Oxygen Consumption: The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)Oxygen: An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.Reactive Oxygen Species: Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.Energy Metabolism: The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.Alcohol Drinking: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.Physical Exertion: Expenditure of energy during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEAT produced, or HEART RATE. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used.Partial Pressure: The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.Heart Rate: The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.Exercise: Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.Mitochondria: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Oxygen Inhalation Therapy: Inhalation of oxygen aimed at restoring toward normal any pathophysiologic alterations of gas exchange in the cardiopulmonary system, as by the use of a respirator, nasal catheter, tent, chamber, or mask. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)Polarography: An electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. Usually a mercury drop electrode is used.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.Body Temperature Regulation: The processes of heating and cooling that an organism uses to control its temperature.Lactates: Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell.Hemodynamics: The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.Diet: Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.Cardiac Output: The volume of BLOOD passing through the HEART per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with STROKE VOLUME (volume per beat).Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Exercise Tolerance: The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an EXERCISE TEST.Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the CORONARY VESSELS of the HEART.Ion-Selective Electrodes: Electrodes which can be used to measure the concentration of particular ions in cells, tissues, or solutions.Respiration: The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).Glucose: A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.Anoxia: Relatively complete absence of oxygen in one or more tissues.Body Temperature: The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Pulmonary Gas Exchange: The exchange of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood that occurs across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.Adenosine Triphosphate: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.Oxygen Isotopes: Stable oxygen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element oxygen, but differ in atomic weight. O-17 and 18 are stable oxygen isotopes.Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds.Body Weight: The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.Basal Metabolism: Heat production, or its measurement, of an organism at the lowest level of cell chemistry in an inactive, awake, fasting state. It may be determined directly by means of a calorimeter or indirectly by calculating the heat production from an analysis of the end products of oxidation within the organism or from the amount of oxygen utilized.Physical Endurance: The time span between the beginning of physical activity by an individual and the termination because of exhaustion.Blood Pressure: PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.Blood Gas Analysis: Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.Beverages: Liquids that are suitable for drinking. (From Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Heart: The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.Glycolysis: A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.Vegetables: A food group comprised of EDIBLE PLANTS or their parts.Regional Blood Flow: The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.Anaerobic Threshold: The oxygen consumption level above which aerobic energy production is supplemented by anaerobic mechanisms during exercise, resulting in a sustained increase in lactate concentration and metabolic acidosis. The anaerobic threshold is affected by factors that modify oxygen delivery to the tissues; it is low in patients with heart disease. Methods of measurement include direct measure of lactate concentration, direct measurement of bicarbonate concentration, and gas exchange measurements.Coffee: A beverage made from ground COFFEA beans (SEEDS) infused in hot water. It generally contains CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE unless it is decaffeinated.Perfusion: Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.Eating: The consumption of edible substances.Fruit: The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.Oximetry: The determination of oxygen-hemoglobin saturation of blood either by withdrawing a sample and passing it through a classical photoelectric oximeter or by electrodes attached to some translucent part of the body like finger, earlobe, or skin fold. It includes non-invasive oxygen monitoring by pulse oximetry.Aerobiosis: Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).Running: An activity in which the body is propelled by moving the legs rapidly. Running is performed at a moderate to rapid pace and should be differentiated from JOGGING, which is performed at a much slower pace.Physical Fitness: The ability to carry out daily tasks and perform physical activities in a highly functional state, often as a result of physical conditioning.Shivering: Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals.Calorimetry, Indirect: Calculation of the energy expenditure in the form of heat production of the whole body or individual organs based on respiratory gas exchange.Hemoglobins: The oxygen-carrying proteins of ERYTHROCYTES. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The number of globin subunits in the hemoglobin quaternary structure differs between species. Structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Alcoholic Beverages: Drinkable liquids containing ETHANOL.Oxyhemoglobins: A compound formed by the combination of hemoglobin and oxygen. It is a complex in which the oxygen is bound directly to the iron without causing a change from the ferrous to the ferric state.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Myocardial Contraction: Contractile activity of the MYOCARDIUM.Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.Fishes: A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.Uncoupling Agents: Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those IONOPHORES that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.Food Habits: Acquired or learned food preferences.Cold Temperature: An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.Mitochondria, Heart: The mitochondria of the myocardium.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.Superoxides: Highly reactive compounds produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. In biological systems, they may be generated during the normal catalytic function of a number of enzymes and during the oxidation of hemoglobin to METHEMOGLOBIN. In living organisms, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE protects the cell from the deleterious effects of superoxides.Mitochondria, Muscle: Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.Metabolism: The chemical reactions that occur within the cells, tissues, or an organism. These processes include both the biosynthesis (ANABOLISM) and the breakdown (CATABOLISM) of organic materials utilized by the living organism.Electron Transport: The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) SHELLFISH and FISH PRODUCTS are more specific types of SEAFOOD.Cerebrovascular Circulation: The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.Swimming: An activity in which the body is propelled through water by specific movement of the arms and/or the legs. Swimming as propulsion through water by the movement of limbs, tail, or fins of animals is often studied as a form of PHYSICAL EXERTION or endurance.Heart Failure: A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996)Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Carbonated Beverages: Drinkable liquids combined with or impregnated with carbon dioxide.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Electron Transport Complex IV: A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Cross-Over Studies: Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Alcoholism: A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated.Bicycling: The use of a bicycle for transportation or recreation. It does not include the use of a bicycle in studying the body's response to physical exertion (BICYCLE ERGOMETRY TEST see EXERCISE TEST).Hyperbaric Oxygenation: The therapeutic intermittent administration of oxygen in a chamber at greater than sea-level atmospheric pressures (three atmospheres). It is considered effective treatment for air and gas embolisms, smoke inhalation, acute carbon monoxide poisoning, caisson disease, clostridial gangrene, etc. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992). The list of treatment modalities includes stroke.Hyperoxia: An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.Blood Volume: Volume of circulating BLOOD. It is the sum of the PLASMA VOLUME and ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME.Feeding Behavior: Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.Mitochondrial Proteins: Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.Tea: The infusion of leaves of CAMELLIA SINENSIS (formerly Thea sinensis) as a beverage, the familiar Asian tea, which contains CATECHIN (especially epigallocatechin gallate) and CAFFEINE.Vascular Resistance: The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Rest: Freedom from activity.Anaerobiosis: The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Oxygen Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of oxygen that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. O atoms with atomic weights 13, 14, 15, 19, and 20 are radioactive oxygen isotopes.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Cell Hypoxia: A condition of decreased oxygen content at the cellular level.Free Radical Scavengers: Substances that influence the course of a chemical reaction by ready combination with free radicals. Among other effects, this combining activity protects pancreatic islets against damage by cytokines and prevents myocardial and pulmonary perfusion injuries.Adipose Tissue, Brown: A thermogenic form of adipose tissue composed of BROWN ADIPOCYTES. It is found in newborns of many species including humans, and in hibernating mammals. Brown fat is richly vascularized, innervated, and densely packed with MITOCHONDRIA which can generate heat directly from the stored lipids.Adaptation, Physiological: The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.Food Preferences: The selection of one food over another.Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas inspired or expired per unit of time, usually measured in liters per minute.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.NAD: A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Drinking: The consumption of liquids.Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1.Physical Conditioning, Animal: Diet modification and physical exercise to improve the ability of animals to perform physical activities.Dietary Sucrose: Sucrose present in the diet. It is added to food and drinks as a sweetener.Stroke Volume: The amount of BLOOD pumped out of the HEART per beat, not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). It is calculated as the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.Luminescent Measurements: Techniques used for determining the values of photometric parameters of light resulting from LUMINESCENCE.Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood.Smoking: Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.Mitochondria, Liver: Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)Acclimatization: Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.Potassium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes.Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial: The voltage difference, normally maintained at approximately -180mV, across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE, by a net movement of positive charge across the membrane. It is a major component of the PROTON MOTIVE FORCE in MITOCHONDRIA used to drive the synthesis of ATP.Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared: A noninvasive technique that uses the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin to evaluate tissue oxygenation and indirectly can measure regional hemodynamics and blood flow. Near-infrared light (NIR) can propagate through tissues and at particular wavelengths is differentially absorbed by oxygenated vs. deoxygenated forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Illumination of intact tissue with NIR allows qualitative assessment of changes in the tissue concentration of these molecules. The analysis is also used to determine body composition.Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)Drinking Behavior: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety.Questionnaires: Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.PyruvatesCatalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in ACATALASIA.Diving: An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals.Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.Food Contamination: The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.Citric Acid Cycle: A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.Obesity: A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).Fatty Acids: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Wine: Fermented juice of fresh grapes or of other fruit or plant products used as a beverage.Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation.Electron Transport Complex I: A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase complex that catalyzes the conversion of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol. In MITOCHONDRIA the complex also couples its reaction to the transport of PROTONS across the internal mitochondrial membrane. The NADH DEHYDROGENASE component of the complex can be isolated and is listed as EC 1.6.99.3.Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena: Processes and properties of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.Hematocrit: The volume of packed RED BLOOD CELLS in a blood specimen. The volume is measured by centrifugation in a tube with graduated markings, or with automated blood cell counters. It is an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, ANEMIA shows a low value; POLYCYTHEMIA, a high value.Tomography, Emission-Computed: Tomography using radioactive emissions from injected RADIONUCLIDES and computer ALGORITHMS to reconstruct an image.NADPH Oxidase: A flavoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the univalent reduction of OXYGEN using NADPH as an electron donor to create SUPEROXIDE ANION. The enzyme is dependent on a variety of CYTOCHROMES. Defects in the production of superoxide ions by enzymes such as NADPH oxidase result in GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Diet Surveys: Systematic collections of factual data pertaining to the diet of a human population within a given geographic area.Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.Splanchnic Circulation: The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS supplying the abdominal VISCERA.Cyclic N-Oxides: Heterocyclic compounds in which an oxygen is attached to a cyclic nitrogen.Ventricular Function, Left: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left HEART VENTRICLE. Its measurement is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with heart disease to determine the effects of the disease on cardiac performance.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Organ Size: The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.Acetates: Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.Blood Circulation: The movement of the BLOOD as it is pumped through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.Walking: An activity in which the body advances at a slow to moderate pace by moving the feet in a coordinated fashion. This includes recreational walking, walking for fitness, and competitive race-walking.Dietary Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (FABACEAE), tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)Sheep: Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.Thermogenesis: The generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. The uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and SHIVERING are examples of thermogenesis in MAMMALS.Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Skin Temperature: The TEMPERATURE at the outer surface of the body.Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.Fatty Acids, Nonesterified: FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565)Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.Aging: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.Double-Blind Method: A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.Blood Flow Velocity: A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.Insulin: A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).Bemegride: A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.Mice, Inbred C57BLSweetening Agents: Substances that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc., such as sugar, saccharine or other low-calorie synthetic products. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Respiratory Function Tests: Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.Cardioplegic Solutions: Solutions which, upon administration, will temporarily arrest cardiac activity. They are used in the performance of heart surgery.Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo.Sex Factors: Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.Citrate (si)-Synthase: Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and coenzyme A. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.7.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Nuts: Botanically, a type of single-seeded fruit in which the pericarp enclosing the seed is a hard woody shell. In common usage the term is used loosely for any hard, oil-rich kernel. Of those commonly eaten, only hazel, filbert, and chestnut are strictly nuts. Walnuts, pecans, almonds, and coconuts are really drupes. Brazil nuts, pistachios, macadamias, and cashews are really seeds with a hard shell derived from the testa rather than the pericarp.Plasma Volume: Volume of PLASMA in the circulation. It is usually measured by INDICATOR DILUTION TECHNIQUES.Physical Education and Training: Instructional programs in the care and development of the body, often in schools. The concept does not include prescribed exercises, which is EXERCISE THERAPY.Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins: A complex of enzymes and PROTON PUMPS located on the inner membrane of the MITOCHONDRIA and in bacterial membranes. The protein complex provides energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient, which may be used by either MITOCHONDRIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES or BACTERIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES.Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Motor Activity: The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed)Cardiotonic Agents: Agents that have a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output. They may be CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES; SYMPATHOMIMETICS; or other drugs. They are used after MYOCARDIAL INFARCT; CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; in SHOCK; or in congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.Glutathione: A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.
Fecal coliform elevated-temperature test: a physiological basis. (1/14332)
The physiological basis of the Eijkman elevated-temperature test for differentiating fecal from nonfecal coliforms was investigated. Manometric studies indicated that the inhibitory effect upon growth and metabolism in a nonfecal coliform at 44.5 degrees C involved cellular components common to both aerobic and fermentative metabolism of lactose. Radioactive substrate incorporation experiments implicated cell membrane function as a principal focus for temperature sensitivity at 44.5 degrees C. A temperature increase from 35 to 44.5 degrees C drastically reduced the rates of [14C]glucose uptake in nonfecal coliforms, whereas those of fecal coliforms were essentially unchanged. In addition, relatively low levels of nonfecal coliform beta-galactosidase activity coupled with thermal inactivation of this enzyme at a comparatively low temperature may also inhibit growth and metabolism of nonfecal coliforms at the elevated temperature. (+info)Sympathetic nerve alterations assessed with 123I-MIBG in the failing human heart. (2/14332)
Norepinephrine (NE) reuptake function is impaired in heart failure and this may participate in myocyte hyperstimulation by the neurotransmitter. This alteration can be assessed by 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy. METHODS: To determine whether the impairment of neuronal NE reuptake was reversible after metoprolol therapy, we studied 18 patients (43+/-7 y) with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy who were stabilized at least for 3 mo with captopril and diuretics. Patients underwent, before and after 6 mo of therapy with metoprolol, measurements of radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), maximal oxygen consumption and plasma NE concentration. The cardiac adrenergic innervation function was scintigraphically assessed with MIBG uptake and release measurements on the planar images obtained 20 min and 4 h after tracer injection. To evaluate whether metoprolol had a direct interaction with cardiac MIBG uptake and release, six normal subjects were studied before and after a 1-mo metoprolol intake. RESULTS: In controls, neither cardiac MIBG uptake and release nor circulating NE concentration changed after the 1-mo metoprolol intake. Conversely, after a 6-mo therapy with metoprolol, patients showed increased cardiac MIBG uptake (129%+/-10% versus 138%+/-17%; P = 0.009), unchanged cardiac MIBG release and decreased plasma NE concentration (0.930+/-412 versus 0.721+/-0.370 ng/mL; P = 0.02). In parallel, patients showed improved New York Heart Association class (2.44+/-0.51 versus 2.05+/-0.23; P = 0.004) and increased LVEF (20%+/-8% versus 27%+/-8%; P = 0.0005), whereas maximal oxygen uptake remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: Thus, a parallel improvement of myocardial NE reuptake and of hemodynamics was observed after a 6-mo metoprolol therapy, suggesting that such agents may be beneficial in heart failure by directly protecting the myocardium against excessive NE stimulation. (+info)Effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha on vascular resistance, nitric oxide production, and glucose and oxygen consumption in perfused tissue-isolated human melanoma xenografts. (3/14332)
The effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) on vascular resistance, nitric oxide production, and consumption of oxygen and glucose was examined in a perfused tissue-isolated tumor model in nude mice. One experimental group was perfused with heparinized Krebs-Henseleit buffer, a second one was perfused with TNF-alpha (500 microgram/kg) 5 h before perfusion. The vascular resistance increased significantly 5 h after TNF-alpha injection. The increase in vascular resistance did not seem to be mediated by a decrease in tumor nitric oxide production, as determined by perfusate nitrate/nitrite concentrations, but may be due to aggregation of leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes and/or endothelial consumption among the three experimental groups. The oxygen consumption was linearly dependent on the amount of available oxygen in the perfusate, whereas the glucose consumption was constant and independent of the glucose delivery rate. The present experiments provide new insights into physiological and metabolic mechanisms of action of TNF- alpha for optimization of future treatment schedules involving TNF-alpha. (+info)Endogenous plasma endothelin concentrations and coronary circulation in patients with mild dilated cardiomyopathy. (4/14332)
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether increased plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and big endothelin (BET) play a role in the regulation of coronary circulation in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM). SETTING: Tertiary referral centre for cardiac diseases. PATIENTS: Fourteen patients (eight male/six female; mean (SD) age 59 (9) years) with IDCM (ejection fraction 36 (9)%) and five normotensive subjects (two male/three female; age 52 (7) years) serving as controls were studied. METHODS: Functional status was classified according to New York Heart Association (NYHA) class. Endogenous ET-1 and BET plasma concentrations from the aorta and the coronary sinus were determined by radioimmunoassay. Coronary blood flow, using the inert chromatographic argon method, myocardial oxygen consumption, and coronary sinus oxygen content under basal conditions were determined. RESULTS: In the aorta, mean (SD) concentrations of ET-1 (IDCM 0.76 (0.25) v controls 0.31 (0.06) fmol/ml; p = 0.002) and BET (IDCM 3.58 (1.06) v controls 2.11 (0.58) fmol/ml; p = 0.014) were increased in patients with IDCM. Aortic ET-1 concentrations correlated positively with NYHA class (r = 0. 731; p < 0.001), myocardial oxygen consumption (r = 0.749; p < 0. 001), and coronary blood flow (r = 0.645; p = 0.003), but inversely with coronary sinus oxygen content (r = -0.633; p = 0.004), which was significantly decreased in IDCM patients (IDCM 4.68 (1.05) v controls 6.70 (1.06) vol%; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The coronary circulation in patients with IDCM is exposed to an increased endothelin load. ET-1 concentrations correlate with functional deterioration. A decrease of the coronary sinus content of oxygen suggests a mismatch between coronary blood flow and metabolic demand. Thus, ET-1 might be a marker of a disequilibrium between myocardial oxygen demand and coronary blood flow in IDCM. (+info)Energy cost of sport rock climbing in elite performers. (5/14332)
OBJECTIVES: To assess oxygen uptake (VO2), blood lactate concentration ([La(b)]), and heart rate (HR) response during indoor and outdoor sport climbing. METHODS: Seven climbers aged 25 (SE 1) years, with a personal best ascent without preview or fall (on sight) ranging from 6b to 7a were assessed using an indoor vertical treadmill with artificial rock hand/foot holds and a discontinuous protocol with climbing velocity incremented until voluntary fatigue. On a separate occasion the subjects performed a 23.4 m outdoor rock climb graded 5c and taking 7 min 36 s (SE 33 s) to complete. Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured using a telemetry system and [La(b)] collected at rest and after climbing. RESULTS: Indoor climbing elicited a peak oxygen uptake (VO2climb-peak) and peak HR (HRpeak) of 43.8 (SE 2.2) ml/kg/min and 190 (SE 4) bpm, respectively and increased blood lactate concentration [La(b)] from 1.4 (0.1) to 10.2 (0.6) mmol/l (p < 0.05). During outdoor climbing VO2 and HR increased to about 75% and 83% of VO2climb-peak and HRpeak, respectively. [La(b)] increased from 1.3 (0.1) at rest to 4.5 mmol/l (p < 0.05) at 2 min 32 s (8 s) after completion of the climb. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that for elite climbers outdoor sport rock climbs of five to 10 minutes' duration and moderate difficulty require a significant portion of the VO2climb-peak. The higher HR and VO2 for outdoor climbing and the increased [La(b)] could be the result of repeated isometric contractions, particularly from the arm and forearm muscles. (+info)Myocardial oxygenation during high work states in hearts with postinfarction remodeling. (6/14332)
BACKGROUND: Postinfarction left ventricular remodeling (LVR) is associated with reductions in myocardial high-energy phosphate (HEP) levels, which are more severe in animals that develop overt congestive heart failure (CHF). During high work states, further HEP loss occurs, which suggests demand-induced ischemia. This study tested the hypothesis that inadequate myocyte oxygen availability is the basis for these HEP abnormalities. METHODS AND RESULTS: Myocardial infarction was produced by left circumflex coronary artery ligation in swine. Studies were performed in 20 normal animals, 14 animals with compensated LVR, and 9 animals with CHF. Phosphocreatine (PCr)/ATP was determined with 31P NMR and deoxymyoglobin (Mb-delta) with 1H NMR in myocardium remote from the infarct. Basal PCr/ATP tended to be decreased in postinfarct hearts, and this was significant in animals with CHF. Infusion of dobutamine (20 microg x kg-1 x min-1 IV) caused doubling of the rate-pressure product in both normal and LVR hearts and resulted in comparable significant decreases of PCr/ATP in both groups. This decrease in PCr/ATP was not associated with detectable Mb-delta. In CHF hearts, rate-pressure product increased only 40% in response to dobutamine; this attenuated response also was not associated with detectable Mb-delta. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the decrease of PCr/ATP during dobutamine infusion is not the result of insufficient myocardial oxygen availability. Furthermore, in CHF hearts, the low basal PCr/ATP and the attenuated response to dobutamine occurred in the absence of myocardial hypoxia, indicating that the HEP and contractile abnormalities were not the result of insufficient oxygen availability. (+info)Energy cost of propulsion in standard and ultralight wheelchairs in people with spinal cord injuries. (7/14332)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Wheelchair- and subject-related factors influence the efficiency of wheelchair propulsion. The purpose of this study was to compare wheelchair propulsion in ultralight and standard wheelchairs in people with different levels of spinal cord injury. SUBJECTS: Seventy-four subjects (mean age=26.2 years, SD=7.14, range=17-50) with spinal cord injury resulting in motor loss (30 with tetraplegia and 44 with paraplegia) were studied. METHOD: Each subject propelled standard and ultralight wheelchairs around an outdoor track at self-selected speeds, while data were collected at 4 predetermined intervals. Speed, distance traveled, and oxygen cost (VO2 mL/kg/m) were compared by wheelchair, group, and over time, using a Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: In the ultralight wheelchair, speed and distance traveled were greater for both subjects with paraplegia and subjects with tetraplegia, whereas VO2 was less only for subjects with paraplegia. Subjects with paraplegia propelled faster and farther than did subjects with tetraplegia. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The ultralight wheelchair improved the efficiency of propulsion in the tested subjects. Subjects with tetraplegia, especially at the C6 level, are limited in their ability to propel a wheelchair. (+info)The respiratory responses of Carcinus maenas to declining oxygen tension. (8/14332)
The degree of respiratory independence shown by Carcinus under conditions of declining oxygen tension is dependent on the animal's level of activity. Inactive Carcinus are capable of maintaining respiratory independence down to a Po2 of 60-80 mmHg. This is achieved primarily by an increase in ventilation volume such that the amount of oxygen made available at the respiratory surfaces remains constant over a wide range of oxygen tension. The Po2 at which this can no longer be maintained corresponds closely to the Po2 at which respiratory independence is lost. Under normoxic conditions the Po2 of the post- and prebranchial blood was 97 and 18 mmHg respectively. At the high oxygen tensions prevailing in the postbranchial blood the respiratory pigment is fully saturated. Under conditions of declining oxygen tension the heart rate remains more or less constant until the Po2 reaches 60-80 mmHg, the onset of bradycardia coinciding with the loss of saturation of the haemocyanin. Although cardiac output falls during hypoxia, the capacity rate ratio remains approximately constant, which enables the effectiveness of oxygen uptake by the blood to remain at a high level. (+info)
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UptakeMetabolismPostexercise oxygen consumptionMitochondriaEPOCMyocardialAbstractRateRespirationUtilizationLactateExcessDecreasesIncrease in oxygen consumptionAerobicHypoxiaAorticConcentrationGlucoseCellularReactiveConcentrationsAmount of oxygen consumedTemperatureDetermine Oxygen ConsumptionElectrodeRespiratoryTissueRelationship between oxygen consumptionIncrementalMeasurementsExtractionHigher oxygen consumptionMaximum oxygen consumptionCerebral blooLacticSkeletal muscle fibersMeasureExtracellularAnaerobicIndividual'sMeSHDecreaseExerciseRatesOxidativeCoronaryDeterminationCarbonArterialPhysiologicalPeak oxygen
Uptake20
- Hynes J, Hill R, Papkovsky DB (2006) The use of a fluorescence-based oxygen uptake assay in the analysis of cytotoxicity. (springer.com)
- Main Outcome Measures: Ventilatory oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate were measured by computerized breath-by-breath analysis and electrocardiography. (gu.se)
- citation needed] However, direct and indirect calorimeter experiments have definitively disproven any association of lactate metabolism as causal to an elevated oxygen uptake. (wikipedia.org)
- Although some studies have suggested that the contribution of RT to increase EE would be due to the exercise session alone [ 8 , 9 ], others indicated that a higher oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) after the end of exercise would also play an important role [ 5 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The larval and pupal Douglas-fir beetles, collected in February 1970, had lower oxygen uptake levels at 10°, 20° and 30°C than did the adults, but the proportional changes in these uptake levels were not significantly different. (oregonstate.edu)
- Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, D. ponderosae and D. valens, collected in November 1969, had different levels of oxygen uptake at the three experimental temperatures, but the proportional changes in the log oxygen uptakes with changing temperature were not significantly different. (oregonstate.edu)
- The oxygen uptake levels of the larval D. ponderosae were not significantly different than those of the adults. (oregonstate.edu)
- When these larvae have access to air, aerial oxygen uptake averages 16.6% of total oxygen consumption in normoxic water, and increases to 100% of net oxygen consumption in hypoxic water. (biologists.org)
- A plateau in oxygen consumption ( o 2 ) is the primary means of confirming that maximal oxygen uptake ( o 2 max ) is attained during incremental exercise to fatigue. (bmj.com)
- 92 , 17- we analyse the effect of several factors on the oxygen-uptake kinetics, especially on the oxygen consumption rate ( V o 2 ) and half-transition time t 1/2 , at the onset of exercise in skeletal muscles. (portlandpress.com)
- This model allowed for the further investigation of oxygen transport in the cornea, including a better mathematical description and a determination of the transport properties of the cornea and the specific oxygen uptake rate of the tissue. (arvojournals.org)
- The combination of this model and tear oxygen tension measurements can be useful in determining the individual oxygen uptake rate and exploring the relationship between oxygen transport and corneal abnormalities. (arvojournals.org)
- Hydrogen while remaining essentially ineffective insofar as oxygen uptake was concerned, depressed glycolysis in both liver and brain slices but did not significantly affect sarcoma slices. (rupress.org)
- Peak oxygen uptake (PkVO 2 ) measured during exercise not only allows accurate evaluation of exercise capacity, but also has been shown to be a strong independent predictor of survival in chronic heart failure (1,2) . (onlinejacc.org)
- Peak oxygen uptake is traditionally corrected for total body weight and is reported in milliliters per kilogram of body weight per minute (ml/kg/min). (onlinejacc.org)
- For the fist time the mitochondrial process of oxidative phosphorylation has been studied by determining the extent and initial rates of electron flow, H + translocation, O 2 uptake and ATP synthesis under close to in vivo concentrations of oxygen. (medsci.org)
- This approach made us possible to evaluate the oxygen delivery and oxygen uptake. (isharonline.org)
- Apart from VO2max, it is very important to measure the percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2max), which is the highest level of performance that an athlete can maintain over a longer period of time without becoming fatigued. (nataswim.info)
- The latest studies presented in this paper indicate that the prediction of the results and success in swimming, according to the values of maximal oxygen uptake and the impact of training, will always be current in swimming. (nataswim.info)
- If mitochondria are incubated in an oxygraph apparatus (oxygen electrode) in an causes a sudden burst of oxygen uptake as the ADP is converted into ATP: The addition of an uncoupling agent (such as dinitrophenol or CCCP) leads to a. (artams.com)
Metabolism19
- These two systems work together to allow metabolism to occur in all systems throughout the body by delivering oxygen and removing wastes. (livestrong.com)
- Patients with septic shock require higher levels of oxygen delivery (DO2) to maintain aerobic metabolism. (biomedsearch.com)
- When DO2 is inadequate, peripheral tissues switch to anaerobic metabolism and oxygen consumption decreases. (biomedsearch.com)
- Recovery from a bout of exercise is associated with an elevation in metabolism referred to as the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). (bodyrecomposition.com)
- These results indicate that ( i ) the energy demand of task-induced brain activation is small (approximately 15%) relative to the hyperemic response (approximately 60%), ( ii ) this energy demand is met through oxidative metabolism, and ( iii ) the CBF response is mediated by factors other than oxygen demand. (pnas.org)
- Fox and colleagues suggested that ( i ) the energy demand associated with neuronal activation (as opposed to resting-state demand) is small (approximately 8% maximum possible increase in ATP consumption), ( ii ) the activation-induced increases in ATP consumption are from both oxidative and nonoxidative glycolysis, and ( iii ) CBF response must be regulated by factors other than oxidative metabolism and total energy demand. (pnas.org)
- The new oxygen in your blood passes into the muscles within the first few minutes of exercise and allows you to start generating energy by a process known as aerobic metabolism. (lesmills.com)
- The classical "oxygen debt" hypothesis formulated by Hill and associates in the 1920s was an attempt to link the metabolism of lactic acid with the O2 consumption in excess of resting that occurs after exercise. (nih.gov)
- The measurement of oxygen extraction (VCO2), carbon dioxide excretion (VCO2), and respiratory quotient (RQ), reflect the energy metabolism and may provide insight into the post-arrest metabolism. (ahajournals.org)
- 5. - 6 In cancer, for example, abnormal metabolism fuels rapid cellular growth while maintaining relative insensitivity to oxygen supply. (spiedigitallibrary.org)
- Altered cellular metabolism plays an important role in many diseases, not least in many forms of cancer, where cellular metabolic pathways requiring lower oxygen consumption are often favored (the so-called Warburg effect). (diva-portal.org)
- Taken together, our imaging approach is widely applicable and capable of detecting subtle changes in oxygen consumption in live cells, stemming from the Warburg effect or reflecting other differences in the cellular metabolism. (diva-portal.org)
- Oxygen consumption was tightly correlated to swimming effort during the first 12 h of swimming indicating that swimming is powered predominantly by aerobic metabolism. (biologists.org)
- Oxygen measurements in immobilised honeybees, therefore, are neither suited to determine the basal rate of oxygen metabolism nor to estimate the energy turnover of highly active, freely moving individuals. (schweizerbart.de)
- Consequently, it is not sufficient to evaluate the energy metabolism of the cell by only determining the H + /O ratio in oxygen-pulse experiments [ 2 ] or the amount of O 2 consumed under state-3 metabolic conditions [ 3 ]. (medsci.org)
- This strategy of combining hypofractionated radiotherapy with metabolic reprogramming to inhibit anaerobic metabolism may increase the efficacy of HD-SFRT through increased oxygen consumption and complementary killing of radiosensitive and hypoxic, radioresistant cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Background & Aims: It is unclear whether patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) have disturbed brain oxygen metabolism and blood flow. (elsevier.com)
- Conclusions: The observations imply that reduced cerebral oxygen consumption and blood flow in cirrhotic patients with an acute episode of overt HE are associated with HE and not cirrhosis as such, and that the primary event in the pathogenesis of HE could be inhibition of cerebral energy metabolism by increased blood ammonia. (elsevier.com)
- the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (uchicago.edu)
Postexercise oxygen consumption4
- However, its impact on excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) is yet to be defined. (hindawi.com)
- In the recovery period after exercise there is an increase in VO 2 termed the "excess postexercise oxygen consumption" (EPOC). (hindawi.com)
- J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3090-3097, 2016-Higher excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) and sprint interval exercise (SIE) may contribute to greater fat loss sometimes reported after interval training compared with continuous steady-state exercise (SSE) training. (ovid.com)
- Excess postexercise oxygen consumption after SIE and HIE is unlikely to account for the greater fat loss per unit EE associated with SIE and HIE training reported in the literature. (ovid.com)
Mitochondria6
- Here we describe a methodology to assist in such investigations whereby the oxygen consumption of isolated mitochondria is assessed in a high-throughput fashion using a phosphorescent oxygen-sensitive probe, standard microtiter plates, and plate reader detection. (springer.com)
- The nature of these differences suggests that these concentrations of GTN do not release free NO but probably a different species that, although it interacts with soluble guanylyl cyclase in vascular smooth muscle, does not inhibit O 2 consumption by vascular mitochondria. (ahajournals.org)
- The gold standard assessment of the maximal efficiency of these systems to integratively transport oxygen (O 2 ) from the atmosphere into metabolically active mitochondria (termed the O 2 cascade) is maximal (VO 2max ) or peak (VO 2peak ) oxygen consumption. (onlinejacc.org)
- Figure 5 from Nitric oxide inhibits succinate dehydrogenase-driven oxygen consumption in potato tuber mitochondria in an oxygen tension-independent manner. (semanticscholar.org)
- We analysed oxygen consumption supported by complex I and/or complex II and/or external NADH dehydrogenase in Percoll-isolated potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum) mitochondria. (semanticscholar.org)
- Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in plant mitochondria: origin and redundant regulatory systems. (semanticscholar.org)
EPOC10
- This physiological effect is called excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, or EPOC. (acefitness.org)
- Also known as oxygen debt, EPOC is the amount of oxygen required to restore your body to its normal, resting level of metabolic function (called homeostasis). (acefitness.org)
- Exercise that places a greater demand on the anaerobic energy pathways during the workout can increase the need for oxygen after the workout, thereby enhancing the EPOC effect. (acefitness.org)
- Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC, informally called afterburn) is a measurably increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity. (wikipedia.org)
- In recovery, oxygen (EPOC) is used in the processes that restore the body to a resting state and adapt it to the exercise just performed. (wikipedia.org)
- EPOC is accompanied by an elevated consumption of fuel. (wikipedia.org)
- However, even those studies incorporating exercise stimuli resulting in prolonged EPOC durations have identified that the EPOC comprises only 6-15% of the net total oxygen cost of the exercise. (bodyrecomposition.com)
- You can thank "excess post-exercise oxygen consumption" (EPOC) for boosting your metabolic rate and burning more calories for hours afterwards. (lesmills.com)
- Use of alternative terms, e.g., "excess post-exercise oxygen consumption" (EPOC) and "recovery O2," will avoid implication of causality in describing the elevation in metabolic rate above resting levels after exercise. (nih.gov)
- This is referred to as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, or EPOC . (oxygenconcentratorstore.com)
Myocardial16
- Left anterior descending coronary artery blood flow and oxygen extraction, aortic and left ventricular pressures, and regional myocardial segment shortening were determined. (biomedsearch.com)
- Coronary reactive hyperemia and vasodilator reserve, and regional myocardial oxygen consumption were determined. (biomedsearch.com)
- Despite this decrease in contractile function, left anterior descending artery flow (19.6 +/- 2.6 vs. 18.4 +/- 3.0 ml/min), myocardial blood flow and the transmural distribution of flow measured with microspheres, and regional myocardial oxygen consumption were unchanged. (biomedsearch.com)
- Thus, in the intact awake animal postischemic myocardial contractile dysfunction was not associated with decreased myocardial oxygen consumption and did not impair the normal relation between coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen utilization. (biomedsearch.com)
- Relation between maximum time-varying elastance pressure-volume areas and myocardial oxygen consumption in dogs. (ahajournals.org)
- We conclude that the Emax PVAs calculated using data acquisition techniques that are clinically applicable have relations with MVO2 that in general do not improve on other indexes of myocardial oxygen demand in this animal preparation. (ahajournals.org)
- Myocardial oxygen consumption in aortic valve disease with and without left ventricular dysfunction. (bmj.com)
- Whole-body O2 consumption and indirect measurements of myocardial O2 consumption [heart rate and rate pressure product (RPP)] were assessed. (prohealth.com)
- Devices and methods for improving cardiac efficiency involve measuring, patient-internally, an oxygen saturation parameter indicative of oxygen usage of myocardial tissue of the heart. (google.com)
- The relationship between myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) and the total pressure-volume area (PVA), which represents the total mechanical work performed during a cardiac cycle, has been shown to be linear and independent of loading conditions: MVO2=aPVA+b. (semanticscholar.org)
- Dynamic changes of myocardial oxygen consumption at pacing increased heart rate - the first observation by the continuous measurement of systemic oxygen consumption. (semanticscholar.org)
- Myocardial contractile efficiency and oxygen cost of contractility are preserved during transition from compensated hypertrophy to failure in rats with salt-sensitive hypertension. (semanticscholar.org)
- Comparison between the effects of 2-3 butanedione monoxime (BDM) and calcium chloride on myocardial oxygen consumption. (semanticscholar.org)
- Thus there is little extraction reserve when myocardial oxygen consumption is augmented severalfold during exercise. (elsevier.com)
- There are local metabolic feedback and sympathetic feedforward control mechanisms that match coronary blood flow to myocardial oxygen consumption. (elsevier.com)
- Sympathetic α-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction in medium and large coronary arteries during exercise helps maintain blood flow to the vulnerable subendocardium when cardiac contractility, heart rate, and myocardial oxygen consumption are high. (elsevier.com)
Abstract1
- An abstract of the study "The Effect of Diuretics on Peak Oxygen Consumption and Quality of Life in Patients With Compensated Left Ventricular Dysfunction," by S. Gupta and colleagues is presented. (ebscohost.com)
Rate47
- Heart rate is a determining factor of oxygen consumption. (livestrong.com)
- Without the increase in heart rate, oxygen delivery, and therefore oxygen consumption, is limited. (livestrong.com)
- While heart rate plays an integral role in oxygen consumption, stroke volume, the second factor of oxygen delivery, has been shown to have a much greater effect on VO2. (livestrong.com)
- At a consumption rate of 0.26 tonnes O2 per annum per person, this is sufficient to keep 824,868,073 people alive for 1 year. (100777.com)
- Based on Canadian figures for conifer forests, the number of hectares required to produce sufficient oxygen to satisfy the above combined demand at a production rate of 10.0619 tonnes of O2 per hectare = 21,740,990ha or 217,410km2. (100777.com)
- But this is based on the erroneous assumption that increasing O2 consumption must increase the rate of mitochondrial oxygen radical generation. (nih.gov)
- Mitochondrial oxygen radical generation is also lower in long-lived birds than in short-lived mammals of similar body size and metabolic rate. (nih.gov)
- The maximum rate of oxygen consumption induced by zymosan occurred at a lower concentration than was required to release O2- or hydrogen-peroxide. (cdc.gov)
- The parameters evaluated included expression of various mitochondrial proteins, citrate synthase (CS) activity, and the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of the Longissimus lumborum muscle. (asas.org)
- The tissue metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (tMRO2) is a clinically relevant marker for a number of pathologies including cancer and arterial occlusive disease. (spiedigitallibrary.org)
- This allows for measurement of various physiological responses, including the amount of expired air, heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature - all of which can help determine the amount of oxygen being consumed. (collegesportsscholarships.com)
- The authors quantified the effects of sevoflurane and propofol as sole anesthetics and in combination with N2O on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), metabolic rate of oxygen (rCMRO2), and blood volume (rCBV) in the living human brain using positron emission tomography. (nih.gov)
- The intima from the animals rendered atherosclerotic by cholesterol-feeding showed a much higher rate of oxygen consumption than the controls when succinate was used as a substrate. (ahajournals.org)
- In healthy people, maximal oxygen consumption ( o 2 max ), the maximal rate of oxygen consumption by active muscle during exercise to fatigue, is an index of endurance performance as well as a measure of maximal cardiopulmonary function. (bmj.com)
- This report provides a revised approach for calculating an individual's ventilation rate directly from their oxygen consumption rate. (epa.gov)
- This report, Metabolically Derived Human Ventilation Rates: A Revised Approach Based Upon Oxygen Consumption Rates Report presents a revised approach which calculates ventilation rates directly from an individual's oxygen consumption rate, and applies this method to data provided from more recent sources including the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and EPA's Consolidated Human Activity Database (CHAD). (epa.gov)
- This results in decreased oxygen consumption and heart rate of a user wearing the exoskeleton. (freepatentsonline.com)
- 2. In the first group ( n = 7), vasopressin was infused at a rate of 18.5 pmol min −1 kg −1 while the animals were breathing 10% oxygen. (clinsci.org)
- Intra-arterial infusions of vasopressin that increased venous concentrations as much as or more than systemic infusion of 0.92 pmol of vasopressin min −1 kg −1 had no effect on oxygen consumption, even though the higher intra-arterial rate reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery as much as the systemic infusion. (clinsci.org)
- Streeter I, Cheema U. Oxygen consumption rate of cells in 3D culture: the use of experiment and simulation to measure kinetic parameters and optimise culture conditions. (harvard.edu)
- P.4016 right column 2nd paragraph: 'For HDFs [Human dermal fibroblasts], the average value of Vm [oxygen consumption rate constant] over the time period shown in Fig. 2b is 1.19×10^−17 mol/cell/sec. (harvard.edu)
- The ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VIO2, which equals VI divided by VO2) increased with age, and was similar to normal values for ventilation at 1.01/min VO2 obtained by workers who used multiple work rate tests on more complex equipment. (bmj.com)
- In addition, the fish oil supplementation lowered steady-state submaximal exercise heart rate, whole-body O2 consumption, and RPP (P (prohealth.com)
- Heart rate and oxygen consumption during one training session for one subject. (zanran.com)
- Below outlines general heart rate-oxygen consumption-energy expenditure values for a typical adult male. (zanran.com)
- The heart rate/oxygen consumption relationship during cold exposure of the king penguin: a comparison with that during exercise -- Froget et al. (zanran.com)
- Tissue-level metabolic rate of oxygen (MRO 2 ) in BAT was determined and used to calculate the contribution of activated BAT to DEE. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Effects of reduced salinity on the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and the ammonia-N excretion rate (AER) of scallop Chlamys farreri (3.2-5.9 cm in shell height, 0.147-1.635 g in soft tissue dry weight) were studied in laboratory from March 21, 1997 to April 16, 1997. (springer.com)
- The Rate of Oxygen Consumption of Germinating and Non-Germinating Seeds 2009-03-06 Oxygen consumption in Germinating and Non-germinating Pea Seeds Purpose: To find out and compare the cellular respiration rate at different temperature by using germinating and non-germinating pea seeds. (markedbyteachers.com)
- The gas increased the rate of oxygen consumption in all three tissues and significantly depressed that of anaerobic glycolysis in brain and liver. (rupress.org)
- The current technologies used to assess mitochondrial function via extracellular acidification (ECA) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) are often designed in such a way that they ignore the impact of O 2 concentration on cellular bioenergetics. (bmglabtech.com)
- In active bees the oxygen consumption rate was higher and related to the degree of activity and ambient temperature. (schweizerbart.de)
- Fish oil reduces heart rate and oxygen consumption during exercise" by Gregory E. Peoples, Peter L. McLennan et al. (edu.au)
- In addition, the FO supplementation lowered steady-state submaximal exercise heart rate, whole-body O2 consumption, and RPP (P (edu.au)
- Maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) represents the highest rate at which oxygen can be consumed and utilized to produce energy sustaining aerobic activity. (thesportjournal.org)
- The rate of oxygen consumption was calculated using the unit mL of oxygen consumed per hour, divided by the weight of the organism. (coursehero.com)
- A metric that is commonly used to determine the hypoxia tolerance of fishes is the determination of animal oxygen consumption rate (MO2), which is thought to reflect the ability of an organism to extract oxygen from the environment to maintain routine metabolic rate as dissolved oxygen (DO) decreases. (auburn.edu)
- The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in each cell line in response to in vitro hypoxia was measured using an extracellular flux analyzer. (biomedcentral.com)
- Maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max in nmol mm−3 s−1) of muscle preparations at physiological temperature from various species plotted against the cross-sectional area (in μm2) of the muscle cells in the preparation. (nih.gov)
- Since your oxygen is being used up at a higher rate, it also means you're still burning a higher amount of energy. (oxygenconcentratorstore.com)
- Your heart rate and breath rate are quickly returning to normal, and it needs energy to do this, as well, and more energy means more oxygen. (oxygenconcentratorstore.com)
- The rate of oxygen consumption is a vital marker indicating cellular function during lifetime under normal or metabolically challenged conditions. (bio-protocol.org)
- The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of oxygen consumption in mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs) and to determine the effect of a variety of inhibitors and stimulators of oxygen consumption measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy utilizing a new particulate oximetry probe. (elsevier.com)
- To establish the reliability of this method, agents such as menadione, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), potassium cyanide, rotenone, and diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) were used to modulate the oxygen consumption rate in the cells. (elsevier.com)
- Figure CMB1: Components of the Mitochondrial electron transport chain with electron donors rate of oxygen consumption, increases when uncouplers are present and is affected only. (artams.com)
- We evaluated whether self-reported physical activity (PA) level modulates whole-body total heat loss (WB-THL) as assessed using direct calorimetry in 10 young adults (aged 22 ± 3 years) matched for rate of peak oxygen consumption (an index for aerobic fitness), but of low and high self-reported PA, during 3 incremental cycling bouts (∼39%, 52%, and 64% peak oxygen consumption) in the heat (40 °C). (usda.gov)
- To explore the potential of subtidal animals to regulate their metabolic processes, we investigated how the oxygen consumption rate (MO2) of the sea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus changes in response to extreme temperature fluctuations by mimicking temperature variations recorded at Dokdo Island, Republic of Korea. (usda.gov)
Respiration4
- All this indicates that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is not a simple byproduct of mitochondrial respiration. (nih.gov)
- If tadpoles are prevented from surfacing to breathe air, they can maintain normal oxygen consumption through aquatic respiration alone in normoxic water, but not in hypoxic water. (biologists.org)
- Open-flow respirometry is a useful, physiologically relevant approach that allows for the measurement of mitochondrial respiration rates at dynamic steady-state oxygen concentrations 1,2 . (bmglabtech.com)
- Jinapang, 2010) The oxygen produced during respiration is used to convert stored nutrients in the seed into energy that the seed uses to sprout. (coursehero.com)
Utilization4
- The finding of a lowered RQ has not be described previously, appears to be driven by increased VO2, and may be due to non-CO2 generating oxygen utilization. (ahajournals.org)
- 8 In this situation, tissue is known to downregulate oxygen utilization in response to chronically low oxygen tension. (spiedigitallibrary.org)
- This study clearly demonstrated the utilization of EPR spectrometry with LiNc-BuO probe for determination of oxygen concentration in cultured cells. (elsevier.com)
- the first group increases the amount of oxygen that is supplied to the muscles, while the other increases oxygen utilization by the muscles. (nataswim.info)
Lactate6
- The observation that the stimulus-evoked increase in glucose consumption observed with PET is at least partially nonoxidative (i.e., lactate-producing) has been confirmed with 1 H NMR spectroscopic (MRS) measurements of tissue lactate concentration ([Lac]) ( 8 , 9 ). (pnas.org)
- Energy turnover in the isolated rat portal vein was investigated by measurement of oxygen consumption (JO2) and lactate production (JLA) under simultaneous recording of mechanical activity. (lu.se)
- Bioenergetic models are used in cycling to estimate the acute physiological response in terms of oxygen consumption ( \({\dot{\text{V}}}\) O 2 ) and lactate concentration ([La]). First, our aim is to review the bioenergetic modelling literature, presenting historical evolution of concepts, techniques and related limitations. (springer.com)
- Targeting HIF-1α reduced lactate content, and increased both oxygen consumption and hypoxic fraction in these tumors after exposure to short-term continuous hypoxia. (biomedcentral.com)
- A hallmark of these alterations is enhanced consumption of glucose and release of lactate even in the presence of oxygen, which is called the Warburg effect 14 . (nature.com)
- Our YSI 7000 enzymatic analyzer measures glucose, glutamine, and lactate levels in cell culture media and is used to determine cellular nutrient consumption rates. (mskcc.org)
Excess1
- Effects of exercise intensity and duration on the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. (bodyrecomposition.com)
Decreases5
- Various recent investigations relevant to the study of aging mechanisms have recently found that increases in longevity during dietary restriction can occur together with lack of decreases or even increases in O2 consumption. (nih.gov)
- Strong decreases in absolute and relative (per unit of O2 consumed) mitochondrial oxygen radical production occur during aerobic exercise bouts, chronic exercise training, and hyperthyroidism, and notably, during dietary restriction. (nih.gov)
- Systemic vasopressin infusions at 0.92, 4.6 and 18.5 pmol min −1 kg −1 reduced hindquarter blood flow, oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption, but the decreases in blood flow and oxygen delivery were dose-related whereas that in oxygen consumption was not. (clinsci.org)
- Instead, DO decreases, when oxygen is consumed by bacterioplankton in the water through organic matter mineralization and by diffusion of dissolved oxygen. (iwaponline.com)
- For example, notice that raising the aortic pressure with no change in venous pressure decreases stroke volume and may even decrease external work but always increases oxygen demand. (barnardhealth.us)
Increase in oxygen consumption2
- This cardiovascular response allows for faster oxygen delivery to the working tissue, such as skeletal muscle, which allows for an increase in oxygen consumption. (livestrong.com)
- We observed an increase in oxygen consumption by the cells upon treatment with menadione and LPS, whereas treatment with cyanide, rotenone, and DPI inhibited oxygen consumption. (elsevier.com)
Aerobic5
- ATP is produced either with oxygen using the aerobic pathways or without oxygen relying on the anaerobic pathways. (acefitness.org)
- Once a steady-state of oxygen consumption is achieved, the aerobic energy pathways are able to provide most of the ATP needed for the workout. (acefitness.org)
- Oxygen consumption is considered the best indicator of a person's level of aerobic fitness. (collegesportsscholarships.com)
- As a test we measured the muscle oxygen consumption in the human vastus lateralis during exercise on a cycle ergometer by 11 trained male athletes (32 +/- 11 years old) at 40% and 110% peak aerobic power. (epfl.ch)
- One of the most objective measures that can be used to assess aerobic or cardio-respiratory endurance is maximum oxygen consumption (Radovanovic, 2009). (nataswim.info)
Hypoxia4
- HIF-1α wild-type and HIF-1α knockdown FaDu and ME180 xenograft tumors were grown in the hind leg of mice that were placed in an environmental chamber and exposed to different oxygen conditions (air-breathing and hypoxia). (biomedcentral.com)
- Low oxygen (O 2 ) concentration or hypoxia is emerging as a key microenvironment factor in solid tumor, which has a critical role in the physiological characteristics, pathological features, and development of tumor 4 . (nature.com)
- A hypoxia chamber is also available for maintaining cells in low oxygen. (mskcc.org)
- Marine Ecology Progress Series 1986 Nancy N. Rabalais, 1997-1999 "Comparison of continuous records of near-bottom dissolved oxygen from the hypoxia zone along the Louisiana Coast. (wikipedia.org)
Aortic1
- Moreover, the most atherosclerotic area (the aortic arch) showed a higher oxygen consumption than the less atherosclerotic areas (the thoracic and abdominal areas). (ahajournals.org)
Concentration12
- A novel oxygen microsensor was used to measure oxygen levels in single mouse islets as a function of glucose concentration. (nih.gov)
- A Presens four channel system was used to measure changes in oxygen concentration in real-time in each bottle. (darkenergybiosphere.org)
- A PreSens OXY-4 SMA 4-channel optode was used for oxygen concentration measurements. (darkenergybiosphere.org)
- One approach to providing atomic oxygen for the purpose of promoting more rapid and compact combustion is to disperse a low concentration of an atomic oxygen precursor, such as nitrous oxide (N2O), into the compressed air in the cylinder before or close to the time of ignition. (sumobrain.com)
- Computer simulations demonstrate that an increase in the total creatine pool [PCr±Cr] (where Cr stands for creatine and PCr for phosphocreatine) and in glycolytic ATP supply lengthen the half-transition time, whereas increase in mitochondrial content, in parallel activation of ATP supply and ATP usage, in oxygen concentration, in proton leak, in resting energy demand, in resting cytosolic pH and in initial alkalization decrease this parameter. (portlandpress.com)
- The method combines high temporal and spatial resolution, which are required for the monitoring of fast kinetics of oxygen concentration in living cells. (epfl.ch)
- The results indicate a consumption leading to an intracellular oxygen concentration that decays mono- exponentially with time. (epfl.ch)
- An approach for computing dissolved oxygen concentration is suggested assuming horizontally mixed waters and negligable vertical dispersion. (iwaponline.com)
- The morphology of a lake is very important for how fast the dissolved oxygen concentration is reduced during winter. (iwaponline.com)
- In lakes, which are ice covered during long winters, the dissolved oxygen concentration may decrease to very low values. (iwaponline.com)
- The oxygen concentration is reduced faster in the deep parts of a lake than near the ice. (iwaponline.com)
- the shallower lake, the more oxygen consumption and the lower DO concentration. (iwaponline.com)
Glucose5
- The Roy-Sherrington principle has been interpreted to mean that blood flow changes must be a function of a tight coupling between cellular energy requirements and the supplies of glucose and oxygen. (pnas.org)
- Lactic acid is produced from glycogen (and glucose) when there is not enough oxygen available. (lesmills.com)
- Oxygen consumption of individual islets was 5.99 +/- 1.17, 9.21 +/- 2.15, and 12.22 +/- 2.16 pmol/min at 3, 10, and 20 mM glucose, respectively (mean +/- SEM, n = 10). (nih.gov)
- Elevating glucose levels from 3 to 10 mM induced pronounced fast oscillations in oxygen level (period of 12.1 +/- 1.7 s, n = 6) superimposed on top of large slow oscillations (period of 3.3 +/- 0.6 min, n = 6). (nih.gov)
- In MCF-7 breast cancer cells, higher oxygen consumption can be detected when they rely on glutamine instead of glucose as their main metabolite, predominantly undergoing oxidative phosphorylation rather than glycolysis. (diva-portal.org)
Cellular3
- However, it remains challenging to understand the mechanisms by which contractile activity, mechanical loading, cellular energy status and cellular oxygen tension affect regulation of fiber size. (nih.gov)
- Cellular oxygen consumption is highly recognized as a fundamental indicator of mitochondrial function, reflecting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and metabolic activity of the cell. (bio-protocol.org)
- Oxygen tension was assessed in forearm subcutaneous cellular tissue by means of the polarographic method while performing 10 min oxygen inhalation tests (with spontaneous oxygemogram recording) and a 10 min clamping of vessels. (isharonline.org)
Reactive2
- Mitochondrial oxygen consumption and reactive oxygen species production are independently modulated: implications for aging studies. (nih.gov)
- Total rates of reactive oxygen species generation can also vary between tissues in a way not linked to their differences in oxygen consumption. (nih.gov)
Concentrations3
- ConA at concentrations above 600microg/ml decreased oxygen consumption and hydrogen-peroxide release. (cdc.gov)
- Our measurements can resolve differences in oxygen concentrations between different regions of individual cells, between different cell types, and also based on what metabolic pathways the cells use. (diva-portal.org)
- Under the controlled conditions of reduced salinity from 31.5 to 15.0 and ambient temperature 17°C and 23°C, the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and ammonia-N were determined by the Winkle method and the hypobromite method, respectively. (springer.com)
Amount of oxygen consumed3
- Therefore, increasing the amount of oxygen consumed both during and after a workout, can increase the amount of net calories burned. (acefitness.org)
- In Australia, for example, the amount of oxygen consumed annually through fossil fuel combustion for the purposes of industry and power generation equals 214,465,670 tonnes of molecular oxygen (O2) [1977 figures]. (100777.com)
- In contrast, the amount of oxygen consumed by the Australian population over the same period amounts to 4,290,000 tonnes O2, which is 1/50th of the first figure above. (100777.com)
Temperature6
- There were no differences in rectal temperature (37.3 ± 0.4 °C vs 37.4 ± 0.2 °C), skin temperature (36.5 ± 0.4 °C vs 36.6 ± 0.3 °C), and oxygen saturation (96 ± 3% vs 96 ± 3%) between the 2 groups. (aappublications.org)
- The oxygen uptakes of adult beetles increased at each experimental temperature as the seasons progressed from winter to spring. (oregonstate.edu)
- Effects of temperature on oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion of Chlamys farreri . (springer.com)
- As was expected from thermographical temperature measurements, oxygen consumption by bees which were free to move within 95 ml Warburg vessels varied in a wide range. (schweizerbart.de)
- We used respirometry to quantify the influence of two abiotic factors as potential stressors on stream fishes: temperature and dissolved oxygen. (auburn.edu)
- Effects of Emersion Temperature on the Oxygen Con. (brillonline.com)
Determine Oxygen Consumption1
- One of the most popular field tests used to determine oxygen consumption is the 1.5-mile running test. (collegesportsscholarships.com)
Electrode2
- The present version of the program has options for parsing data strings generated by two major fibre optic oxygen electrode manufacturers. (dtu.dk)
- 2015). In this protocol, we describe a method for the determination of oxygen consumption rates in the nematode C. elegans by using a Clark-type polarographic oxygen sensor electrode (Hansatech, King's Lynn, England). (bio-protocol.org)
Respiratory7
- While exercise generally increases oxygen delivery, it is possible for the cardiovascular system to out-perform the respiratory system. (livestrong.com)
- This illustrates the delicate balance that must be kept between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems for oxygen consumption to be maximized. (livestrong.com)
- Respiratory burst activity in rat alveolar macrophages: particle-stimulated oxygen consumption independent of superoxide anion release. (cdc.gov)
- Scott works closely with respiratory therapists and oxygen specialists to educate the community about oxygen therapy products, COPD, asthma and lung diseases. (oxygenconcentratorstore.com)
- He writes weekly columns and is passionate about educating the community on oxygen therapy and respiratory issues. (oxygenconcentratorstore.com)
- NO (nitric oxide) is described as an inhibitor of plant and mammalian respiratory chains owing to its high affinity for COX (cytochrome c oxidase), which hinders the reduction of oxygen to water. (semanticscholar.org)
- Therefore, it is considered that maximum oxygen consumption is a major measure that indicates the functional capacity of the cardio-respiratory system. (nataswim.info)
Tissue11
- A. A. Shpakov and L. F. Panchenko, "Nature of the effect "rapid oxygen consumption" during the introduction of tissue homogenate or a mitochondrial suspension into the polarographic cell," Biofizika , vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 467-472, 1975. (hindawi.com)
- Oxygen extraction considers the amount of oxygen in arterial blood that is sent to metabolically active tissue, and the amount of oxygen in venous blood being returned to the heart. (livestrong.com)
- The difference in arterial oxygen content and venous oxygen content determines the amount of oxygen that was used by the tissue. (livestrong.com)
- Oxygen transport measurements to evaluate tissue perfusion and titrate therapy: dobutamine and dopam. (biomedsearch.com)
- We validate the system using a series of yeast-hemoglobin tissue-simulating phantoms and conduct in vivo tests in humans using arterial occlusions that demonstrate sensitivity to tissue metabolic oxygen debt and its repayment. (spiedigitallibrary.org)
- Blood flow and oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) were calculated from dynamic PET scans at the location of BAT, muscle, and white adipose tissue. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- 1 2 The cornea is an avascular tissue whose health depends on oxygen transport through its atmospheric boundary, but contact lenses provide additional resistance to this process. (arvojournals.org)
- Kotecha M, Epel B, Ravindran S, Dorcemus D, Nukavarapu S, Halpern H. Noninvasive Absolute Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Oxygen Imaging for the Assessment of Tissue Graft Oxygenation. (uchicago.edu)
- This work was undertaken to study tissue oxygen exchange and oxidative processes in the long-lived individuals who were assumed as the physiologically aging individuals. (isharonline.org)
- The obtained data served as the tissue oxygen exchange indicator. (isharonline.org)
- Liver mitochondrial ATP production and oxygen consumption values ATP production in tissue homogenates and calculation of effective P/O ratios. (artams.com)
Relationship between oxygen consumption3
- This research underlines the important relationship between oxygen consumption and the factors of oxygen delivery. (livestrong.com)
- 1. Dobutamine has been used to study the relationship between oxygen consumption ( V O 2 ) and oxygen delivery ( D O 2 ) in critically ill patients, but this has led to concerns that it could consistently increase V O 2 in all patients. (portlandpress.com)
- The new model reproduced experimental data successfully, provided values for corneal diffusivity and consumption, and described the relationship between oxygen consumption and oxygen tension in the cornea. (arvojournals.org)
Incremental1
- Oxygen Consumption(VO2 Max) is the maximum capacity of an individual's body to transport and utilize oxygen during incremental exercise, which reflects the physical fitness of the individual. (easycalculation.com)
Measurements5
- To address this need, 14 participants crawled a distance of 305 m each while their breath-by-breath oxygen consumption measurements were taken. (cdc.gov)
- A simple and portable paced step test for reproducible measurements of ventilation and oxygen consumption during exercise. (bmj.com)
- The current oxygen diffusion model was extended to include the temporal domain and was used to simulate in vivo noninvasive measurements of tear oxygen tension in human corneas. (arvojournals.org)
- 3 published some novel measurements of tear film oxygen tension during contact lens wear on human eyes in vivo. (arvojournals.org)
- Their measurements at the cornea-contact lens interface provide abundant and useful data to characterize oxygen diffusion in the cornea. (arvojournals.org)
Extraction6
- VO2, as described by Dr. Benjamin Levine, is based on the Fick equation, which says oxygen consumption is dependent on the product of oxygen delivery and extraction. (livestrong.com)
- According to Levine, oxygen consumption is limited to a greater extent by oxygen delivery rather than oxygen extraction. (livestrong.com)
- The originator of the Weber Heart Failure Classification system, Dr. Karl Weber, has demonstrated that in severe heart failure, oxygen extraction is enhanced to compensate for the decrease in oxygen delivery. (livestrong.com)
- These results suggest that profound alterations in oxygen extraction occur after CA and may be measured non-invasively in patients. (ahajournals.org)
- 0.05 for all cortex and cerebellum vs. awake) in the oxygen extraction fraction was seen. (nih.gov)
- S+N especially reduced the oxygen extraction fraction, suggesting disturbed flow-activity coupling in humans at a moderate depth of anesthesia. (nih.gov)
Higher oxygen consumption1
- Moderately active individuals consumed 48.4 μl O2min-1 at 25°C and 18.3 μl O2min-1 35°C. By contrast, fast walking bees had significantly higher oxygen consumption rates: 91.4 and 30.5 μl O2min-1 at 25° and 35°C, respectively. (schweizerbart.de)
Maximum oxygen consumption1
- Maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) test is highly reproducible, and it is considered a "gold standard" for functional capacity assessment in athletes and sick individuals. (biomedcentral.com)
Cerebral bloo1
- Effects of sevoflurane, propofol, and adjunct nitrous oxide on regional cerebral blood flow, oxygen consumption, and blood volume in humans. (nih.gov)
Lactic1
- Glycogen starts by liberating some energy without oxygen, producing lactic acid. (lesmills.com)
Skeletal muscle fibers1
- This is in good agreement with previously reported mea- surements of oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle fibers. (epfl.ch)
Measure11
- Oxygen consumption, abbreviated VO2, is a measure of the volume of oxygen used by the body. (livestrong.com)
- Oxygen delivery, on the other hand, is a measure of cardiac function, specifically of cardiac output. (livestrong.com)
- How To Measure Your Oxygen Consumption. (collegesportsscholarships.com)
- There are a number of ways to accurately measure oxygen consumption in a laboratory. (collegesportsscholarships.com)
- These values are an absolute measure of how much oxygen is consumed in milliliters per kilogram of bodyweight per minute (or ml/kg/min). (collegesportsscholarships.com)
- Measure oxygen with fingeroximeter. (freediving.biz)
- Here we describe the implementation of the CLARIOstar with ACU in conjunction with advanced phosphorescent dyes to measure O 2 consumption and glycolytic flux in an open-flow respirometry system. (bmglabtech.com)
- AquaResp® is a free open-source software program developed to measure the oxygen consumption of aquatic animals using intermittent flow techniques. (dtu.dk)
- However, it has proved more problematic to measure real-time changes in blood flow and oxygen consumption. (