An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)
Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.
Inhalation of oxygen aimed at restoring toward normal any pathophysiologic alterations of gas exchange in the cardiopulmonary system, as by the use of a respirator, nasal catheter, tent, chamber, or mask. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)
An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.
Stable oxygen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element oxygen, but differ in atomic weight. O-17 and 18 are stable oxygen isotopes.
The therapeutic intermittent administration of oxygen in a chamber at greater than sea-level atmospheric pressures (three atmospheres). It is considered effective treatment for air and gas embolisms, smoke inhalation, acute carbon monoxide poisoning, caisson disease, clostridial gangrene, etc. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992). The list of treatment modalities includes stroke.
The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Relatively complete absence of oxygen in one or more tissues.
A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).
The determination of oxygen-hemoglobin saturation of blood either by withdrawing a sample and passing it through a classical photoelectric oximeter or by electrodes attached to some translucent part of the body like finger, earlobe, or skin fold. It includes non-invasive oxygen monitoring by pulse oximetry.
Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.
A compound formed by the combination of hemoglobin and oxygen. It is a complex in which the oxygen is bound directly to the iron without causing a change from the ferrous to the ferric state.
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.
An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1.
The oxygen-carrying proteins of ERYTHROCYTES. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The number of globin subunits in the hemoglobin quaternary structure differs between species. Structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements.
Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated.
Substances that influence the course of a chemical reaction by ready combination with free radicals. Among other effects, this combining activity protects pancreatic islets against damage by cytokines and prevents myocardial and pulmonary perfusion injuries.
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in ACATALASIA.
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.
A flavoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the univalent reduction of OXYGEN using NADPH as an electron donor to create SUPEROXIDE ANION. The enzyme is dependent on a variety of CYTOCHROMES. Defects in the production of superoxide ions by enzymes such as NADPH oxidase result in GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC.
A condition of decreased oxygen content at the cellular level.
The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Highly reactive compounds produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. In biological systems, they may be generated during the normal catalytic function of a number of enzymes and during the oxidation of hemoglobin to METHEMOGLOBIN. In living organisms, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE protects the cell from the deleterious effects of superoxides.
Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
An electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. Usually a mercury drop electrode is used.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Techniques used for determining the values of photometric parameters of light resulting from LUMINESCENCE.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
The exchange of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood that occurs across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.
The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.
Substances that are used in place of blood, for example, as an alternative to BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS after blood loss to restore BLOOD VOLUME and oxygen-carrying capacity to the blood circulation, or to perfuse isolated organs.
The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
The noninvasive measurement or determination of the partial pressure (tension) of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide locally in the capillaries of a tissue by the application to the skin of a special set of electrodes. These electrodes contain photoelectric sensors capable of picking up the specific wavelengths of radiation emitted by oxygenated versus reduced hemoglobin.
Electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (OXIDATION-REDUCTION).
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Unstable isotopes of oxygen that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. O atoms with atomic weights 13, 14, 15, 19, and 20 are radioactive oxygen isotopes.
An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria.
A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.
Nitrogenous products of NITRIC OXIDE synthases, ranging from NITRIC OXIDE to NITRATES. These reactive nitrogen intermediates also include the inorganic PEROXYNITROUS ACID and the organic S-NITROSOTHIOLS.
The N-acetyl derivative of CYSTEINE. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates.
A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Controlled physical activity which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
A technique applicable to the wide variety of substances which exhibit paramagnetism because of the magnetic moments of unpaired electrons. The spectra are useful for detection and identification, for determination of electron structure, for study of interactions between molecules, and for measurement of nuclear spins and moments. (From McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 7th edition) Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy is a variant of the technique which can give enhanced resolution. Electron spin resonance analysis can now be used in vivo, including imaging applications such as MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING.
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is regulated by OXYGEN availability and is targeted for degradation by VHL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN.
Diphosphoglyceric acids are organic compounds that play a role in the transport of oxygen in red blood cells.
The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor.
A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Electrodes which can be used to measure the concentration of particular ions in cells, tissues, or solutions.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.
Expenditure of energy during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEAT produced, or HEART RATE. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.
The voltage difference, normally maintained at approximately -180mV, across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE, by a net movement of positive charge across the membrane. It is a major component of the PROTON MOTIVE FORCE in MITOCHONDRIA used to drive the synthesis of ATP.
Heterocyclic compounds in which an oxygen is attached to a cyclic nitrogen.
The mixture of gases present in the earth's atmosphere consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.
A noninvasive technique that uses the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin to evaluate tissue oxygenation and indirectly can measure regional hemodynamics and blood flow. Near-infrared light (NIR) can propagate through tissues and at particular wavelengths is differentially absorbed by oxygenated vs. deoxygenated forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Illumination of intact tissue with NIR allows qualitative assessment of changes in the tissue concentration of these molecules. The analysis is also used to determine body composition.
A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group.
The volume of BLOOD passing through the HEART per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with STROKE VOLUME (volume per beat).
Helium. A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.
The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.
A vertical distance measured from a known level on the surface of a planet or other celestial body.
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
Ions with the suffix -onium, indicating cations with coordination number 4 of the type RxA+ which are analogous to QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (H4N+). Ions include phosphonium R4P+, oxonium R3O+, sulfonium R3S+, chloronium R2Cl+
A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays a role in APOPTOSIS. It is composed of two subunits: ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR and HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1, ALPHA SUBUNIT.
Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.
The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Porphyrins which are combined with a metal ion. The metal is bound equally to all four nitrogen atoms of the pyrrole rings. They possess characteristic absorption spectra which can be utilized for identification or quantitative estimation of porphyrins and porphyrin-bound compounds.
Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.
A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.
The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an EXERCISE TEST.
The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.
An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.
A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508)
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.
Hemoglobins characterized by structural alterations within the molecule. The alteration can be either absence, addition or substitution of one or more amino acids in the globin part of the molecule at selected positions in the polypeptide chains.
Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group.
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
A group of compounds that contain a bivalent O-O group, i.e., the oxygen atoms are univalent. They can either be inorganic or organic in nature. Such compounds release atomic (nascent) oxygen readily. Thus they are strong oxidizing agents and fire hazards when in contact with combustible materials, especially under high-temperature conditions. The chief industrial uses of peroxides are as oxidizing agents, bleaching agents, and initiators of polymerization. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
A group of oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH. In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. This subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p100) EC 1.6.
Peroxidases are enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of substrates by hydrogen peroxide or other peroxides, with applications in medical fields such as wound healing and cancer treatment.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals.
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.
A purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi. It is an intermediate in the degradation of adenosine monophosphate to uric acid, being formed by oxidation of hypoxanthine. The methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are used in medicine for their bronchodilator effects. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The mitochondria of the myocardium.
Molecules which contain an atom or a group of atoms exhibiting an unpaired electron spin that can be detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and can be bonded to another molecule. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms.
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)
Reduction of blood viscosity usually by the addition of cell free solutions. Used clinically (1) in states of impaired microcirculation, (2) for replacement of intraoperative blood loss without homologous blood transfusion, and (3) in cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia.
An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9.
Testing for the amount of biodegradable organic material in a water sample by measuring the quantity of oxygen consumed by biodegradation of those materials over a specific time period.
A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
C57BL mice are a commonly used strain of laboratory mice that are inbred to produce consistent and predictable results in scientific research.
Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.
The volume of packed RED BLOOD CELLS in a blood specimen. The volume is measured by centrifugation in a tube with graduated markings, or with automated blood cell counters. It is an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, ANEMIA shows a low value; POLYCYTHEMIA, a high value.
Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2).
An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.
The time span between the beginning of physical activity by an individual and the termination because of exhaustion.
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A mixed-function oxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of a prolyl-glycyl containing peptide, usually in PROTOCOLLAGEN, to a hydroxyprolylglycyl-containing-peptide. The enzyme utilizes molecular OXYGEN with a concomitant oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate to SUCCINATE. The enzyme occurs as a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits. The beta subunit of procollagen-proline dioxygenase is identical to the enzyme PROTEIN DISULFIDE-ISOMERASES.
The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of beta-D-glucose and oxygen to D-glucono-1,5-lactone and peroxide. It is a flavoprotein, highly specific for beta-D-glucose. The enzyme is produced by Penicillium notatum and other fungi and has antibacterial activity in the presence of glucose and oxygen. It is used to estimate glucose concentration in blood or urine samples through the formation of colored dyes by the hydrogen peroxide produced in the reaction. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.3.4.
A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections.
The circulation of the BLOOD through the MICROVASCULAR NETWORK.
A reduction in brain oxygen supply due to ANOXEMIA (a reduced amount of oxygen being carried in the blood by HEMOGLOBIN), or to a restriction of the blood supply to the brain, or both. Severe hypoxia is referred to as anoxia, and is a relatively common cause of injury to the central nervous system. Prolonged brain anoxia may lead to BRAIN DEATH or a PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE. Histologically, this condition is characterized by neuronal loss which is most prominent in the HIPPOCAMPUS; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; CEREBELLUM; and inferior olives.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
The circulation of the BLOOD through the LUNGS.
Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.
Proteins that contain an iron-porphyrin, or heme, prosthetic group resembling that of hemoglobin. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p480)
The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Arterial blood gas tensions during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. (1/22785)

Arterial blood gas tensions were measured before and during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, with (group I) and without (group 2) sedation with intravenous diazepam. There was a highly significant fall in the PaO2, which occurred in both groups and was therefore not attributable to diazepam. Measurement of FEV, and FVC before endoscopy had no predictive value for those patients whose PaO2 fell the most.  (+info)

In vitro development of sheep preantral follicles. (2/22785)

Preantral ovarian follicles isolated from prepubertal sheep ovaries were individually cultured for 6 days in the presence of increasing doses of FSH (ranging from 0.01 to 1 microg/ml) and under two different oxygen concentrations, 20% and 5% O2. Follicle development was evaluated on the basis of antral cavity formation as well as the presence of healthy cumulus oocyte complexes. Follicle growth was enhanced by FSH addition to culture medium, while the use of a low oxygen concentration slightly stimulated this process. However, when follicles were cultured in the presence of high doses of FSH (1 microgram/ml) and under low oxygen concentration, a high proportion of them showed the presence of an antral cavity and of a healthy cumulus-oocyte complex. In addition, under this specific culture condition sheep preantral follicles released higher levels of estradiol as compared to those secreted at lower FSH concentrations or under 20% O2. When the meiotic competence of oocytes derived from follicles cultured at 1 microgram/ml FSH was assessed, no significant difference was recorded between the two oxygen groups. These results show that the culture conditions here identified are beneficial to in vitro growth and differentiation of sheep preantral follicles.  (+info)

Endogenous plasma endothelin concentrations and coronary circulation in patients with mild dilated cardiomyopathy. (3/22785)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether increased plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and big endothelin (BET) play a role in the regulation of coronary circulation in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM). SETTING: Tertiary referral centre for cardiac diseases. PATIENTS: Fourteen patients (eight male/six female; mean (SD) age 59 (9) years) with IDCM (ejection fraction 36 (9)%) and five normotensive subjects (two male/three female; age 52 (7) years) serving as controls were studied. METHODS: Functional status was classified according to New York Heart Association (NYHA) class. Endogenous ET-1 and BET plasma concentrations from the aorta and the coronary sinus were determined by radioimmunoassay. Coronary blood flow, using the inert chromatographic argon method, myocardial oxygen consumption, and coronary sinus oxygen content under basal conditions were determined. RESULTS: In the aorta, mean (SD) concentrations of ET-1 (IDCM 0.76 (0.25) v controls 0.31 (0.06) fmol/ml; p = 0.002) and BET (IDCM 3.58 (1.06) v controls 2.11 (0.58) fmol/ml; p = 0.014) were increased in patients with IDCM. Aortic ET-1 concentrations correlated positively with NYHA class (r = 0. 731; p < 0.001), myocardial oxygen consumption (r = 0.749; p < 0. 001), and coronary blood flow (r = 0.645; p = 0.003), but inversely with coronary sinus oxygen content (r = -0.633; p = 0.004), which was significantly decreased in IDCM patients (IDCM 4.68 (1.05) v controls 6.70 (1.06) vol%; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The coronary circulation in patients with IDCM is exposed to an increased endothelin load. ET-1 concentrations correlate with functional deterioration. A decrease of the coronary sinus content of oxygen suggests a mismatch between coronary blood flow and metabolic demand. Thus, ET-1 might be a marker of a disequilibrium between myocardial oxygen demand and coronary blood flow in IDCM.  (+info)

Quantification of tumour vasculature and hypoxia by immunohistochemical staining and HbO2 saturation measurements. (4/22785)

Despite the possibility that tumour hypoxia may limit radiotherapeutic response, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. A new methodology has been developed in which information from several sophisticated techniques is combined and analysed at a microregional level. First, tumour oxygen availability is spatially defined by measuring intravascular blood oxygen saturations (HbO2) cryospectrophotometrically in frozen tumour blocks. Second, hypoxic development is quantified in adjacent sections using immunohistochemical detection of a fluorescently conjugated monoclonal antibody (ELK3-51) to a nitroheterocyclic hypoxia marker (EF5), thereby providing information relating to both the oxygen consumption rates and the effective oxygen diffusion distances. Third, a combination of fluorescent (Hoechst 33342 or DiOC7(3)) and immunohistological (PECAM-1/CD31) stains is used to define the anatomical vascular densities and the fraction of blood vessels containing flow. Using a computer-interfaced microscope stage, image analysis software and a 3-CCD colour video camera, multiple images are digitized, combined to form a photo-montage and revisited after each of the three staining protocols. By applying image registration techniques, the spatial distribution of HbO2 saturations is matched to corresponding hypoxic marker intensities in adjacent sections. This permits vascular configuration to be related to oxygen availability and allows the hypoxic marker intensities to be quantitated in situ.  (+info)

The respiratory responses of Carcinus maenas to declining oxygen tension. (5/22785)

The degree of respiratory independence shown by Carcinus under conditions of declining oxygen tension is dependent on the animal's level of activity. Inactive Carcinus are capable of maintaining respiratory independence down to a Po2 of 60-80 mmHg. This is achieved primarily by an increase in ventilation volume such that the amount of oxygen made available at the respiratory surfaces remains constant over a wide range of oxygen tension. The Po2 at which this can no longer be maintained corresponds closely to the Po2 at which respiratory independence is lost. Under normoxic conditions the Po2 of the post- and prebranchial blood was 97 and 18 mmHg respectively. At the high oxygen tensions prevailing in the postbranchial blood the respiratory pigment is fully saturated. Under conditions of declining oxygen tension the heart rate remains more or less constant until the Po2 reaches 60-80 mmHg, the onset of bradycardia coinciding with the loss of saturation of the haemocyanin. Although cardiac output falls during hypoxia, the capacity rate ratio remains approximately constant, which enables the effectiveness of oxygen uptake by the blood to remain at a high level.  (+info)

Active transport of calcium across the isolated midgut of Hyalophora cecropia. (6/22785)

1. The net flux of 45Ca from lumen to blood side across the isolated and short-circuited Cecropia midgut was 1-9 +/- 0-2 muequiv. cm-2h-1 in 8 mM Ca and the flux ratio was as high as 56 to 1. 2. The calcium influx was depressed by anoxia; 73% after 30 min. 3. The kinetics of Ca transport were anomalous; the apparent Km varied with Ca concentration from less than 0-2 to greater than 5-6 mM Ca and the apparent Vmax varied from less than 1-3 to greater than 3-3 muequiv. cm-2h-1. 4. The calcium influx showed a delay before the tracer steady state was attained, indicating the existence in the transport route of a calcium pool equivalent to 5-7 muequiv/g. wet weight of midgut tissue. 5 High calcium (16 mM) depressed the short-circuit current and potassium transport from blood to lumen side across the midgut. 6. Calcium depressed magnesium transport, from lumen to blood side across the midgut, and magnesium depressed the calcium transport. 7. Ca transport by the midgut does not regulate the Ca level in the haemolymph in vivo; it merely aids the diffusion of calcium down its electrochemical gradient. However, Ca transport may assist the uptake of the nutrients from the midgut contents.  (+info)

2,3 diphosphoglycerate in Parkinson's disease. (7/22785)

The red cell 2,3 DPG, the most important factor for oxygen delivery in the tissues, was found to be increased in Parkinsonism patients compared with controls. The aging process seems not to be a factor in the increased 2,3 DPG concentration. Other factors relevant to raised 2,3 DPG level such as physical activity, increased oxygen requirements, and metabolic changes are discussed.  (+info)

Nitric oxide inhibits cardiac energy production via inhibition of mitochondrial creatine kinase. (8/22785)

Nitric oxide biosynthesis in cardiac muscle leads to a decreased oxygen consumption and lower ATP synthesis. It is suggested that this effect of nitric oxide is mainly due to the inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase. However, this work demonstrates that nitric oxide is able to inhibit soluble mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK), mitochondrial CK bound in purified mitochondria, CK in situ in skinned fibres as well as the functional activity of mitochondrial CK in situ in skinned fibres. Since mitochondrial isoenzyme is functionally coupled to oxidative phosphorylation, its inhibition also leads to decreased sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration to ADP and thus decreases ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption under physiological ADP concentrations.  (+info)

In the medical field, oxygen is a gas that is essential for the survival of most living organisms. It is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including respiratory disorders, heart disease, and anemia. Oxygen is typically administered through a mask, nasal cannula, or oxygen tank, and is used to increase the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream. This can help to improve oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs, which is important for maintaining normal bodily functions. In medical settings, oxygen is often used to treat patients who are experiencing difficulty breathing due to conditions such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or asthma. It may also be used to treat patients who have suffered from a heart attack or stroke, as well as those who are recovering from surgery or other medical procedures. Overall, oxygen is a critical component of modern medical treatment, and is used in a wide range of clinical settings to help patients recover from illness and maintain their health.

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules that are produced as a byproduct of normal cellular metabolism. They include oxygen radicals such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals, as well as non-radical species such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite. In small amounts, ROS play important roles in various physiological processes, such as immune responses, cell signaling, and the regulation of gene expression. However, when produced in excess, ROS can cause oxidative stress, which can damage cellular components such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. This damage can lead to various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, ROS are often studied in the medical field as potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress.

Singlet oxygen is a highly reactive form of molecular oxygen (O2) that has two unpaired electrons in its ground state. It is produced when oxygen molecules absorb energy, such as ultraviolet light, and undergo a process called intersystem crossing, which changes the electronic configuration of the molecule. In the medical field, singlet oxygen is used as a therapeutic agent in photodynamic therapy (PDT), a treatment for various types of cancer, including skin, lung, and head and neck cancer. PDT involves the administration of a photosensitizer, a compound that absorbs light and becomes excited, and then releases energy in the form of singlet oxygen. The singlet oxygen damages the cancer cells, leading to their destruction. Singlet oxygen is also used in other medical applications, such as wound healing and the treatment of age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of blindness in older adults. However, the use of singlet oxygen in medicine is still in the experimental stage, and more research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and risks.

In the medical field, oxygen isotopes refer to the different forms of the element oxygen that have different atomic weights due to the presence of different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. The most common oxygen isotopes are oxygen-16, oxygen-17, and oxygen-18. Oxygen-16 is the most abundant and is the form of oxygen that is found in the air we breathe. Oxygen-17 and oxygen-18 are less abundant and are often used in medical research and diagnostic imaging. Oxygen isotopes can be used to study the metabolism and function of various organs and tissues in the body, and can also be used to diagnose and treat certain medical conditions.

Anoxia is a medical condition characterized by a lack of oxygen in the body's tissues. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including low oxygen levels in the air, reduced blood flow to the tissues, or a lack of oxygen-carrying red blood cells. Anoxia can lead to a range of symptoms, including confusion, dizziness, shortness of breath, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, anoxia can be life-threatening and may require immediate medical attention.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a colorless, odorless liquid that is commonly used in the medical field as a disinfectant, antiseptic, and oxidizing agent. It is a strong oxidizing agent that can break down organic matter, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, making it useful for disinfecting wounds, surfaces, and medical equipment. In addition to its disinfectant properties, hydrogen peroxide is also used in wound care to remove dead tissue and promote healing. It is often used in combination with other wound care products, such as saline solution or antibiotic ointment, to help prevent infection and promote healing. Hydrogen peroxide is also used in some medical procedures, such as endoscopy and bronchoscopy, to help clean and disinfect the equipment before use. It is also used in some dental procedures to help remove stains and whiten teeth. However, it is important to note that hydrogen peroxide can be harmful if not used properly. It should not be ingested or applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes without first diluting it with water. It should also be stored in a cool, dry place away from children and pets.

Antioxidants are molecules that can neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to the development of various diseases. In the medical field, antioxidants are often used to prevent or treat conditions related to oxidative stress, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Antioxidants can be found naturally in foods such as fruits, vegetables, and nuts, or they can be taken as supplements. Some common antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and selenium.

Oxyhemoglobins are a type of hemoglobin molecule that is carrying oxygen. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. When hemoglobin binds to oxygen, it forms oxyhemoglobin. This process is known as oxygenation. Oxyhemoglobin is the form of hemoglobin that is most commonly found in the blood and is essential for the proper functioning of the body's cells.

In the medical field, carbon dioxide (CO2) is a gas that is produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration and is exhaled by the body. It is also used in medical applications such as carbon dioxide insufflation during colonoscopy and laparoscopic surgery, and as a component of medical gases used in anesthesia and respiratory therapy. High levels of CO2 in the blood (hypercapnia) can be a sign of respiratory or metabolic disorders, while low levels (hypocapnia) can be caused by respiratory failure or metabolic alkalosis.

Aerobiosis is a type of respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen. In the medical field, aerobiosis is the process by which cells in the body use oxygen to produce energy through a series of chemical reactions called cellular respiration. This process is essential for the survival of most living organisms, as it provides the energy needed for growth, repair, and other vital functions. During aerobiosis, glucose (a type of sugar) is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary energy currency of the cell. Oxygen is required for this process to occur, as it acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, which is the final step in cellular respiration. Aerobic exercise, such as running or cycling, is a type of physical activity that relies on aerobiosis to produce energy. During aerobic exercise, the body uses oxygen to break down glucose and other nutrients, producing energy that can be used to power the muscles and other organs. Regular aerobic exercise has been shown to have numerous health benefits, including improved cardiovascular health, increased endurance, and weight loss.

Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in protecting cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide radicals. ROS are naturally produced by cells as a byproduct of metabolism, but in excess, they can cause oxidative stress and damage to cellular components, including DNA, proteins, and lipids. SOD catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide radicals into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, which are less reactive and less harmful to cells. There are several different forms of SOD, including copper-zinc SOD (CuZnSOD), manganese SOD (MnSOD), and iron SOD (FeSOD), which are found in different cellular compartments and have different substrate specificities. In the medical field, SOD is of interest because of its potential therapeutic applications in treating a variety of diseases and conditions that are associated with oxidative stress, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, and aging. SOD supplements are also sometimes used as dietary supplements to enhance the body's natural antioxidant defenses. However, the efficacy and safety of SOD supplements have not been well-established, and more research is needed to fully understand their potential benefits and risks.

Hemoglobins are a group of proteins found in red blood cells (erythrocytes) that are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. Hemoglobin is composed of four subunits, each of which contains a heme group that binds to oxygen. The oxygen binds to the iron atom in the heme group, allowing the hemoglobin to transport oxygen throughout the body. Hemoglobin also plays a role in regulating the pH of the blood and in the immune response. Abnormalities in hemoglobin can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, sickle cell disease, and thalassemia.

Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that contain an unpaired electron in their outermost shell. In the medical field, free radicals are often associated with oxidative stress, which occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body's ability to neutralize them. Free radicals can be produced naturally by the body as a result of normal metabolic processes, or they can be generated by external factors such as exposure to environmental pollutants, radiation, or certain medications. When free radicals react with healthy cells, they can damage cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to a variety of health problems, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. To counteract the harmful effects of free radicals, the body has developed a number of antioxidant defenses, including enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamins C and E. However, when the production of free radicals exceeds the body's ability to neutralize them, antioxidants may not be sufficient to prevent oxidative damage, and additional measures may be necessary to reduce the risk of disease.

Catalase is an enzyme that is found in almost all living organisms, including humans. It is primarily responsible for breaking down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a toxic byproduct of cellular metabolism, into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). In the medical field, catalase is often used as a diagnostic tool to measure the activity of this enzyme in various tissues and fluids, such as blood, urine, and liver tissue. Abnormal levels of catalase activity can be indicative of certain medical conditions, such as liver disease, kidney disease, and certain types of cancer. Catalase is also used in various medical treatments, such as in the treatment of certain types of cancer, where it is used to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill cancer cells. Additionally, catalase is used in some wound healing products to help break down hydrogen peroxide and reduce inflammation.

Hyperoxia is a medical condition characterized by an excessive amount of oxygen in the body. It occurs when the body is exposed to higher levels of oxygen than it can handle or when the body is not able to effectively remove excess oxygen from the bloodstream. In the medical field, hyperoxia can be caused by a variety of factors, including breathing pure oxygen at high concentrations, exposure to high altitude, or certain medical treatments such as oxygen therapy. Symptoms of hyperoxia can include headache, confusion, dizziness, seizures, and in severe cases, respiratory distress or failure. Treatment for hyperoxia typically involves reducing the amount of oxygen being administered or providing supportive care to manage symptoms.

NADPH oxidase is a membrane-bound enzyme complex that is responsible for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly superoxide anions, in various cells and tissues. It plays a crucial role in the immune response, where it is involved in the killing of pathogens by phagocytic cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. NADPH oxidase is also involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. In the medical field, NADPH oxidase is of interest because its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory disorders.

Cell hypoxia refers to a condition in which cells do not receive enough oxygen to function properly. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including reduced blood flow to the affected area, decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, or damage to the tissues that transport oxygen. Cell hypoxia can have a range of effects on the body, depending on the severity and duration of the oxygen deprivation. In the short term, it can cause symptoms such as dizziness, confusion, and shortness of breath. In the long term, it can lead to tissue damage, organ dysfunction, and even organ failure. Cell hypoxia is a common problem in a variety of medical conditions, including heart disease, stroke, lung disease, and anemia. It is also a concern in certain surgical procedures and during exercise, as the body's demand for oxygen increases. Treatment for cell hypoxia typically involves addressing the underlying cause and providing supplemental oxygen to the affected cells.

Anaerobiosis is a condition in which an organism cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. In the medical field, anaerobiosis is often associated with infections caused by anaerobic bacteria, which are bacteria that do not require oxygen to grow and survive. These bacteria are commonly found in the human body, particularly in areas such as the mouth, gut, and female reproductive tract, where oxygen levels are low. Anaerobic bacteria can cause a range of infections, including dental caries, periodontitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Treatment for anaerobic infections typically involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against anaerobic bacteria.

In the medical field, superoxides are highly reactive oxygen species that contain one unpaired electron in their outermost shell. They are formed when oxygen molecules (O2) gain an electron and become excited, resulting in the formation of a superoxide radical (O2•-). Superoxides are produced naturally by cells as a byproduct of cellular respiration and are involved in various physiological processes, including the immune response, detoxification, and the regulation of gene expression. However, excessive production of superoxides can also lead to oxidative stress and damage to cellular components, including DNA, proteins, and lipids. In medicine, superoxides are often studied in the context of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. They are also used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of certain conditions, such as infections and inflammation.

Blood gas analysis is a medical test that measures the levels of gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, in the blood. It is typically performed by drawing a small sample of blood from a vein in the arm and analyzing it using a machine called a blood gas analyzer. The results of a blood gas analysis can provide important information about a person's respiratory and circulatory function, as well as their acid-base balance. This information can be useful in diagnosing and treating a variety of medical conditions, including respiratory disorders, heart problems, and metabolic imbalances. Blood gas analysis is often used to monitor patients who are critically ill or who are undergoing certain medical procedures, such as surgery or mechanical ventilation. It can also be used to guide treatment decisions in conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia.

Blood substitutes are substances that are designed to replace or supplement the function of blood in the human body. They are typically used in situations where there is a shortage of blood, such as during surgery or in cases of trauma, or when a patient's blood is not compatible with donated blood. Blood substitutes can be classified into two main categories: liquid and solid. Liquid blood substitutes are typically composed of artificial blood cells suspended in a solution, while solid blood substitutes are made up of artificial blood cells that have been encapsulated in a polymer matrix. There are several different types of blood substitutes that have been developed, including hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), perfluorocarbon emulsions (PFCEs), and synthetic red blood cells (sRBCs). Each type of blood substitute has its own advantages and disadvantages, and their effectiveness and safety have been the subject of extensive research and clinical trials. Despite the development of various blood substitutes, there are still many challenges to overcome before they can be widely used in clinical practice. These include issues related to safety, efficacy, and cost, as well as regulatory hurdles and public acceptance.

Blood gas monitoring, transcutaneous (TCOG) is a non-invasive method of measuring the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in a person's blood. It involves the use of a small device that is placed on the skin of the patient's finger or earlobe to measure the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in the blood. This information can be used to diagnose and monitor a variety of medical conditions, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, as well as to guide treatment decisions. TCOG is a quick and painless procedure that does not require the use of needles or other invasive instruments.

In the medical field, "Cells, Cultured" refers to cells that have been grown and maintained in a controlled environment outside of their natural biological context, typically in a laboratory setting. This process is known as cell culture and involves the isolation of cells from a tissue or organism, followed by their growth and proliferation in a nutrient-rich medium. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including human or animal tissues, and can be used for a wide range of applications in medicine and research. For example, cultured cells can be used to study the behavior and function of specific cell types, to develop new drugs and therapies, and to test the safety and efficacy of medical products. Cultured cells can be grown in various types of containers, such as flasks or Petri dishes, and can be maintained at different temperatures and humidity levels to optimize their growth and survival. The medium used to culture cells typically contains a combination of nutrients, growth factors, and other substances that support cell growth and proliferation. Overall, the use of cultured cells has revolutionized medical research and has led to many important discoveries and advancements in the field of medicine.

In the medical field, oxygen radioisotopes are isotopes of the element oxygen that have an unstable nucleus and emit radiation. These isotopes are used in various medical applications, such as: 1. Oxygen-15 (15O): This isotope is used in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans to study blood flow and metabolism in the brain and other organs. It is produced by bombarding nitrogen-14 with neutrons in a cyclotron. 2. Oxygen-18 (18O): This isotope is used in stable isotope labeling techniques to study metabolic pathways and the fate of molecules in the body. It is also used in breath tests to diagnose certain medical conditions, such as lactose intolerance and celiac disease. 3. Oxygen-13 (13O): This isotope is used in PET scans to study the function of the heart and lungs. It is produced by bombarding nitrogen-14 with protons in a cyclotron. Oxygen radioisotopes are typically administered to patients intravenously or inhaled as a gas, and their radioactivity is monitored using specialized equipment. They are used in a variety of medical applications, including the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of purines, which are nitrogen-containing compounds found in all living cells. XO is primarily located in the liver, kidneys, and white blood cells, and it catalyzes the conversion of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid. In the medical field, XO is of particular interest because it is involved in the production of uric acid, which can accumulate in the blood and form crystals that can cause gout, a painful joint condition. High levels of uric acid in the blood are also associated with an increased risk of kidney stones, cardiovascular disease, and other health problems. XO inhibitors are drugs that are used to lower uric acid levels in the blood and reduce the risk of gout and other complications associated with high uric acid levels. These drugs work by inhibiting the activity of XO, which reduces the production of uric acid. Examples of XO inhibitors include allopurinol and febuxostat.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a colorless, odorless gas that is produced naturally in the body by various cells, including endothelial cells in the lining of blood vessels. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood flow and blood pressure, as well as in the immune response and neurotransmission. In the medical field, NO is often studied in relation to cardiovascular disease, as it is involved in the regulation of blood vessel dilation and constriction. It has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of various conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. NO is also used in medical treatments, such as in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, where it is used to enhance blood flow to the penis. It is also used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, where it helps to relax blood vessels in the lungs and improve blood flow. Overall, NO is a critical molecule in the body that plays a vital role in many physiological processes, and its study and manipulation have important implications for the treatment of various medical conditions.

Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) are a group of highly reactive molecules that are formed as a byproduct of the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds in the body. These molecules include nitric oxide (NO), peroxynitrite (ONOO-), and other nitrogen-containing radicals. In the medical field, RNS play important roles in various physiological processes, including vasodilation, neurotransmission, and immune function. However, excessive production of RNS can also lead to cellular damage and contribute to the development of various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. RNS are produced by a variety of cells in the body, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and neurons. They are also generated by the interaction of oxygen and nitrogen-containing compounds, such as nitrite and nitrate, which are found in the diet and are converted to NO by enzymes in the body. Overall, RNS are a complex and dynamic group of molecules that play important roles in both health and disease. Understanding the mechanisms by which RNS are produced and regulated is an active area of research in the medical field.

Acetylcysteine is a medication that is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including: 1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Acetylcysteine is used to help break up mucus in the lungs, making it easier to cough up and breathe. 2. Bronchitis: Acetylcysteine can help to thin and loosen mucus in the bronchial tubes, making it easier to cough up and breathe. 3. Pneumonia: Acetylcysteine can help to thin and loosen mucus in the lungs, making it easier to cough up and breathe. 4. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose: Acetylcysteine is used to prevent liver damage in people who have taken a large amount of paracetamol. 5. Cystic fibrosis: Acetylcysteine is used to help break up mucus in the lungs, making it easier to cough up and breathe. Acetylcysteine is usually taken by mouth as a liquid or tablet. It is important to follow the instructions of your healthcare provider when taking acetylcysteine.

Glutathione is a naturally occurring antioxidant that is produced by the body. It is a tripeptide composed of three amino acids: cysteine, glycine, and glutamic acid. Glutathione plays a crucial role in protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. In the medical field, glutathione is often used as a supplement to support the immune system and protect against oxidative stress. It is also used in the treatment of certain conditions, such as liver disease, HIV/AIDS, and cancer. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of glutathione supplementation.

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that occurs naturally in the body. It is a vital mechanism for maintaining tissue homeostasis and eliminating damaged or unwanted cells. During apoptosis, cells undergo a series of changes that ultimately lead to their death and removal from the body. These changes include chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and the formation of apoptotic bodies, which are engulfed by neighboring cells or removed by immune cells. Apoptosis plays a critical role in many physiological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair, and immune function. However, when apoptosis is disrupted or dysregulated, it can contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (HIF-1α) is a protein that plays a critical role in the body's response to low oxygen levels (hypoxia). It is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in oxygen transport, metabolism, and angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels). Under normal oxygen conditions, HIF-1α is rapidly degraded by the proteasome, a protein complex that breaks down unnecessary or damaged proteins. However, when oxygen levels drop, HIF-1α is stabilized and accumulates in the cell. This allows it to bind to specific DNA sequences and activate the transcription of genes involved in the body's response to hypoxia. HIF-1α is involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including erythropoiesis (the production of red blood cells), angiogenesis, and glucose metabolism. It is also implicated in the development of several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. In the medical field, HIF-1α is a target for drug development, as modulating its activity has the potential to treat a variety of conditions. For example, drugs that inhibit HIF-1α activity may be useful in treating cancer, as many tumors rely on HIF-1α to survive in low-oxygen environments. On the other hand, drugs that activate HIF-1α may be useful in treating conditions such as anemia or heart failure, where increased oxygen delivery is needed.

Diphosphoglyceric acids, also known as 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), are organic compounds that play a crucial role in the oxygen transport and delivery process in the human body. They are produced by the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase during the glycolytic pathway, which is the process by which glucose is broken down to produce energy. In red blood cells, 2,3-BPG binds to hemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood. This binding reduces the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, allowing it to release oxygen more easily to the body's tissues. This process is known as the Bohr effect, named after the Danish physiologist Christian Bohr. Diphosphoglyceric acids are also involved in the regulation of carbon dioxide transport in the blood. When carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase converts it to bicarbonate ions, which in turn bind to 2,3-BPG. This binding reduces the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide, allowing it to be transported more efficiently to the lungs for elimination. Overall, diphosphoglyceric acids play a critical role in maintaining the proper balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body's tissues, and their levels can be affected by a variety of medical conditions, including anemia, respiratory disorders, and certain types of cancer.

In the medical field, the hydroxyl radical is a highly reactive molecule that is formed when water molecules are broken down by ionizing radiation or by the presence of certain chemicals. It is also known as the hydroxyl radical or the hydroxyl radical. The hydroxyl radical is a highly reactive molecule that can damage cells and DNA, leading to a variety of health problems. It is also a powerful oxidizing agent that can cause oxidative stress, which is thought to play a role in the development of many diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. In the medical field, the hydroxyl radical is often studied as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of these diseases. For example, researchers are exploring the use of antioxidants to neutralize the effects of the hydroxyl radical and prevent oxidative stress.

Glucose is a simple sugar that is a primary source of energy for the body's cells. It is also known as blood sugar or dextrose and is produced by the liver and released into the bloodstream by the pancreas. In the medical field, glucose is often measured as part of routine blood tests to monitor blood sugar levels in people with diabetes or those at risk of developing diabetes. High levels of glucose in the blood, also known as hyperglycemia, can lead to a range of health problems, including heart disease, nerve damage, and kidney damage. On the other hand, low levels of glucose in the blood, also known as hypoglycemia, can cause symptoms such as weakness, dizziness, and confusion. In severe cases, it can lead to seizures or loss of consciousness. In addition to its role in energy metabolism, glucose is also used as a diagnostic tool in medical testing, such as in the measurement of blood glucose levels in newborns to detect neonatal hypoglycemia.

Lactic acid is a naturally occurring organic acid that is produced by the metabolism of glucose in the body. It is a byproduct of the process of glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm of cells when there is not enough oxygen available for complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. In the medical field, lactic acid is often measured in the blood as an indicator of tissue oxygenation and energy metabolism. High levels of lactic acid in the blood can be a sign of tissue hypoxia, which is a lack of oxygen supply to the body's tissues. This can occur in a variety of medical conditions, including sepsis, shock, and certain types of cancer. Lactic acidosis is a condition characterized by high levels of lactic acid in the blood and can be caused by a variety of factors, including liver disease, kidney failure, and certain medications. It can be a serious medical condition and requires prompt treatment. In addition to its role in metabolism and energy production, lactic acid has also been used in various medical treatments, including as a topical antiseptic and as a component of certain medications.

Electron Transport Complex IV, also known as cytochrome c oxidase, is a protein complex located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that plays a crucial role in cellular respiration. It is the final enzyme in the electron transport chain, which is responsible for generating ATP, the energy currency of the cell. During cellular respiration, electrons are passed through a series of protein complexes in the electron transport chain, releasing energy that is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This creates a proton gradient that is used to drive the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase. Electron Transport Complex IV is unique among the other electron transport chain complexes in that it not only pumps protons but also accepts electrons from cytochrome c and transfers them to molecular oxygen, which is reduced to water. This process is the final step in the electron transport chain and is essential for the production of ATP. Disruptions in the function of Electron Transport Complex IV can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including mitochondrial disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and certain types of cancer.

Cerebrovascular circulation refers to the blood flow to and from the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the brain and removing waste products. The brain is a highly metabolically active organ, and it requires a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to function properly. The cerebrovascular system is made up of the arteries, veins, and capillaries that supply blood to the brain. Any disruption in the cerebrovascular circulation can lead to serious health problems, including stroke and brain injury.

Oxidoreductases are a class of enzymes that catalyze redox reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another. These enzymes play a crucial role in many biological processes, including metabolism, energy production, and detoxification. In the medical field, oxidoreductases are often studied in relation to various diseases and conditions. For example, some oxidoreductases are involved in the metabolism of drugs and toxins, and changes in their activity can affect the efficacy and toxicity of these substances. Other oxidoreductases are involved in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause cellular damage and contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer and aging. Oxidoreductases are also important in the diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases. For example, some oxidoreductases are used as markers of liver disease, and changes in their activity can indicate the severity of the disease. In addition, some oxidoreductases are targets for drugs used to treat diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Overall, oxidoreductases are a diverse and important class of enzymes that play a central role in many biological processes and are the subject of ongoing research in the medical field.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is produced when fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas are burned incompletely. In the medical field, carbon monoxide poisoning is a serious condition that occurs when a person inhales high levels of the gas, which can interfere with the body's ability to transport oxygen to the tissues. Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, forming carboxyhemoglobin, which reduces the amount of oxygen that can be carried by the blood. This can lead to symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, confusion, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, carbon monoxide poisoning can cause unconsciousness, seizures, and even death. The medical treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning involves removing the person from the source of the gas and providing oxygen therapy to help restore normal oxygen levels in the blood. In some cases, additional medical treatment may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

In the medical field, "cell survival" refers to the ability of cells to survive and continue to function despite exposure to harmful stimuli or conditions. This can include exposure to toxins, radiation, or other forms of stress that can damage or kill cells. Cell survival is an important concept in many areas of medicine, including cancer research, where understanding how cells survive and resist treatment is crucial for developing effective therapies. In addition, understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell survival can also have implications for other areas of medicine, such as tissue repair and regeneration.

Cyclic N-oxides are a class of organic compounds that contain a ring of atoms with an oxygen atom bonded to a nitrogen atom. They are also known as oxazoles, isoxazoles, and thiazoles. In the medical field, cyclic N-oxides have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications, including as anti-inflammatory agents, antiviral agents, and anticancer agents. Some cyclic N-oxides have also been used as diagnostic tools in medical imaging.

In the medical field, "air" typically refers to the mixture of gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere, which is composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with trace amounts of other gases such as carbon dioxide, argon, and neon. In medical contexts, air can refer to the inhalation of air into the lungs, which is necessary for respiration and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Air can also refer to the presence of air in the body, such as in the case of pneumothorax, where air leaks into the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. In some medical procedures, such as bronchoscopy or endoscopy, air is used to inflate the airways and create a clear view of the inside of the body. In other cases, air may be used as a contrast medium to help visualize certain structures on medical imaging studies, such as X-rays or CT scans.

Myoglobin is a protein found in muscle tissue that plays a crucial role in oxygen storage and delivery. It is responsible for storing oxygen in muscle cells and releasing it when needed during periods of high physical activity. Myoglobin is also involved in the regulation of muscle metabolism and the removal of waste products from muscle cells. In the medical field, myoglobin levels are often measured in blood tests to diagnose and monitor various conditions, including muscle injuries, heart attacks, and kidney disease. High levels of myoglobin in the blood can indicate muscle damage or injury, while low levels may suggest a problem with muscle metabolism or oxygen delivery. Myoglobinuria, a condition characterized by the presence of myoglobin in the urine, can also be a sign of muscle injury or disease.

Cardiac output (CO) is a measure of the amount of blood that is pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (the number of times the heart beats per minute) by the stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped by each beat of the heart). Cardiac output is an important indicator of the body's ability to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and remove waste products. It is influenced by a number of factors, including the strength of the heart's contractions, the resistance of the blood vessels, and the volume of blood in the circulation. In the medical field, cardiac output is often measured using techniques such as echocardiography, thermodilution, or dye dilution. Abnormalities in cardiac output can be associated with a variety of medical conditions, including heart failure, anemia, and shock.

Helium is a noble gas that is commonly used in the medical field for various purposes. Here are some of the ways helium is used in medicine: 1. Inhalation therapy: Helium is used as a carrier gas for oxygen in inhalation therapy to treat respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and bronchitis. Helium-oxygen mixtures are less dense than air, which makes it easier for patients to breathe and reduces the workload on their lungs. 2. Cryotherapy: Helium is used in cryotherapy to freeze and destroy abnormal cells or tissues in the body. This technique is used to treat various medical conditions such as skin cancer, warts, and keloids. 3. MRI imaging: Helium is used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines to cool the superconducting magnets that generate the magnetic field used in the imaging process. This cooling process helps to maintain the stability of the magnetic field and improve the quality of the images. 4. Medical research: Helium is used in medical research to study the properties of gases and their interactions with living organisms. It is also used in the development of new medical technologies and treatments. Overall, helium is a versatile gas that has many applications in the medical field, from treating respiratory conditions to improving the quality of medical imaging.

In the medical field, altitude refers to the height above sea level at which a person or object is located. This can have significant effects on the body, particularly on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. At higher altitudes, the air pressure is lower, which means there is less oxygen available to breathe. This can lead to altitude sickness, a condition characterized by symptoms such as headache, nausea, dizziness, and shortness of breath. In addition, the lower air pressure at high altitudes can put increased strain on the heart and lungs, which can be particularly problematic for people with pre-existing cardiovascular or respiratory conditions.

In the medical field, onium compounds refer to a class of organic compounds that contain a positively charged ion attached to a neutral molecule. These compounds are also known as quaternary ammonium compounds or quats. Onium compounds are commonly used in various medical applications, including as disinfectants, antiseptics, and topical anesthetics. They are also used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as bacterial infections and skin disorders. One example of an onium compound used in medicine is benzalkonium chloride, which is a commonly used disinfectant and antiseptic. It is often found in products such as hand sanitizers, wound cleansers, and eye drops. Other examples of onium compounds used in medicine include chlorhexidine, which is used as an antiseptic in mouthwashes and throat lozenges, and cetrimide, which is used as a skin cleanser and antiseptic. Overall, onium compounds play an important role in the medical field due to their antimicrobial and antiseptic properties, and their ability to be used in a variety of medical applications.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in the body's response to low oxygen levels (hypoxia). It is composed of two subunits, HIF-1α and HIF-1β, which are both encoded by different genes. Under normal oxygen conditions, HIF-1α is rapidly degraded by the proteasome, a protein complex that breaks down unnecessary or damaged proteins. However, when oxygen levels drop, HIF-1α is stabilized and accumulates in the cell. This leads to the formation of a functional HIF-1 complex, which then translocates to the nucleus and binds to specific DNA sequences called hypoxia response elements (HREs). Once bound to HREs, HIF-1 activates the transcription of a variety of genes involved in the adaptive response to hypoxia. These genes include those that promote angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), glucose metabolism, and erythropoiesis (the production of red blood cells). HIF-1 has been implicated in a number of medical conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. In cancer, HIF-1 is often upregulated and has been shown to promote tumor growth and metastasis. In cardiovascular disease, HIF-1 plays a role in the development of hypertension and heart failure. In neurodegenerative disorders, HIF-1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

In the medical field, lactates refer to the byproducts of anaerobic metabolism in the body. Specifically, lactate is a type of organic acid that is produced when the body breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen. This process, known as anaerobic glycolysis, occurs in muscle cells and other tissues when oxygen levels are low. Lactate levels in the blood can be measured using a blood test, and elevated levels of lactate can indicate a variety of medical conditions, including hypoxia (low oxygen levels in the body), sepsis (infection), and certain types of cancer. In addition, lactate is often used as a marker of exercise intensity, as it increases during physical activity. Overall, lactates play an important role in the body's metabolism and can provide valuable information to healthcare providers in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions.

Heme is a complex organic molecule that contains iron and is a vital component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and other proteins involved in oxygen transport and storage in living organisms. It is also a component of various enzymes involved in metabolism and detoxification processes. In the medical field, heme is often used as a diagnostic tool to detect and monitor certain medical conditions, such as anemia (a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin), liver disease (which can affect heme synthesis), and certain types of cancer (which can produce abnormal heme molecules). Heme is also used in the production of certain medications, such as heme-based oxygen carriers for use in patients with sickle cell disease or other conditions that affect oxygen transport. Additionally, heme is a component of some dietary supplements and is sometimes used to treat certain types of anemia.

Metalloporphyrins are a class of compounds that consist of a porphyrin ring with a metal ion (such as iron, cobalt, or manganese) at its center. They are often used in the medical field as a diagnostic tool for certain diseases, such as anemia, and as a treatment for others, such as certain types of cancer. Metalloporphyrins are also being studied for their potential use in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, is a colorless, odorless gas that is commonly used in the medical field as an anesthetic and analgesic. It is a potent analgesic, meaning it can help to reduce pain and discomfort during medical procedures, and it is also a sedative, meaning it can help to calm and relax patients. In medical settings, nitrous oxide is typically administered through a mask that covers the patient's nose and mouth. The gas is mixed with oxygen and inhaled by the patient, which helps to produce a feeling of relaxation and euphoria. Nitrous oxide is often used in combination with other anesthetics, such as local anesthetics or general anesthesia, to provide a more complete and effective anesthetic. Nitrous oxide is considered to be a relatively safe anesthetic, with few side effects. However, it can cause dizziness, lightheadedness, and nausea in some patients, and it can also cause a temporary decrease in blood pressure. As with any anesthetic, it is important for patients to follow their doctor's instructions carefully and to report any side effects or concerns to their healthcare provider.

In the medical field, "iron" refers to a mineral that is essential for the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body. Iron is also important for the proper functioning of the immune system, metabolism, and energy production. Iron deficiency is a common condition that can lead to anemia, a condition in which the body does not have enough red blood cells to carry oxygen to the body's tissues. Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pale skin. Iron supplements are often prescribed to treat iron deficiency anemia, and dietary changes may also be recommended to increase iron intake. However, it is important to note that excessive iron intake can also be harmful, so it is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult with a healthcare provider before taking any iron supplements.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels as the heart pumps blood through the body. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is typically expressed as two numbers: systolic pressure (the pressure when the heart beats) and diastolic pressure (the pressure when the heart is at rest between beats). Normal blood pressure is considered to be below 120/80 mmHg, while high blood pressure (hypertension) is defined as a systolic pressure of 140 mmHg or higher and/or a diastolic pressure of 90 mmHg or higher. High blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and other health problems.

Ascorbic acid, also known as vitamin C, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. It is a powerful antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. In the medical field, ascorbic acid is used to prevent and treat scurvy, a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. It is also used to treat certain types of anemia, as well as to boost the immune system and improve wound healing. Ascorbic acid is available over-the-counter as a dietary supplement and is also used in some prescription medications. However, it is important to note that high doses of ascorbic acid can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and stomach cramps, and may interact with certain medications. Therefore, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking ascorbic acid supplements.

In the medical field, cell death refers to the process by which a cell ceases to function and eventually disintegrates. There are two main types of cell death: apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death that occurs naturally in the body as a way to eliminate damaged or unnecessary cells. It is a highly regulated process that involves the activation of specific genes and proteins within the cell. Apoptosis is often triggered by signals from the surrounding environment or by internal cellular stress. Necrosis, on the other hand, is an uncontrolled form of cell death that occurs when cells are damaged or stressed beyond repair. Unlike apoptosis, necrosis is not a programmed process and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, toxins, and physical trauma. Both apoptosis and necrosis can have important implications for health and disease. For example, the loss of cells through apoptosis is a normal part of tissue turnover and development, while the uncontrolled death of cells through necrosis can contribute to tissue damage and inflammation in conditions such as infection, trauma, and cancer.

In the medical field, water is a vital substance that is essential for the proper functioning of the human body. It is a clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that makes up the majority of the body's fluids, including blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid. Water plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's temperature, transporting nutrients and oxygen to cells, removing waste products, and lubricating joints. It also helps to regulate blood pressure and prevent dehydration, which can lead to a range of health problems. In medical settings, water is often used as a means of hydration therapy for patients who are dehydrated or have fluid imbalances. It may also be used as a diluent for medications or as a component of intravenous fluids. Overall, water is an essential component of human health and plays a critical role in maintaining the body's normal functions.

In the medical field, the brain is the most complex and vital organ in the human body. It is responsible for controlling and coordinating all bodily functions, including movement, sensation, thought, emotion, and memory. The brain is located in the skull and is protected by the skull bones and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain is composed of billions of nerve cells, or neurons, which communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals. These neurons are organized into different regions of the brain, each with its own specific functions. The brain is also divided into two hemispheres, the left and right, which are connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum. Damage to the brain can result in a wide range of neurological disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Treatment for brain disorders often involves medications, surgery, and rehabilitation therapies to help restore function and improve quality of life.

In the medical field, "Adaptation, Physiological" refers to the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its environment or to changes in its internal state in order to maintain homeostasis. This can involve a wide range of physiological processes, such as changes in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and hormone levels. For example, when a person is exposed to high temperatures, their body may undergo physiological adaptations to help them stay cool. This might include sweating to release heat from the skin, or dilating blood vessels to increase blood flow to the skin and help dissipate heat. Physiological adaptations can also occur in response to changes in an individual's internal state, such as during exercise or when the body is under stress. For example, during exercise, the body may increase its production of oxygen and glucose to meet the increased energy demands of the muscles. Overall, physiological adaptations are a fundamental aspect of how organisms are able to survive and thrive in a changing environment.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that serves as the primary energy currency in living cells. It is composed of three phosphate groups attached to a ribose sugar and an adenine base. In the medical field, ATP is essential for many cellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and the synthesis of macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. ATP is produced through cellular respiration, which involves the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to release energy that is stored in the bonds of ATP. Disruptions in ATP production or utilization can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including muscle weakness, fatigue, and neurological disorders. In addition, ATP is often used as a diagnostic tool in medical testing, as levels of ATP can be measured in various bodily fluids and tissues to assess cellular health and function.

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) is a small molecule that plays a crucial role in the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells. It is a byproduct of glycolysis, the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy. In red blood cells, 2,3-DPG binds to hemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. When oxygen levels are high, such as in the lungs, 2,3-DPG binds to hemoglobin and reduces its affinity for oxygen, allowing it to release oxygen more easily to the tissues. When oxygen levels are low, such as in the tissues, 2,3-DPG is released from hemoglobin, increasing its affinity for oxygen and allowing it to pick up more oxygen from the lungs. This process helps to regulate the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells and ensure that oxygen is delivered efficiently to the body's tissues. Abnormal levels of 2,3-DPG can lead to various medical conditions, including anemia, polycythemia vera, and sickle cell disease.

Lung diseases, obstructive, refer to a group of conditions that obstruct the flow of air in and out of the lungs. These conditions are characterized by a blockage or narrowing of the airways, which can make it difficult to breathe. Some common examples of obstructive lung diseases include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and bronchitis. These conditions can be caused by a variety of factors, including smoking, air pollution, and genetics. Treatment for obstructive lung diseases typically involves medications to open up the airways and reduce inflammation, as well as lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to irritants. In severe cases, oxygen therapy or lung transplantation may be necessary.

Hemoglobins are proteins found in red blood cells that are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. Abnormal hemoglobins refer to variations in the structure of the hemoglobin molecule that can affect its ability to bind and release oxygen and carbon dioxide. These variations can be caused by genetic mutations and can lead to a variety of health problems, including anemia, jaundice, and heart disease. Some examples of abnormal hemoglobins include sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and hemoglobin C disease.

In the medical field, hydroxides are compounds that contain the hydroxide ion (OH-) as a part of their chemical structure. Hydroxides are commonly found in various minerals and salts, and they can also be produced in the body as a result of metabolic processes. One example of a hydroxide in the medical field is calcium hydroxide, which is commonly used as a dental cement to fill cavities and as a root canal treatment. Another example is magnesium hydroxide, which is used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve heartburn and indigestion. Hydroxides can also be used in the treatment of certain medical conditions. For example, sodium hydroxide is used in the treatment of acidosis, a condition in which the body's pH level becomes too acidic. Hydroxides can also be used in the production of certain medications, such as antibiotics and anticoagulants. Overall, hydroxides play an important role in the medical field, both as components of various compounds and as treatments for various medical conditions.

In the medical field, peroxides are chemical compounds that contain the oxygen-oxygen (O-O) bond. They are commonly used as disinfectants, bleaching agents, and oxidizing agents in various medical applications. One of the most well-known peroxides in medicine is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is used as a topical antiseptic to clean wounds and prevent infection. Hydrogen peroxide is also used as a mouthwash to treat gum disease and other oral infections. Other peroxides used in medicine include peroxyacetic acid (PAA), which is used as a disinfectant for medical equipment and surfaces, and peroxynitrite (ONOO-), which is a potent oxidizing agent that plays a role in the body's immune response. Peroxides can also be used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as the use of ozone therapy to treat chronic pain and other inflammatory conditions. However, the use of peroxides in medicine should be carefully monitored and controlled to avoid potential side effects and complications.

In the medical field, atmospheric pressure refers to the amount of force exerted by the weight of the Earth's atmosphere on the surface of the planet. This force is measured in units of pressure, such as millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or pounds per square inch (psi). Atmospheric pressure is an important factor in medical practice because it can affect the body's ability to function properly. For example, changes in atmospheric pressure can cause altitude sickness, which can lead to symptoms such as headache, nausea, and dizziness. In addition, changes in atmospheric pressure can affect the delivery of oxygen to the body's tissues, which can be particularly important for people with respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In some medical procedures, such as blood pressure monitoring, atmospheric pressure is taken into account to ensure accurate readings. For example, a sphygmomanometer, which is a device used to measure blood pressure, is calibrated to account for changes in atmospheric pressure. This helps to ensure that the readings obtained are accurate and reliable.

NADH and NADPH oxidoreductases are enzymes that play a crucial role in the electron transport chain, which is a series of chemical reactions that generate energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in cells. These enzymes are responsible for transferring electrons from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) to oxygen, which is then reduced to water. This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation and is a key part of cellular respiration. NADH and NADPH oxidoreductases are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane and are essential for the production of ATP in cells. Mutations in these enzymes can lead to a variety of diseases, including Leigh syndrome, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, and chronic granulomatous disease.

Peroxidases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of various substrates using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent. In the medical field, peroxidases are commonly used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of specific substances in biological samples, such as blood, urine, or tissue. One of the most well-known peroxidases in medicine is the enzyme lactoperoxidase, which is found in high concentrations in human milk. Lactoperoxidase plays a crucial role in protecting the newborn from bacterial and viral infections by generating antimicrobial compounds. Another important peroxidase in medicine is the enzyme myeloperoxidase, which is produced by white blood cells (neutrophils) and is involved in the immune response against infections. Myeloperoxidase is often used as a marker of inflammation in various medical conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Peroxidases are also used in forensic science to analyze biological samples for evidence in criminal investigations. For example, the enzyme cytochrome c peroxidase can be used to detect the presence of blood at a crime scene, while the enzyme glucose oxidase is used to detect the presence of glucose in urine samples.

In the medical field, "Disease Models, Animal" refers to the use of animals to study and understand human diseases. These models are created by introducing a disease or condition into an animal, either naturally or through experimental manipulation, in order to study its progression, symptoms, and potential treatments. Animal models are used in medical research because they allow scientists to study diseases in a controlled environment and to test potential treatments before they are tested in humans. They can also provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of a disease and help to identify new therapeutic targets. There are many different types of animal models used in medical research, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. Each type of animal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of model depends on the specific disease being studied and the research question being addressed.

Nitrates are a group of compounds that contain the nitrate ion (NO3-). In the medical field, nitrates are commonly used to treat angina (chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle) and high blood pressure (hypertension). They work by relaxing the smooth muscles in blood vessels, which allows blood to flow more easily and reduces the workload on the heart. Nitrates are available in various forms, including tablets, ointments, and sprays. They are usually taken as needed to relieve symptoms, but may also be taken on a regular schedule to prevent angina attacks or lower blood pressure. It is important to note that nitrates can have side effects, such as headache, flushing, and low blood pressure, and should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

Xanthine is a purine derivative that is naturally occurring in the body and is a precursor to uric acid. It is also found in some foods, such as coffee, tea, and chocolate. In the medical field, xanthine is used as a medication to treat gout, a type of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. It works by blocking the production of uric acid in the body, which helps to reduce the amount of uric acid in the blood and prevent the formation of uric acid crystals. Xanthine is also used to treat certain types of heart rhythm disorders, such as atrial fibrillation, and to prevent the formation of blood clots.

In the medical field, spin labels are a type of molecular probe that are used to study the dynamics of molecules in living systems. Spin labels are small molecules that contain a nucleus with an odd number of protons, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15, which gives rise to a magnetic moment. When a spin label is introduced into a sample, it can be detected using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Spin labels are often used to study the movement of molecules within cells or tissues, as well as the interactions between molecules. They can be attached to specific molecules of interest, such as proteins or lipids, and their motion can be tracked over time using NMR spectroscopy. This information can provide insights into the function and behavior of these molecules, as well as the underlying mechanisms of various diseases. Overall, spin labels are a valuable tool in the medical field for studying the dynamics of molecules in living systems, and they have a wide range of applications in areas such as drug discovery, cell biology, and neuroscience.

Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative stress. It is a member of the family of antioxidant enzymes that help to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide, which can damage cellular components and contribute to the development of various diseases. GPx catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and other peroxides to water and alcohols, respectively. It uses glutathione (GSH) as a cofactor, which is a tripeptide composed of the amino acids cysteine, glycine, and glutamate. GPx is found in many tissues throughout the body, including the liver, lungs, and kidneys, and is particularly abundant in cells that are exposed to high levels of oxidative stress, such as immune cells and neurons. In the medical field, GPx is often measured as a biomarker of oxidative stress and antioxidant status. Abnormal levels of GPx have been associated with a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, GPx is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of these diseases, as increasing GPx activity may help to reduce oxidative stress and prevent or slow disease progression.

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) analysis is a laboratory test used to determine the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to decompose organic matter in a sample of water. The test is commonly used in the medical field to assess the quality of water used for drinking, irrigation, and other purposes. In the medical field, BOD analysis is often used to evaluate the effectiveness of wastewater treatment systems, as well as to monitor the quality of hospital effluent and other medical waste streams. The test can also be used to assess the potential for waterborne diseases, as high levels of organic matter in water can provide a breeding ground for harmful bacteria and other microorganisms. To perform a BOD analysis, a sample of water is collected and incubated under controlled conditions to allow microorganisms to break down the organic matter in the sample. The amount of oxygen consumed during this process is then measured, and the BOD value is calculated as the amount of oxygen required to completely oxidize the organic matter in the sample. Overall, BOD analysis is an important tool for assessing the quality of water and ensuring that it is safe for human consumption and other uses.

NAD stands for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which is a coenzyme found in all living cells. It plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes, including energy production, DNA repair, and regulation of gene expression. In the medical field, NAD is often used as a supplement to support cellular health and improve overall well-being. It is also being studied for its potential therapeutic applications in treating conditions such as depression, anxiety, and chronic pain.

In the medical field, a cell line refers to a group of cells that have been derived from a single parent cell and have the ability to divide and grow indefinitely in culture. These cells are typically grown in a laboratory setting and are used for research purposes, such as studying the effects of drugs or investigating the underlying mechanisms of diseases. Cell lines are often derived from cancerous cells, as these cells tend to divide and grow more rapidly than normal cells. However, they can also be derived from normal cells, such as fibroblasts or epithelial cells. Cell lines are characterized by their unique genetic makeup, which can be used to identify them and compare them to other cell lines. Because cell lines can be grown in large quantities and are relatively easy to maintain, they are a valuable tool in medical research. They allow researchers to study the effects of drugs and other treatments on specific cell types, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of diseases at the cellular level.

In the medical field, nitrogen is a chemical element that is commonly used in various medical applications. Nitrogen is a non-metallic gas that is essential for life and is found in the air we breathe. It is also used in the production of various medical gases, such as nitrous oxide, which is used as an anesthetic during medical procedures. Nitrogen is also used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as nitrogen narcosis, which is a condition that occurs when a person breathes compressed air that contains high levels of nitrogen. Nitrogen narcosis can cause symptoms such as dizziness, confusion, and disorientation, and it is typically treated by reducing the amount of nitrogen in the air that the person is breathing. In addition, nitrogen is used in the production of various medical devices and equipment, such as medical imaging equipment and surgical instruments. It is also used in the production of certain medications, such as nitroglycerin, which is used to treat heart conditions. Overall, nitrogen plays an important role in the medical field and is used in a variety of medical applications.

A cell line, tumor is a type of cell culture that is derived from a cancerous tumor. These cell lines are grown in a laboratory setting and are used for research purposes, such as studying the biology of cancer and testing potential new treatments. They are typically immortalized, meaning that they can continue to divide and grow indefinitely, and they often exhibit the characteristics of the original tumor from which they were derived, such as specific genetic mutations or protein expression patterns. Cell lines, tumor are an important tool in cancer research and have been used to develop many of the treatments that are currently available for cancer patients.

Respiratory insufficiency is a medical condition in which the body is unable to take in enough oxygen or expel enough carbon dioxide. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including lung disease, heart disease, neurological disorders, or other medical conditions that affect the respiratory system. Symptoms of respiratory insufficiency may include shortness of breath, fatigue, confusion, dizziness, and bluish discoloration of the skin or nails. In severe cases, respiratory insufficiency can lead to respiratory failure, which is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. Treatment for respiratory insufficiency depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, oxygen therapy may be used to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood. In other cases, medications or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying condition causing the respiratory insufficiency. In severe cases, mechanical ventilation may be required to help the patient breathe.

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a medical condition that affects premature babies. It is a disease of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, that can cause vision loss or blindness if left untreated. ROP occurs when the blood vessels in the retina grow abnormally, leading to bleeding, scarring, and detachment of the retina from the back of the eye. The condition is more common in premature babies, as their eyes are not fully developed and are more susceptible to damage. ROP is typically diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, and treatment may include medication, laser therapy, or surgery. Early detection and treatment are crucial for preventing vision loss or blindness in babies with ROP.

Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase (PPOD) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the process of collagen synthesis. Collagen is a protein that is found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues, such as skin, bones, and tendons. PPOD is responsible for the conversion of proline, an amino acid found in collagen, to hydroxyproline, a modified form of proline that is essential for the stability and strength of collagen fibers. PPOD is a copper-containing enzyme that is found in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells. It catalyzes the oxidation of proline to hydroxyproline in the presence of molecular oxygen and a copper-containing cofactor. The hydroxylation of proline is a critical step in the formation of stable collagen fibers, as hydroxyproline is a key component of the triple helix structure of collagen. In the medical field, PPOD is of interest because it plays a role in the development of several diseases, including osteoporosis, fibrosis, and cancer. For example, mutations in the PPOD gene have been associated with a rare genetic disorder called prolyl 3-hydroxylase deficiency, which is characterized by abnormal collagen synthesis and bone fragility. Additionally, PPOD has been shown to be upregulated in several types of cancer, and its inhibition has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating these diseases.

In the medical field, gases are substances that exist in a gaseous state at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature. Gases are typically composed of atoms or molecules that are highly energetic and move rapidly in all directions. Gases are important in medicine because they play a role in many physiological processes, such as respiration, circulation, and gas exchange. For example, oxygen is a gas that is essential for respiration, and carbon dioxide is a waste product that is exhaled from the body. In medical settings, gases can be used for a variety of purposes, such as anesthesia, oxygen therapy, and carbon dioxide removal. Gases can also be used in diagnostic tests, such as pulmonary function tests, which measure the amount of air that a person can inhale and exhale. It is important for healthcare professionals to be familiar with the properties and effects of different gases, as well as the proper handling and administration of gases in medical settings.

Glucose oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. It is commonly used in medical applications as a test for glucose in blood and urine, as well as in the production of hydrogen peroxide for wound care and other medical treatments. Glucose oxidase is also used in the production of certain types of bread and other baked goods, as well as in the food industry for the preservation of fruits and vegetables.

Hypoxia, brain refers to a condition in which the brain is not receiving enough oxygen. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including low oxygen levels in the blood, decreased blood flow to the brain, or damage to the blood vessels that supply oxygen to the brain. Hypoxia, brain can have serious consequences, as the brain is highly sensitive to oxygen deprivation. It can lead to a range of symptoms, including confusion, dizziness, headache, seizures, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, it can cause permanent brain damage or even death. Treatment for hypoxia, brain depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, it may involve increasing oxygen levels in the blood through oxygen therapy or administering medications to improve blood flow to the brain. In other cases, it may require more aggressive interventions, such as surgery or mechanical ventilation. Early recognition and treatment of hypoxia, brain are critical for preventing long-term complications and improving outcomes.

In the medical field, RNA, Messenger (mRNA) refers to a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. During the process of transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary RNA sequence called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm of the cell, where it binds to ribosomes and serves as a template for the synthesis of a specific protein. The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein that is synthesized. Therefore, changes in the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule can result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can affect the function of the protein and potentially lead to disease. mRNA molecules are often used in medical research and therapy as a way to introduce new genetic information into cells. For example, mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of mRNA that encodes for a specific protein, which triggers an immune response in the body.

Hemeproteins are a class of proteins that contain a heme group, which is a complex of iron and porphyrin. Hemeproteins are found in many organisms and play important roles in a variety of biological processes, including oxygen transport, energy metabolism, and detoxification. The most well-known hemeprotein is hemoglobin, which is found in red blood cells and is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. Hemoglobin is composed of four subunits, each of which contains a heme group. The iron atom in the heme group can bind to oxygen molecules, allowing hemoglobin to transport oxygen throughout the body. Other examples of hemeproteins include myoglobin, which is found in muscle tissue and stores oxygen for use during periods of high physical activity, and cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are involved in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. Hemeproteins are important for many biological processes and are the subject of ongoing research in the medical field.

... a lack of oxygen Limiting oxygen concentration Oxygen compounds Oxygen plant Oxygen sensor Portals: Chemistry Medicine Oxygen ... Oxygen Oxygen (O2) Properties, Uses, Applications Roald Hoffmann article on "The Story of O" WebElements.com - Oxygen Oxygen on ... Oxygen tents were once commonly used in oxygen supplementation, but have since been replaced mostly by the use of oxygen masks ... Oxygen, as a mild euphoric, has a history of recreational use in oxygen bars and in sports. Oxygen bars are establishments ...
An oxygen tank is an oxygen storage vessel, which is either held under pressure in gas cylinders, or as liquid oxygen in a ... "oxygen clean" and "oxygen compatible", to reduce the risk of fire. "Oxygen clean" means the removal of any substance that could ... oxygen tent, and hyperbaric oxygen chamber. Contrary to popular belief scuba divers very rarely carry oxygen tanks. The vast ... oxygen rebreathers and fully closed circuit rebreathers use in climbing, "Bottled oxygen" refers to oxygen tanks for ...
... can refer to: The physiological regulation of oxygen in plants and animals. See Control of respiration. The ... dangerous sexual practice of erotic asphyxiation This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Oxygen ...
... (18 O, Ω) is a natural, stable isotope of oxygen and one of the environmental isotopes. 18 O is an important ... In the study of plants' photorespiration, the labeling of atmosphere by oxygen-18 allows for the measurement of oxygen uptake ... Large amounts of oxygen-18 enriched water are used in positron emission tomography centers, for on-site production of 18F- ... In the 1950s, Harold Urey performed an experiment in which he mixed both normal water and water with oxygen-18 in a barrel, and ...
An oxygen mask provides a method to transfer breathing oxygen gas from a storage tank to the lungs. Oxygen masks may cover only ... These special oxygen bottles are filled with oxygen at a very high pressure which provides a longer time duration of oxygen for ... Oxygen helmets are often preferred for oxygen administration in hyperbaric oxygen chambers for children and patients that are ... Because they seal tightly, pressure-demand-type oxygen masks are also used in hyperbaric oxygen chambers and for oxygen ...
... is a physiological term for oxygen uptake per heartbeat at rest. Åstrand et al., "Textbook of Work Physiology", ...
... magazine website (archived in 2008) Art direction by Marcus Piper v t e (Articles lacking reliable references from ... POL Oxygen was an international design, art and architecture quarterly magazine. The magazine existed between 2001 and 2008. It ... It was edited in Sydney, art directed in London, printed in Hong Kong and distributed worldwide.[citation needed] "POL Oxygen ...
... based oxygen plants is the low cost of oxygen produced in the cases where there are no rigid requirements to the product oxygen ... Where gaseous oxygen purity is required at the level of 90-95% with the capacity of up to 5,000 Nm3 per hour, adsorption oxygen ... The adsorption oxygen plants produce 5 to 5,000 normal cubic meters per hour of oxygen with a purity of 93-95%. These systems, ... Oxygen plants are industrial systems designed to generate oxygen. They typically use air as a feedstock and separate it from ...
... may refer to: Oxygenation index in medicine In chemistry, the ratio of oxygen (atoms) over hydrogen in a ... used in a Van Krevelen diagram Limiting oxygen index This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Oxygen ...
The Oxygen architecture is to consist of handheld terminals, computers embedded in the environment, and dynamically configured ... MIT Project Oxygen v t e (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Usability, All stub articles, Computing stubs). ... Project Oxygen is a research project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Computer Science and Artificial ... Project Oxygen: Pervasive, Human-Centric Computing-An Initial Experience, Larry Rudolph, pp. 1-12, in Advanced Information ...
... forms at normal atmospheric pressure at a temperature below 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F). Solid oxygen O2, ... It was found that a metallic ζ-phase appears at 96 GPa when ε-phase oxygen is further compressed. As the pressure of oxygen at ... A ζ-phase appears at 96 GPa when ε-phase oxygen is further compressed. This phase was discovered in 1990 by pressurizing oxygen ... See also: For papers dealing with the magnetic properties of solid oxygen we refer to magnetisation of condensed oxygen under ...
A molecule is said to have a positive oxygen balance if it contains more oxygen than is needed and a negative oxygen balance if ... Ammonium nitrate has an oxygen balance of +20% and TNT has an oxygen balance of −74%, so it would appear that the mixture ... For example, TNT is an oxygen negative explosive and is commonly mixed with oxygen positive energetic materials or fuels to ... Explosives with negative or positive oxygen balance are commonly mixed with other energetic materials that are either oxygen ...
... of performance art pieces which Anna Oxygen is involved Discographies Anna Oxygen at AllMusic Anna Huff at AllMusic Anna Oxygen ... As Anna Oxygen, she composed the album herself, handling primary vocals and sequencing. It featured guest artists such as Kitty ... Anna Oxygen at AllMusic Phares, Heather (February 21, 2006). "This Is an Exercise Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-12-30. ... "Anna Oxygen Biography". annaoxygen.com/. Archived from the original on 2015-01-20. Retrieved 2015-01-01. Myers, Holly (November ...
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. Oxygen may also refer to: Oxygen XML Editor Oxygen Games, a ... 2014 Oxygen (Swans EP) or the title song, 2014 Oxygen, an EP by Austin Mahone, 2018 "Oxygen" (Hadouken! song), 2010 "Oxygen" ( ... "Oxygen", by Hoku from Hoku, 2000 "Oxygen", by Jesse McCartney from Departure, 2008 "Oxygen", by JJ72 from JJ72, 2000 "Oxygen", ... "Oxygen", by Zion I from Break a Dawn, 2006 Bottled oxygen (climbing), oxygen use in mountaineering Oxygen (horse) (1828-1854/ ...
Oxygen's Oaks was the last of twenty classic wins for her owner George FitzRoy, 4th Duke of Grafton. Oxygen was regarded the ... Weatherby (1857). "Oxygen". The General Stud Book. 6: 144. hdl:2027/coo.31924066667092. "Oxygen pedigree". equineline.com. 2012 ... leaving Oxygen to walk over the course to claim the prize money. Three days later in the 1000 Guineas Oxygen was made the ... at least a stone inferior to Oxygen at her best. On 20 May Oxygen started at odds of 12/1 for the Oaks Stakes over one and a ...
... is the busiest area of the metropolis. The "Satata Bus" run for students in the city plies from this place to ... Oxygen Square (Bengali: অক্সিজেন মোড়) is a place in Chittagong, Bangladesh. It is an urban square under Bayazid Thana. It is ... The only highway to Rangamati is N106 which is accessed from Oxygen Square. The distance from here to Muradpur Circle is 3km. ... Bangabandhu Avenue in Chittagong extends from Oxygen Square to Kuais. This place is essential for road communication in the ...
... oxygen concentrator and inhaled through a nasal cannula for up to about 20 minutes. The machines used by oxygen bars or oxygen ... dollar per minute to inhale a percentage of oxygen greater than the normal atmospheric content of 20.9% oxygen. This oxygen is ... An oxygen bar is an establishment, or part of one, that sells oxygen for recreational use. Individual scents may be added to ... Oxygen may also cause serious side effects at excessive doses. Although the effects of oxygen toxicity at atmospheric pressure ...
OXYGEN A new play, 'Oxygen' was authored by Roald Hoffman, Professor of Chemistry at Cornell who received the chemistry Nobel ... in Oxygen, he and Roald Hoffmann dramatize the events leading to the discovery of oxygen in the... v t e (2001 plays, All stub ... Oxygen is a 2001 play by Roald Hoffman who received the chemistry Nobel prize in 1982, and Carl Djerassi, the Stanford ... The play is a dramatisation of events leading to the discovery of oxygen in the eighteenth century. Robert C. Roach, Peter D. ...
Most home oxygen fires are caused by patients smoking whilst using medical oxygen. Other sources of naked flames, such as gas ... Oxygen firebreaks are fitted into the oxygen delivery tubing close to the patient, typically around the patient's sternum where ... The man was under oxygen therapy due to respiratory problems, and his attempt to light up a cigarette caused the oxygen tank to ... "Home Oxygen Fire Prevalence in England (2013-17)" (PDF). www.firebreaks.info. BPR Medical. Retrieved 22 July 2019. "Home Oxygen ...
... leaving an oxygen-enriched gas for use by people requiring medical oxygen due to low oxygen levels in their blood. Oxygen ... The term, oxygen generator, is a misnomer in that the oxygen is not generated as it is with a chemical oxygen generator, but ... Non-medical oxygen concentrators can be used as feed gas to a medical oxygen system, such as the oxygen system in a hospital, ... Industrial oxygen concentrators are sometimes referred to as oxygen generators within the oxygen and ozone industries to ...
... (stylized in all capitals as OXYGEN:INHALE) is the seventh studio album by Canadian rock band Thousand Foot ... "Oxygen:Inhale" Review". "Thousand Foot Krutch - "Oxygen: Inhale" / Sort Music Россия". Archived from the original on October 22 ... "Thousand Foot Krutch: Oxygen: Inhale on PledgeMusic". PledgeMusic. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016. Retrieved ... "THOUSAND FOOT KRUTCH LAUNCHES FIRST RADIO SINGLE FROM OXYGEN: INHALE, "BORN THIS WAY" GOES FOR ADDS JULY 22". Jesus Freak ...
... is an alternative rock/pop band formed in Kansas City and currently based in Los Angeles. The band is composed of ... Black Oxygen released the EP City of Angels in 2018, which included the track "Rockstar", a Post Malone cover. In 2019, the ... Black Oxygen was formed in Kansas City by David Lyle (vocals, guitar) and his brother Nick (drums, keyboards). In 2010, they ... In 2016, Black Oxygen released a single and music video for "Whole Thang", a song featuring rappers Kstylis and Kutt Calhoun. ...
Since the late 1990s the recreational use of oxygen has been promoted by oxygen bars, where customers breathe oxygen through a ... Higher than normal concentrations of oxygen lead to increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Oxygen is necessary for cell ... Divers who breathe oxygen fractions greater than of air (21%) need to be educated on the dangers of oxygen toxicity and how to ... Oxygen toxicity is managed by reducing the exposure to increased oxygen levels. Studies show that, in the long term, a robust ...
The NIST webbook on oxygen Photochemistry & Photobiology tutorial on Singlet Oxygen Demonstration of the Red Singlet Oxygen ... Various methods for the production of singlet oxygen exist. Irradiation of oxygen gas in the presence of an organic dye as a ... Unlike ground state oxygen, singlet oxygen participates in Diels-Alder [4+2]- and [2+2]-cycloaddition reactions and formal ... In mammalian biology, singlet oxygen is one of the reactive oxygen species, which is linked to oxidation of LDL cholesterol and ...
... , 3O2, refers to the S = 1 electronic ground state of molecular oxygen (dioxygen). Molecules of triplet oxygen ... Under a molecular orbital theory framework, the oxygen-oxygen bond in triplet dioxygen is better described as one full σ bond ... metastable singlet oxygen. Because the molecule in its ground state has a non-zero spin magnetic moment, oxygen is paramagnetic ... Triplet oxygen will, however, readily react with molecules in a doublet state to form a new radical. Conservation of spin ...
... compares the relative amount of oxygen available for respiration at a variable pressure to that available at ... It does so by expressing oxygen concentration as a ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen at a given altitude or pressure to ... Calculations occur as follows: Let O2E be oxygen equivalent, FO2 be the fractional concentration of oxygen, Patm (generally 760 ... oxygen equivalent may aid in recognizing and managing variable oxygen availability during procedures such as hyperbaric oxygen ...
Later, researches suggested adding the oxygen foam into food or drink. Such oxygen-enriched drinks received the name "oxygen ... Adaptogen Hydrogen peroxide therapy Hypoxia (medical) Oxygen therapy Oxygen concentrator Oxygen bar Nitro cold brew coffee ... The oxygen cocktail is a foamy substance containing a beverage drink (juice, milk, etc.) enriched in gaseous oxygen. The drink ... An essential element of the oxygen cocktail is the foaming agent, such as gelatin egg white or liquorice. Initially, oxygen ...
Use of 100% oxygen is limited by oxygen toxicity at deeper depths. Convulsions are more likely when the PO2 exceeds 1.6 bar ( ... In other words, the larger oxygen window due to a higher oxygen partial pressure can allow the diver to decompress faster at a ... It is caused by metabolic consumption of oxygen. The term "oxygen window" was first used by Albert R. Behnke in 1967. Behnke ... In diving and decompression, the oxygen window is the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in arterial blood ...
... was used in the first liquid fueled rocket. The World War II V-2 missile also used liquid oxygen under the name A ... Liquid oxygen is obtained from the oxygen found naturally in air by fractional distillation in a cryogenic air separation plant ... Liquid oxygen is also a very powerful oxidizing agent: organic materials will burn rapidly and energetically in liquid oxygen. ... "Liquid Oxygen Receipt, Handling, Storage and Disposal". USAF Training Film. Lewis, Gilbert N. (1924). "The Magnetism of Oxygen ...
... (also known as Oxygen) are a cluster of three individual but interlinked residential towers in Manchester, ... "Oxygen Towers". Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 5 March 2023. "PAG's £85m Oxygen tops out". Place North West. 28 July 2020. ... "Oxygen, Manchester". 5plus Architects. Retrieved 5 March 2023. "Oxygen reaches peak". Place North West. 3 December 2019. ... Oxygen Towers includes a spa with 25 m (82 ft) pool, a gym, spin and yoga studio, cinema room, and residents' lounge. List of ...
If you are using oxygen in your home, you must take extra care to stay safe from fires ... Oxygen makes things burn much faster. Think of what happens when you blow into a fire; it makes the flame bigger. ... oxygen safety; Emphysema - oxygen safety; Heart failure - oxygen-safety; Palliative care - oxygen safety; Hospice - oxygen ... Do not store your oxygen in a trunk, box, or small closet. Storing your oxygen under the bed is OK if air can move freely under ...
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy increased cerebral blood flow and improved cognition in a small study of older adults with memory ... Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) increases cerebral blood flow and improves cognitive performance in older adults with memory ... Harch is the owner of Harch Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Inc. Edelmayer has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. ... Cite this: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Alzheimers Prevention? - Medscape - Sep 21, 2021. ...
... oxygen while under increased atmospheric pressure. HBOT is a treatment that can be traced back to the 1600s. ... What is hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT)?. What is the role of oxygen chambers in the delivery of hyperbaric oxygen therapy ( ... Oxygen as an antibiotic. The effect of inspired oxygen on infection. Arch Surg. 1984 Feb. 119(2):199-204. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... A cumulative oxygen debt is the time integral of the volume of oxygen consumption (VO2) measured during and after shock insult ...
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Use this page to view details for the Local Coverage Article for oxygen and oxygen equipment - policy article. ... The following oxygen and oxygen equipment HCPCS codes for individual items are included in the functionality of code E0467:. * ... Oxygen services furnished by an airline to a beneficiary are non-covered. Payment for oxygen furnished by an airline is the ... Claims for oxygen contents and/or oxygen accessories should not be submitted in situations in which they are not separately ...
Demand estimation and recommendations to plan oxygen delivery from source to patient. ... the Oxygen System Planning Tool recommends an oxygen source to meet those needs (i.e. a new local oxygen plant, liquid oxygen, ... Oxygen Plant-in-a-Box The Oxygen Plant-in-a-Box package includes everything needed to produce large volumes of oxygen. Plants ... Resilient Oxygen Concentrators The Resilient Oxygen Concentrator project aims to develop a durable, state-of-the-art oxygen ...
With no dissolved oxygen to sustain animals or plants, ocean anoxic zones are areas where only microbes suited to the ... With no dissolved oxygen to sustain animals or plants, ocean anoxic zones are areas where only microbes suited to the ... In oxygen-rich oceans, carbon is moved around largely by food web processes that begin with carbon dioxide-fixing phytoplankton ... "What happens to our carbon cycle as we get these large areas of the ocean that are oxygen-free?" she said. This question was ...
Thread-topic: [cross-project-issues-dev] Oxygen.1 and JDK9. , We looked at what you suggest, but found that it might be ... Re: [cross-project-issues-dev] Oxygen.1 and JDK9 *From: Daniel Megert ... Re: [cross-project-issues-dev] Oxygen.1 and JDK9 *From: Jens Reimann ... Re: [cross-project-issues-dev] Oxygen.1 and JDK9 *From: Martin Lippert ...
The research team has discovered a new isotope of Oxygen, known as 28O. ...
Become an Oxygen Insider. Get an all-access pass to never-before-seen content, free digital evidence kits, and much more! ... Oxygen Insider Exclusives. Check out never-before-seen content, free digital evidence kits, and much more! ...
The largest list of Gennet OxyGEN Passwords on the internet. ... Gennet OxyGEN Model. Username. Password. RFA1400.W. admin. ... Gennet OxyGEN Router Password List. Here is a list of all known Gennet OxyGEN passwords and the router they were discovered on. ... How To Login to a Gennet OxyGEN Router. Most routers have a web interface. This means that in order to login to them you start ... How to Reset Your Gennet OxyGEN Router Password To Default Settings. If none of the passwords below work for you then you have ...
The exact oxygen speciation in these fluids requires further studies; it is possible that molecular oxygen is accompanied by ... moderately oxidised As bound to oxygen atoms, AsIIIO3), and +5 (arsenates, i.e., most oxidised arsenic bound to oxygen, AsVO4). ... FMQ = oxygen fugacity reference of the conventional fayalite-magnetite-quartz mineral buffer. Main As species are pictured in ... Scientists using beamline BM30 have exploited arsenic as an oxygen probe in rocks of the former subduction zone of Himalaya, to ...
How To Watch Oxygen On Roku, Apple, Fire TV, More , Crime News. www.oxygen.com/watch-oxygen-streaming ... Oxygen (branded on air as Oxygen True Crime) is an American television network owned by the NBCUniversal Television and ... Oxygen (branded on air as Oxygen True Crime) is an American television network owned by the NBCUniversal Television and ... Watch Live TV; Channel Finder; Oxygen Insider; Snapped Podcast; Shop Oxygen; Peacock; Advertise With Us ...
... Oxygen Permeable Membranes. Oxygen transport membranes (OTM) provide an efficient way to ... separate oxygen from air at elevated temperatures, i.e. 500 - 900 °C. It is possible to either generate pure oxygen for any ... Ideally, fine porous surface activation layers at both sides of the membrane facilitate oxygen surface exchange. For this ... requiring a mechanically stable support with sufficient porosity in order to enable oxygen feed to the thin membrane layer. ...
This new finding provides an important clue on how oxygen and other important elements were produced in the first generations ... Astronomers have detected large amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere of one of the oldest and most elementally depleted stars ... Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium, and is essential for all forms of life on ... However, oxygen didnt exist in the early universe; it is created through nuclear fusion reactions that occur deep inside the ...
... there have been almost 100 cases of the UKs Environment Agency deploying emergency oxygen to stop fish in English rivers from ... The EA pumps oxygen in several ways, such as using liquid hydrogen peroxide, which breaks down into water and oxygen, and ... which can result in the consumption of oxygen. Hot weather can also play a role, as water holds less oxygen at higher ... "Oxygen pumping is an important emergency measure in fish rescue, but keeping rivers cool, protecting flows and reducing ...
The oxygen stations will be jointly managed and implemented by the Ministry of Public Health and Population and WHO, and are ... "This is why the construction of these oxygen stations is one of the most important things we can do to save the lives of many ... The oxygen production stations, valued at over US$ 3.4 million, are being constructed in 11 southern governorates of Yemen and ... "This is the first time that such a high number of plants will produce oxygen of medical grade, to support COVID-19 case ...
An oxygen-sensitive colour change sensor used to determine the shelf-life of packaged food could challenge industry food ... Oxygen-sensitive sensor can challenge MAP - inventor. By Mark Astley 14-Nov-2011. - Last updated on 14-Nov-2011 at 12:58. GMT ... An oxygen-sensitive colour change sensor used to determine the shelf-life of packaged food could challenge industry food ... The presence of oxygen in food packaging promotes microbial growth and protein decomposition - leading to food spoilage. ...
List of portable trace oxygen analyzer companies, manufacturers and suppliers ... Chang AI - Model CI-PC93 - Portable Trace Oxygen Analyzer. CI-PC93 trace oxygen analyzer is an intelligent analyzer based on ... The Nova 325 Portable Trace Oxygen Analyzer is designed for accurately measuring trace PPM oxygen in clean, dry sample gas. The ... The MODEL 1000RS Portable Trace Oxygen Analyzer is the undisputed leader when measuring ppm levels of oxygen in the natural gas ...
... Google Workspace Addon. raceonline2012 May 16, 2023 Leave a Comment on Red Oxygen SMS for Gmail Google ... 1. What is the rating of the Red Oxygen SMS for Gmail?. The Red Oxygen SMS for Gmail has a rating of 3.8 out of 5 based on 11 ... 4. How to download the Red Oxygen SMS for Gmail?. To install Red Oxygen SMS for Gmail follow the below step:. *Visit the ... 2. How many active users does the Red Oxygen SMS for Gmail have?. The Red Oxygen SMS for Gmail has a user base of 9842 active ...
The Blood Oxygen app can allow you to measure the oxygen level of your blood on-demand directly from your wrist, providing you ... What is blood oxygen. Your blood oxygen level represents the percentage of oxygen your red blood cells carry from your lungs to ... How to use the Blood Oxygen app on Apple Watch. The Blood Oxygen app can allow you to measure the oxygen level of your blood on ... How to take a blood oxygen measurement. You can take a blood oxygen measurement at any time with the Blood Oxygen app. ...
Indonesia said Tuesday it was importing emergency oxygen from neighbouring Singapore as hospitals crumbled under the weight of ... Workers unload oxygen tanks at an emergency oxygen station in Jakarta. JAKARTA: Indonesia said Tuesday it was importing ... In Indonesia, a nightmarish Covid-19 wave has brought hospitals to their knees, with desperate families hunting for oxygen ... On Tuesday, Jakarta said about 10,000 concentrators -- devices that generate oxygen -- were to be shipped from nearby Singapore ...
Light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) photoreceptors perceive blue light to elicit spatio-temporally defined cellular responses, and their ... Structures of a light-oxygen-voltage paradigm at around 1 Å resolution revealed highly similar light-induced conformational ... Naturally occurring, glutamine-deficient light-oxygen-voltage receptors likely serve as bona fide photoreceptors, as we ... In its absence, several light-oxygen-voltage receptors invariably retained productive, if often attenuated, signaling responses ...
... - published on openPR.com ... The content of oxygen in liquids is measured very quickly up to 1 ppb and thus up to very low concentrations (fast oxygen ... You can edit or delete your press release Exact and fast residual oxygen measurement on site here. Delete press release. Edit ... Fast and reliable oxygen measurement in the μg range is particularly important for preventing corrosion in hot water and steam ...
Digital Dreams by Electrólise vs Oxygen is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. ...
Oxygen Certificate of Medical Necessity (CMN),. *The HCPCS Level II code for the new oxygen equipment (stationary oxygen ... supplier files for bankruptcy and cannot continue to furnish oxygen to its Medicare beneficiaries, the oxygen equipment is ... CMS Clarifies Oxygen Equipment Replacement was last modified: September 10th, 2010 by admin aapc ... Medicare already reimburses suppliers for the replacement of oxygen equipment if it has been in continuous use by the patient ...
At work, we have a computer with an 3d Labs Oxygen VX-1 video card and a computer with one of the newer Geforce3 cards. One of ... At work, we have a computer with an 3d Labs Oxygen VX-1 video card and a computer with one of the newer Geforce3 cards. One of ... i really dont think oxygen is 1/3 price of gf3, seeing as its a professional card. i remember seeing its price b4, and it was ... We have noticed that the older Oxygen card performs on par, if not better than the Geforce3 in the program. I was wondering if ...
Oxygen levels on early Earth were low at that time, but rising, Mootha says. "We think of oxygen as a life-giving molecule, and ... Toxic Oxygen?. Mootha began to wonder if energy production might not be the key to understanding the basis of mitochondrial ... Low-oxygen environments appear to confer benefits on humans, too. In 1975, Mootha points out, the Indian army reported distinct ... In biology, oxygen and its byproducts are known to cause cellular damage, and are implicated in aging. ...
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  • The figures for this time period only include 13 out of the EA's 14 operating areas, and data isn't yet available for 2023, meaning that while there were at least 99 emergency oxygen deployments in the past five years, the true figure is likely to be higher. (newscientist.com)
  • Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Alzheimer's Prevention? (medscape.com)
  • Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) increases cerebral blood flow and improves cognitive performance in older adults with memory problems, early research suggests. (medscape.com)
  • Harch is the owner of Harch Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Inc. Edelmayer has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. (medscape.com)
  • Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is breathing 100% oxygen while under increased atmospheric pressure. (medscape.com)
  • The oxygen production stations, valued at over US$ 3.4 million, are being constructed in 11 southern governorates of Yemen and will be gradually put into operation between December 2021 and February 2022. (who.int)
  • With the relevant data from users, the Oxygen System Planning Tool recommends an oxygen source to meet those needs (i.e. a new local oxygen plant, liquid oxygen, concentrators, cylinders from a distant plant, or a mix). (unicef.org)
  • This often involves a combination of cylinders refilled from centralized plants, on-site PSA plants or oxygen concentrators. (unicef.org)
  • We were supplied with devices like the pulse oximeters, oxygen concentrators. (unicef.org)
  • On Tuesday, Jakarta said about 10,000 concentrators -- devices that generate oxygen -- were to be shipped from nearby Singapore with some arriving by a Hercules cargo plane earlier. (bangkokpost.com)
  • Many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms contain oxygen atoms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats, as do the major constituent inorganic compounds of animal shells, teeth, and bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • 22 November 2021, Aden, Yemen - The World Health Organization (WHO) has joined efforts with the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) Group and the Ministry of Public Health and Population to construct 14 new oxygen production stations that will save lives from the COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen. (who.int)
  • Oxygen is Earth's most abundant element, and after hydrogen and helium, it is the third-most abundant element in the universe. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diatomic oxygen gas currently constitutes 20.95% of the Earth's atmosphere, though this has changed considerably over long periods of time. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxygen makes up almost half of the Earth's crust in the form of oxides. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxygen is continuously replenished in Earth's atmosphere by photosynthesis, which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water and carbon dioxide. (wikipedia.org)
  • The presence of arsenides demonstrates that the formation of serpentinite during the early stages of subduction, by the interaction of water with olivine (the major mineral in the Earth's mantle), massively consumes oxygen. (esrf.fr)
  • In 2020-21, the Ghana Ministry of Health piloted the UNICEF Oxygen System Planning Tool to quantify oxygen need in the Eastern Region, across all levels of the health system. (unicef.org)
  • These fascinating "redox factories" scavenge or release water, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur and carbon, depending on the element's oxidation state. (esrf.fr)
  • Signaling without glutamine appears intrinsic to light-oxygen-voltage receptors, which pertains to biotechnological applications and suggests evolutionary descendance from redox-active flavoproteins. (nature.com)
  • Also possible is the simultaneous measurement of pH and redox in addition to the oxygen value. (openpr.com)
  • Bottom-water oxygen conditions determine redox regime and availability of redox-sensitive trace elements such as manganese, which in turn may be recorded by manganese-to-calcium ratios (Mn/Ca) in biogenic calcium carbonates (e.g., benthic foraminifera tests). (lu.se)
  • B. marginata recorded contrasting Mn redox regimes sensitively and demonstrated potential as proxy for low-oxygen conditions. (lu.se)
  • All plants, animals, and fungi need oxygen for cellular respiration, which extracts energy by the reaction of oxygen with molecules derived from food and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product. (wikipedia.org)
  • In tetrapods breathing brings oxygen into the lungs where gas exchange takes place, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood, and oxygen diffuses into the blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • What happens to our carbon cycle as we get these large areas of the ocean that are oxygen-free? (countercurrents.org)
  • In oxygen-rich oceans, carbon is moved around largely by food web processes that begin with carbon dioxide-fixing phytoplankton that photosynthesize at the water's surface. (countercurrents.org)
  • In fact, sediments under these anoxic zones generally have more organic carbon deposits than their oxygen-rich counterparts. (countercurrents.org)
  • While it has relatively large amounts of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen -- approximately 10, 8, and 3 percent of the abundances measured in the Sun -- other elements like calcium and iron have abundances around one millionth that of the Sun. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Only a few such stars are known in the halo of our galaxy, but none have such an enormous amount of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen compared to their iron content," said David Aguado, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Cambridge and co-author of the study. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This technique, used commonly with products such as meat, uses inert gases such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide, which are flushed through the package to reduce the oxygen concentration. (foodnavigator.com)
  • Therefore, the patient cannot benefit from most of the positive effects of HBOT, which are systemic or occur at a level deeper than topical oxygen can penetrate (see Hyperbaric Physics and Physiology section below). (medscape.com)
  • Once activated for use using photobleaching with UVA radiation, the sensor will turn blue when in the presence of oxygen. (foodnavigator.com)
  • The presence of oxygen in food packaging promotes microbial growth and protein decomposition - leading to food spoilage. (foodnavigator.com)
  • Techniques for establishing the presence of oxygen in packaged foods are already commonplace, but many can be expensive and can require specialist equipment for analysis and trained operators. (foodnavigator.com)
  • This device can deliver oxygen in a traditional, continuous manner, but it also contains a comfort mode in which a dose of oxygen is only administered upon inhalation. (who.int)
  • Hot weather can also play a role, as water holds less oxygen at higher temperatures. (newscientist.com)
  • a warmer climate leads to greater productivity in the sea and thus the use of more oxygen from the sediment, while there is less oxygen dissolved in the water. (lu.se)
  • This is the first time that such a high number of plants will produce oxygen of medical grade, to support COVID-19 case management in partnership with the WHO, the Ministry of Public Health and Population, and the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation. (who.int)
  • Most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as a component of water, the major constituent of lifeforms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxygen is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxygen transport membranes (OTM) provide an efficient way to separate oxygen from air at elevated temperatures, i.e. 500 - 900 °C. It is possible to either generate pure oxygen for any purpose, e.g. combustion processes, metallurgy, or medical applications, or to utilize the separated oxygen directly in chemical reactions such as partial oxidation of hydrocarbons to produce commodity chemicals. (fz-juelich.de)
  • Used in isolation, mechanical aeration is slower to raise oxygen levels, but it is a great option for chronic issues such as regular algal blooms," says Storey. (newscientist.com)
  • The excel-based tool can help users develop multiple scenarios of oxygen infrastructure to compare CAPEX/OPEX cost, demand, resource re-allocation, and other key outcomes noted below. (unicef.org)
  • [ 11 ] However, it is difficult to measure Vȯ 2 and cardiac output, and they are rarely measured outside of research investigations, despite the suggestion that measurement of cardiac output and oxygen delivery would improve clinical outcomes of critically ill children. (medscape.com)
  • You can take a blood oxygen measurement at any time with the Blood Oxygen app. (apple.com)
  • Even under ideal conditions, your Apple Watch may not be able to get a reliable blood oxygen measurement every time. (apple.com)
  • For a small percentage of users, various factors may make it impossible to get any blood oxygen measurement. (apple.com)
  • If you are out in the cold, for example, the skin perfusion in your wrist might be too low for the sensor to work with the Blood Oxygen app to get a measurement. (apple.com)
  • The ink, pattern, and saturation of some tattoos can block light from the sensor, making it difficult for the Blood Oxygen app to get a measurement. (apple.com)
  • If your heart rate is too high (above 150 bpm) while at rest, you won't be able to get a successful blood oxygen measurement. (apple.com)
  • Fast and reliable oxygen measurement in the μg range is particularly important for preventing corrosion in hot water and steam boiler systems as well as in fish farming, the food industry and in water body monitoring. (openpr.com)
  • Users like AWV-Dr. Busse GmbH: "With the μdox measuring case, we found an analyzer that emits accurate and fast measured values even in the trace range, especially in the oxygen measurement. (openpr.com)
  • Background Measurement of oxygen consumption (Vȯ 2 ) is difficult in children but is essential to calculate cardiac index and systemic vascular resistance. (medscape.com)
  • Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium, and is essential for all forms of life on Earth, as the chemical basis of respiration and a building block of carbohydrates. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The EA pumps oxygen in several ways, such as using liquid hydrogen peroxide, which breaks down into water and oxygen, and mechanical aerators, which increase oxygen in the water body by disturbing its surface. (newscientist.com)
  • Find content from Oxygen and the NBCUniversal family of networks on NBC.com ! (aol.com)
  • An oxygen-sensitive colour change sensor used to determine the shelf-life of packaged food could challenge industry food quality and safety practices, says its UK-based inventor. (foodnavigator.com)
  • The development, a sensor which turns blue where excess oxygen is present, indicates when food such as meat may have been compromised and made unsafe for consumption. (foodnavigator.com)
  • Your blood oxygen level represents the percentage of oxygen your red blood cells carry from your lungs to the rest of your body. (apple.com)
  • Exposure times to oxygen at different depths of water (and, hence, different levels of pressure) were quantified and tested based on time to convulsions. (medscape.com)
  • Scientists using beamline BM30 have exploited arsenic as an oxygen probe in rocks of the former subduction zone of Himalaya, to reveal O2 release at depths of 100 km during subduction. (esrf.fr)
  • Down in the depths, the dead seabeds are expanding and research reveals that we have never had such large areas of oxygen depletion in the world's oceans as now. (lu.se)
  • These strange ecosystems are expanding, thanks to climate change - a development that is of concern for fisheries and anyone who relies on oxygen-rich oceans. (countercurrents.org)
  • UNICEF regularly updates and improves the Oxygen System Planning Tool and also provides technical assistance and training resources. (unicef.org)
  • When a patient is given 100% oxygen under pressure, hemoglobin is saturated, but the blood can be hyperoxygenated by dissolving oxygen within the plasma. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5-10 ] Cardiac output may be calculated by using the Fick equation if Vȯ 2 , hemoglobin level, and the arterial-venous oxygen difference are known. (medscape.com)
  • X-ray absorption spectroscopy data suggest that these so-called oxygen "breaths" may control the transfer of volatile elements from the deep Earth to the surface, shaping our planet's evolution. (esrf.fr)
  • The effect of atomic oxygen adsorption on the structure and electronic properties of monolayer graphite (MG or graphene) grown on Pt(111) and Ir(111) has been studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy. (lu.se)
  • The tool can then create health facility archetypes to aggregate oxygen demand for a full geographical area or at various levels of the health system. (unicef.org)
  • This resulted in a strengthened and sustainable oxygen system at all levels of health care and reduced patient referrals. (unicef.org)
  • The MODEL 1000RS Portable Trace Oxygen Analyzer is the undisputed leader when measuring ppm levels of oxygen in the natural gas industry. (environmental-expert.com)
  • After you complete setup, open the Blood Oxygen app on your Apple Watch to measure your blood oxygen levels. (apple.com)
  • The Blood Oxygen app on your Apple Watch will occasionally measure your blood oxygen levels if background measurements are on. (apple.com)
  • When researchers from the Department of Geology at Lund University started investigating whether there were other links that could explain variations in oxygen levels, almost ten years ago, they realised that they were facing a complex problem. (lu.se)
  • Then we can use today's models to see whether this leaching could affect the oxygen levels on the bed of the Baltic Sea sufficiently to cause oxygen depletion. (lu.se)
  • Patients in a multiplace chamber breathe 100% oxygen via a mask or close-fitting plastic hood. (medscape.com)
  • The patient does not breathe the oxygen, nor is the remainder of the body pressurized. (medscape.com)
  • But although anoxic oceans may seem alien to organisms like ourselves that breathe oxygen, they're full of life, she said. (countercurrents.org)
  • Annealing of the samples after oxygen exposure only partially recovers the original graphene structure and results in the formation of a dense pattern of quasi-periodic, nanometer-sized holes. (lu.se)
  • Rivers can become deoxygenated for a variety of reasons, including sewage dumping that encourages the growth of bacteria, plants and algae, which can result in the consumption of oxygen. (newscientist.com)
  • The general consensus is that optimizing the balance between oxygen consumption (Vȯ 2 ) and delivery is important in managing critically ill patients. (medscape.com)
  • Optimizing oxygen consumption and delivery is important in critically ill children. (medscape.com)
  • Optimized membranes should be as thin as possible, requiring a mechanically stable support with sufficient porosity in order to enable oxygen feed to the thin membrane layer. (fz-juelich.de)
  • This includes identifying and implementing holistic solutions to enable a resilient oxygen ecosystem. (who.int)
  • If you still don't see the Blood Oxygen app on your Apple Watch, you can search the App Store on your Apple Watch for Blood Oxygen and download it. (apple.com)
  • The work of Paul Bert, who demonstrated the toxic effects of oxygen (producing generalized seizures), as well as the work of J. Lorrain-Smith, who demonstrated pulmonary oxygen toxicity, were used with Navy divers. (medscape.com)
  • Medical oxygen safety. (medlineplus.gov)
  • By increasing local capacity to produce medical oxygen, we can help to minimize COVID-19 morbidity and mortality rates in Yemen," said Dr. Kayhan. (who.int)
  • The installation of 14 new oxygen production stations will strongly reinforce other efforts underway by WHO, the Ministry of Public Health and Population and IsDB to save lives and contain the spread of COVID-19 - including provision of essential medicines and supplies, personal protection equipment and other medical equipment and technologies that are critical to infection prevention and control and COVID-19 case management. (who.int)
  • Measurements taken with the Blood Oxygen app are not intended for medical use and are only designed for general fitness and wellness purposes. (apple.com)
  • 100-04, Medicare Claims Processing Manual , chapter 20, to clarify that when a durable medical equipment, prosthesis, orthotics and supplies (DMEPOS) supplier files for bankruptcy and cannot continue to furnish oxygen to its Medicare beneficiaries, the oxygen equipment is considered lost and payment may be made for replacement equipment as deemed necessary. (aapc.com)
  • CI-PC93 trace oxygen analyzer is an intelligent analyzer based on microprocessor. (environmental-expert.com)
  • The Nova 325 Portable Trace Oxygen Analyzer is designed for accurately measuring trace PPM oxygen in clean, dry sample gas. (environmental-expert.com)
  • Fig. 1: Photochemistry of light-oxygen-voltage receptors and sequences of proteins under study. (nature.com)
  • The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, who first recognized oxygen as a chemical element and correctly characterized the role it plays in combustion. (wikipedia.org)
  • This tool can be used to support high-level healthcare budgeting and planning needs related to oxygen, including health and procurement specialists and oxygen technology stakeholders. (unicef.org)
  • The OSPT provides procurement lists for each health facility, covering oxygen source equipment, consumables, and diagnostic devices. (unicef.org)
  • The released fluid (undulating blue arrows) carries oxygen and its radicals and major chemical elements in their highest oxidation states. (esrf.fr)
  • When the researchers look deeper down into the sediment, it emerges that periods of oxygen depletion have occurred earlier in the Baltic Sea's history. (lu.se)
  • The sediment shows that, over the past 2 000 years, there have been periods with and without oxygen depletion. (lu.se)
  • However, according to the study, "there is emerging molecular and geochemical evidence that suggests MSR may occur in (oxygen-deficient zones) despite plentiful dissolved nitrate. (countercurrents.org)
  • Another form (allotrope) of oxygen, ozone (O 3), strongly absorbs ultraviolet UVB radiation and the high-altitude ozone layer helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • This can help governments, donors or oxygen suppliers understand the full and long-term costs of establishing and operating an oxygen system, enabling accurate budget planning and ensuring appropriate funding is secured. (unicef.org)
  • Watch full episodes of Oxygen true crime shows including Snapped, Killer Couples, and Three Days to Live. (aol.com)
  • Medicare already reimburses suppliers for the replacement of oxygen equipment if it has been in continuous use by the patient for the equipment's reasonable lifetime or has been lost, stolen, or irreparably damaged. (aapc.com)
  • We analyzed Mn/Ca of living benthic foraminifera (Bulimina marginata, Nonionellina labradorica), sampled at low- to well-oxygenated conditions over a seasonal gradient in Gullmar Fjord, Swedish West coast (71-217 μmol/L oxygen (O 2 )), by laser-ablation ICP-MS. High pore-water Mn availability in the fjord supported Mn incorporation by foraminifera. (lu.se)
  • The researchers speculate on whether this small increase in nutrient supply to the sea - in combination with a gradually warming climate - may even have triggered the oxygen depletion. (lu.se)
  • Most researchers agree that the expansion of the oxygen-depleted seabeds has been accelerated by the eutrophication of the past century. (lu.se)
  • Graeme Storey , fisheries manager at the EA, says the organisation hasn't officially analysed whether the use of emergency oxygen measures has increased in recent years, but says that anecdotally it seems like it has. (newscientist.com)
  • The OSPT estimates oxygen demand at individual health facilities using data on facility type, number of patients and disease prevalence. (unicef.org)
  • The availability of uninterrupted oxygen supply is key to the survival of patients with severe cases of COVID-19 who otherwise face lung failure," said Dr Adham Rashad Ismail Abdel Moneim, the WHO Representative in Yemen. (who.int)
  • This is why the construction of these oxygen stations is one of the most important things we can do to save the lives of many more patients suffering from COVID-19. (who.int)
  • The Blood Oxygen app can allow you to measure the oxygen level of your blood on-demand directly from your wrist, providing you with insights into your overall wellness. (apple.com)
  • The Blood Oxygen app is only available in certain countries and regions. (apple.com)
  • Make sure that you meet the below requirements and follow the steps to set up the Blood Oxygen app. (apple.com)
  • Make sure that the Blood Oxygen app is available in your country or region. (apple.com)
  • The Blood Oxygen app is not available for use by people under 18 years old. (apple.com)
  • The Blood Oxygen app is installed during the setup in the Health app. (apple.com)
  • If you deleted the Blood Oxygen app, you can install it again from the App Store on your Apple Watch if you've completed the Blood Oxygen app setup. (apple.com)
  • Open the Blood Oxygen app on your Apple Watch. (apple.com)
  • Blood oxygen measurements use a bright red light that shines against your wrist, so it may be more visible in dark environments. (apple.com)
  • Oxygen Therapy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Common uses of oxygen include production of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving. (wikipedia.org)
  • With the O2COMFORT flowmeter, Oxypoint offers an innovative answer to oxygen therapy in the hospital. (who.int)
  • 1mm), fast-sinking organic particles by collecting particles from the Eastern Tropical North Pacific oxygen-deficient zone, roughly located off the northwestern coast of Mexico. (countercurrents.org)
  • The tool can also support users to plan the optimum placement of new PSA plants, based on oxygen needs and distance to other health facilities that could benefit from cylinder refilling. (unicef.org)
  • The oxygen stations will be jointly managed and implemented by the Ministry of Public Health and Population and WHO, and are financed through a US$ 20 million loan from IsDB Group, as part of its Emergency Support for the COVID-19 Preparedness and Response Plan in Yemen. (who.int)
  • The WHO Access to Oxygen Initiative provides technical and operational support to Member States. (who.int)
  • The Oxygen System Planning Tool (OSPT) is an excel-based, customizable tool that can be used to plan oxygen delivery systems from source to patient. (unicef.org)
  • Fjord systems are typically affected by low-oxygen conditions, which are increasing in extent and severity, forced by ongoing global changes. (lu.se)
  • This new finding provides an important clue on how oxygen and other important elements were produced in the first generations of stars in the universe. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This new finding, which was made using W. M. Keck Observatory on Maunakea in Hawaii to analyze the chemical makeup of the ancient star, provides an important clue on how oxygen and other important elements were produced in the first generations of stars in the universe. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Oxygen pumping is an important emergency measure in fish rescue, but keeping rivers cool, protecting flows and reducing pollution are all important longer-term measures to protect rivers against the impacts of climate change," says Steve Ormerod at Cardiff University, UK. (newscientist.com)
  • English rivers were pumped with emergency oxygen in a last-ditch effort to save fish from dying on almost 100 occasions in the past five years, New Scientist can reveal. (newscientist.com)
  • To combat these effects, the Environment Agency (EA) in England has emergency measures in place to pump oxygen into rivers with the aim of preventing fish and plant deaths. (newscientist.com)
  • Climate change is likely to increase the need for emergency oxygen in rivers in the future, says Storey. (newscientist.com)
  • Workers unload oxygen tanks at an emergency oxygen station in Jakarta. (bangkokpost.com)
  • JAKARTA: Indonesia said Tuesday it was importing emergency oxygen from neighbouring Singapore as hospitals crumbled under the weight of Covid-19, with the Delta variant continuing to wreak havoc around the globe. (bangkokpost.com)
  • Preparing for a safe dive also includes having an up-to-date emergency action plan, on-hand first aid supplies (with ample oxygen), and reliable communication devices. (cdc.gov)
  • With no dissolved oxygen to sustain animals or plants, ocean anoxic zones are areas where only microbes suited to the environment can live. (countercurrents.org)
  • The body's circulatory system transports the oxygen to the cells, where cellular respiration takes place. (wikipedia.org)
  • In nature as in biotechnology, light-oxygen-voltage photoreceptors perceive blue light to elicit spatiotemporally defined cellular responses. (nature.com)
  • For comparison, the adsorption of atomic oxygen on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite has been studied under the same conditions. (lu.se)
  • Two thousand years ago, the oxygen conditions on the bed of the Baltic Sea were good, but a few hundred years later, areas of oxygen depletion appeared, visible as black layers in the sediment samples. (lu.se)
  • Yemen is facing urgent challenges in securing oxygen supplies that are critical to effective management of severe cases of COVID-19. (who.int)
  • In the event a supplier files for Chapter 7 or 11 bankruptcy under Title 11 of the United States Code, Medicare will cover the cost of replacing the oxygen equipment and a new reasonable useful period and 36-month rental payment period will begin. (aapc.com)
  • To receive payment for the replacement of oxygen equipment, supporting documentation is a must. (aapc.com)
  • Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8. (wikipedia.org)
  • Robert Hooke, Ole Borch, Mikhail Lomonosov, and Pierre Bayen all produced oxygen in experiments in the 17th and the 18th century but none of them recognized it as a chemical element. (wikipedia.org)
  • The data, which required more than five hours of staring at the star over a single night, were used to measure the abundances of 16 chemical species in the star's atmosphere, including oxygen. (sciencedaily.com)