Nitric Oxide Synthase
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
Oxides
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I
Zinc Oxide
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
Nitrites
Enzyme Inhibitors
Nitrates
Amino Acid Oxidoreductases
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine
Cyclic GMP
Nitroprusside
Penicillamine
Endothelium, Vascular
Ferrosoferric Oxide
Magnesium Oxide
Vasodilation
Molsidomine
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Guanylate Cyclase
Aluminum Oxide
Cells, Cultured
Rats, Wistar
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
S-Nitrosothiols
Deuterium Oxide
Magnetite Nanoparticles
Lipopolysaccharides
NADPH Dehydrogenase
Enzyme Induction
Peroxynitrous Acid
4-Hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide
Superoxides
Macrophages
Acetylcholine
Free Radical Scavengers
Guanidines
RNA, Messenger
Administration, Inhalation
Oxidation-Reduction
Oxygen
Anesthetics, Inhalation
Vasoconstriction
Oxidative Stress
Signal Transduction
Triazenes
Arginase
Graphite
Mice, Knockout
Epoxy Compounds
Reactive Oxygen Species
Disease Models, Animal
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Anesthesia, Inhalation
Interferon-gamma
Blotting, Western
Endothelial Cells
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Hemodynamics
Superoxide Dismutase
Bradykinin
Immunohistochemistry
Indomethacin
Reactive Nitrogen Species
Vascular Resistance
Aorta, Thoracic
Arterioles
Macrophage Activation
Enzyme Activation
Cattle
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
Rabbits
Lung
Interleukin-1
Cerium
Macrophages, Peritoneal
Metal Nanoparticles
Swine
Isoenzymes
Nanoparticles
Nitro Compounds
Glutathione
Hydrogen Peroxide
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Cyclooxygenase 2
Isoflurane
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases
Carbon Monoxide
Analysis of Variance
Tyrosine
Kidney
Hemoglobins
Dextrans
Imidazoles
Pulmonary Artery
Phenylephrine
Cytokines
Endothelin-1
Nitric Acid
Calcium
Myocardium
NF-kappa B
Apoptosis
Oxidoreductases
Biological Factors
Cell Survival
Dogs
Prostaglandins
Vasomotor System
Free Radicals
Oxyhemoglobins
GTP Cyclohydrolase
Nitrite Reductases
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Inflammation
Mesenteric Arteries
Thiourea
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome
Plant Extracts
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Oxidants
Heme
Drug Interactions
Hyperemia
Up-Regulation
Brain
Styrenes
Dinoprostone
Gases
Spin Trapping
Sterilization
Phosphorylation
Neurons
Benzoates
Iron
Spermine
Gas Scavengers
Halothane
Oxygen Consumption
Gene Expression
Blood Vessels
NADPH Oxidase
Hemeproteins
Titanium
Xanthine Oxidase
Liver
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Muscle Contraction
Reperfusion Injury
Molecular Sequence Data
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5
Retinoic acid, but not arsenic trioxide, degrades the PLZF/RARalpha fusion protein, without inducing terminal differentiation or apoptosis, in a RA-therapy resistant t(11;17)(q23;q21) APL patient. (1/1663)
Primary blasts of a t(11;17)(q23;q21) acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) patient were analysed with respect to retinoic acid (RA) and arsenic trioxide (As2O3) sensitivity as well as PLZF/RARalpha status. Although RA induced partial monocytic differentiation ex vivo, but not in vivo, As203 failed to induce apoptosis in culture, contrasting with t(15;17) APL and arguing against the clinical use of As203 in t(11;17)(q23;q21) APL. Prior to cell culture, PLZF/RARalpha was found to exactly co-localize with PML onto PML nuclear bodies. However upon cell culture, it quickly shifted towards microspeckles, its localization found in transfection experiments. Arsenic trioxide, known to induce aggregation of PML nuclear bodies, left the microspeckled PLZF/RARalpha localization completely unaffected. RA treatment led to PLZF/RARalpha degradation. However, this complete PLZF/RARalpha degradation was not accompanied by differentiation or apoptosis, which could suggest a contribution of the reciprocal RARalpha/PLZF fusion product in leukaemogenesis or the existence of irreversible changes induced by the chimera. (+info)Determination of the anomeric configurations of Corbicula ceramide di- and trihexoside by chromium trioxide oxidation. (2/1663)
The anomeric configurations of Corbicula ceramide dihexoside and ceramide trihexoside were determined by chromium trioxide oxidation and the structures of these lipids were shown to be Man-beta(1 leads to 4)-Glc-beta(1 leads to 1)-ceramide and Man-alpha(1 leads to 4)-Man-beta(1 leads to 4)-Glc-beta(1 leads to 1)-ceramide. These results are compatible with those obtained by enzymic hydrolysis reported previously. (+info)A functional model for O-O bond formation by the O2-evolving complex in photosystem II. (3/1663)
The formation of molecular oxygen from water in photosynthesis is catalyzed by photosystem II at an active site containing four manganese ions that are arranged in di-mu-oxo dimanganese units (where mu is a bridging mode). The complex [H2O(terpy)Mn(O)2Mn(terpy)OH2](NO3)3 (terpy is 2,2':6', 2"-terpyridine), which was synthesized and structurally characterized, contains a di-mu-oxo manganese dimer and catalyzes the conversion of sodium hypochlorite to molecular oxygen. Oxygen-18 isotope labeling showed that water is the source of the oxygen atoms in the molecular oxygen evolved, and so this system is a functional model for photosynthetic water oxidation. (+info)Arsenic trioxide and melarsoprol induce apoptosis in plasma cell lines and in plasma cells from myeloma patients. (4/1663)
Recent data have renewed the interest for arsenic-containing compounds as anticancer agents. In particular, arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has been demonstrated to be an effective drug in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia by inducing programmed cell death in leukemic cells both in vitro and in vivo. This prompted us to study the in vitro effects of As2O3 and of another arsenical derivative, the organic compound melarsoprol, on human myeloma cells and on the plasma cell differentiation of normal B cells. At pharmacological concentrations (10(-8) to 10(-6) mol/L), As2O3 and melarsoprol caused a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of survival and growth in myeloma cell lines that was, in some, similar to that of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Both arsenical compounds induced plasma cell apoptosis, as assessed by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, detection of phosphatidylserine at the cell surface using annexin V, and by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling assay. As2O3 and melarsoprol also inhibited viability and growth and induced apoptosis in plasma-cell enriched preparations from the bone marrow or blood of myeloma patients. In nonseparated bone marrow samples, both arsenical compounds triggered death in myeloma cells while sparing most myeloid cells, as demonstrated by double staining with annexin V and CD38 or CD15 antibodies. In primary myeloma cells as in cell lines, interleukin 6 did not prevent arsenic-induced cell death or growth inhibition, and no synergistic effect was observed with IFN-alpha. In contrast to As2O3, melarsoprol only slightly reduced the plasma cell differentiation of normal B cells induced by pokeweed mitogen. Both pokeweed mitogen-induced normal plasma cells and malignant plasma cells showed a normal nuclear distribution of PML protein, which was disrupted by As2O3 but not by melarsoprol, suggesting that the two arsenical derivatives acted by different mechanisms. These results point to the use of arsenical derivatives as investigational drugs in the treatment of multiple myeloma. (+info)A physiological barrier distal to the anatomic blood-brain barrier in a model of transvascular delivery. (5/1663)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Osmotic disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides a method for transvascular delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain. The apparent global delivery of viral-sized iron oxide particles to the rat brain after BBB opening as seen on MR images was compared with the cellular and subcellular location and distribution of the particles. METHODS: Two dextran-coated superparamagnetic monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticle contrast agents, MION and Feridex, were administered intraarterially in rats at 10 mg Fe/kg immediately after osmotic opening of the BBB with hyperosmolar mannitol. After 2 to 24 hours, iron distribution in the brain was evaluated first with MR imaging then by histochemical analysis and electron microscopy to assess perivascular and intracellular distribution. RESULTS: After BBB opening, MR images showed enhancement throughout the disrupted hemisphere for both Feridex and MION. Feridex histochemical staining was found in capillaries of the disrupted hemisphere. Electron microscopy showed that the Feridex particles passed the capillary endothelial cells but did not cross beyond the basement membrane. In contrast, after MION delivery, iron histochemistry was detected within cell bodies in the disrupted hemisphere, and the electron-dense MION core was detected intracellularly and extracellularly in the neuropil. CONCLUSION: MR images showing homogeneous delivery to the brain at the macroscopic level did not indicate delivery at the microscopic level. These data support the presence of a physiological barrier at the basal lamina, analogous to the podocyte in the kidney, distal to the anatomic (tight junction) BBB, which may limit the distribution of some proteins and viral particles after transvascular delivery to the brain. (+info)Comparison of ultrasmall particles of iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced T2-weighted, conventional T2-weighted, and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MR images in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. (6/1663)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Ultrasmall particles of iron oxide (USPIO) constitute a contrast agent that accumulates in cells from the mononuclear phagocytic system. In the CNS they may accumulate in phagocytic cells such as macrophages. The goal of this study was to compare USPIO-enhanced MR images with conventional T2-weighted images and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images in a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS: Nine rats with EAE and four control rats were imaged at 4.7 T and 1.5 T with conventional T1- and T2-weighted sequences, gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted sequences, and T2-weighted sequences obtained 24 hours after intravenous injection of a USPIO contrast agent, AMI-227. Histologic examination was performed with hematoxylin-eosin stain, Perls' stain for iron, and ED1 immunohistochemistry for macrophages. RESULTS: USPIO-enhanced images showed a high sensitivity (8/9) for detecting EAE lesions, whereas poor sensitivity was obtained with T2-weighted images (1/9) and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images (0/9). All the MR findings in the control rats were negative. Histologic examination revealed the presence of macrophages at the site where abnormalities were seen on USPIO-enhanced images. CONCLUSION: The high sensitivity of USPIO for macrophage activity relative to other imaging techniques is explained by the histologic findings of numerous perivascular cell infiltrates, including macrophages, in EAE. This work supports the possibility of intracellular USPIO transport to the CNS by monocytes/macrophages, which may have future implications for imaging of human inflammatory diseases. (+info)Iron reductase for magnetite synthesis in the magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum. (7/1663)
Ferric iron reductase was purified from magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum (formerly Aquaspirillum) magnetotacticum (ATCC 31632) to an electrophoretically homogeneous state. The enzyme was loosely bound on the cytoplasmic face of the cytoplasmic membrane and was found more frequently in magnetic cells than in nonmagnetic cells. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was calculated upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be about 36 kDa, almost the same as that calibrated by gel filtration analysis. The enzyme required NADH and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as optimal electron donor and cofactor, respectively, and the activity was strongly inhibited by Zn2+ acting as a partial mixed-type inhibitor. The Km values for NADH and FMN were 4.3 and 0. 035 microM, respectively, and the Ki values for Zn2+ were 19.2 and 23.9 microM for NADH and FMN, respectively. When the bacterium was grown in the presence of ZnSO4, the magnetosome number in the cells and the ferric iron reductase activity declined in parallel with an increase in the ZnSO4 concentration of the medium, suggesting that the ferric iron reductase purified in the present study may participate in magnetite synthesis. (+info)Evidence of a cyclooxygenase-related prostaglandin synthesis in coral. The allene oxide pathway is not involved in prostaglandin biosynthesis. (8/1663)
Certain corals are rich natural sources of prostaglandins, the metabolic origin of which has remained undefined. By analogy with the lipoxygenase/allene oxide synthase pathway to jasmonic acid in plants, the presence of (8R)-lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase in the coral Plexaura homomalla suggested a potential metabolic route to prostaglandins (Brash, A. R., Baertshi, S. W., Ingram, C.D., and Harris, T. M. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 15829-15839). Other evidence, from the Arctic coral Gersemia fruticosa, has indicated a cyclooxygenase intermediate in the biosynthesis (Varvas, K., Koljak, R., Jarving, I., Pehk, T., and Samel, N. (1994) Tetrahedron Lett. 35, 8267-8270). In the present study, active preparations of G. fruticosa have been used to identify both types of arachidonic acid metabolism and specific inhibitors were used to establish the enzyme type involved in the prostaglandin biosynthesis. The synthesis of prostaglandins and (11R)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was inhibited by mammalian cyclooxygenase inhibitors (indomethacin, aspirin, and tolfenamic acid), while the formation of the products of the 8-lipoxygenase/allene oxide pathway was not affected or was increased. The specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, nimesulide, did not inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins in coral. We conclude that coral uses two parallel routes for the initial oxidation of polyenoic acids: the cyclooxygenase route, which leads to optically active prostaglandins, and the lipoxygenase/allene oxide synthase metabolism, the role of which remains to be established. An enzyme related to mammalian cyclooxygenases is the key to prostaglandin synthesis in coral. Based on our inhibitor data, the catalytic site of this evolutionary early cyclooxygenase appears to differ significantly from both known mammalian cyclooxygenases. (+info)1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
There are different types of anoxia, including:
1. Cerebral anoxia: This occurs when the brain does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cognitive impairment, confusion, and loss of consciousness.
2. Pulmonary anoxia: This occurs when the lungs do not receive enough oxygen, leading to shortness of breath, coughing, and chest pain.
3. Cardiac anoxia: This occurs when the heart does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cardiac arrest and potentially death.
4. Global anoxia: This is a complete lack of oxygen to the entire body, leading to widespread tissue damage and death.
Treatment for anoxia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy, pain management, and other supportive care. In severe cases, anoxia can lead to long-term disability or death.
Prevention of anoxia is important, and this includes managing underlying medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory problems. It also involves avoiding activities that can lead to oxygen deprivation, such as scuba diving or high-altitude climbing, without proper training and equipment.
In summary, anoxia is a serious medical condition that occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the body or specific tissues or organs. It can cause cell death and tissue damage, leading to serious health complications and even death if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term disability or death.
There are several key features of inflammation:
1. Increased blood flow: Blood vessels in the affected area dilate, allowing more blood to flow into the tissue and bringing with it immune cells, nutrients, and other signaling molecules.
2. Leukocyte migration: White blood cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, migrate towards the site of inflammation in response to chemical signals.
3. Release of mediators: Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, are released by immune cells and other cells in the affected tissue. These molecules help to coordinate the immune response and attract more immune cells to the site of inflammation.
4. Activation of immune cells: Immune cells, such as macrophages and T cells, become activated and start to phagocytose (engulf) pathogens or damaged tissue.
5. Increased heat production: Inflammation can cause an increase in metabolic activity in the affected tissue, leading to increased heat production.
6. Redness and swelling: Increased blood flow and leakiness of blood vessels can cause redness and swelling in the affected area.
7. Pain: Inflammation can cause pain through the activation of nociceptors (pain-sensing neurons) and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.
Inflammation can be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury or infection, which helps to resolve the issue quickly. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and cancer.
There are several types of inflammation, including:
1. Acute inflammation: A short-term response to injury or infection.
2. Chronic inflammation: A long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases.
3. Autoimmune inflammation: An inappropriate immune response against the body's own tissues.
4. Allergic inflammation: An immune response to a harmless substance, such as pollen or dust mites.
5. Parasitic inflammation: An immune response to parasites, such as worms or fungi.
6. Bacterial inflammation: An immune response to bacteria.
7. Viral inflammation: An immune response to viruses.
8. Fungal inflammation: An immune response to fungi.
There are several ways to reduce inflammation, including:
1. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
2. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and getting enough sleep.
3. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, and mind-body practices.
4. Addressing underlying conditions, such as hormonal imbalances, gut health issues, and chronic infections.
5. Using anti-inflammatory compounds found in certain foods, such as omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric, and ginger.
It's important to note that chronic inflammation can lead to a range of health problems, including:
1. Arthritis
2. Diabetes
3. Heart disease
4. Cancer
5. Alzheimer's disease
6. Parkinson's disease
7. Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Therefore, it's important to manage inflammation effectively to prevent these complications and improve overall health and well-being.
The symptoms of PFCS can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:
* Cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes)
* Tachypnea (rapid breathing)
* Poor feeding and weight gain
* Fatigue and lethargy
* Low blood pressure
* Abnormal heart rhythms
PFCS is often diagnosed during the newborn period, and treatment may involve a combination of medications, oxygen therapy, and surgical interventions. In some cases, PFCS may be associated with other congenital anomalies, such as heart defects or intestinal atresias.
The prognosis for PFCS varies depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of any additional anomalies. However, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.
Example Sentence: The patient was diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension and began treatment with medication to lower her blood pressure and improve her symptoms.
Word class: Noun phrase / medical condition
In some cases, hyperemia can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition that requires medical attention. For example, if hyperemia is caused by an inflammatory or infectious process, it may lead to tissue damage or organ dysfunction if left untreated.
Hyperemia can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, muscles, organs, and other tissues. It is often diagnosed through physical examination and imaging tests such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment for hyperemia depends on its underlying cause, and may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, or surgery.
In the context of dermatology, hyperemia is often used to describe a condition called erythema, which is characterized by redness and swelling of the skin due to increased blood flow. Erythema can be caused by various factors, such as sun exposure, allergic reactions, or skin infections. Treatment for erythema may include topical medications, oral medications, or other therapies depending on its underlying cause.
Reperfusion injury can cause inflammation, cell death, and impaired function in the affected tissue or organ. The severity of reperfusion injury can vary depending on the duration and severity of the initial ischemic event, as well as the promptness and effectiveness of treatment to restore blood flow.
Reperfusion injury can be a complicating factor in various medical conditions, including:
1. Myocardial infarction (heart attack): Reperfusion injury can occur when blood flow is restored to the heart muscle after a heart attack, leading to inflammation and cell death.
2. Stroke: Reperfusion injury can occur when blood flow is restored to the brain after an ischemic stroke, leading to inflammation and damage to brain tissue.
3. Organ transplantation: Reperfusion injury can occur when a transplanted organ is subjected to ischemia during harvesting or preservation, and then reperfused with blood.
4. Peripheral arterial disease: Reperfusion injury can occur when blood flow is restored to a previously occluded peripheral artery, leading to inflammation and damage to the affected tissue.
Treatment of reperfusion injury often involves medications to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent further complications. In some cases, experimental therapies such as stem cell transplantation or gene therapy may be used to promote tissue repair and regeneration.
Shock refers to a severe and sudden drop in blood pressure, which can lead to inadequate perfusion of vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs. There are several types of shock, including hypovolemic shock (caused by bleeding or dehydration), septic shock (caused by an overwhelming bacterial infection), and cardiogenic shock (caused by a heart attack or other cardiac condition).
Septic refers to the presence of bacteria or other microorganisms in the bloodstream, which can cause a range of symptoms including fever, chills, and confusion. Sepsis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can lead to organ failure and death if left untreated.
Septic shock is a specific type of shock that occurs as a result of sepsis, which is the body's systemic inflammatory response to an infection. Septic shock is characterized by severe vasopressor (a medication used to increase blood pressure) and hypotension (low blood pressure), and it can lead to multiple organ failure and death if not treated promptly and effectively.
In summary, shock refers to a drop in blood pressure, while septic refers to the presence of bacteria or other microorganisms in the bloodstream. Septic shock is a specific type of shock that occurs as a result of sepsis, and it can be a life-threatening condition if not treated promptly and effectively.
Asthma can cause recurring episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. These symptoms occur when the muscles surrounding the airways contract, causing the airways to narrow and swell. This can be triggered by exposure to environmental allergens or irritants such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or respiratory infections.
There is no cure for asthma, but it can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes. Treatment typically includes inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, bronchodilators to open up the airways, and rescue medications to relieve symptoms during an asthma attack.
Asthma is a common condition that affects people of all ages, but it is most commonly diagnosed in children. According to the American Lung Association, more than 25 million Americans have asthma, and it is the third leading cause of hospitalization for children under the age of 18.
While there is no cure for asthma, early diagnosis and proper treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life for those affected by the condition.
MRI can occur in various cardiovascular conditions, such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrest, and cardiac surgery. The severity of MRI can range from mild to severe, depending on the extent and duration of the ischemic event.
The pathophysiology of MRI involves a complex interplay of various cellular and molecular mechanisms. During ischemia, the heart muscle cells undergo changes in energy metabolism, electrolyte balance, and cell membrane function. When blood flow is restored, these changes can lead to an influx of calcium ions into the cells, activation of enzymes, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage the cells and their membranes.
The clinical presentation of MRI can vary depending on the severity of the injury. Some patients may experience chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Others may have more severe symptoms, such as cardiogenic shock or ventricular arrhythmias. The diagnosis of MRI is based on a combination of clinical findings, electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, and cardiac biomarkers.
The treatment of MRI is focused on addressing the underlying cause of the injury and managing its symptoms. For example, in patients with myocardial infarction, thrombolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention may be used to restore blood flow to the affected area. In patients with cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and other life-saving interventions may be necessary.
Prevention of MRI is crucial in reducing its incidence and severity. This involves aggressive risk factor management, such as controlling hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, as well as smoking cessation and stress reduction. Additionally, patients with a history of MI should adhere to their medication regimen, which may include beta blockers, ACE inhibitors or ARBs, statins, and aspirin.
In conclusion, myocardial injury with ST-segment elevation (MRI) is a life-threatening condition that requires prompt recognition and treatment. While the clinical presentation can vary depending on the severity of the injury, early diagnosis and management are crucial in reducing morbidity and mortality. Prevention through aggressive risk factor management and adherence to medication regimens is also essential in preventing MRI.
There are several types of ischemia, including:
1. Myocardial ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, which can lead to chest pain or a heart attack.
2. Cerebral ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the brain, which can lead to stroke or cognitive impairment.
3. Peripheral arterial ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the legs and arms.
4. Renal ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
5. Hepatic ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the liver.
Ischemia can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment for ischemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgical interventions.
Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.
There are several ways to measure body weight, including:
1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.
It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.
There are several potential causes of ED, including:
1. Aging: As men age, the blood vessels that supply the penis with blood can become less responsive, leading to ED.
2. Heart disease: Men with heart disease are at a higher risk for developing ED.
3. Diabetes: Men with diabetes are also at a higher risk for developing ED.
4. Prostate surgery or treatment: Surgery or treatment for prostate cancer can sometimes cause ED.
5. Medications: Certain medications, such as antidepressants and blood pressure drugs, can cause ED as a side effect.
6. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a lack of exercise can contribute to ED.
7. Psychological factors: Psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and relationship issues can also contribute to ED.
8. Neurological disorders: Certain neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease, can cause ED.
9. Peyronie's disease: A condition in which scar tissue inside the penis causes it to curve and become less responsive to stimulation.
10. Trauma: Injury to the penis or nerves that control erections can cause ED.
11. Venous leak: A condition in which the veins that empty blood from the penis are damaged, leading to a weak or inconsistent erection.
There are several treatment options available for ED, including:
1. Medications: Drugs such as sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), and vardenafil (Levitra) can help improve blood flow to the penis and achieve an erection.
2. Vacuum constriction devices: These devices are placed over the penis and use vacuum pressure to increase blood flow and create an erection.
3. Penile injections: Alprostadil (Caverject) is a medication that can be injected into the penis to increase blood flow and achieve an erection.
4. Penile implants: A surgically implanted device that can be inflated with saline solution to create an erection.
5. Lifestyle changes: Improving physical activity, losing weight, quitting smoking, and reducing stress can help improve blood flow and reduce the risk of ED.
6. Counseling and therapy: Addressing relationship issues or psychological factors that may be contributing to ED can also be helpful.
It's important to note that ED is a common condition and can affect men of all ages and backgrounds. If you are experiencing erectile dysfunction, it's important to speak with a healthcare provider to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.
In this article, we will explore the definition and impact of chronic diseases, as well as strategies for managing and living with them. We will also discuss the importance of early detection and prevention, as well as the role of healthcare providers in addressing the needs of individuals with chronic diseases.
What is a Chronic Disease?
A chronic disease is a condition that lasts for an extended period of time, often affecting daily life and activities. Unlike acute diseases, which have a specific beginning and end, chronic diseases are long-term and persistent. Examples of chronic diseases include:
1. Diabetes
2. Heart disease
3. Arthritis
4. Asthma
5. Cancer
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
8. Hypertension
9. Osteoporosis
10. Stroke
Impact of Chronic Diseases
The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the WHO. In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.
Chronic diseases can also have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, limiting their ability to participate in activities they enjoy and affecting their relationships with family and friends. Moreover, the financial burden of chronic diseases can lead to poverty and reduce economic productivity, thus having a broader societal impact.
Addressing Chronic Diseases
Given the significant burden of chronic diseases, it is essential that we address them effectively. This requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:
1. Lifestyle modifications: Encouraging healthy behaviors such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation can help prevent and manage chronic diseases.
2. Early detection and diagnosis: Identifying risk factors and detecting diseases early can help prevent or delay their progression.
3. Medication management: Effective medication management is crucial for controlling symptoms and slowing disease progression.
4. Multi-disciplinary care: Collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and families is essential for managing chronic diseases.
5. Health promotion and disease prevention: Educating individuals about the risks of chronic diseases and promoting healthy behaviors can help prevent their onset.
6. Addressing social determinants of health: Social determinants such as poverty, education, and employment can have a significant impact on health outcomes. Addressing these factors is essential for reducing health disparities and improving overall health.
7. Investing in healthcare infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure, technology, and research is necessary to improve disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
8. Encouraging policy change: Policy changes can help create supportive environments for healthy behaviors and reduce the burden of chronic diseases.
9. Increasing public awareness: Raising public awareness about the risks and consequences of chronic diseases can help individuals make informed decisions about their health.
10. Providing support for caregivers: Chronic diseases can have a significant impact on family members and caregivers, so providing them with support is essential for improving overall health outcomes.
Conclusion
Chronic diseases are a major public health burden that affect millions of people worldwide. Addressing these diseases requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, addressing social determinants of health, investing in healthcare infrastructure, encouraging policy change, increasing public awareness, and providing support for caregivers. By taking a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and management, we can improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide.
Example sentence:
The patient was admitted to the hospital with toxemia caused by a severe allergic reaction to a new medication.
Some common types of lung diseases include:
1. Asthma: A chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A progressive condition that causes chronic inflammation and damage to the airways and lungs, making it difficult to breathe.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to fever, chills, coughing, and difficulty breathing.
4. Bronchiectasis: A condition where the airways are damaged and widened, leading to chronic infections and inflammation.
5. Pulmonary Fibrosis: A condition where the lungs become scarred and stiff, making it difficult to breathe.
6. Lung Cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the lungs, often caused by smoking or exposure to carcinogens.
7. Cystic Fibrosis: A genetic disorder that affects the respiratory and digestive systems, leading to chronic infections and inflammation in the lungs.
8. Tuberculosis (TB): An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
9. Pulmonary Embolism: A blockage in one of the arteries in the lungs, often caused by a blood clot that has traveled from another part of the body.
10. Sarcoidosis: An inflammatory disease that affects various organs in the body, including the lungs, leading to the formation of granulomas and scarring.
These are just a few examples of conditions that can affect the lungs and respiratory system. It's important to note that many of these conditions can be treated with medication, therapy, or surgery, but early detection is key to successful treatment outcomes.
Arteriosclerosis can affect any artery in the body, but it is most commonly seen in the arteries of the heart, brain, and legs. It is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide and is often associated with aging and other factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking.
There are several types of arteriosclerosis, including:
1. Atherosclerosis: This is the most common type of arteriosclerosis and occurs when plaque builds up inside the arteries.
2. Arteriolosclerosis: This type affects the small arteries in the body and can cause decreased blood flow to organs such as the kidneys and brain.
3. Medial sclerosis: This type affects the middle layer of the artery wall and can cause stiffness and narrowing of the arteries.
4. Intimal sclerosis: This type occurs when plaque builds up inside the innermost layer of the artery wall, causing it to become thick and less flexible.
Symptoms of arteriosclerosis can include chest pain, shortness of breath, leg pain or cramping during exercise, and numbness or weakness in the limbs. Treatment for arteriosclerosis may include lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and regular exercise, as well as medications to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to open up or bypass blocked arteries.
There are several types of hypercholesterolemia, including:
1. Familial hypercholesterolemia: This is an inherited condition that causes high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also known as "bad" cholesterol, in the blood.
2. Non-familial hypercholesterolemia: This type of hypercholesterolemia is not inherited and can be caused by a variety of factors, such as a high-fat diet, lack of exercise, obesity, and certain medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
3. Mixed hypercholesterolemia: This type of hypercholesterolemia is characterized by high levels of both LDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the blood.
The diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia is typically made based on a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as a lipid profile, which measures the levels of different types of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Treatment for hypercholesterolemia usually involves lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet and regular exercise, and may also include medication, such as statins, to lower cholesterol levels.
Myocardial ischemia can be caused by a variety of factors, including coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking. It can also be triggered by physical exertion or stress.
There are several types of myocardial ischemia, including:
1. Stable angina: This is the most common type of myocardial ischemia, and it is characterized by a predictable pattern of chest pain that occurs during physical activity or emotional stress.
2. Unstable angina: This is a more severe type of myocardial ischemia that can occur without any identifiable trigger, and can be accompanied by other symptoms such as shortness of breath or vomiting.
3. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS): This is a condition that includes both stable angina and unstable angina, and it is characterized by a sudden reduction in blood flow to the heart muscle.
4. Heart attack (myocardial infarction): This is a type of myocardial ischemia that occurs when the blood flow to the heart muscle is completely blocked, resulting in damage or death of the cardiac tissue.
Myocardial ischemia can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and imaging studies such as echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options for myocardial ischemia include medications such as nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers, as well as lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, losing weight, and exercising regularly. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as coronary artery bypass grafting or angioplasty may be necessary.
1. Atherosclerosis: A condition in which plaque builds up inside the arteries, causing them to narrow and harden. This can lead to heart disease, heart attack, or stroke.
2. Hypertension: High blood pressure that can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other conditions.
3. Peripheral artery disease (PAD): A condition in which the blood vessels in the legs and arms become narrowed or blocked, leading to pain, cramping, and weakness in the affected limbs.
4. Raynaud's phenomenon: A condition that causes blood vessels in the hands and feet to constrict in response to cold temperatures or stress, leading to discoloration, numbness, and tissue damage.
5. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A condition in which a blood clot forms in the deep veins of the legs, often caused by immobility or injury.
6. Varicose veins: Enlarged, twisted veins that can cause pain, swelling, and cosmetic concerns.
7. Angioplasty: A medical procedure in which a balloon is used to open up narrowed blood vessels, often performed to treat peripheral artery disease or blockages in the legs.
8. Stenting: A medical procedure in which a small mesh tube is placed inside a blood vessel to keep it open and improve blood flow.
9. Carotid endarterectomy: A surgical procedure to remove plaque from the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain, to reduce the risk of stroke.
10. Bypass surgery: A surgical procedure in which a healthy blood vessel is used to bypass a blocked or narrowed blood vessel, often performed to treat coronary artery disease or peripheral artery disease.
Overall, vascular diseases can have a significant impact on quality of life and can increase the risk of serious complications such as stroke, heart attack, and amputation. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early diagnosis and treatment can help to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes.
Examples of acute diseases include:
1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.
Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
There are several types of edema, including:
1. Pitting edema: This type of edema occurs when the fluid accumulates in the tissues and leaves a pit or depression when it is pressed. It is commonly seen in the skin of the lower legs and feet.
2. Non-pitting edema: This type of edema does not leave a pit or depression when pressed. It is often seen in the face, hands, and arms.
3. Cytedema: This type of edema is caused by an accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the limbs, particularly in the hands and feet.
4. Edema nervorum: This type of edema affects the nerves and can cause pain, numbness, and tingling in the affected area.
5. Lymphedema: This is a condition where the lymphatic system is unable to properly drain fluid from the body, leading to swelling in the arms or legs.
Edema can be diagnosed through physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as imaging studies and blood tests. Treatment options for edema depend on the underlying cause, but may include medications, lifestyle changes, and compression garments. In some cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to remove excess fluid or tissue.
Hyperoxia can cause damage to the body's tissues and organs, particularly the lungs and brain. In severe cases, hyperoxia can lead to respiratory failure, seizures, and even death.
There are several ways to diagnose hyperoxia, including:
1. Blood tests: These can measure the levels of oxygen in the blood.
2. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis: This is a test that measures the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
3. Pulse oximetry: This is a non-invasive test that measures the amount of oxygen in the blood by shining a light through the skin.
Treatment for hyperoxia depends on the underlying cause, but may include:
1. Oxygen therapy: This involves administering oxygen to the patient through a mask or nasal tubes.
2. Medications: These may be used to treat any underlying conditions that are causing hyperoxia.
3. Mechanical ventilation: In severe cases, this may be necessary to support the patient's breathing.
In summary, hyperoxia is a condition where there is too much oxygen in the body, and it can cause damage to the body's tissues and organs. Diagnosis is typically made through blood tests or other tests, and treatment may involve oxygen therapy, medications, or mechanical ventilation.
The disease begins with endothelial dysfunction, which allows lipid accumulation in the artery wall. Macrophages take up oxidized lipids and become foam cells, which die and release their contents, including inflammatory cytokines, leading to further inflammation and recruitment of more immune cells.
The atherosclerotic plaque can rupture or ulcerate, leading to the formation of a thrombus that can occlude the blood vessel, causing ischemia or infarction of downstream tissues. This can lead to various cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease that is influenced by genetic and environmental factors such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol levels, and obesity. It is diagnosed by imaging techniques such as angiography, ultrasound, or computed tomography (CT) scans.
Treatment options for atherosclerosis include lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation, dietary changes, and exercise, as well as medications such as statins, beta blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. In severe cases, surgical interventions such as bypass surgery or angioplasty may be necessary.
In conclusion, atherosclerosis is a complex and multifactorial disease that affects the arteries and can lead to various cardiovascular diseases. Early detection and treatment can help prevent or slow down its progression, reducing the risk of complications and improving patient outcomes.
Aluminium oxides
Hydrous ferric oxides
Higher sulfur oxides
Lower sulfur oxides
Mixed oxides of nitrogen
Oxide
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides
List of alkali metal oxides
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides
Lithium oxide
Oxide Games
Dibutyltin oxide
Tributyltin oxide
Nitrous oxide
Sodium oxide
Phosphorus oxide
Basic oxide
Trifluoramine oxide
Aluminium oxide
Oxide jacking
LSAT (oxide)
Iron oxide
Diiodine oxide
Phosphine oxide
Styrene oxide
Triphenylphosphine oxide
Sulfur oxide
Diphenylphosphine oxide
Tellurium oxide
Uranium oxide
Ethylene Oxide Sterilization | Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control |CDC
Nitrogen Oxides | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
Facile Synthesis and Special Phase Transformation of Hydrophilic Iron Oxides Nanoparticles
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D4295 Standard Classification for Rubber Compounding Materials-Zinc Oxide
Tim Holtz Distress® Oxide® Spray Set #2, 3ct. | Michaels
Plasmonically sensitized metal-oxide electron extraction layers for organic solar cells | Scientific Reports
Buck Snort Lodge - Celtic Knob, Brass Oxide
EPO - T 1596/16 (Aluminum oxide/Fujimi) of 14.6.2019
US8497506B2 - Protecting semiconducting oxides
- Google Patents
News | INEOS Oxide
Is copper oxide toxic to Skin
Heterocyclic Oxides | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
RTECS:XQ4000000 - Tin oxide (SnO2) - The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances | CDC/NIOSH
2X36 ALUMINUM OXIDE BELTS
Tin(IV) oxide SnO2 - Detectors & Protection Equipment - Dräger VOICE
Ottawa's nitrous oxide plan-no laughing matter | Institut Fraser
Skip to Properties
Help with learning the Black Oxide Process
The applications of Spherical Aluminum Oxide Powder
Golden Open Acrylics - Chromium Oxide Green, 5 oz, Tube | BLICK Art Materials
Research aims to improve rechargeable batteries by focusing on graphene oxide paper
Browsing by Subject "Oxides"
Oxide interfaces - Experimentelle Physik IV
Graphene - Vitamin C Reduced Graphene Oxide
Girder Bridge Side, Plate Girder Type, Red Oxide - PECO
Magnesium Oxide: MedlinePlus Drug Information
Nitrogen oxides38
- This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions about nitrogen oxides. (cdc.gov)
- Everybody is exposed to small amounts of nitrogen oxides in ambient air. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to high levels of nitrogen oxides can damage the respiratory airways. (cdc.gov)
- What are nitrogen oxides? (cdc.gov)
- Nitrogen oxides are a mixture of gases that are composed of nitrogen and oxygen. (cdc.gov)
- Nitrogen oxides are released to the air from the exhaust of motor vehicles, the burning of coal, oil, or natural gas, and during processes such as arc welding, electroplating, engraving, and dynamite blasting. (cdc.gov)
- Nitrogen oxides are used in the production of nitric acid, lacquers, dyes, and other chemicals. (cdc.gov)
- Nitrogen oxides are also used in rocket fuels, nitration of organic chemicals, and the manufacture of explosives. (cdc.gov)
- What happens to nitrogen oxides when they enter the environment? (cdc.gov)
- Nitrogen oxides are broken down rapidly in the atmosphere by reacting with other substances commonly found in the air. (cdc.gov)
- Small amounts of nitrogen oxides may evaporate from water, but most of it will react with water and form nitric acid. (cdc.gov)
- When released to soil, small amounts of nitrogen oxides may evaporate into air. (cdc.gov)
- Nitrogen oxides do not build up in the food chain. (cdc.gov)
- How might I be exposed to nitrogen oxides? (cdc.gov)
- The general population is primarily exposed to nitrogen oxides by breathing in air. (cdc.gov)
- People who live near combustion sources such as coal burning power plants or areas with heavy motor vehicle use may be exposed to higher levels of nitrogen oxides. (cdc.gov)
- Households that burn a lot of wood or use kerosene heaters and gas stoves tend to have higher levels of nitrogen oxides in them when compared to houses without these appliances. (cdc.gov)
- Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide are found in tobacco smoke, so people who smoke or breathe in second-hand smoke may be exposed to nitrogen oxides. (cdc.gov)
- Workers employed in facilities that produce nitric acid or certain explosives like dynamite and trinitrotoluene (TNT), as well as workers involved in the welding of metals may breath in nitrogen oxides during their work. (cdc.gov)
- How can nitrogen oxides affect my health? (cdc.gov)
- Low levels of nitrogen oxides in the air can irritate your eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, possibly causing you to cough and experience shortness of breath, tiredness, and nausea. (cdc.gov)
- Breathing high levels of nitrogen oxides can cause rapid burning, spasms, and swelling of tissues in the throat and upper respiratory tract, reduced oxygenation of body tissues, a build-up of fluid in your lungs, and death. (cdc.gov)
- We do not know if exposure to nitrogen oxides will result in reproductive effects in humans. (cdc.gov)
- How likely are nitrogen oxides to cause cancer? (cdc.gov)
- The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the EPA have not classified nitrogen oxides for potential carcinogenicity. (cdc.gov)
- NITROGEN OXIDES (nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, etc. (cdc.gov)
- This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about nitrogen oxides (nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, etc. (cdc.gov)
- The reaction of nitrogen dioxide with Nitrogen oxides are a mixture of gases that are composed of chemicals produced by sunlight leads to the formation of nitrogen and oxygen. (cdc.gov)
- at room temperature, whereas nitrogen dioxide has a strong, ` Small amounts of nitrogen oxides may evaporate from harsh odor and is a liquid at room temperature, becoming a water, but most of it will react with water and form nitric acid. (cdc.gov)
- Nitrogen oxides are released to the air from the exhaust of converted to nitric acid or other compounds. (cdc.gov)
- motor vehicles, the burning of coal, oil, or natural gas, and ` Nitrogen oxides do not build up in the food chain. (cdc.gov)
- Nitrogen oxides are used in the production of nitric acid, sources such as coal burning power plants or areas with lacquers, dyes, and other chemicals. (cdc.gov)
- Nitrogen oxides are heavy motor vehicle use may be exposed to higher levels of also used in rocket fuels, nitration of organic chemicals, and nitrogen oxides. (cdc.gov)
- Nitrogen oxides are broken down rapidly in the ` Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide are found in tobacco atmosphere by reacting with other substances commonly smoke, so people who smoke or breathe in second-hand smoke may be exposed to nitrogen oxides. (cdc.gov)
- But we do not know if exposure to nitrogen oxides might well as workers involved in the welding of metals may breath cause developmental effects in humans. (cdc.gov)
- in nitrogen oxides during their work. (cdc.gov)
- Low levels of nitrogen oxides in the air can irritate your eyes, Families with indoor gas stoves, space heaters, or indoor nose, throat, and lungs, possibly causing you to cough and cigarette smoke can minimize indoor exposure to nitrogen experience shortness of breath, tiredness, and nausea. (cdc.gov)
- We measure exposure to ground-level nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) using a country's ambient ground-level concentration. (yale.edu)
Nitrous26
- Nitrous oxide (N 2 0) is a colorless gas stored as a liquid. (cdc.gov)
- Breathing nitrous oxide can cause dizziness, unconsciousness, and even death. (cdc.gov)
- Contact with liquid nitrous oxide can cause severe frostbite. (cdc.gov)
- Workers may be harmed from exposure to nitrous oxide. (cdc.gov)
- Nitrous oxide is used in many industries. (cdc.gov)
- If you work in an industry that uses nitrous oxide, read chemical labels and the accompanying Safety Data Sheet for hazard information. (cdc.gov)
- The following resources provide information about occupational exposure to nitrous oxide. (cdc.gov)
- Useful search terms for nitrous oxide include "dinitrogen monoxide," "hyponitrous acid anhydride," and "laughing gas. (cdc.gov)
- NIOSHTIC-2 search results on nitrous oxide - NIOSHTIC-2 is a searchable database of worker safety and health publications, documents, grant reports, and journal articles supported in whole or in part by NIOSH. (cdc.gov)
- NIOSH (FACE) Fire Investigation Report - DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. F2003-03 (2003) - Volunteer fire fighter dies following nitrous oxide cylinder explosion while fighting commercial structure fire in Texas. (cdc.gov)
- NIOSH Hazard Control - Control of Nitrous Oxide During Cryosurgery - DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 99-105 (1999) - NIOSH studies have shown that N 2 O in the air in cryosurgical units can be effectively controlled by ventilation and equipment maintenance, and if this is not possible, through using a less hazardous cryogenic gas. (cdc.gov)
- NIOSH Hazard Control - Control of Nitrous Oxide in Dental Operatories - DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 96-107 (1998) - Dental workers are exposed to nitrous oxide (N 2 O) when patients receive it as an anesthetic. (cdc.gov)
- NIOSH Report - Control of Nitrous Oxide in Dental Operatories - DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-129 (1994) - Researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), conducted four in-depth field evaluations, and one laboratory study to evaluate three commercial dental operatory waste anesthetic gas scavenging systems for their effectiveness in reducing nitrous oxide exposure. (cdc.gov)
- NIOSH Alert - Controlling Exposures to Nitrous Oxide During Anesthetic Administration - DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-100 (1994) - This alert presents control measures for preventing or greatly reducing exposure to N 2 O during the administration of anesthetic gas. (cdc.gov)
- NIOSH Update - NIOSH Warns: Nitrous Oxide Continues to Threaten Health Care Workers - DHHS (NIOSH) (1994) - NIOSH warns that even with preventive measures such as scavenging systems in place workers may be at risk for serious health effects due to their exposure to nitrous oxide. (cdc.gov)
- In that case, the laughing will come when you beat up that pesky Camaro after activating the shot of nitrous oxide you stealthily hooked up. (motortrend.com)
- The Trudeau government, as part of its "net-zero" framework, has set its sights on one particular greenhouse gas that's near and dear to the hearts, lungs and stomachs of Canadians-namely nitrous oxide, a gas species composed of two atoms of nitrogen, one atom of oxygen and sometimes known as laughing gas. (fraserinstitute.org)
- Canada's biggest source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions is its agricultural sector where N₂O emissions were about three-and-a-half times higher than other major sources combined (in 2018). (fraserinstitute.org)
- Nitrogen, from fertilizer applied to crops that is not taken up or later re-excreted by plants, is used by organisms in the soil for their own metabolic needs and they generate nitrous oxide as a byproduct. (fraserinstitute.org)
- One such alert, Request for Assistance in Controlling Exposures to Nitrous Oxide During Anesthetic Administration (1), was published recently and is available to the public. (cdc.gov)
- Nitrous oxide is used as an anesthetic agent in medical, dental, and veterinary operatories. (cdc.gov)
- in a 1991 survey by the American Dental Association, 58% of dentists reported having nitrous oxide anesthetic equipment. (cdc.gov)
- Workers exposed to nitrous oxide may suffer adverse reproductive effects and decreases in mental performance, audiovisual ability, and manual dexterity. (cdc.gov)
- This alert presents control measures for preventing or substantially reducing exposure to nitrous oxide during administration of anesthetic gas. (cdc.gov)
- More and more, sedation with nitrous oxide has been proved a useful tool for such procedures, but its use requires a previous knowledge of their biochemistry and equipment to make it possible in a safe and secure way for both the professional and the patient. (bvsalud.org)
- Objective: This paper aims discussing the use of nitrous oxide in dental practice as clinical tool for conscious sedation, as well as the care needed and its indications and contraindications. (bvsalud.org)
Nitric oxide4
- Nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide have been found in at least 9 and 6 of the 1,585 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), respectively. (cdc.gov)
- Nitric oxide is a sharp sweet-smelling gas at room temperature, whereas nitrogen dioxide has a strong, harsh odor and is a liquid at room temperature, becoming a reddish-brown gas above 70°F. (cdc.gov)
- Nitric oxide is a sharp sweet-smelling gas breathe. (cdc.gov)
- Objectives: The current study was designed to evaluate protective role of the ethanolic fenugreek seed extract (FSE) and potentiating its effects with nitric oxide (NO) modulators in experimental arthritis and its comparison with the standard drug methotrexate. (who.int)
Graphene oxide9
- Gurpreet Singh, assistant professor of mechanical and nuclear engineering, and Lamuel David, doctoral student in mechanical engineering, India , published their findings in the Journal of Physical Chemistry in the article "Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode: Opposing effect of thermal annealing on Li and Na cyclability. (k-state.edu)
- Graphene oxide is an insulating and defective version of graphene that can be converted to a conductor or a semiconductor when it is heated. (k-state.edu)
- Singh and his team studied graphene oxide sheets as flexible paper electrodes for sodium- and lithium-ion batteries. (k-state.edu)
- For example, reduced graphene oxide sheets, or rGO, produced at high temperature have near zero sodium capacity, while reduced graphene oxide sheets produced at 500 degrees C have the maximum capacity. (k-state.edu)
- The observation is important because graphite, which is a precursor for making graphene oxide, has negligible capacity for sodium and has long been ruled out as viable electrode for sodium-batteries," Singh said. (k-state.edu)
- The researchers are the first to show that a flexible paper composed entirely of graphene oxide sheets can charge and discharge with sodium-ions for more than 1,000 cycles. (k-state.edu)
- Singh and his team also studied the mechanical behavior of the electrodes made of reduced graphene oxide sheets. (k-state.edu)
- Through videography, they showed the ability of the crumpled graphene oxide papers to sustain large strains before failing. (k-state.edu)
- They found their answer in graphene oxide, which can cycle sodium-ions for more than 1,000 cycles. (k-state.edu)
Ethylene Oxide1
- INEOS Launches new Bio-Attributed Ethylene Oxide, Completely Substitutes Fossil. (ineos.com)
Styrene6
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is pleased to announce that the IARC Monographs volume on styrene, styrene-7,8-oxide, and quinoline is now available online. (who.int)
- This volume provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of styrene, styrene-7,8-oxide, and quinoline. (who.int)
- Styrene-7,8-oxide is primarily used to produce epoxy resins. (who.int)
- Styrene-7,8-oxide is the primary metabolite of styrene in humans. (who.int)
- Styrene and styrene-7,8-oxide are found in workplace air, particularly in the reinforced plastics and rubber industries. (who.int)
- Clara cells lining the respiratory epithelium metabolize ST to styrene 7,8- oxide (SO), which is cytotoxic and weakly genotoxic. (cdc.gov)
Transition1
- Our group focusses on the electronic structure of correlated systems in various forms, e.g. transition metal oxides (TMO's), high-TC superconductors and other low-dimensional systems like organic systems and nanowires on semiconductor substrates. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Nanoparticles4
- Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) attracted increasing attention due to their promising applications like tissue cryopreservation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), immunoassay, biomolecule separation, hyperthermia, and drug delivery [ 1 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Benefiting from previous study [ 13 ], we find a novel route to synthesize superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles through α -Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles as precursor in this study, only in presence of ethylene glycol, without the presence of any other agents, surfactants, and additives. (hindawi.com)
- In this work, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are used to plasmonically sensitize metal-oxide based EELs in the vicinity (1-20 nm) of the metal-oxide/organic interface. (nature.com)
- Leaves extract of Citrofortunella macrocarpa (Calamondin) is used to synthesize Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) as a green and environment-friendly reducing agent and a capping agent. (mis-asia.com)
Stannic1
- Indium tin oxide, which does not occur naturally, is a chemical with a low production volume that is a mixture of indium oxide and stannic oxide. (who.int)
Aluminum oxide7
- The patent in suit concerns aluminum oxide particles and a polishing composition containing the same. (epo.org)
- In its decision, the opposition division dealt with the ground for opposition pursuant to Article 100(b) EPC and found that the invention was not sufficiently disclosed because how to obtain the claimed aluminum oxide particles was not known. (epo.org)
- 1. Aluminum oxide particles characterized by primary particles each having a hexahedral shape and an aspect ratio of 1 to 5. (epo.org)
- It was common ground between the parties that the claimed aluminum oxide particles could be produced by calcining a hydrated alumina having the claimed morphology and aspect ratio, the morphology and aspect ratio of said hydrated alumina used as raw material being maintained during the calcination (paragraph [0037] of the patent in suit). (epo.org)
- Prior to the impact of COVID-19 on the chemicals and materials industry and the price of the Spherical Aluminum Oxide Powder, many industry observers expected low to flat growth in 2021 in all regions outside Asia, with many countries seeing slower growth compared to recent years. (robocup2009.org)
- A request was received from the International Chemical Workers Union to investigate respiratory symptoms occurring from possible exposure to silica (7631869) dust along with neurologic symptoms of memory loss and disorientation from possible exposure to aluminum-oxide (1344281) dust at the Sancap Abrasives Inc. (SIC-3291) facility in Alliance, Ohio. (cdc.gov)
- The amounts of quartz (14808607) and cristobalite (14464461) in two bulk samples of aluminum-oxide were also below the detection limits. (cdc.gov)
Chemicals1
- It has over 12 years of experience providing ultra-high quality chemicals and nanotechnology materials, including copper oxide, nitride powder, graphite powder, sulfide powder, and 3D printing powder. (mis-asia.com)
Oxygen2
- It is shown that in the plasmonically sensitized metal-oxides the illumination with visible light lowers the WF due to desorption of previously ionosorbed oxygen, in analogy to the process found in neat metal oxides upon UV exposure, only. (nature.com)
- These forms of copper oxide and other formats are formed when oxygen combines with copper in different ways. (mis-asia.com)
Atoms1
- Oxides of a ring compound having atoms other than carbon in its ring. (harvard.edu)
Drugs1
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to magnesium oxide, other antacids or laxatives, or any other drugs. (medlineplus.gov)
Occupational1
- Exposure to indium tin oxide occurs mainly in occupational settings, during production and processing, or during recycling of elemental indium. (who.int)
Materials1
- Recently, we also started to investigate oxide heterostructure materials. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Dose1
- If you are taking magnesium oxide on a regular schedule, take the missed dose as soon you remember it. (medlineplus.gov)
Type1
- Influence of surface treatment of yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconium oxides and cement type on crown retention after artificial aging. (bvsalud.org)
General2
- A general phenomenon of OSCs incorporating these metal-oxides is the requirement to illuminate the devices with UV light in order to improve device characteristics. (nature.com)
- The general applicability of this concept to most common metal-oxides (e.g. (nature.com)
People2
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Heterocyclic Oxides" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Heterocyclic Oxides" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Heterocyclic Oxides" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
Common1
- The most common forms of copper oxide are copper (I) oxide and copper (II) oxide. (mis-asia.com)
High2
- If you were to come into skin or eye contact with high concentrations of nitrogen oxide gases or nitrogen dioxide liquid, you would likely experience serious burns. (cdc.gov)
- If you are looking for high-quality and cost-effective copper oxide, you are welcome to contact us or inquire any time. (mis-asia.com)
Price2
- Copper oxide particle size and purity will affect the product's Price, and the purchase volume can also affect the cost of Copper oxide. (mis-asia.com)
- The Price of copper oxide is on our company's official website. (mis-asia.com)
Levels1
- oxides by periodically allowing fresh outdoor air into the Exposure to low levels can also result in fluid build-up in the home. (cdc.gov)
Produce1
- Both forms of copper oxide are used to produce pigments. (mis-asia.com)
Call1
- If you become pregnant while taking magnesium oxide, call your doctor immediately. (medlineplus.gov)
Forms1
- Copper(II) oxide forms naturally in the Earth due to the weathering of copper sulfides (Cu2S and CuS). (mis-asia.com)
Library1
- Heterocyclic Oxides" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
Products1
- Hazardous Decomposition Products: Copper oxide fume. (mis-asia.com)