Oxaloacetic Acid
Aspartate Aminotransferases
Alanine Transaminase
L-Lactate Dehydrogenase
Liver
Animal Rights
Books
Robotics
Culdoscopy
Man-Machine Systems
Book Selection
Amino acid biosynthesis in the halophilic archaeon Haloarcula hispanica. (1/85)
Biosynthesis of proteinogenic amino acids in the extremely halophilic archaeon Haloarcula hispanica was explored by using biosynthetically directed fractional 13C labeling with a mixture of 90% unlabeled and 10% uniformly 13C-labeled glycerol. The resulting 13C-labeling patterns in the amino acids were analyzed by two-dimensional 13C,1H correlation spectroscopy. The experimental data provided evidence for a split pathway for isoleucine biosynthesis, with 56% of the total Ile originating from threonine and pyruvate via the threonine pathway and 44% originating from pyruvate and acetyl coenzyme A via the pyruvate pathway. In addition, the diaminopimelate pathway involving diaminopimelate dehydrogenase was shown to lead to lysine biosynthesis and an analysis of the 13C-labeling pattern in tyrosine indicated novel biosynthetic pathways that have so far not been further characterized. For the 17 other proteinogenic amino acids, the data were consistent with data for commonly found biosynthetic pathways. A comparison of our data with the amino acid metabolisms of eucarya and bacteria supports the theory that pathways for synthesis of proteinogenic amino acids were established before ancient cells diverged into archaea, bacteria, and eucarya. (+info)Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of metabolism of propionate by Escherichia coli. (2/85)
We have evaluated the use of [1,2-13C2]propionate for the analysis of propionic acid metabolism, based on the ability to distinguish between the methylcitrate and methylmalonate pathways. Studies using propionate-adapted Escherichia coli MG1655 cells were performed. Preservation of the 13C-13C-12C carbon skeleton in labeled alanine and alanine-containing peptides involved in cell wall recycling is indicative of the direct formation of pyruvate from propionate via the methylcitrate cycle, the enzymes of which have recently been demonstrated in E. coli. Additionally, formation of 13C-labeled formate from pyruvate by the action of pyruvate-formate lyase is also consistent with the labeling of pyruvate C-1. Carboxylation of the labeled pyruvate leads to formation of [1,2-13C2]oxaloacetate and to multiply labeled glutamate and succinate isotopomers, also consistent with the flux through the methylcitrate pathway, followed by the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Additional labeling of TCA intermediates arises due to the formation of [1-13C]acetyl coenzyme A from the labeled pyruvate, formed via pyruvate-formate lyase. Labeling patterns in trehalose and glycine are also interpreted in terms of the above pathways. The information derived from the [1, 2-13C2]propionate label is contrasted with information which can be derived from singly or triply labeled propionate and shown to be more useful for distinguishing the different propionate utilization pathways via nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. (+info)Short-chain acyl-CoA-dependent production of oxalate from oxaloacetate by Burkholderia glumae, a plant pathogen which causes grain rot and seedling rot of rice via the oxalate production. (3/85)
In Burkholderia glumae (formerly named Pseudomonas glumae), isolated as the causal agent of grain rot and seedling rot of rice, oxalate was produced from oxaloacetate in the presence of short-chain acyl-CoA such as acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA. Upon purification, the enzyme responsible was separated into two fractions (tentatively named fractions II and III), both of which were required for the acyl-CoA-dependent production of oxalate. In conjugation with the oxalate production from oxaloacetate catalyzed by fractions II and III, acetyl-CoA used as the acyl-CoA substrate was consumed and equivalent amounts of CoASH and acetoacetate were formed. The isotope incorporation pattern indicated that the two carbon atoms of oxalate are both derived from oxaloacetate, and among the four carbon atoms of acetoacetate two are from oxaloacetate and two from acetyl-CoA. When the reaction was carried out with fraction II alone, a decrease in acetyl-CoA and an equivalent level of net utilization of oxaloacetate were observed without appreciable formation of CoASH, acetoacetate or oxalate. It appears that in the oxalate production from oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA, fraction II catalyzes condensation of the two substrates to form an intermediate which is split into oxalate and acetoacetate by fraction III being accompanied by the release of CoASH. (+info)Identification of the yeast mitochondrial transporter for oxaloacetate and sulfate. (4/85)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes 35 members of the mitochondrial carrier family, including the OAC protein. The transport specificities of some family members are known, but most are not. The function of the OAC has been revealed by overproduction in Escherichia coli, reconstitution into liposomes, and demonstration that the proteoliposomes transport malonate, oxaloacetate, sulfate, and thiosulfate. Reconstituted OAC catalyzes both unidirectional transport and exchange of substrates. In S. cerevisiae, OAC is in inner mitochondrial membranes, and deletion of its gene greatly reduces transport of oxaloacetate sulfate, thiosulfate, and malonate. Mitochondria from wild-type cells swelled in isoosmotic solutions of ammonium salts of oxaloacetate, sulfate, thiosulfate, and malonate, indicating that these anions are cotransported with protons. Overexpression of OAC in the deletion strain increased greatly the [(35)S]sulfate/sulfate and [(35)S]sulfate/oxaloacetate exchanges in proteoliposomes reconstituted with digitonin extracts of mitochondria. The main physiological role of OAC appears to be to use the proton-motive force to take up into mitochondria oxaloacetate produced from pyruvate by cytoplasmic pyruvate carboxylase. (+info)Carbon metabolism in developing soybean root nodules: the role of carbonic anhydrase. (5/85)
A full-length cDNA clone encoding carbonic anhydrase (CA) was isolated from a soybean nodule cDNA library. In situ hybridization and immunolocalization were performed in order to assess the location of CA transcripts and protein in developing soybean nodules. CA transcripts and protein were present at high levels in all cell types of young nodules, whereas in mature nodules they were absent from the central tissue and were concentrated in cortical cells. The results suggested that, in the earlier stages of nodule development, CA might facilitate the recycling of CO2 while at later stages it may facilitate the diffusion of CO2 out of the nodule system. In parallel, sucrose metabolism was investigated by examination of the temporal and spatial transcript accumulation of sucrose synthase (SS) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) genes, with in situ hybridization. In young nodules, high levels of SS gene transcripts were found in the central tissue as well as in the parenchymateous cells and the vascular bundles, while in mature nodules the levels of SS gene transcripts were much lower, with the majority of the transcripts located in the parenchyma and the pericycle cells of the vascular bundles. High levels of expression of PEPC gene transcripts were found in mature nodules, in almost all cell types, while in young nodules lower levels of transcripts were detected, with the majority of them located in parenchymateous cells as well as in the vascular bundles. These data suggest that breakdown of sucrose may take place in different sites during nodule development. (+info)Citrate release by perfused rat hearts: a window on mitochondrial cataplerosis. (6/85)
Cytosolic citrate is proposed to play a crucial role in substrate fuel selection in the heart. However, little is known about factors regulating the transfer of citrate from the mitochondria, where it is synthesized, to the cytosol. Further to our observation that rat hearts perfused under normoxia release citrate whose (13)C labeling pattern reflects that of mitochondrial citrate (B. Comte, G. Vincent, B. Bouchard, and C. Des Rosiers. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 26117-26124, 1997), we report here data indicating that this citrate release is a specific process reflecting the mitochondrial efflux of citrate, a process referred to as cataplerosis. Indeed, measured rates of citrate release, which vary between 2 and 21 nmol/min, are modulated by the nature and concentration of exogenous substrates feeding acetyl-CoA (fatty acid) and oxaloacetate (lactate plus pyruvate) for the mitochondrial citrate synthase reaction. Such release rates that represent at most 2% of the citric acid cycle flux are in agreement with the activity of the mitochondrial tricarboxylate transporter whose participation is also substantiated by 1) parallel variations in citrate release rates and tissue levels of citrate plus malate, the antiporter, and 2) a lowering of the citrate release rate by 1,2, 3-benzenetricarboxylic acid, a specific inhibitor of the transporter. Taken together, the results from the present study indicate that citrate cataplerosis is modulated by substrate supply, in agreement with the role of cytosolic citrate in fuel partitioning, and occurs, at least in part, through the mitochondrial tricarboxylate transporter. (+info)Quantitative determination of metabolic fluxes during coutilization of two carbon sources: comparative analyses with Corynebacterium glutamicum during growth on acetate and/or glucose. (7/85)
Growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum on mixtures of the carbon sources glucose and acetate is shown to be distinct from growth on either substrate alone. The organism showed nondiauxic growth on media containing acetate-glucose mixtures and simultaneously metabolized these substrates. Compared to those for growth on acetate or glucose alone, the consumption rates of the individual substrates were reduced during acetate-glucose cometabolism, resulting in similar total carbon consumption rates for the three conditions. By (13)C-labeling experiments with subsequent nuclear magnetic resonance analyses in combination with metabolite balancing, the in vivo activities for pathways or single enzymes in the central metabolism of C. glutamicum were quantified for growth on acetate, on glucose, and on both carbon sources. The activity of the citric acid cycle was high on acetate, intermediate on acetate plus glucose, and low on glucose, corresponding to in vivo activities of citrate synthase of 413, 219, and 111 nmol. (mg of protein)(-1). min(-1), respectively. The citric acid cycle was replenished by carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and/or pyruvate (30 nmol. [mg of protein](-1). min(-1)) during growth on glucose. Although levels of PEP carboxylase and pyruvate carboxylase during growth on acetate were similar to those for growth on glucose, anaplerosis occurred solely by the glyoxylate cycle (99 nmol. [mg of protein](-1). min(-1)). Surprisingly, the anaplerotic function was fulfilled completely by the glyoxylate cycle (50 nmol. [mg of protein](-1). min(-1)) on glucose plus acetate also. Consistent with the predictions deduced from the metabolic flux analyses, a glyoxylate cycle-deficient mutant of C. glutamicum, constructed by targeted deletion of the isocitrate lyase and malate synthase genes, exhibited impaired growth on acetate-glucose mixtures. (+info)Another unusual type of citric acid cycle enzyme in Helicobacter pylori: the malate:quinone oxidoreductase. (8/85)
The only enzyme of the citric acid cycle for which no open reading frame (ORF) was found in the Helicobacter pylori genome is the NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase. Here, it is shown that in this organism the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate is catalyzed by a malate:quinone oxidoreductase (MQO). This flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent membrane-associated enzyme donates electrons to quinones of the electron transfer chain. Similar to succinate dehydrogenase, it is part of both the electron transfer chain and the citric acid cycle. MQO activity was demonstrated in isolated membranes of H. pylori. The enzyme is encoded by the ORF HP0086, which is shown by the fact that expression of the HP0086 sequence from a plasmid induces high MQO activity in mqo deletion mutants of Escherichia coli or Corynebacterium glutamicum. Furthermore, this plasmid was able to complement the phenotype of the C. glutamicum mqo deletion mutant. Interestingly, the protein predicted to be encoded by this ORF is only distantly related to known or postulated MQO sequences from other bacteria. The presence of an MQO shown here and the previously demonstrated presence of a 2-ketoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and a succinyl-coenzyme A (CoA):acetoacetyl-CoA transferase indicate that H. pylori possesses a complete citric acid cycle, but one which deviates from the standard textbook example in three steps. (+info)Oxaloacetic acid is a chemical compound that plays a significant role in the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle. It is a key metabolic intermediate in both glucose and fatty acid catabolism. Oxaloacetic acid is a four-carbon carboxylic acid that has two carboxyl groups and one ketone group.
In the Krebs cycle, oxaloacetic acid reacts with acetyl-CoA (an activated form of acetic acid) to form citric acid, releasing CoA and initiating the cycle. Throughout the cycle, oxaloacetic acid is continuously regenerated from malate, another intermediate in the cycle.
Additionally, oxaloacetic acid plays a role in amino acid metabolism as it can accept an amino group (NH3) to form aspartic acid, which is an essential component of several biochemical processes, including protein synthesis and the urea cycle.
Aspartate aminotransferases (ASTs) are a group of enzymes found in various tissues throughout the body, including the heart, liver, and muscles. They play a crucial role in the metabolic process of transferring amino groups between different molecules.
In medical terms, AST is often used as a blood test to measure the level of this enzyme in the serum. Elevated levels of AST can indicate damage or injury to tissues that contain this enzyme, such as the liver or heart. For example, liver disease, including hepatitis and cirrhosis, can cause elevated AST levels due to damage to liver cells. Similarly, heart attacks can also result in increased AST levels due to damage to heart muscle tissue.
It is important to note that an AST test alone cannot diagnose a specific medical condition, but it can provide valuable information when used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluation.
Alanine transaminase (ALT) is a type of enzyme found primarily in the cells of the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cells of other tissues such as the heart, muscles, and kidneys. Its primary function is to catalyze the reversible transfer of an amino group from alanine to another alpha-keto acid, usually pyruvate, to form pyruvate and another amino acid, usually glutamate. This process is known as the transamination reaction.
When liver cells are damaged or destroyed due to various reasons such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or drug-induced liver injury, ALT is released into the bloodstream. Therefore, measuring the level of ALT in the blood is a useful diagnostic tool for evaluating liver function and detecting liver damage. Normal ALT levels vary depending on the laboratory, but typically range from 7 to 56 units per liter (U/L) for men and 6 to 45 U/L for women. Elevated ALT levels may indicate liver injury or disease, although other factors such as muscle damage or heart disease can also cause elevations in ALT.
L-Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found in various tissues within the body, including the heart, liver, kidneys, muscles, and brain. It plays a crucial role in the process of energy production, particularly during anaerobic conditions when oxygen levels are low.
In the presence of the coenzyme NADH, LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, generating NAD+ as a byproduct. Conversely, in the presence of NAD+, LDH can convert lactate back to pyruvate using NADH. This reversible reaction is essential for maintaining the balance between lactate and pyruvate levels within cells.
Elevated blood levels of LDH may indicate tissue damage or injury, as this enzyme can be released into the circulation following cellular breakdown. As a result, LDH is often used as a nonspecific biomarker for various medical conditions, such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), liver disease, muscle damage, and certain types of cancer. However, it's important to note that an isolated increase in LDH does not necessarily pinpoint the exact location or cause of tissue damage, and further diagnostic tests are usually required for confirmation.
The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:
1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.
Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.
"Animal rights" is a term that refers to the philosophical and moral stance that non-human animals have inherent value and basic rights to live free from exploitation, harm, and unnecessary suffering. This perspective holds that animals are not merely property or resources for human use, but sentient beings capable of experiencing pleasure and pain, just like humans.
The concept of animal rights is often associated with the abolitionist movement, which advocates for an end to all forms of animal exploitation, including farming, hunting, fishing, entertainment, experimentation, and clothing production. Instead, proponents of animal rights argue that animals should be treated with respect and compassion, and that their interests and well-being should be considered on par with those of humans.
It is important to note that the concept of animal rights can vary in scope and specifics, with some advocates focusing on certain species or issues, while others take a more comprehensive approach. Ultimately, the goal of the animal rights movement is to promote a more just and equitable relationship between humans and animals, based on respect for their inherent worth and dignity.
I apologize for any confusion, but "books" is a general term that refers to bound sets of pages that are printed or written with text, illustrations, or signs, and are meant to be read, studied, or consulted. It does not have a specific medical definition. If you're looking for information about a specific medical term or concept, please let me know and I'd be happy to help!
Robotics, in the medical context, refers to the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots in medical fields. These machines are capable of performing a variety of tasks that can aid or replicate human actions, often with high precision and accuracy. They can be used for various medical applications such as surgery, rehabilitation, prosthetics, patient care, and diagnostics. Surgical robotics, for example, allows surgeons to perform complex procedures with increased dexterity, control, and reduced fatigue, while minimizing invasiveness and improving patient outcomes.
Culdoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a laparoscope through the vagina and into the pelvic cavity, allowing the medical professional to visually examine the organs in the area, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus. The procedure is typically used for diagnostic purposes, such as to investigate the cause of pelvic pain or abnormal bleeding, or to guide surgical procedures. It is not a commonly performed procedure due to the development of other less invasive techniques, such as transvaginal ultrasound and pelvic laparoscopy.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Man-Machine Systems" is not a commonly used medical term or concept in the field of medicine or healthcare. It is more commonly associated with fields such as engineering, human factors, and ergonomics.
In those contexts, "Man-Machine Systems" typically refers to systems where humans and machines work together to achieve a common goal. The human operator provides intelligence, decision-making capabilities, and the ability to adapt to new situations, while the machine provides strength, precision, and the ability to process large amounts of data quickly.
Examples of Man-Machine Systems in healthcare might include robotic surgical systems, where a surgeon uses a robot to perform precise movements during surgery, or computerized decision support systems that help healthcare providers make informed decisions based on patient data.
I'm not aware of a specific medical definition for "book selection." The term "book selection" generally refers to the process or activity of choosing books, often for reading or using as resources. In a medical context, book selection might refer to the process of selecting appropriate texts or references for study, research, or professional development in the field of medicine. It could also refer to the task of choosing books for a library or collection related to medicine or healthcare.
A book review in the medical context is a critical evaluation and analysis of a publication related to medicine, healthcare, or health-related topics. The review typically includes a summary of the book's content, an assessment of its strengths and weaknesses, and a recommendation for its intended audience. Medical book reviews can be found in various publications such as medical journals, newsletters, and websites, and are often used by healthcare professionals to stay informed about new developments and resources in their field. The purpose of a medical book review is to provide an objective and informed opinion on the quality, accuracy, and relevance of the publication for its intended readers.
Oxaloacetic acid
Rhoda Williams Benham
Keto acid
Relda Marie Cailleau
New York City agar
Killifish
Caloric restriction mimetic
Dioxosuccinic acid
Pyruvate carboxylase
Anaplerotic reactions
Photosynthesis
OAA
Citrate synthase
List of MeSH codes (D02)
C4 carbon fixation
4,7-Dichloroquinoline
Capnophile
Purine nucleotide cycle
GOT
Interrupted aortic arch
GOT1
GOT2
Transaminase
Index of oncology articles
Perry
Aspartate transaminase
Erythromycin
Oxaloacetic acid - Wikipedia
oxaloacetic acid (CHEBI:30744)
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DeCS 2013 - Changed terms
DeCS - New Terms
DeCS - Termos Novos
DeCS - New Terms
DeCS - New Terms
DeCS - Termos Novos
Oxaloacetate13
- Oxaloacetic acid, in the form of its conjugate base oxaloacetate, is a metabolic intermediate in many processes that occur in animals. (wikipedia.org)
- Oxaloacetate can also arise from trans- or de- amination of aspartic acid. (wikipedia.org)
- Oxaloacetate is an intermediate of the citric acid cycle, where it reacts with acetyl-CoA to form citrate, catalyzed by citrate synthase. (wikipedia.org)
- After that, oxaloacetate will be recycled to aspartate, as transaminases prefer these keto acids over the others. (wikipedia.org)
- This reaction usually initiates the citric acid cycle, but when there is no need of energy it is transported to the cytoplasm where it is broken down to cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. (wikipedia.org)
- Methods: The therapeutic efficacy of the combined treatment with recombinant Glu-oxaloacetate-transaminase (rGOT) and its co-factor oxaloacetic acid (OxAc) has been tested in an animal model of sporadic ALS. (iucc.ac.il)
- Each turn of the Krebs cycle therefore begins when one of the two acetyl-CoA molecules derived from the original 6-carbon glucose molecule yields its acetyl group to the 4-carbon compound oxaloacetate to form the 6-carbon tricarboxylic acid (citrate) molecule. (encyclopedia.com)
- In organic chemistry , Oxaloacetic Acid , an organic compound , as a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid , is a protonated variant of Oxaloacetate . (wellnessadvantage.com)
- In our body's cells, Oxaloacetate , is an intermediate substrate of the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) and in Gluconeogenesis . (wellnessadvantage.com)
- Oxaloacetate (or Oxaloacetic Acid) is an organic compound that is involved in many neurophysiological processes within your body. (mentalhealthdaily.com)
- In animal models of paraoxon intoxication, the combination of oxaloacetic acid (OAA) and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) were tested for efficacy of preventing brain damage. (mentalhealthdaily.com)
- Upon simultaneous administration of oxaloacetic acid and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, levels of blood glutamate rapidly plummet. (mentalhealthdaily.com)
- Specifically, researchers documented that blood-glutamate scavengers (oxaloacetic acid and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase) provided neuroprotection against the paraoxon. (mentalhealthdaily.com)
Malic acid4
- Then other 4-carbon compounds, like malic acid or aspartic acid are formed in the mesophyll cells. (excellup.com)
- The oxaloacetic acid is then reduced to malic acid in the presence of the enzyme malic dehydrogenase. (lukimiko.com)
- Yes, a tree is believed to be releasing O 2 during night time because at night CAM plants fix CO 2 with the help of phospho Enol Pyruvic acid and produce oxala acetic acid, which is converted into malic acid like C 4 cycle. (samacheerkalviguru.com)
- Significant differences in organic acids concentration of about 4- to 8-fold were observed for citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, and oxaloacetic acid. (biomedcentral.com)
Citric acid11
- It takes part in gluconeogenesis, the urea cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, amino acid synthesis, fatty acid synthesis and the citric acid cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- A principal route is upon oxidation of L-malate, catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase, in the citric acid cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- The glyoxylate cycle is a variant of the citric acid cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- 유산소 호흡은 해당과정(glycolysis), 피루브산 산화(pyruvate oxidation), 시트르산회로(citric acid cycle), 산화적 인산화(oxidative phosphorylation), 이렇게 네 가지 주요 단계로 구성됩니다. (jove.com)
- It is a building block of proteins, participates in the citric acid and urea cycles, and is a neurotransmitter. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle, is the common pathway by which organic fuel molecules of the cell are oxidized during cellular respiration. (encyclopedia.com)
- Finally, the acetyl group of the CoA is oxidized to water and carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain . (biologyonline.com)
- It's also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and the citric acid cycle. (phoenixrising.me)
- It's called the citric acid cycle because the sequence of chemical conversions produces citric acid first, and at the end of the cycle, citric acid is generated once again. (phoenixrising.me)
- The Krebs cycle originates with production of acetyl co-A, which is created by the combination of pyruvate (final product of the glycolysis cycle) with the enzyme coenzyme A. Acetyl co-A then combines with oxaloacetic acid, creating the six-carbon molecule of citric acid. (phoenixrising.me)
- It plays a key role in functions such as: amino acid synthesis, citric acid cycle, fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, glyoxylate cycle, and the urea cycle. (mentalhealthdaily.com)
Glutamic4
- Seven biochemical blood parameters were measured pre and post exposure and 20 hours after the second exposure: serum glutathione, red blood cell glutathione reductase, red blood cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lysozyme, serum glutamic oxaloacetic acid transaminase, serum vitamin E and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. (epa.gov)
- Glutamic acid. (unboundmedicine.com)
- oxaloacetic acid to form glutamic acid and oxaloacetic acid. (umaha.ac.id)
- Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, now called AST. (cdc.gov)
Pyruvic acid9
- Now, the phosphoenolpyruvic acid carboxylated by the enzyme phosphoenol pyruvic acid carboxylase and is converted in to oxalaoacetic acid. (lukimiko.com)
- This breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid is called glycolysis. (gsebsolutions.in)
- Pyruvic acid is then the key product of glycolysis. (gsebsolutions.in)
- There are three major ways in which different cells handle pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis. (gsebsolutions.in)
- In fermentation, say by yeast, the incomplete oxidation of glucose is achieved under anaerobic conditions by sets of reactions where pyruvic acid is converted to CO 2 and ethanol. (gsebsolutions.in)
- The enzymes, pyruvic acid decarboxylase, and alcohol dehydrogenase catalyze these reactions. (gsebsolutions.in)
- Other organisms like some bacteria produce lactic acid from pyruvic acid. (gsebsolutions.in)
- In animal cells also, like muscles during exercise, when oxygen is inadequate for cellular respiration pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase. (gsebsolutions.in)
- In this process, glucose undergoes partial oxidation to form two molecules of pyruvic acid. (gsebsolutions.in)
Aspartic acid2
- Aspartic acid. (unboundmedicine.com)
- C 10 H 18 N 4 O 6 , a compound intermediate in the synthesis of arginine, formed from citrulline and aspartic acid. (unboundmedicine.com)
Acetic acid1
- Glacial (highly purified) acetic acid contains at least 99.5% acetic acid by weight. (unboundmedicine.com)
Succinic1
- An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group. (ebi.ac.uk)
Dicarboxylic acid2
- who reported the formation of C4 dicarboxylic acid as primary product of photosynthesis in sugarcane. (braimy.com)
- D Hatch and C.R.Slack (1966) proposed an alternative pathway of CO2 fixation which is now known as Hatch and Slack pathway or C4-dicarboxylic acid pathway or C4-cycle or ß-carboxylation cycle. (braimy.com)
Oxalacetic acid1
- Oxaloacetic acid (also known as oxalacetic acid or OAA) is a crystalline organic compound with the chemical formula HO2CC(O)CH2CO2H. (wikipedia.org)
Pyruvate4
- It also arises from the condensation of pyruvate with carbonic acid, driven by the hydrolysis of ATP: CH3C(O)CO2− + HCO3− + ATP → −O2CCH2C(O)CO2− + ADP + Pi Occurring in the mesophyll of plants, this process proceeds via phosphoenolpyruvate, catalysed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. (wikipedia.org)
- The first carbon dioxide fixation product of C4 plant is (1) Oxaloacetic acid (2) ribulose biphosphate (3) phosphoenol pyruvate (4) phosphoglyceric acid. (neetprep.com)
- In gametocytes, carbon skeletons derived from glucose (pyruvate, oxaloacetic acid) drive the major flux. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hydroxy pyruvate with help of NADH + H + becomes glyceric acid. (samacheerkalviguru.com)
Proteins5
- Prolamin proteins define nutritional value of maize grain not only via amino acid quality but also via starch availability. (intechopen.com)
- In plasma, about 50%-80% of the salicylic acid and its metabolites are loosely bound to plasma proteins. (drugs.com)
- For example , large molecules such as polysaccharides , nucleic acids , and proteins are broken down into smaller units such as monosaccharides, nucleotides , and amino acids , respectively . (biologyonline.com)
- ATP enables cells to use energy to synthesize proteins from amino acids, and to replicate DNA. (phoenixrising.me)
- Fats, proteins, and organic acids also act as respiratory substrates. (gsebsolutions.in)
Dianion2
- Oxaloacetic acid undergoes successive deprotonations to give the dianion: HO2CC(O)CH2CO2H ⇌ −O2CC(O)CH2CO2H + H+, pKa = 2.22 −O2CC(O)CH2CO2H ⇌ −O2CC(O)CH2CO2− + H+, pKa = 3.89 At high pH, the enolizable proton is ionized: −O2CC(O)CH2CO2− ⇌ −O2CC(O−)CHCO2− + H+, pKa = 13.03 The enol forms of oxaloacetic acid are particularly stable. (wikipedia.org)
- Under the reaction conditions the most important species in the catalysed reactions are the complexes shown between the metal ions and the dianion A2- of oxaloacetic acid. (gla.ac.uk)
Tricarboxylic acid1
- 세 번째 주요 단계인 시트르산회로는 크렙스회로(Krebs cycle), TCA 회로(tricarboxylic acid cycle, 줄여서 TCA cycle), 구연산회로라고도 알려져 있습니다. (jove.com)
Hydrolysis2
- The enriched acid was obtained in a satisfactory state of purity by acid hydrolysis of the diethyl ester. (gla.ac.uk)
- 1.5E6 OH/cm3) Half-Life = 81.994 Hrs Ozone Reaction: No Ozone Reaction Estimation Fraction sorbed to airborne particulates (phi): 0.00112 (Junge,Mackay) Note: the sorbed fraction may be resistant to atmospheric oxidation Soil Adsorption Coefficient (PCKOCWIN v1.66): Koc : 1 Log Koc: 0.000 Aqueous Base/Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis (25 deg C) [HYDROWIN v1.67]: Rate constants can NOT be estimated for this structure! (chemspider.com)
Molecule4
- The urea cycle is a metabolic pathway that results in the formation of urea using one ammonium molecule from degraded amino acids, another ammonium group from aspartate and one bicarbonate molecule. (wikipedia.org)
- ABBR: AHA Any of a class of water-soluble acids derived from fruit or milk, having a hydroxyl moiety in the first position in the molecule. (unboundmedicine.com)
- In the absence of oxygen, when anaerobic respiration occurs, such as in fermentation, glucose is degraded to lactate and lactic acid , and only a small fraction of the available energy of the original glucose molecule is released. (encyclopedia.com)
- These C4 acids are broken down in the bundle sheath cells, to release CO 2 and a 3-carbon molecule. (excellup.com)
Glucose3
- These fuel molecules, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, are broken down and fed into the Krebs cycle, becoming oxidized to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) before entering the cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
- Before glucose, fatty acids, and most amino acids can be oxidized to CO2 and H2O in the Krebs cycle, they must first be broken down to acetyl CoA. (encyclopedia.com)
- P. falciparum asexual and gametocyte stages catabolize host glucose and glutamine in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
Nucleic1
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP + or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent.It is used by all forms of cellular life. (lukimiko.com)
Ribulose1
- During the carboxylation phase of the Calvin cycle, CO2 combines with ribulose 1, 5 - bisphosphate to form 2 molecules of 3-PGA (3-phosphoglyceric acid). (indiabix.com)
Metabolite1
- Targeted metabolomics on central carbon metabolism of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glyoxylate cycle were analysed using LC-MS/MS-TripleQ and GC-MS, while untargeted metabolite profiling was performed using LC-MS/MS-QTOF followed by multivariate analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Salicylic acid3
- During the absorption process and after absorption, aspirin is mainly hydrolyzed to salicylic acid and distributed to all body tissues and fluids, including fetal tissues, breast milk, and the central nervous system (CNS). (drugs.com)
- The plasma half-life for aspirin is about 12 minutes and for salicylic acid and/or total salicylates is about 3 hours. (drugs.com)
- The elimination of therapeutic doses is through the kidneys either as salicylic acid or other biotransformation products. (drugs.com)
Glyoxylate cycle1
- It is also involved in gluconeogenesis, the urea cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, amino acid synthesis, and fatty acid synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
Carbon dioxide1
- Carbon dioxide is a by-product, and oxaloacetic acid is the final product. (phoenixrising.me)
Lactic acid1
- These are lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation, and aerobic respiration. (gsebsolutions.in)
Barbituric acid1
- Urinary excretion products included parent drug (about 3.6% of the dose), 5-isobutyl-5-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) barbituric acid (about 24% of the dose), 5-allyl-5(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propyl) barbituric acid (about 4.8% of the dose), products with the barbituric acid ring hydrolyzed with excretion of urea (about 14% of the dose), as well as unidentified materials. (drugs.com)
Glutamate1
- Label incorporation from 13 C-glutamine suggested that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesized from exogenous and endogenous glutamate may participate in transamination reactions in the mitochondrion (dotted lines). (biomedcentral.com)
Cells1
- Oxaloacetic acid (OAA) is formed in the mesophyll cells. (excellup.com)
Phosphoglyceric2
- 4) phosphoglyceric acid. (neetprep.com)
- Glyceric acid is cycled back to chloroplast utilising ATP and becomes Phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) and v enters into the Calvin cycle (PCR cycle). (samacheerkalviguru.com)
Enzymes2
- C 20 H 32 O 2 , an omega-6 fatty acid formed by the action of enzymes on phospholipids in cell membranes. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Correlation of organic acids concentration and key enzymes involved in the central carbon metabolism was further determined by enzymatic assays. (biomedcentral.com)
NADPH2
- Another part of the cycle requires NADPH for the synthesis of fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
- Omics data suggested intravenous administration of MSNs perturbed the following metabolites: succinate, hypoxanthine, GSSG, NADP+, NADPH and 6-phosphogluconic acid. (frontiersin.org)
Fixation1
- While 3-PGA is the first carbon fixation product in C3 plants, it is oxaloacetic acid (4 carbon atoms) which is the first carbon fixation product in C4 plants. (excellup.com)
Krebs1
- The importance of the Krebs cycle lies in both the efficiency with which it captures energy released from nutrient molecules and stores it in a usable form, and in the raw materials it provides for the biosynthesis of certain amino acids and of purines and pyrimidines. (encyclopedia.com)
Arachidonic1
- Corticosteroids inhibit formation of arachidonic acid from phospholipids when cell membranes are damaged. (unboundmedicine.com)
Vitamin5
- Vegetable oil including palm oil is known to contain triglyceride, free fatty acid, and vitamin. (biomedcentral.com)
- Taking vitamin B6 by mouth, usually with folic acid, is effective for treating high homocysteine levels in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- Taking vitamin B6 by mouth, together with folic acid and vitamin B12, doesn't prevent cataracts. (medlineplus.gov)
- Taking a combination of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 by mouth doesn't reduce the risk of developing colorectal polyps. (medlineplus.gov)
- Taking a combination of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 by mouth doesn't prevent broken bones in people with osteoporosis. (medlineplus.gov)
Urine1
- C 4 H 8 O 3 , any of the acids present in the urine, esp. (unboundmedicine.com)
Reacts1
- An acid reacts with a metal to form a salt, neutralizes bases, and turns litmus paper red. (unboundmedicine.com)
Crystalline3
- C 4 H 4 N 2 O 3 , a crystalline acid from which phenobarbital and other barbiturates are derived. (unboundmedicine.com)
- C 7 H 6 O 2 , a white crystalline acid having a slight odor. (unboundmedicine.com)
- H 3 BO 3 , a white crystalline acid that in water forms a very weak acid solution poisonous to plants and animals. (unboundmedicine.com)
BASES1
- Pyrimidines are the nucleotide bases of deoxyribonu-cleic acid (DNA). (encyclopedia.com)