere else on Earth, encouraging icy particles to form in polar stratospheric clouds. (newscientist.com)
  • In 1987, following the discovery that these compounds were responsible for the ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere, the international community adopted the Montreal Protocol which banned the production of CFCs and halons as well as related ozone depleting chemicals. (mongabay.com)
  • Because the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths of ultraviolet light from entering the Earth's atmosphere, ozone depletion is a significant concern. (mongabay.com)
  • Year-to-year weather variability significantly impacts Antarctica ozone because warmer stratospheric temperatures can reduce ozone depletion," said Paul A. Newman, chief scientist for atmospheres at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.Scientists are working to determine if the ozone hole trend over the last decade is a result of temperature increases or chorine declines. (nasa.gov)
  • Furthermore, the current state of the ozone and the possible consequences of its depletion are also important to understand. (holidays.net)
  • Environmental activists often organize demonstrations on September 16th to increase awareness and promote better actions to help decrease ozone depletion. (holidays.net)
  • in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014 . (nature.com)
  • Decline in the tropospheric abundance of halogen from halocarbons: Implications for stratospheric ozone depletion. (nature.com)
  • in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010 . (nature.com)
  • For the first, between 1979 and 1994, we saw that stratospheric ozone depletion was significant with higher levels in the north of the peninsula," states Antón. (sciencedaily.com)
  • According to the study, the effects of depletion were felt more in cities such as Barcelona, Santander and La Coruña who all saw a reduction in ozone levels of approximately 4% per decade due to dynamic factors in the stratosphere. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Causes and effects of stratospheric ozone reduction : an update , a report / prepared by the Committee on Chemistry and Physics of Ozone Depletion and the Committee on Biological Effects of Increased Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, Environmental Studies Board, Commission on Natural Resources, National Research Council. (who.int)
  • Health and climate change : modelling the impacts of global warming and ozone depletion / Pim Martens. (who.int)
  • They can also affect the number of ice crystals in the cloud and therefore ozone depletion. (lu.se)
  • Good" ozone occurs naturally about 10 to 30 miles above the Earth's surface. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ozone is formed from dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet (UV) light and electrical discharges within the Earth's atmosphere. (wikipedia.org)
  • While this makes ozone a potent respiratory hazard and pollutant near ground level, a higher concentration in the ozone layer (from two to eight ppm) is beneficial, preventing damaging UV light from reaching the Earth's surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • But Earth's ozone layer has been damaged by well-intentioned chemicals-chlorofluorocarbons, used for refrigerants and aerosol spray-cans-that have the unintended consequence of destroying ozone molecules. (nasa.gov)
  • The Earth's ozone layer prevents most of the sun's harmful ultraviolet light from reaching the ground, protecting all the life forms on the planet's surface. (livescience.com)
  • Earth's atmosphere contains an unexpectedly large amount of an ozone-depleting compound from an unknown source decades after the compound was banned worldwide.The compound, carbon tetrachloride, was used in applications such as dry cleaning and as a fire-extinguishing agent, until its regulation in 1987 under the Montreal Protocol along with other chlorofluorocarbons that destroy ozone and contribute to the ozone hole over Antarctica. (nasa.gov)
  • Since its launch in 2004, Aura has monitored the Earth's atmosphere and provided data on the ozone layer, air quality, and greenhouse gases associated with climate change. (nasa.gov)
  • According to IMK studies, occurrence of the Arctic ozone hole was mainly due to the extraordinarily cold temperatures in the ozone layer that is located at about 18 km height in the stratosphere, i.e. the second layer of Earth's atmosphere. (sciencedaily.com)
  • He points out that the increase in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases will warm up the bottom air layers near the ground due to the reflection of part of the thermal radiation by the bottom layer of the atmosphere towards Earth's surface, but also result in a cooling of the air layers of the stratosphere above, where the ozone layer is located. (sciencedaily.com)
  • You remember ozone holes: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from aerosol cans and refrigerators deplete the earth's protective ozone layer and thus allow more ultraviolet radiation through, elevating the risk of skin cancer, cataracts, and other maladies. (zdnet.com)
  • The ozone layer is just one of the layers within Earth's atmosphere. (holidays.net)
  • A decreased ozone layer increases the amount of UVA and UVB reaching the earth's surface. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Breathing in ground-level ozone can be harmful to your health. (cdc.gov)
  • The good news is there's a lot you can do to protect yourself and your family from the health effects caused by ground-level ozone. (cdc.gov)
  • When ground-level ozone levels are high, take steps to limit the amount of air you breathe in while you're outside. (cdc.gov)
  • Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are a precursor to ground-level ozone, a pernicious pollutant that is harmful to human health and ecosystems. (rff.org)
  • BASF Catalysts' PremAir technology is the first commercial product that destroys harmful, ground-level ozone already in the air. (basf.com)
  • PremAir destroys up to 80% of harmful, ground-level ozone in the air that passes across it. (basf.com)
  • Ground-level ozone is the main component of smog and is directly linked to respiratory problems and damage to vegetation. (basf.com)
  • In contrast to the stratospheric ozone, which acts as a filter against harmful radiation, the tropospheric or ground-level ozone found in the lowest layer of the atmosphere is a secondary pollutant. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Heat and light from the sun stimulate such processes which is why ground-level ozone is such a common pollutant in Spain. (sciencedaily.com)
  • But ground-level ozone can be bad for your health and the environment. (cdc.gov)
  • Ground-level ozone is one of the biggest parts of smog. (cdc.gov)
  • It is present in very low concentrations throughout the latter, with its highest concentration high in the ozone layer of the stratosphere, which absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Paul Newman, a lead ozone researcher at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., said this year, warmer-than-normal temperatures around the edge of the polar vortex that forms annually in the stratosphere over Antarctica are responsible for the smaller ozone loss. (nasa.gov)
  • Butchart of the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Keith Shine of the University of Reading calculate that if the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere doubles - as is likely to happen by the middle of the 21st century - almost all the ozone in the lower stratosphere above the Arctic will be destroyed (Nature, 19 November, p 221). (newscientist.com)
  • Since the discovery of the ozone hole above the Antarctic, scientists have been studying the Arctic stratosphere intensively to determine how primed it is for ozone destruction. (newscientist.com)
  • They find that even if ozone-damaging chemicals (chiefly CFCs) are phased out in line with current international agreements, the amount of chlorine-bearing material in the stratosphere will continue to increase for several decades. (newscientist.com)
  • Such significant ozone loss requires very low temperatures in the stratosphere combined with sunlight. (mongabay.com)
  • One of the main statements in the study: If the trend to colder temperatures in the stratosphere observed in the past decades will continue, repeated occurrence of an Arctic ozone hole has to be expected. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Future cooling of the stratosphere would enhance and extend the impacts of these substances on the ozone layer," says Dr. Björn-Martin Sinnhuber. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The ozone hole above Antarctica , where the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays bust through an otherwise sunscreened stratosphere, has shrunk to its smallest size on record going back to 1982, scientists have found. (livescience.com)
  • When temperatures over Antarctica start to warm up, the polar clouds in the stratosphere dissipate, meaning that there's no place for those ozone-annihilating chemical reactions to take place. (livescience.com)
  • The results show that in highly industrial areas such as the north-east of Spain, the recovery of the ozone layer was quicker thanks to the ozone contribution of the troposphere to the stratosphere. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Above that, at 15-50 kilometres above sea level, we have the stratosphere, which includes the ozone layer that, amongst other things, protects Earth from ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation). (lu.se)
  • In the stratosphere, the aerosol particles affect the ozone, causing it to break down and making the protective layer thinner. (lu.se)
  • Large ozone holes form over Antarctica because the stratosphere over the polar region is very cold in winter. (lu.se)
  • Breathing bad ozone can be harmful. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ozone is a protective layer found about 25 kilometres above us mostly in the stratospheric stratum of the atmosphere that acts as a sunlight filter shielding life on Earth from harmful ultraviolet rays. (mongabay.com)
  • The ozone layer helps shield life on Earth from potentially harmful ultraviolet radiation that can cause skin cancer and damage plants.The Montreal Protocol agreement beginning in 1987 regulated ozone depleting substances, such as chlorine-containing chlorofluorocarbons and bromine-containing halons. (nasa.gov)
  • Europe continues to phase out substances harmful to the ozone layer under the Montreal Protocol Overall efforts to reduce the use of chemicals harming the ozone layer across the European Union continued in 2017 and the EU has already achieved its goals on the phase-out of ozone-depleting substances under the Montreal Protocol, according to the latest data released today by the European Environment Agency (EEA). (europa.eu)
  • Because ozone absorbs most of the Sun's harmful ultra-violet rays… and because it is believed to be a by-product of life itself. (universetoday.com)
  • The EPA science advisory committee said "ample scientific evidence" exists that ozone is harmful at lower levels than previously thought, citing studies showing it decreased lung function and increased respiratory symptoms and airway inflammation even at concentrations of 70 parts per billion. (aapg.org)
  • Odor Crusher's Ozone Armor Clean eliminates the harmful bacteria and odor. (galls.com)
  • In addition, ozone causes many other harmful respiratory effects, including chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath, decreases in lung function of up to 20% or more, inflammation of lung tissues, and changes in lung tissue and structure. (earthjustice.org)
  • Ozone occurs naturally in the sky and helps protect us from the sun's harmful rays. (cdc.gov)
  • The lowest value (deepest hole) ever recorded was 73 Dobson Units on September 30, 1994, while the broadest hole occurred on September 29, 2000, when the ozone-depleted area stretched 29.9 million square kilometers. (nasa.gov)
  • Scientists from NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) have confirmed the ozone hole over the Antarctic this September is not only much smaller than it was in 2000 and 2001, but has split into two separate "holes. (nasa.gov)
  • ESA reports that ozone measurements made by the Envisat satellite showed the ozone loss of 40 million tons of ozone, a level exceeding the previous record ozone loss of about 39 million tonnes for 2000. (mongabay.com)
  • Ozone measurements made by ESA's Envisat satellite have revealed the ozone loss of 40 million tonnes on 2 October 2006 has exceeded the record ozone loss of about 39 million tonnes for 2000. (mongabay.com)
  • The size of this year's ozone hole is 28 million square km, nearly as large as the record ozone hole extension during 2000, and the depth of the ozone hole is around 100 Dobson Units, rivalling the record low ozone values in 1998. (mongabay.com)
  • Among these, ozone concentrations have improved 33 percent from 1980 to 2013 and 18 percent from 2000 to 2013. (aapg.org)
  • Looking at the precursors of ozone, EPA reports that VOC emissions have declined from 17 million tons per year in 2000 to 14 million tons in 2013. (aapg.org)
  • The thinning of the ozone is caused by the presence of pollutants in the atmosphere such as chlorine, originating from man-made pollutants like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which have still not vanished from the air despite being banned under the Montreal Protocol (1987). (mongabay.com)
  • This thinning, which can decrease the ozone concentration by as much as 70 percent, was caused by the rampant use of human-made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), organic compounds that were once widely used in cooling systems and aerosols. (livescience.com)
  • In 1987, the Montreal Protocol banned the use of CFCs worldwide, and despite the persistence of the ozone hole, the international agreement has had demonstrable effects. (livescience.com)
  • After the first discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole in the mid-1980s, CFCs were rapidly identified to be the cause and their use was prohibited by the Montreal Protocol of 1987. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Even though it was relatively large, the area of this year's ozone hole was within the range we'd expect given the levels of manmade ozone-depleting chemicals that continue to persist in the atmosphere," said Paul Newman, chief scientist for atmospheres at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. "In 2100, CFCs will still be 20 percent more abundant in the atmosphere than they were in 1950. (zdnet.com)
  • The ozone-busting chlorine gas mainly comes from chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that were manufactured until the U.S. ban beginning in 1996. (livescience.com)
  • The measurements were made by NASA's Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments from 1979â€"2003 and by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) from 2004â€"present. (nasa.gov)
  • Estimates for the last two weeks of the size of the Antarctic Ozone Hole (the region with total column ozone below 220 Dobson Units), from the NASA Earth Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (EPTOMS) and the NOAA-16 Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet instrument (SBUV/2), are around 15 million square kilometers (6 million square miles). (nasa.gov)
  • This image shows the latest data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Earth Probe, for the month of October 1999. (nasa.gov)
  • These were the US satellite TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, which has provided daily images of the spatial distribution of the ozone between 1978 and 2005) and the European satellite GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment which more recently took measurements from July 1995 to June 2011). (sciencedaily.com)
  • Under certain conditions, photochemical reactions between nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the lower atmosphere can produce ozone in concentrations high enough to cause irritation of the eyes and mucous membranes . (britannica.com)
  • He has a significant experience in the photocatalytic degradation of cyanides and phenol from waste streams using mixed oxides photocatalysts and ozone. (degruyter.com)
  • It mainly comes from the photochemical processes that transform nitrogen oxides and volatile particles from burning fossil fuels into ozone. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Health effects of ozone and nitrogen oxides in an integrated assessment of air pollution : proceedings of an international workshop, Eastbourne, UK, 10-12 June 1996 / United Nations Commission for Europe Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health. (who.int)
  • The 6 pollutants that account for the large majority of air pollution worldwide and for which standards are usually specified include carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), lead (Pb) and suspended particulate matter (SPM). (who.int)
  • The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA’s Aura satellite acquired data for this map of ozone concentrations over Antarctica on September 12, 2010. (nasa.gov)
  • The European Space Agency (ESA) said that ozone loss in Antarctica hit a record in 2006. (mongabay.com)
  • ESA's announcement comes a little more than a week after the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reported that hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica will expand this year to 27.9 million square kilometers (10.8 million square miles), its second-highest recorded level in history. (mongabay.com)
  • This year's extreme loss of ozone can be explained by the temperatures above Antarctica reaching the lowest recorded in the area since 1979," ESA Atmospheric Engineer Claus Zehner said. (mongabay.com)
  • The hole in the planet's ozone layer may be shifting wind patterns and cloud cover over Antarctica in a way that could be triggering slightly warmer global temperatures, a new study finds. (livescience.com)
  • In the early 1980s, scientists discovered a hole in the ozone layer that forms over Antarctica during the Southern Hemisphere's spring months, from September to November. (livescience.com)
  • In a new study, scientists from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center say that the ozone hole will be consistently smaller than 8 million square miles by the year 2040.Ozone-depleting chemicals in the atmosphere cause an ozone hole to form over Antarctica during the winter months in the Southern Hemisphere. (nasa.gov)
  • An increase of stratospheric temperature over Antarctica would decrease the ozone hole's area. (nasa.gov)
  • The ozone hole (blue) can be seen here over Antarctica on Oct. 4, 2019. (livescience.com)
  • So, the ozone hole over Antarctica tends to be much bigger in the southern winter. (livescience.com)
  • Part of the good ozone layer is gone. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In the late 1980s, governments around the world woke up to the destruction of the ozone layer and negotiated the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty to phase out ozone-depleting chemicals. (nasa.gov)
  • The treaty included a requirement that scientists regularly assess and report on the health of the ozone layer, particularly the annual Antarctic ozone hole . (nasa.gov)
  • that is, the days with the thinnest ozone layer as measured in Dobson Units (DU) . (nasa.gov)
  • The ozone layer outside the Polar Regions is projected to recover to its pre-1980 levels some time before the middle of this century. (nasa.gov)
  • that is, the days with the thinnest ozone layer. (nasa.gov)
  • NASA satellites have observed the Antarctic ozone hole since the late 1970s-before and after nations agreed to stop producing chemicals that destroy the ozone layer. (nasa.gov)
  • The same international agreement that successfully put the ozone layer on the road to recovery is now being used to address climate change. (nasa.gov)
  • Moreover, they said, the data are not conclusive that the ozone layer is recovering. (nasa.gov)
  • A Dobson unit is a unit of measurement that describes the thickness of the ozone layer in a column directly above the location being measured. (mongabay.com)
  • A satellite view of the status of the ozone layer over the Antarctic pole on Aug. 5. (livescience.com)
  • Earlier this year, observations from the European Space Agency 's MetOp weather satellite indicated that the hole in the ozone layer is shrinking . (livescience.com)
  • Grise anticipates that as the ozone layer recovers , the jet stream will shift less. (livescience.com)
  • Welcome to the online edition of the Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. (unep.org)
  • Complementary to this edition is the online version of the Handbook for the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. (unep.org)
  • Extraordinarily cold temperatures in the winter of 2010/2011 caused the most massive destruction of the ozone layer above the Arctic so far: The mechanisms leading to the first ozone hole above the North Pole have now been investigated. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Extraordinarily cold temperatures in the winter of 2010/2011 caused the most massive destruction of the ozone layer above the Arctic so far: The mechanisms leading to the first ozone hole above the North Pole were studied by scientists of the KIT Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK). (sciencedaily.com)
  • According to these studies, further cooling of the ozone layer may enhance the influence of ozone-destroying substances, e.g. chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), such that repeated occurrence of an ozone hole above the Arctic has to be expected. (sciencedaily.com)
  • There, chlorine compounds originating from chlorofluorocarbons (CFC, e.g. greenhouse gases and refrigerants) and other pollutants are converted chemically at temperatures below -78°C. These chemical conversion products attack the ozone layer and destroy it partly. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In addition, model calculations were made to determine concrete effects of further cooling of the ozone layer. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We found that further decrease in temperature by just 1°C would be sufficient to cause a nearly complete destruction of the Arctic ozone layer in certain areas," says Dr. Björn-Martin Sinnhuber, main author of the study. (sciencedaily.com)
  • According to Sinnhuber, further development of the ozone layer will consequently be influenced also by climate change. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In December, the researchers started a new measurement campaign in the Arctic ozone layer in Northern Sweden using a high-altitude aircraft. (sciencedaily.com)
  • April 10, 2021 2016-05-05T19:50:09-04:00 https://ximage.c-spanvideo.org/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJwaWN0dXJlcy5jLXNwYW52aWRlby5vcmciLCJrZXkiOiJGaWxlc1wvODc2XC8yMDE2MDUwNTE5MzMzMzAwMV9oZC5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsiZml0IjoiY292ZXIiLCJoZWlnaHQiOjUwNn19fQ== Trump gives his opinion on whether the little things like hairspray affects the ozone layer. (c-span.org)
  • Trump gives his opinion on whether the little things like hairspray affects the ozone layer. (c-span.org)
  • Every day brings on new discoveries and now ESA's Venus Express spacecraft has delivered another… the red-hot planet has an ozone layer. (universetoday.com)
  • Yeah, like it's a sure thing that we know that Mars has an ozone layer. (universetoday.com)
  • World Ozone Layer Day is held every September 16th. (holidays.net)
  • Also called the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, this holiday also commemorates the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. (holidays.net)
  • World Ozone Layer Day has become even more prevalent since the turn of the century, as the latest green movement has sparked public interest and education about the effects of human activities on the ozone layer. (holidays.net)
  • First discovered in 1913 by physicists Henri Buisson and Charles Fabry, the ozone layer has since become a major feature of scientific studies on climate change. (holidays.net)
  • One of the first public actions taken to help preserve the ozone was through the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. (holidays.net)
  • The Montreal Protocol was a significant step towards public awareness and action to protect the ozone layer. (holidays.net)
  • However, it wasn't until 1995 that the first International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer was celebrated. (holidays.net)
  • Education and a call for action are the main forms of World Ozone Layer Day celebrations. (holidays.net)
  • Education is particularly important, considering the fact that action is virtually impossible if citizens don't understand the importance of the ozone layer. (holidays.net)
  • Given the current state of the ozone layer, a call for action is also important. (holidays.net)
  • Many educational programs focus on these themes when celebrating World Ozone Layer Day. (holidays.net)
  • There is no official symbol for World Ozone Layer Day. (holidays.net)
  • Other more graphic images of environmental destruction may be used to make a point about the importance of the ozone layer. (holidays.net)
  • Typically, at this time of year, the hole in the ozone - a layer made up of molecules containing three oxygen atoms - grows to about 8 million square miles (20 million square kilometers), NASA said. (livescience.com)
  • If higher temperatures are good for the ozone layer, does that mean that hole will get even smaller as humans pump greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? (livescience.com)
  • Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer , 9th edn (United Nations Environment Programme, 2012). (nature.com)
  • Zhao Yingmin, vice-minister of ecology and environment, made the remarks in a meeting held Monday to commemorate the 24th International Ozone Layer Protection Day, which fell on Sunday. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • China has attached great importance to fulfilling its obligation in ODS control since joining the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1991. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • The International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer occurs on the 16th of September. (lu.se)
  • He fears that the global increase in forest fires could have a significant impact on the ozone layer. (lu.se)
  • The combination of these two factors leads to holes in the ozone layer and more UV radiation reaching us," explains Johan Friberg. (lu.se)
  • This same high oxidizing potential, however, causes ozone to damage mucous and respiratory tissues in animals, and also tissues in plants, above concentrations of about 0.1 ppm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ozone is an irritating pale blue gas that is explosive and toxic , even at low concentrations. (britannica.com)
  • Ozone levels (i.e., air concentrations) alone in scientific studies are not directly comparable to the "level" element of the NAAQS because the standard considers the level in the context of its relation to the remaining elements . (bvsalud.org)
  • Reactions on the surfaces of these particles then release chlorine, which attacks ozone. (newscientist.com)
  • The hole results from the "catalytic destruction" of ozone by atomic chlorine and bromine, the source of which is primarily chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compounds known as "freons" and bromofluorocarbon compounds known as Halons. (mongabay.com)
  • Scientists will continue to use satellites to monitor the recovery of the ozone hole and they hope to see its full recovery before the end of the century.Research: Inorganic chlorine variability in the Antarctic vortex and implications for ozone recovery.Journal: Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, December 18, 2014.Link to paper: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JD022295/abstract.Here is the YouTube video. (nasa.gov)
  • The size of this year's hole was 24.1 million square kilometers (9.3 million square miles) - an area roughly the size of North America.With the increased atmospheric chlorine levels present since the 1980s, the Antarctic ozone hole forms and expands during the Southern Hemisphere spring (August and September). (nasa.gov)
  • The reduction in the atmospheric concentration of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) has made the second-largest contribution to the decline in the total atmospheric concentration of ozone-depleting chlorine since the 1990s 1 . (nature.com)
  • City dignitaries on Monday cut the ribbon on the Cater Water Treatment Plant's new Ozone Project, a $23 million venture that cuts way back on the amount of chlorine used to disinfect water that flows into Santa Barbara, Montecito, and Carpinteria homes. (independent.com)
  • Data reported by companies in 2018 on 2017 transactions on the production, import and export of ozone-depleting substances in the European Union. (europa.eu)
  • For references , please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/ozone-depleting-substances-2018 or scan the QR code. (europa.eu)
  • These include destruction procedures for ozone-depleting substances, essential-use exemptions and critical-use exemptions for methyl bromide, the terms of reference of the assessment panels, the non-compliance procedure of the Protocol, the Multilateral Fund, financial issues and declarations by the parties. (unep.org)
  • China has phased out 280,000 metric tons of ozone-depleting substances - half the total reduction by developing countries - and will launch inspections to stop the illegal production and use of one substance, CFC-11, a senior environmental protection official said. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • The hole in the stratospheric ozone is caused by freons being activated into ozone-depleting substances. (lu.se)
  • UN Ozone Secretariat. (nasa.gov)
  • The Secretariat hopes that this online edition will be an important tool for the ozone community and welcomes any suggestions for further improvement of the format of this regularly updated Handbook. (unep.org)
  • A 2019 review article only found four clinical studies on ozone therapy for solid tumors within the past 30 years. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • To test this prediction, with data from EPA and NOAA spanning 2001-2019, we use novel empirical strategies to estimate (1) the link between hourly emissions and high-ozone events and (2) hourly marginal abatement costs. (rff.org)
  • After the Australian fires in 2019 and 2020, the concentration of ozone in the Southern Hemisphere fell and ozone holes formed outside the polar region. (lu.se)
  • On September 17, 1979 (top left), the first year in which ozone was measured by satellite, the ozone level was at 194 Dobson Units. (nasa.gov)
  • The WMO reports the lowest ever measurements of Antarctic stratospheric ozone - 105 Dobson units - from the South Pole a few weeks ago. (newscientist.com)
  • The ozone loss is the amount of ozone in megaton necessary to fill the ozone hole to 220 Dobson units (DU) over the whole area. (mongabay.com)
  • The size of the ozone hole is the area on the globe in million square km of ozone column values below 220 Dobson units (DU). (mongabay.com)
  • Arctic stratospheric ozone reached its record low level of 205 Dobson units, shown in blue and turquoise, on March 12, 2020. (nsidc.org)
  • Feds set to impose 'good neighbor' rule that would require costly emission controls on coal plants in Utah and Wyoming needed to limit ozone pollution in Colorado. (sltrib.com)
  • Greater pollution reductions are still needed, beyond what EPA has proposed, to ensure that no one is forced to breathe unsafe air in part due to interstate ozone transport. (sltrib.com)
  • Real-world data on ozone values and trends demonstrate that ozone pollution is worse than EPA has projected. (sltrib.com)
  • Moderate Dallas-Fort Worth air quality levels Wednesday were caused by ash-related particle pollution and increased ozone. (dallasnews.com)
  • A combination of particle pollution and increased ozone levels are responsible for the current air quality. (dallasnews.com)
  • The National Weather Service had determined that atmospheric conditions in the area were expected to be favorable for producing high levels of ozone air pollution. (dallasnews.com)
  • Ozone pollution is expected to continue making air quality unhealthy for sensitive populations through Saturday. (dallasnews.com)
  • To limit further ozone pollution, Air North Texas recommends Dallas and Fort-Worth residents take public transportation, bike or walk during their commute when possible. (dallasnews.com)
  • The US Environmental Protection Agency has sent a draft nonattainment designation to Governor Schwarzenegger stating that the Bay Area will not meet the new 8-hour standard for ozone air pollution. (earthjustice.org)
  • This is a setback for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District who in October of this year had proclaimed victory over the region's air pollution by meeting the earlier federal ozone standard known as the 1-hour standard. (earthjustice.org)
  • The human health effects from ozone pollution are extremely serious. (earthjustice.org)
  • L' Ozone, indicateur majeur de la pollution photochimique, en France : évaluation et gestion des risques sur la santé. (who.int)
  • The AQI tells you about five major air pollutants in the U.S. that are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency, including ozone and particle pollution . (cdc.gov)
  • Ozone and particle pollution may harm the health of hundreds of thousands of Americans each year. (cdc.gov)
  • Ambient air pollution exposures were assessed based on maternal residential addresses using monthly averages of particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ), PM ≤ 10 μm (PM 10 ), nitrogen dioxide, and ozone from Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) monitoring stations. (medscape.com)
  • ozone , (O 3 ), triatomic allotrope of oxygen (a form of oxygen in which the molecule contains three atoms instead of two as in the common form) that accounts for the distinctive odour of the air after a thunderstorm or around electrical equipment. (britannica.com)
  • Ozone usually is manufactured by passing an electric discharge through a current of oxygen or dry air. (britannica.com)
  • for example, upon liquefaction, an oxygen-ozone mixture separates into two layers, of which the denser one contains about 75 percent ozone. (britannica.com)
  • Ozone therapy delivers ozone into the body with the aim of increasing oxygen levels and fighting cancer cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Ozone is a type of oxygen present in the atmosphere. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Ozone therapy is an alternative therapy that claims to affect the immune system and reverse low-oxygen levels that may allow cancer cells to grow. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • According to a 2022 article , the aim of ozone therapy is to increase oxygen levels in the blood by administering ozone into the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Increasing the levels of oxygen with ozone may damage or kill the cancer cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The researchers state that there is a strong case for ozone reducing tumor hypoxemia, which is a low level of oxygen that may increase tumor survival and growth. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Ozone is a molecule that consists of three oxygen atoms. (livescience.com)
  • NOx and other pollutants react with sunlight, rearranging their molecular structure to become ozone, a highly reactive three-atom oxygen molecule that damages lung tissue. (sltrib.com)
  • From there, they are distributed by planetary winds where the oxygen atoms will either combine into two-atom oxygen molecules, or form three-atom ozone. (universetoday.com)
  • Ozone, or O3, is the tri-atomic form of oxygen. (galls.com)
  • The ozone attacks and kills all bacteria and odor through oxidation, and then converts safely back into standard oxygen, leaving your gear scent-free. (galls.com)
  • The catalyst reduces ozone in the air that passes over coated surfaces by converting ozone molecules into oxygen molecules instantly upon contact. (basf.com)
  • The ozone generators are compact units delivered fully assembled and ready to produce ozone economically from either oxygen or air. (wcponline.com)
  • The record for mean size of the ozone hole-the greatest extent over a one-month window-was September 7 to October 13, 2006, when the hole reached 26.2 million square kilometers. (nasa.gov)
  • However, the ozone hole has still remained bigger than 8 million square miles since the early 1990s, with exact sizes varying from year to year.The size of the ozone hole varies due to both temperature and levels of ozone-depleting chemicals in the atmosphere. (nasa.gov)
  • In order to get a more accurate picture of the future size of the ozone hole, scientists used NASA's AURA satellite to determine how much the levels of these chemicals in the atmosphere varied each year. (nasa.gov)
  • The impact of the Antarctic ozone hole on surface climate is becoming evident in surface temperature and wind patterns. (nasa.gov)
  • World of Change: Antarctic Ozone Hole. (nasa.gov)
  • On September 24, 2002, the Antarctic ozone hole split into two holes for the first time since satellite measurements have been taken. (nasa.gov)
  • The role of carbon dioxide in depleting ozone was worked out in 1988, shortly after scientists identified the cause of the Antarctic ozone hole. (newscientist.com)
  • The size of the Antarctic ozone hole at 12:00 GMT of each day from GOME (1996-2002) and SCIAMACHY (2003-2006) Assimilated Ozone Fields. (mongabay.com)
  • Is the Antarctic Ozone Hole Causing Warming? (livescience.com)
  • The Antarctic ozone hole reached its annual peak size on Sept. 11, according to scientists from NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (nasa.gov)
  • And yet NASA spotted one of the most gaping holes on record last month when the Antarctic ozone hole reached its annual southern hemisphere spring peak on Sept. 12. (zdnet.com)
  • Purple and dark blue areas are part of the ozone hole. (nasa.gov)
  • The mean ozone hole in 2010 was 22.2 million square kilometers. (nasa.gov)
  • The ozone hole over the Antarctic is expected to recover much later. (nasa.gov)
  • Ozone Hole Watch. (nasa.gov)
  • The smaller ozone hole was strongly influenced by an unstable and warmer-than-usual Antarctic vortex. (nasa.gov)
  • In the image above, based on data acquired by EPTOMS, Dark blue and violet colors indicate the hole, an area with at least 20% less ozone than normal. (nasa.gov)
  • ESA notes the difference between "ozone loss" is measured by the area and the depth of the ozone hole. (mongabay.com)
  • 2006 ozone hole as measured by the SCIAMACHY instrument onboard Envisat. (mongabay.com)
  • Scientists from NASA and other agencies believe that the ozone hole over the Antarctic will recover around 2068, nearly 20 years later than estimated in the late 1990s. (mongabay.com)
  • Ozone loss is derived by measuring the area and the depth of the ozone hole. (mongabay.com)
  • Using computer models, researchers examined how the ozone hole may be altering winds in the jet stream over the Antarctic region, pushing clouds closer to the South Pole. (livescience.com)
  • How much the ozone hole may be warming the planet is unknown, but Grise and his colleagues estimate an increase of less than 0.09 watts per square foot (1 watt per square meter) of energy could be reaching the ground. (livescience.com)
  • In 2012, scientists reported that the ozone hole was smaller than it had ever been in the previous decade. (livescience.com)
  • With this new knowledge, scientists can confidently say that the ozone hole will be consistently smaller than 8 million square miles by the year 2040. (nasa.gov)
  • Why is the Ozone Hole Getting Smaller? (nasa.gov)
  • About a year ago, IMK scientists, together with colleagues from Oxford, detected that ozone degradation above the Arctic for the first time reached an extent comparable to that of the ozone hole above the South Pole. (sciencedaily.com)
  • While CO2 grabs headlines, NASA quietly spotted the 9th largest ozone hole on record. (zdnet.com)
  • Spot the difference: Above, the largest ever recorded ozone hole, Sept. 2006, 10.6 million square miles. (zdnet.com)
  • While CO2 emissions grab the energy and environmental headlines, NASA last month spotted the ninth largest ozone hole on record. (zdnet.com)
  • It stretched to 10.05 million square miles, the ninth largest ozone hole on record," NASA reported in a press release. (zdnet.com)
  • For doom-and-gloomers, the Sept. 12 ozone hole might reaffirm that it's too late to take any effective measures. (zdnet.com)
  • Recent research demonstrates a strong link between the persistently positive Arctic Oscillation of last winter and early spring and the record stratospheric Arctic ozone hole. (nsidc.org)
  • This year, exceptionally warm weather put the nix on ozone-smashing, keeping that ozone hole super-small. (livescience.com)
  • The ozone hole was so small that it wasn't even discovered until 1985. (livescience.com)
  • On October 7, 1989 (top right), the year that the Montreal Protocol went into force, ozone dropped to 108 DU. (nasa.gov)
  • This valuable historical information on the original 1987 Montreal Protocol and the separate adjustments and amendments to the Protocol that were adopted by the Meetings of the Parties in 1990, 1992, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2007, 2016 and 2018 is of interest in demonstrating how the ozone regime has evolved over time in line with evolving scientific knowledge and technological developments. (unep.org)
  • 200 nations signed up to the Montreal Protocol, which phases out the use of ozone-damaging chemicals. (zdnet.com)
  • For CO2 optimists, the Montreal Protocol on ozone improvement provides hope. (zdnet.com)
  • According to Manuel Antón from the Department of Applied Physics of the University of Granada, "although these types of emissions were banned by the 1987 Montreal Protocol, our study reveals that stratospheric ozone did not show signs of recovery until 1995. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The plant, and two others in Utah, could face early retirement under a ozone-reduction plan imposed on Utah by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (sltrib.com)
  • The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will soon announce the results of its review of the existing regulations and possibly announce tightening of ozone limits. (aapg.org)
  • The Environmental Protection Agency is proposing to cut ozone levels to 65 to 70 parts per billion (ppb), down from the current 75. (nfib.com)
  • The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) issues National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for six criteria pollutants , including ozone . (bvsalud.org)
  • This working paper considers a differentiated NOx emissions price that varies according to the hourly and region-specific propensity to cause high-ozone events and finds it is substantially more cost effective at reducing these events. (rff.org)
  • Despite decades of regulations and a precipitous decline in NOx emissions, episodic high-ozone events prevent many areas from attaining air quality standards. (rff.org)
  • This rule has been applied to Eastern states to reduce ozone-forming emissions that leave power plants and cross state lines. (sltrib.com)
  • Lower limits will certainly force many state and local governments to impose additional requirements to reduce emissions of the compounds that form ozone. (aapg.org)
  • For example, ozone levels showed positive trends with greater recovery levels (2.5% per decade) in the north-east of the Peninsula where levels were higher than other regions due to industrial emissions. (sciencedaily.com)
  • As James Butler, director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Global Monitoring Division in Boulder, Colo., noted, "The manmade chemicals known to destroy ozone are slowly declining because of international action, but there are still large amounts of these chemicals doing damage. (zdnet.com)
  • There is quite a different atmosphere [at higher elevation] with enough ozone to sustain the necessary energy [to work]", wrote naturalist Henry Henshaw, working in Hawaii. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ozone is a gas that occurs in the atmosphere. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This ozone detection tells us a lot about the circulation and the chemistry of Venus' atmosphere," says Hakan Svedhem, ESA Project Scientist for the Venus Express mission. (universetoday.com)
  • Ozone is a powerful oxidant (far more so than dioxygen) and has many industrial and consumer applications related to oxidation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, ozone is not an equal opportunity pollutant, striking hardest the most vulnerable segments of our population: children, the elderly, and people with respiratory ailments. (earthjustice.org)
  • In addition, cars, trucks, planes and construction and agricultural equipment can emit ozone-forming compounds. (nfib.com)
  • those atoms are considered "reactive" and can chemically destroy ozone molecules. (livescience.com)
  • This warming that occurred is great news for the Southern Hemisphere because ozone is going to be higher and UV levels will be lower," Paul Newman, chief scientist for Earth Sciences at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, told Live Science. (livescience.com)
  • The EPA has determined that NOx from these plants is blown east and potentially forms ozone in Colorado, where the Denver metro area is out of attainment for the federal ozone standard. (sltrib.com)
  • In standard conditions, ozone is a pale blue gas that condenses at cryogenic temperatures to a dark blue liquid and finally a violet-black solid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ozone's instability with regard to more common dioxygen is such that both concentrated gas and liquid ozone may decompose explosively at elevated temperatures, physical shock, or fast warming to the boiling point. (wikipedia.org)
  • A long-term decrease in ozone might systematically affect stratospheric temperatures so that the beginning of winter could be colder than in our simulation,' say Austin and his colleagues. (newscientist.com)
  • However, it is not yet possible to predict whether temperatures will be low enough over a longer term to cause a comparably large degradation of ozone in this winter. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Global ozone and ozone in the Arctic and Antarctic is no longer decreasing, but is not yet increasing. (nasa.gov)
  • Without enough good ozone, people may get too much ultraviolet radiation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Carefully follow your asthma management plan on days when ozone levels are high. (cdc.gov)
  • Think about spending more time indoors, where ozone levels are usually lower. (cdc.gov)
  • Plan outdoor activities at times when ozone levels are lower (usually in the morning and evening). (cdc.gov)
  • Vast swaths of Florida fail to meet a new limit that environmentalists are seeking for ozone levels, according to a report from the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM). (nfib.com)
  • Antón says that "we have seen that the troposphere ozone contributes in recovering total ozone levels. (sciencedaily.com)
  • However, the authors of the study warn that "other anthropogenic effects could complicate the recovery process and result in areas with altered ozone levels. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Both in service and new units can be optimized for low levels of ozone, down to 2 ppb repeatably to meet 40 CFR Part 58, Appendix A requirements at NCORE and trace sites! (environmental-expert.com)
  • The new 8-hour standard is more protective of public health because it seeks to protect people from the negative health effects of breathing lower levels of ozone over longer periods of time, more closely resembling actual conditions of exposure. (earthjustice.org)
  • A recent study indicates that elevated levels of ozone not only exacerbate, but may actually cause, asthma in children who are active outdoors. (earthjustice.org)
  • Ozone production levels can be adjusted within a broad range depending on the application requirements. (wcponline.com)
  • Using the AQI, you can plan your run for when ozone levels will be lower, shorten your run or walk instead, or run on a treadmill indoors. (cdc.gov)
  • When ozone levels are above the national standard, everyone should try to limit their contact with it by reducing the amount of time spent outside. (cdc.gov)
  • Such considerations can make it difficult to compare ozone levels and results across studies and to appropriately apply them in a NAAQS evaluation. (bvsalud.org)
  • BASF Catalysts' breakthrough PremAir ozone-destruction catalysts are also featured on most Volvo cars, and on certain BMW, Mercedes and Hyundai models. (basf.com)
  • You can use the AQI to plan your daily activities to reduce exposure to ozone. (cdc.gov)
  • This can be seen with controlled human ozone exposure studies, which often involved small numbers of people exercising quasi-continuously for a long duration at an intensity not common in the general population (and unlikely achievable by most sensitive individuals), under worst-case exposure profiles. (bvsalud.org)
  • Relating patterns and circumstances of exposure, and exposure measurements, to all elements of the NAAQS can be challenging, but if US EPA fully undertook this, it would be evident that available evidence does not indicate that proposed lower ozone standards would be more health protective than the current one. (bvsalud.org)
  • Overall, a higher risk of PPD was associated with ozone exposure during the entire pregnancy and postpartum periods and with PM exposure during the late pregnancy and postpartum periods. (medscape.com)
  • Stratospheric ozone, which filters out UV radiation, especially shorter wavelengths, is depleted by man-made chlorofluorocarbons (eg, in refrigerants and aerosols). (msdmanuals.com)
  • These show that just such a long-term decrease is taking place, and that there were unusually low values of ozone concentration in 1992 between latitudes 50 degrees North and 60 degrees North, covering Northern Europe, Russia and Canada. (newscientist.com)
  • A 2018 article concludes that animal and in vitro studies suggest the potential benefits of ozone therapy for cancer treatment, alongside conventional treatments such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Students draw picture for protecting ozone at a primary school in Qinhuangdao, Hebei province, Sept 13, 2018. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Ozone (/ˈoʊzoʊn/) (or trioxygen) is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O 3. (wikipedia.org)
  • By default, these names pay no regard to the radicality of the ozone molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • DU stands for the total thickness of ozone in a given vertical column if it were concentrated into a single slab at standard temperature and atmospheric pressure - 400 DUs is equivalent to a thickness of four millimetres, for example. (mongabay.com)
  • By picking apart the wavelengths, ozone was detected through its absorption of ultraviolet light. (universetoday.com)
  • Unlike regulations that target specific sectors, a new ozone standard would directly affect virtually every sector of the economy because a wide range of stationary, mobile and area sources emit ozone precursors," the NAM report stated. (nfib.com)
  • The next three decades will see an end of the era of big ozone holes. (nasa.gov)
  • Remember ozone holes? (zdnet.com)
  • It has been measuring ozone holes for over 30 years. (zdnet.com)
  • Over the last decade the ozone level has lowered by about 0.3% per year on a global scale, increasing the risk of skin cancer, cataracts and harm to marine life. (mongabay.com)
  • For much of the second half of the 19th century and well into the 20th, ozone was considered a healthy component of the environment by naturalists and health-seekers. (wikipedia.org)
  • This possibility is set in a disturbing context by the latest measurements of stratospheric ozone by the World Meteorological Organization. (newscientist.com)
  • Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report No. 52, Ch. 5, 5.1-5.56 (World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 2011). (nature.com)
  • Estimation of risk of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient red cells to ozone and nitrogen dioxide : investigator's final report / by Marie A. Amoruso. (who.int)
  • Effects of ozone and nitrogen dioxide on human lung proteinase inhibitors / David A. Johnson. (who.int)
  • Positive associations were observed between PPD ozone (adjusted odds ration [aOR], 1.09), PM 10 (aOR, 1.02), and PM 2.5 (aOR, 1.02), with no statistically significant association with nitrogen dioxide. (medscape.com)
  • You have sort of this tug-of-war between the jet being pulled equatorward during the summer because of the ozone recovery and the greenhouse gases pulling the jet further poleward," Grise said. (livescience.com)
  • Ozone is the treatment of the 21st century,' she says presciently. (lifepositive.com)
  • The project, which will use ozone to disinfect water at a specific point on the process, has been in the works for over a decade and was put into place to comply with new drinking water regulations that lower the allowable level of disinfection byproducts. (independent.com)
  • Currently, the NIST SRP serves as an International Reference Standard and is used by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) as a reference for ozone measurements. (nist.gov)
  • International traceability to the SI for ozone measurements can be obtained through the BIPM or NIST. (nist.gov)
  • All ozone generators are factory calibrated using a NIST traceable ozone standard. (environmental-expert.com)
  • This year's record ozone loss was reached because these two measurements occurred during the same time period. (mongabay.com)
  • The new 8-hour ozone standard is based on average air quality measurements over eight hours, rather than over one hour under the 1-hour ozone standard. (earthjustice.org)