Osmotic pressure. Medical search

The pressure required to prevent the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane that separates a pure solvent from a solution of the solvent and solute or that separates different concentrations of a solution. It is proportional to the osmolality of the solution.

A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane.

Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

The pressure due to the weight of fluid.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.

Solutions that have a greater osmotic pressure than a reference solution such as blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.

Techniques for measuring blood pressure.

The fluid of the body that is outside of CELLS. It is the external environment for the cells.

Substances produced from the reaction between acids and bases; compounds consisting of a metal (positive) and nonmetal (negative) radical. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Organic mercury compounds in which the mercury is attached to a phenyl group. Often used as fungicides and seed treatment agents.

A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.

Solutions having the same osmotic pressure as blood serum, or another solution with which they are compared. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)

Transducers that are activated by pressure changes, e.g., blood pressure.

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

The resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to shear stress. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.

The pressure of the fluids in the eye.

Method in which repeated blood pressure readings are made while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It allows quantitative analysis of the high blood pressure load over time, can help distinguish between types of HYPERTENSION, and can assess the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy.

A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes.

Any liquid used to replace blood plasma, usually a saline solution, often with serum albumins, dextrans or other preparations. These substances do not enhance the oxygen- carrying capacity of blood, but merely replace the volume. They are also used to treat dehydration.

The blood pressure as recorded after wedging a CATHETER in a small PULMONARY ARTERY; believed to reflect the PRESSURE in the pulmonary CAPILLARIES.

The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment.

The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned.

Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A major protein in the BLOOD. It is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules.

The blood pressure in the VEINS. It is usually measured to assess the filling PRESSURE to the HEART VENTRICLE.

Solutions that have a lesser osmotic pressure than a reference solution such as blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Volume of PLASMA in the circulation. It is usually measured by INDICATOR DILUTION TECHNIQUES.

The property of blood capillary ENDOTHELIUM that allows for the selective exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues and through membranous barriers such as the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER; BLOOD-AQUEOUS BARRIER; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD-NERVE BARRIER; BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER; and BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (TIGHT JUNCTIONS) which may limit large molecule movement.

A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)

Hypertonic sodium chloride solution. A solution having an osmotic pressure greater than that of physiologic salt solution (0.9 g NaCl in 100 ml purified water).

A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights.

Hypothalamic nucleus overlying the beginning of the OPTIC TRACT.

Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.

Solution that is usually 10 percent glucose but may be higher. An isotonic solution of glucose is 5 percent.

The blood pressure in the ARTERIES. It is commonly measured with a SPHYGMOMANOMETER on the upper arm which represents the arterial pressure in the BRACHIAL ARTERY.

The pressure within a CARDIAC VENTRICLE. Ventricular pressure waveforms can be measured in the beating heart by catheterization or estimated using imaging techniques (e.g., DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY). The information is useful in evaluating the function of the MYOCARDIUM; CARDIAC VALVES; and PERICARDIUM, particularly with simultaneous measurement of other (e.g., aortic or atrial) pressures.

Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.

Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. For organisms with a CELL WALL, the extracellular space includes everything outside of the CELL MEMBRANE including the PERIPLASM and the cell wall.

A species of the family Ranidae occurring in a wide variety of habitats from within the Arctic Circle to South Africa, Australia, etc.

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in DIALYSIS separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as HEMOFILTRATION or HEMODIAFILTRATION (if combined with HEMODIALYSIS).

Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Liquid components of living organisms.

A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).

RED BLOOD CELL sensitivity to change in OSMOTIC PRESSURE. When exposed to a hypotonic concentration of sodium in a solution, red cells take in more water, swell until the capacity of the cell membrane is exceeded, and burst.

Water-soluble proteins found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. They coagulate upon heating.

A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.

Serum albumin from cows, commonly used in in vitro biological studies. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.

A soluble cytochrome P-450 enzyme that catalyzes camphor monooxygenation in the presence of putidaredoxin, putidaredoxin reductase, and molecular oxygen. This enzyme, encoded by the CAMC gene also known as CYP101, has been crystallized from bacteria and the structure is well defined. Under anaerobic conditions, this enzyme reduces the polyhalogenated compounds bound at the camphor-binding site.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

The blood pressure in the central large VEINS of the body. It is distinguished from peripheral venous pressure which occurs in an extremity.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

Fluids composed mainly of water found within the body.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

Substances added to pharmaceutical preparations to protect them from chemical change or microbial action. They include ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS and antioxidants.

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

An increase in the excretion of URINE. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

The force acting on the surface of a liquid, tending to minimize the area of the surface. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquefies; the resulting colloid is called a sol.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

A process of separating particulate matter from a fluid, such as air or a liquid, by passing the fluid carrier through a medium that will not pass the particulates. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Sterile solutions that are intended for instillation into the eye. It does not include solutions for cleaning eyeglasses or CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS.

The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.

Artificially produced membranes, such as semipermeable membranes used in artificial kidney dialysis (RENAL DIALYSIS), monomolecular and bimolecular membranes used as models to simulate biological CELL MEMBRANES. These membranes are also used in the process of GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION.

The interstitial fluid that is in the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.

The physical characteristics and processes of biological systems.

Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.

Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.

A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.

The minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules.

Reduction of blood viscosity usually by the addition of cell free solutions. Used clinically (1) in states of impaired microcirculation, (2) for replacement of intraoperative blood loss without homologous blood transfusion, and (3) in cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia.

Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.

A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.

Period of contraction of the HEART, especially of the HEART VENTRICLES.

The residual portion of BLOOD that is left after removal of BLOOD CELLS by CENTRIFUGATION without prior BLOOD COAGULATION.

A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes.

The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures.

The accumulation of an electric charge on a object

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by HYPODERMOCLYSIS.

The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.

A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.

Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.

The volume of packed RED BLOOD CELLS in a blood specimen. The volume is measured by centrifugation in a tube with graduated markings, or with automated blood cell counters. It is an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, ANEMIA shows a low value; POLYCYTHEMIA, a high value.

A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an ARTERY produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of BLOOD from the left ventricle of the HEART as it contracts.

Post-systolic relaxation of the HEART, especially the HEART VENTRICLES.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.

The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.

Measurement of the pressure or tension of liquids or gases with a manometer.

The measure of that part of the heat or energy of a system which is not available to perform work. Entropy increases in all natural (spontaneous and irreversible) processes. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Manometric pressure of the CEREBROSPINAL FLUID as measured by lumbar, cerebroventricular, or cisternal puncture. Within the cranial cavity it is called INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration, thus reducing the shunting of blood through the lungs and improving gas exchange.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A series of steps taken in order to conduct research.

The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.

A technique of respiratory therapy, in either spontaneously breathing or mechanically ventilated patients, in which airway pressure is maintained above atmospheric pressure throughout the respiratory cycle by pressurization of the ventilatory circuit. (On-Line Medical Dictionary [Internet]. Newcastle upon Tyne(UK): The University Dept. of Medical Oncology: The CancerWEB Project; c1997-2003 [cited 2003 Apr 17]. Available from: http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/)

The oxygen-carrying proteins of ERYTHROCYTES. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The number of globin subunits in the hemoglobin quaternary structure differs between species. Structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements.

The volume of BLOOD passing through the HEART per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with STROKE VOLUME (volume per beat).

Liquids transforming into solids by the removal of heat.

A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.

The venous pressure measured in the PORTAL VEIN.

The quantity of volume or surface area of CELLS.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

Process of using a rotating machine to generate centrifugal force to separate substances of different densities, remove moisture, or simulate gravitational effects. It employs a large motor-driven apparatus with a long arm, at the end of which human and animal subjects, biological specimens, or equipment can be revolved and rotated at various speeds to study gravitational effects. (From Websters, 10th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.

Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

The scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. Analysis of the crystal structure of materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and registering the diffraction image of the rays (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY). (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

Aggregation of deoxyhemoglobin S at low concentrations. (1/2823)

The self-association of deoxyhemoglobin S was measured in dilute solutions (0 to 5 g/dl) by Rayleigh light scattering at 630 nm and osmometry in 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.35). Weight and number average molecular weights (Mw and Mn, respectively) and the second or higher virial coefficients, B' were determined. No experimentally significant differences were observed between oxy- and deoxy-Hb S up to the concentration of 2 g/dl; their apparent average molecular weights were within experimental error. Above that concentration, both Mn and Mw of deoxy-Hb S were significantly different from that of oxy-Hb S. The negative second viral coefficent of deoxy-Hb S, observed by both techniques, is consistent with the self-association of this protein. The lack of effect of 0.4 M propylurea on the state of aggregation and the significant influence of 0.1 M NaCl suggests that polar interactions are involved in formation of these aggregates. (+info)

Volume regulation following hypotonic shock in isolated crypts of mouse distal colon. (2/2823)

1. A video-imaging technique of morphometry was used to measure the diameter as an index of cell volume in intact mouse distal colon crypts submitted to hypotonic shock. 2. Transition from isotonic (310 mosmol l-1) to hypotonic (240 mosmol l-1) saline caused a pronounced increase in crypt diameter immediately followed by regulatory volume decrease (RVD). 3. Exposure of crypts to Cl--free hyposmotic medium increased the rapidity of both cell swelling and RVD. Exposure of crypts to Na+-free hyposmotic medium reduced the total duration of swelling. Return to initial diameter was followed by further shrinkage of the crypt cells. 4. The chloride channel inhibitor NPPB (50 microM) delayed the swelling phase and prevented the subsequent normal decrease in diameter. 5. The K+ channel blockers barium (10 mM), charybdotoxin (10 nM) and TEA (5 mM) inhibited RVD by 51, 44 and 32 %, respectively. 6. Intracellular [Ca2+] rose from a baseline of 174 +/- 17 nM (n = 8) to 448 +/- 45 nM (n = 8) during the initial swelling phase 7. The Ca2+ channel blockers verapamil (50 microM) and nifedipine (10 microM), the chelator of intracellular Ca2+ BAPTA AM (30 microM), or the inhibitor of Ca2+ release TMB-8 (10 microM), dramatically reduced volume recovery, leading to 51 % (n = 9), 25 % (n = 7), 37 % (n = 6), 32 % (n = 8) inhibition of RVD, respectively. TFP (50 microM), an antagonist of the Ca2+-calmodulin complex, significantly slowed RVD. The Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (2 microM) provoked a dramatic reduction of the duration and amplitude of cell swelling followed by extensive shrinkage. The release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores using bradykinin (1 microM) or blockade of reabsorption with thapsigargin (1 microM) decreased the duration of RVD. 8. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, 5 microM) slightly delayed RVD, whereas leukotriene D4 (LTD4, 100 nM) and arachidonic acid (10 microM) reduced the duration of RVD. Blockade of phospholipase A2 by quinacrine (10 microM) inhibited RVD by 53 %. Common inhibition of PGE2 and LTD4 synthesis by ETYA (50 microM) or separate blockade of PGE2 synthesis by 1 microM indomethacin reduced the duration of RVD. Blockade of LTD4 synthesis by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) did not produce any significant effect on cell swelling or subsequent RVD. 9. Staurosporine (1 microM), an inhibitor of protein kinases, inhibited RVD by 58 %. Taken together the experiments demonstrate that the RVD process is under the control of conductive pathways, extra- and intracellular Ca2+ ions, protein kinases, prostaglandins and leukotrienes. (+info)

Mechanosensitive channel functions to alleviate the cell lysis of marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, by osmotic downshock. (3/2823)

The mechanosensitive channel with large conductance of Escherichia coli is the first to be cloned among stretch-activated channels. Although its activity was characterized by a patch clamp method, a physiological role of the channel has not been proved. The marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, is sensitive to osmotic stress and cell lysis occurs under osmotic downshock. We introduced an mscL gene into Vibrio alginolyticus, and the mechanosensitive channel with large conductance functions was found to alleviate cell lysis by osmotic downshock. This is the first report to show a physiological role of the mechanosensitive channel with large conductance. (+info)

Stress- and cell type-dependent regulation of transfected c-Jun N-terminal kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase isoforms. (4/2823)

The cJun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are encoded by three genes generating ten protein kinase polypeptides and are activated in settings of cell stress, mitogenesis, differentiation and morphogenesis. The specific role of the JNK family members in these diverse cell programmes is largely undefined. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that individual JNK isoforms would exhibit distinct patterns of regulation within cells. The cDNAs encoding five haemagglutinin (HA)-tagged JNK isoforms (p46JNK1alpha, p54JNK2alpha, p54JNK2beta, p46JNK3 and p54JNK3) were expressed in cultured rat PC12 phaeochromocytoma cells and human small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. In addition, HA-tagged forms of the dual-specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MKKs), MKK4 and MKK7, which are specific activators of the JNK enzymes, were similarly expressed. Reverse transcription and PCR revealed that JNK3 is endogenously expressed in SCLC cells, but not in either chromaffin or neuronally differentiated PC12 cells. MKK4 and MKK7 were endogenously expressed in both PC12 cells and SHP77 cells. Immunoprecipitation and analysis of the JNKs expressed in SCLC cells revealed strong stimulation of all five JNK isoforms by UV radiation. Hypertonic stress, elicited by mannitol, also significantly stimulated these same JNKs, although the JNK3 isoforms were most strongly activated. In PC12 cell transfectants, however, selective and equal activation of p54JNK2alpha and p54JNK3 by UV and osmotic stress was observed, with little or no activation of JNK1alpha or JNK2beta. In contrast with the broad activation of the JNK enzymes by UV in SCLC cells, only HA-MKK4 was stimulated by UV exposure in these cells, whereas osmotic stress stimulated both HA-MKK4 and HA-MKK7. These findings indicate selective activation of JNK and MKK isoforms in a manner that is dependent upon the specific cell stress and the cell type. (+info)

Osmosensing by bacteria: signals and membrane-based sensors. (5/2823)

Bacteria can survive dramatic osmotic shifts. Osmoregulatory responses mitigate the passive adjustments in cell structure and the growth inhibition that may ensue. The levels of certain cytoplasmic solutes rise and fall in response to increases and decreases, respectively, in extracellular osmolality. Certain organic compounds are favored over ions as osmoregulatory solutes, although K+ fluxes are intrinsic to the osmoregulatory response for at least some organisms. Osmosensors must undergo transitions between "off" and "on" conformations in response to changes in extracellular water activity (direct osmosensing) or resulting changes in cell structure (indirect osmosensing). Those located in the cytoplasmic membranes and nucleoids of bacteria are positioned for indirect osmosensing. Cytoplasmic membrane-based osmosensors may detect changes in the periplasmic and/or cytoplasmic solvent by experiencing changes in preferential interactions with particular solvent constituents, cosolvent-induced hydration changes, and/or macromolecular crowding. Alternatively, the membrane may act as an antenna and osmosensors may detect changes in membrane structure. Cosolvents may modulate intrinsic biomembrane strain and/or topologically closed membrane systems may experience changes in mechanical strain in response to imposed osmotic shifts. The osmosensory mechanisms controlling membrane-based K+ transporters, transcriptional regulators, osmoprotectant transporters, and mechanosensitive channels intrinsic to the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli are under intensive investigation. The osmoprotectant transporter ProP and channel MscL act as osmosensors after purification and reconstitution in proteoliposomes. Evidence that sensor kinase KdpD receives multiple sensory inputs is consistent with the effects of K+ fluxes on nucleoid structure, cellular energetics, cytoplasmic ionic strength, and ion composition as well as on cytoplasmic osmolality. Thus, osmoregulatory responses accommodate and exploit the effects of individual cosolvents on cell structure and function as well as the collective contribution of cosolvents to intracellular osmolality. (+info)

Functional consensus for mammalian osmotic response elements. (6/2823)

The molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation to hyperosmotic stress through the accumulation of organic osmolytes are largely unknown. Yet, among organisms, this is an almost universal phenomenon. In mammals, the cells of the renal medulla are uniquely exposed to high and variable salt concentrations; in response, renal cells accumulate the osmolyte sorbitol through increased transcription of the aldose reductase (AR) gene. In cloning the rabbit AR gene, we found the first evidence of an osmotic response region in a eukaryotic gene. More recently, we functionally defined a minimal essential osmotic response element (ORE) having the sequence CGGAAAATCAC(C) (bp -1105 to -1094). In the present study, we systematically replaced each base with every other possible nucleotide and tested the resulting sequences individually in reporter gene constructs. Additionally, we categorized hyperosmotic response by electrophoretic mobility shift assays of a 17-bp sequence (-1108 to -1092) containing the native ORE as a probe against which the test constructs would compete for binding. In this manner, binding activity was assessed for the full range of osmotic responses obtained. Thus we have arrived at a functional consensus for the mammalian ORE, NGGAAAWDHMC(N). This finding should accelerate the discovery of genes previously unrecognized as being osmotically regulated. (+info)

Membrane fusion promoters and inhibitors have contrasting effects on lipid bilayer structure and undulations. (7/2823)

It has been established that the fusion of both biological membranes and phospholipid bilayers can be modulated by altering their lipid composition (Chernomordik et al., 1995 .J. Membr. Biol. 146:3). In particular, when added exogenously between apposing membranes, monomyristoylphosphatidylcholine (MMPC) inhibits membrane fusion, whereas glycerol monoleate (GMO), oleic acid (OA), and arachidonic acid (AA) promote fusion. This present study uses x-ray diffraction to investigate the effects of MMPC, GMO, OA, and AA on the bending and stability of lipid bilayers when bilayers are forced together with applied osmotic pressure. The addition of 10 and 30 mol% MMPC to egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) bilayers maintains the bilayer structure, even when the interbilayer fluid spacing is reduced to approximately 3 A, and increases the repulsive pressure between bilayers so that the fluid spacing in excess water increases by 5 and 15 A, respectively. Thus MMPC increases the undulation pressure, implying that the addition of MMPC promotes out-of-plane bending and decreases the adhesion energy between bilayers. In contrast, the addition of GMO has minor effects on the undulation pressure; 10 and 50 mol% GMO increase the fluid spacing of EPC in excess water by 0 and 2 A, respectively. However, x-ray diffraction indicates that, at small interbilayer separations, GMO, OA, or AA converts the bilayer to a structure containing hexagonally packed scattering units approximately 50 A in diameter. Thus GMO, OA, or AA destabilizes bilayer structure as apposing bilayers are brought into contact, which could contribute to their role in promoting membrane fusion. (+info)

Mechanism of exercise-induced ocular hypotension. (8/2823)

PURPOSE: Although acute dynamic exercise reduces intraocular pressure (IOP), the factors that provoke this response remain ill-defined. To determine whether changes in colloid osmotic pressure (COP) cause the IOP changes during exercise, standardized exercise was performed after dehydration and hydration with isosmotic fluid. METHODS: Progressive cycle ergometer exercise to volitional exhaustion was performed after 4 hours' dehydration, and after hydration with 946 ml isosmotic liquid (345 mOsM). In each experiment, venous blood taken before and immediately after exercise was analyzed for hematocrit, plasma protein concentration, total plasma osmolality, and plasma COP. RESULTS: Exercise in both experiments significantly reduced IOP and elevated COP (each P < 0.01). Dehydration, compared with hydration, also significantly reduced IOP and elevated COP, when measured before and after exercise (P < 0.05). The correlation of mean IOP with mean COP, over the entire range created by varying exercise and hydration statuses, was statistically significant (r = -0.99; P < 0.001). In contrast, other indexes of hydration status, including hematocrit, total plasma osmolality, and plasma protein concentration, failed to change as IOP changed and failed to correlate with IOP, on either a group or individual basis, in conditions of varying levels of exercise and hydration. CONCLUSIONS: Acute dynamic exercise and isosmotic fluid ingestion each seem to change IOP through changes in COP. (+info)

Osmotic pressure of plasma[edit]. The osmotic pressure of solution is determined by the number of particles present and by the ... C it has an osmotic pressure of 2.27 MPa (22.4 atm). The osmotic pressure of the plasma affects the mechanics of the ... The ideal blood pressure in the brachial artery, where standard blood pressure cuffs measure pressure, is ,120/80 mmHg. Other ... Since pressure is a function of force per unit area, (P = F/A), the larger the surface area, the lesser the pressure when an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemodynamics

Bousfield, W. R. (1914). "Note on Osmotic Pressure". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering ... Bousfield, W. R.; Bousfield, C. E. (1923). "Vapour Pressure and Density of Sodium Chloride Solutions". Proceedings of the Royal ... Bousfield, W. R. (1914). "The Osmotic Data in Relation to Progressive Hydration". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robert_Bousfield

The osmotic pressure in chemistry. The viscous stress tensor in continuum mechanics and fluid dynamics. The lowercase letter π ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_(letter)

Reid EW (1905). "Osmotic pressure of solutions of hæmoglobin". The Journal of Physiology. 33 (1): 12-19. doi:10.1113/jphysiol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Waymouth_Reid

osmotic pressure. *. π. {\displaystyle \pi }. represents: *Archimedes' constant, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its ... vertical velocity in pressure-based coordinate systems (commonly used in atmospheric dynamics) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering

Apparatus for the Osmotic Compensation of the Pressure of Wealth during the Contemplation of Poverty, MACBA, Barcelona. 2016 ... "Alice Creischer: works and collaborations ...for the osmotic compensation of wealth pressure". TRANSFORM. Retrieved 16 April ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Creischer

Δπ is the difference in osmotic pressures on the two sides of the membrane, and ΔP is the difference in hydrostatic pressure ( ... The first separation step of FO, driven by an osmotic pressure gradient, does not require a significant energy input (only ... Brine concentration using forward osmosis may be achieved using a high osmotic pressure draw solution with a means to recover ... Some situations that may be envisaged to exploit it are using the differential osmotic pressure between a low brackish river ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_osmosis

It describes the balance between capillary pressure, interstitial pressure, and osmotic pressure. The classic Starling equation ... colloid osmotic pressure πi of the interstitial fluid has been found to have no effect on Jv and the colloid osmotic pressure ... of osmotic pressure across membranes that are at least partly permeable to the solute responsible for the osmotic pressure ... plasma protein osmotic pressure ( π p {\displaystyle \pi _{p}} ) and interstitial pressure ( P i {\displaystyle P_{i}} ). The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling_equation

These include, biodegradation, osmotic pressure, diffusion, etc. Each one will depend on the composition of the capsule made ... Many walls are ruptured easily by pressure or shear stress, as in the case of breaking dye particles during writing to form a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-encapsulation

The thirst center operates similarly when certain cells in the hypothalamus are stimulated by the rising osmotic pressure of ... If thirst is satisfied, osmotic pressure decreases. All of these functions taken together form a survival mechanism that causes ... That biomass (W) is subjected to deterioration over time from thermodynamic, entropic pressure. Metabolism is essentially ... lower blood pressure, and increased resting or basal metabolic rate.[citation needed] By measuring heart rate we can then ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate

... t Hoff published his landmark paper regarding the analogy between gas pressure and the osmotic pressure of solutions, for which ... In the first half of the 20th century he was best known for his study of osmotic pressure, for which he was awarded the ... In a modern formulation, van 't Hoff's equation states that ΠV = nRT, where Π is the osmotic pressure, V is the volume of the ... This led him to study osmotic pressure. In the first half of the 20th century, the Morse name was mainly associated with his ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmon_Northrop_Morse

"Osmotic Pressure Inhibition of DNA Ejection from Phage". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100 (16): 9292-95. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.9292E ... Early results included: the first measurement of pressure inside DNA viruses, establishing that it is as high as tens of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gelbart

The opening of these channels is central to a neuron's response to pressure, often osmotic pressure and blood pressure, to ... They can also regulate internal functions of our body including, but not limited to, osmotic pressure in cells, blood pressure ... when activated by changes in the osmotic pressure. MscM is activated first at really low pressures followed by MscS, and ... MscM, MscS, and MscL channels (mechanosensitive channels of mini, small, and large conductance) regulate osmotic pressure in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanosensitive_channels

... probably by osmotic pressure added at the roots; and possibly at other locations inside the plant, especially when gathering ... Bond number Bound water Capillary fringe Capillary pressure Capillary wave Capillary bridges Damp-proof course Darcy's law ... so the air pressure was lower inside capillaries. Others (e.g., Isaac Vossius, Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Louis Carré, Francis ... 1st Baron Kelvin determined the effect of the meniscus on a liquid's vapor pressure-a relation known as the Kelvin equation. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_action

Maximum osmotic pressure has been reported in Atriplex conf. where it is about 202.5 atm. Tropicos search for Atriplex sabulosa ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atriplex_confertifolia

Their low concentration minimizes their effect on osmotic pressure. The unusual properties of AFPs are attributed to their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze_protein

However, the basic mechanism involves regulation of osmotic pressure. When conditions are conducive to stomatal opening (e.g., ... where ei and ea are the partial pressures of water in the leaf and in the ambient air, respectively, P is atmospheric pressure ... These scientific instruments measure the amount of water vapour leaving the leaf and the vapor pressure of the ambient air. ... This increases the cell's volume and turgor pressure. Then, because of rings of cellulose microfibrils that prevent the width ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoma

Michelin-Jamois, Millan; Picard, Cyril; Vigier, Gérard; Charlaix, Elisabeth (2015). "Giant Osmotic Pressure in the Forced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élisabeth_Charlaix

Sucrose increases the liquid's osmotic pressure, which prevents microorganism growth. The sweetened evaporated milk is cooled ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_milk

Osmotic gas effects due to intramedullary pressure effects.[citation needed] fat embolism[citation needed] hemoconcentration ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysbaric_osteonecrosis

Due to osmotic pressure, water diffuses into the cell, and the cell often appears turgid, or bloated. For cells without a cell ... Unlike osmotic pressure, tonicity is influenced only by solutes that cannot cross the membrane, as only these exert an ... When a cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution, osmotic pressure tends to force water to flow out of the cell in order to ... Tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonicity

"Osmotic pressure can regulate matrix gene expression in Bacillus subtilis". Molecular Microbiology. 86 (2): 426-436. doi: ... pressure or pH) and often produce toxic byproducts. Furthermore, the quantities produced are small, and the resultant material ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomineralization

Glycine betaine, found in osmolytes, stabilizes osmotic pressure in cells. Choline is a precursor for the neurotransmitter ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation

She specialized in colloid osmotic pressure and circulatory reactions to gravity. In one of her studies, Turner worked with ... She specialized in colloid osmotic pressure and circulatory reactions to gravity. Turner was born in Nashua, New Hampshire. She ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Howe_Turner

High osmotic pressure in the stomach, caused by high sucrose concentration, can lead to water transfer from the hemolymph to ... Furthermore, water is transferred from the hindgut, where osmotic pressure has already been reduced, to the stomach to dilute ... Eventually, aphids consume xylem sap to dilute the stomach osmotic pressure. All these processes function synergetically, and ... and possesses a high osmotic pressure due to its high sucrose concentration. Essential amino acids are provided to aphids by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphid

a] Assuming an operating pressure of 5.5 MPa and allow for an osmotic pressure of 2.4 MPa. CNT density of the membrane was ... Role of biofilm-enhanced osmotic pressure". Journal of Membrane Science. Elsevier BV. 295 (1-2): 11-20. doi:10.1016/j.memsci. ... Pressure does not increase the chemical potential inside the CNTs, but it increases it in the bulk material (100 MPa causes a ~ ... The water molecules are driven through the pores by a pressure difference created by a pump. As the molecules begin to travel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubes_for_water_transport

Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients facilitate filtration across a semipermeable membrane. The filtrate includes water, ... Aldosterone plays a central role in regulating blood pressure through its effects on the kidney. It acts on the distal tubules ... The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels ... Reabsorption of sodium results in retention of water, which increases blood pressure and blood volume. Antidiuretic hormone ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_system

The osmotic pressure and the principal ions of the hemocoelic fluid". Physiological zoology 45(3): 261-269. Bilgin F. H. (1973 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemelanopsis_trifasciata

He published Róle of Diffusion and Osmotic Pressure in Plants (1903). In 1913, Livingston became the professor of plant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Edward_Livingston

The pressure required to stop the flow across the membrane is called the osmotic pressure. The osmotic pressure is measured and ... osmotic pressure In practice, the osmotic pressure produced by an ideally dilute solution would be too small to be accurately ... t Hoff's law of osmotic pressure can be used to calculate M n {\displaystyle M_{n}} from osmotic pressure. lim c → 0 ( Π c ) = ... The pressure difference between the two compartments is the osmotic pressure. This can be calculate by measuring the change in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_osmometer

Sue Meyer of the pressure group Genewatch, told The Independent that she believed, "If you change the basic biochemistry, you ... Tobacco osmotic genes overexpressed in tomatoes produced plants that held a higher water content than wildtype plants ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_tomato

This negative pressure generates airflow because of the pressure difference between the atmosphere and alveolus. Air enters, ... which results in expansion of the intrapleural space and an increase in negative pressure according to Boyle's law. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhale

... blood pressure, osmotic equilibrium and pH; the minimum physiological requirement for sodium is 500 milligrams per day.[225] ... 4 ions in a sea of delocalised electrons) at very high pressures (though less than the typical pressure where transitions from ... is the point where the vapour pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid[103][104] and all ... Various phases are known, such as LiB10, NaB6, NaB15, and KB6.[111][112] Under high pressure the boron-boron bonding in the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal

and two absorptive forces, plasma protein osmotic pressure (. π. p. {\displaystyle \pi _{p}}. ) and interstitial pressure (. P ... the interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure πi has been found to have no effect on Jv and the colloid osmotic pressure ... capillary pressure (. P. c. {\displaystyle P_{c}}. ) and interstitial protein osmotic pressure (. π. i. {\displaystyle \pi _{i ... of osmotic pressure across membranes that are at least partly permeable to the solute responsible for the osmotic pressure ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_hydrostatic_pressure

It has been proposed that the archaea evolved from gram-positive bacteria in response to antibiotic selection pressure.[67][69] ... including thick-walled structures that are resistant to osmotic shock and allow the archaea to survive in water at low salt ... The proposal is that the selective pressure towards resistance generated by the gram-positive antibiotics was eventually ... or any other competitive selective pressure, could also explain their adaptation to extreme environments (such as high ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea

They accomplish this process of gaining access to the cell via: osmotic pressure, diffusion, concentration gradients, and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology

Osmotic diuretics glucose (especially in uncontrolled diabetes), mannitol Promotes osmotic diuresis 2. proximal tubule, ... On the other hand, the long-term effect is due to an unknown vasodilator effect that decreases blood pressure by decreasing ... Osmotic diureticsEdit. Osmotic diuretics (e.g. mannitol) are substances that increase osmolarity but have limited tubular ... It was previously believed that the primary mechanism of osmotic diuretics such as mannitol is that they are filtered in the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretic

The unabsorbed sugars and fermentation products also raise the osmotic pressure of the colon, causing an increased flow of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerance

Water from the roots can be pushed up only a few meters by osmotic pressure but can reach extreme heights by using large ... negative pressures[citation needed] in the tree's xylem (the water tubules) and sub-pressure from evaporating water at the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_sequoia

Two opposing forces achieve this balance; hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure, using the intercellular clefts are ... Fluid is push out through the intercellular cleft at the arterial end of the capillary because that's where the pressure is the ... The larger the intercellular cleft, the lesser the pressure and the more fluid will flow out the cleft. This enlargement of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercellular_cleft

Refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free ... The study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures.. bile. A dark green to yellowish-brown ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

Colloids preserve a high colloid osmotic pressure in the blood, while, on the other hand, this parameter is decreased by ... Pressure bags[edit]. A rapid infuser can be used if the patient requires a high flow rate and the IV access device is of a ... with a syringe at higher pressures) or infusions (typically using only the pressure supplied by gravity). Intravenous infusions ... They are also longer and, as reflected by Poiseuille's law, require higher pressure to achieve the same flow, all other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous

Gram-negative bacteria, such as E.coli are a subject to outer cell lysis by osmotic shock and the action of enzyme lysozyme and ... Martinac, B., Buechner, M., Delcour, A. H., Adler, J., and Kung, C. (1987) Pressure-sensitive ion channel in Escherichia coli. ... Neu, Harold C.; Heppel, Leon A. (September 1, 1965). "The release of enzymes from Escherichia coli by osmotic shock and during ... renders the cells vulnerable to easy lysis with detergents or rapid osmolar pressure changes. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheroplast

for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"[1] ... for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"[27] ...

https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/کیمیاء_میں_نوبیل_انعام_وصول_کنندگان_کی_فہرست

... that is to say that the ratio of solutes to water in the plasma is shifted down whereby reducing osmotic pressure in the plasma ... ostrich respiration can be thought of as a high velocity-low pressure system.[62] At rest, there is small pressure differences ... When the plasma osmolality has been measured simultaneously with the maximal osmotic urine, it is seen that the urine:plasma ... In times of water deprivation, urine electrolyte and osmotic concentration increases while urination rate decreases. Under ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ostrich

Blood pressure[edit]. As of 2017[update], only limited evidence indicated any direct link between high blood pressure and gut ... with decreased short-chain fatty acid absorption and osmotic diarrhea as a result. A 2015 Cochrane review concluded that a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic?wprov=sfti1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic?wprov=sfti1

In a pressure-demand system, oxygen in the mask is above ambient pressure, permitting breathing above 40,000 feet (12,000 m).[4 ... In a diluter-demand system, as the altitude increases (ambient pressure, and therefore the partial pressure of ambient oxygen, ... Aviators are trained in pressure-demand breathing in altitude chambers. Because they seal tightly, pressure-demand-type oxygen ... Bottled oxygen (climbing) - Oxygen stored in portable high pressure cylinders. References[edit]. *^ a b c Stephenson RN, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_mask

The increased pressure causes milk to flow through the duct system and be released through the nipple. This response can be ... is the main factor maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance ... Some feel a slight tingling, others feel immense amounts of pressure or slight pain/discomfort, and still others do not feel ... The increased intra-aveolar pressure forces milk into the lactiferous sinuses, into the lactiferous ducts (a study found that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation

Submerged pressure differential[edit]. Submerged pressure differential based converters are a comparatively newer technology [ ... Osmotic power. *Pelamis wave energy converter. *SDE Sea Waves Power Plant. *Wind power (offshore) ... This pressure difference is usually used to produce flow, which drives a turbine and electrical generator. Submerged pressure ... These converters use the difference in pressure at different locations below a wave to produce a pressure difference within a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_energy

for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"[8] ... for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"[34] ...

https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/வேதியியலுக்கான_நோபல்_பரிசு_பெற்றவர்கள்

Decreased serum protein reduces the osmotic pressure of the blood, leading to loss of fluid from the intravascular compartment ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoproteinemia

Osmotic pressure is detected by osmoreceptors in the median preoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus. Measurement of the plasma ... monitor the arterial blood pressure.[46] Rising pressure is detected when the walls of the arteries stretch due to an increase ... Arterial blood pressure[edit]. Main articles: Baroreflex and Renin-angiotensin system. The brain can regulate blood flow over a ... The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood is monitored by the peripheral chemoreceptors (PNS) in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_homeostasis

Adair, Gilbert Smithson (1925). "A critical study of the direct method of measuring the osmotic pressure of hǣmoglobin". Proc. ... Gilbert Smithson Adair confirmed Engelhard's results in 1925 by measuring the osmotic pressure of hemoglobin solutions.[16] ... The partial pressure of the system also affects O2 affinity where, at high partial pressures of oxygen (such as those present ... Birds' unique circulatory lungs also promote efficient use of oxygen at low partial pressures of O2. These two adaptations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin_deficiency

... foam also destabilizes due to osmotic pressure causes drainage from the lamellas to the Plateau borders due to internal ... The hydrostatic pressure balances the capillary pressure, which is shown below: p. −. p. 0. −. (. ρ. 2. −. ρ. 1. ). g. z. =. γ ... Finally, the difference in the top and bottom pressure equal the change in hydrostatic pressure: (. ρ. 2. −. ρ. 1. ). g. z. =. ... The capillary pressure Pc is given by the equation of: P. c. =. γ. (. 1. R. 1. +. 1. R. 2. ). {\displaystyle P_{c}=\gamma \left ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foam

Micrographs of the effects of osmotic pressure. *Hemolysis is the general term for excessive breakdown of red blood cells. It ... Eryptosis can be elicited by osmotic shock, oxidative stress, energy depletion as well as a wide variety of endogenous ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cells

This is a non-SI unit of measurement that defines the number of moles of solute that contribute to the osmotic pressure of a ... This value allows the measurement of the osmotic pressure of a solution and the determination of how the solvent will diffuse ... Both sodium and chloride ions affect the osmotic pressure of the solution.[2] ... Osmotic concentration, formerly known as osmolarity,[1] is the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmolarity

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and its counterpart Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy ... "Osmotic demyelination syndrome". BMJ. 331 (7520): 829-30. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7520.829. PMC 1246086. PMID 16210283 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demyelinating_disease

The bacterial cell wall provides strength and rigidity to counteract internal osmotic pressure, and protection against the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muramyl_ligase

Rees CE (11 September 1937). "Penetration of tissue by fuel oil under high pressure from diesel engine". JAMA. 109 (11): 866-7 ... The jet stream is usually generated by the pressure of a piston in an enclosed liquid-filled chamber. The piston is usually ... Retrograde flow happens after the jet stream penetrates the skin and creates a hole, if the pressure of the jet stream causes ... 1935: Arnold K. Sutermeister, a mechanical engineer, witnessed a worker injure his hand from a high-pressure jet stream and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_injector

Soil salinization affects the plants using osmotic potential by net solute accumulation. The osmotic pressure in the plant is ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/اتیلن?match=en

An osmotic oral drug delivery system is one which depends on the mechanics of osmotic pressure variations to regulate the ... An osmotic oral drug delivery system is one which depends on the mechanics of osmotic pressure variations to regulate the ... Osmotic Pressure Controlled Drug Delivery Systems. News-Medical. https://www.news-medical.net/health/Osmotic-Pressure- ... Osmotic Pump Mechanism. Play. History. The osmotic principle was first applied to this use by Rose and Nelson in 1955 using an ...

https://www.news-medical.net/health/Osmotic-Pressure-Controlled-Drug-Delivery-Systems.aspx

Osmotic pressure is the difference between blood in the capillaries and interstitial fluid between the cells, according to ... An increased amount of salt in the blood causes the cells to release more water due to osmotic pressure. Blood pressure that is ... What Causes Blood Pressure?. A: Blood pressure is caused by the force of the blood as it pushes against artery walls, according ... Osmotic pressure is the difference between blood in the capillaries and interstitial fluid between the cells, according to ...

https://www.reference.com/health/osmotic-blood-pressure-ceeb254fef9c37d9

Potential osmotic pressure is the maximum osmotic pressure that could develop in a solution if it were separated from its pure ... Osmotic pressure measurement may be used for the determination of molecular weights. Osmotic pressure is an important factor ... In animal cells excessive osmotic pressure can result in cytolysis. Osmotic pressure is the basis of filtering ("reverse ... Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_pressure

osmotic pressure synonyms, osmotic pressure pronunciation, osmotic pressure translation, English dictionary definition of ... osmotic pressure. n. The pressure exerted by the flow of water through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with ... Related to osmotic pressure: osmotic potential. osmotic pressure. n.. The pressure exerted by the flow of water through a ... Osmotic pressure - definition of osmotic pressure by The Free Dictionary https://www.thefreedictionary.com/osmotic+pressure ...

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/osmotic+pressure

Osmotic pressure is the force caused by a solution passing through a semi permeable surface by osmosis, which is equal to the ... osmotic pressure. the pressure exerted by a solvent passing through a semipermeable membrane in osmosis, equal to the pressure ... osmotic pressure. noun. The pressure exerted by the flow of water through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions ... "osmotic pressure." YourDictionary, n.d. Web. 05 December 2018. ,https://www.yourdictionary.com/osmotic-pressure,. ...

https://www.yourdictionary.com/osmotic-pressure

... Author(s). Masic, Admir; Bertinetti, Luca; Schuetz, Roman; Chang, ... DownloadMasic-2015-Osmotic Pressure.pdf (1.207Mb). PUBLISHER_CC Publisher with Creative Commons License. Creative Commons ... "Osmotic Pressure Induced Tensile Forces in Tendon Collagen." Nature Communications 6 (January 22, 2015): 5942. ... stresses comparable to muscle contraction already occur at small osmotic pressures common in biological environments. We ...

https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/96407

... on WN Network delivers the latest Videos and Editable pages for News & Events, including Entertainment, Music ... Osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow ... Osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow ... Potential osmotic pressure is the maximum osmotic pressure that could develop in a solution if it were separated from distilled ...

https://wn.com/Osmotic_Pressure

... resulting in pressure on the cell wall from within called turgor pressure. The osmotic pressure π of a dilute solution can be ... Osmotic pressure is the hydrostatic pressure produced by a solution in a space divided by a semipermeable membrane due to a ... The osmotic pressure of ocean water is about 27 atm. Reverse osmosis desalinators use pressures around 50 atm to produce fresh ... Osmotic pressure is necessary for many plant functions. It is the resulting turgor pressure on the cell wall that allows ...

http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Osmotic_pressure

Colloid Osmotic Pressure in Patients With Fontan Circulation. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the ... Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure [ Time Frame: Ten years after completed Fontan surgery ]. ... Interstitial Colloid Osmotic Pressure in Children With Fontan Circulation After Fontan Surgery. ... This project will evaluate whether increased micro vascular leakage and change in interstitial colloid osmotic pressure are ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02443662

D was wrong because if there is increased pressure in the dialysis unit, there will be higher pressure pushing against the ... A is wrong because increased inflow would increase hydrostatic pressure and thus cause downstream increases in pressure. B is ... Would D be true just due to the fact that with a higher pressure in the dialysis chamber, there would be more toxins/waste ... Their reasoning for why C wasnt the option was that proteins are too large to pass through the membrane, and thus the osmotic ...

https://forums.studentdoctor.net/threads/question-about-filtration-osmotic-pressure.1276448/

... we apply osmotic shock to a variety of organisms and monitor the effect on cell growth and division. ... To study the effect of osmotic forces on bacteria, ...

https://simtk.org/project/stats/index.php?group_id=845

... clinicaltrials.gov The purpose of this study is to identify normal values of colloid osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid and ... Effcient Osmotic Pressure Calculations using Coarse-Grained Molecular Simulations.. Osmotic pressure data is increasingly used ... Here, we show that the osmotic pressure can .... Osmotic pressure between arbitrarily charged planar surfaces: A revisited ... Osmotic Fragility. RED BLOOD CELL sensitivity to change in OSMOTIC PRESSURE. When exposed to a hypotonic concentration of ...

https://www.bioportfolio.com/resources/trial/69196/Measurement-of-Colloid-Osmotic-Pressure-in-Plasma-and-Interstitial-Fluid-in-Children.html

Understanding Osmotic and Oncotic Pressure. Includes full solutions and score reporting. ... This fluid transfer is moderated by two factors: hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. Hydrostatic pressure is the " ... the hydrostatic pressure is stronger than the interstitial osmotic pressure and fluid is forced into the interstitium. Osmotic ... Hydrostatic pressure is the force of the fluid volume against a membrane, while osmotic pressure is related to the protein ...

https://www.varsitytutors.com/ap_biology-help/understanding-osmotic-and-oncotic-pressure

... we apply osmotic shock to a variety of organisms and monitor the effect on cell growth and division. ... To study the effect of osmotic forces on bacteria, ... To study the effect of osmotic forces on bacteria, we apply ... This project aims to test the hypothesis that bacteria exploit osmotic pressure as a physical driving force for growth and ... osmotic shock to a variety of organisms and monitor the effect on cell growth and division. ...

https://simtk.org/projects/cellpressure

3). Efflux of K+-ions after hypo-osmotic shock could counteract the osmotic pressure applied and lead to a decrease of turgor ... a change corresponding to only approximately 0.2 bar in osmotic pressure. Like treatment with elicitors, hypo-osmotic shock ... Sensing of Osmotic Pressure Changes in Tomato Cells. Georg Felix, Martin Regenass, Thomas Boller ... Alternatively, osmotic changes could be sensed via hydrostatic pressure, corresponding to the turgor of the cell, by a ...

http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/124/3/1169?ijkey=1399aa2c573298971968bc92e0bcd76af987c1d7&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

... a change corresponding to only approximately 0.2 bar in osmotic pressure. Like treatment with elicitors, hypo-osmotic shock ... Sensing of Osmotic Pressure Changes in Tomato Cells. Georg Felix, Martin Regenass, Thomas Boller ... In contrast, hypo-osmotic shock induced responses without measurable lag and faster than elicitor treatments. Measurable medium ... of responses by hyperosmotic shock was slow and occurred only after increases of approximately 200,000 Pa in osmotic pressure. ...

http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/124/3/1169.abstract

... Trondsen, Gaute Tolås ... In experiments conducted in PRO mode pressure was generated on the draw side when hydrocarbons were mixed together with water ... PRO experiments using pure water in the feed were performed at different pressure differences. The results showed no linear ... Forward osmosis (FO) and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) experiments were performed with different ratios of hydrocarbons. The ...

https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/handle/11250/2351728

The osmotic pressure at pH 5 and low ionic strength was ,50 kPa for antibody concentrations above 200 g/L. The second virial ... The osmotic pressure of highly concentrated monoclonal antibody solutions: Effect of solution conditions. Authors. *. Elaheh ... The objective of this study was to evaluate the osmotic pressure of a highly purified monoclonal antibody at concentrations up ... coefficients determined from the oncotic pressure (after subtracting the Donnan contribution) were in good qualitative ...

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bit.25104/full

This example problem demonstrates how to calculate the amount of solute to add to create a specific osmotic pressure in a ... Osmotic pressure is the pressure that stops the process of osmosis. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property of a substance ... Osmotic Pressure Example Problem How much glucose (C6H12O6) per liter should be used for an intravenous solution to match the ... where Π is the osmotic pressure in atm, i = van t Hoff factor of the solute, M = molar concentration in mol/L, R = universal ...

https://www.thoughtco.com/calculate-osmotic-pressure-problem-609517

osmotic pressure answers are found in the Tabers Medical Dictionary powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, ... osmotic pressure is a topic covered in the Tabers Medical Dictionary. To view the entire topic, please log in or purchase a ... "Osmotic Pressure." Tabers Medical Dictionary, 24th ed., F.A. Davis Company, 2021. Tabers Online, www.tabers.com/tabersonline/ ... view/Tabers-Dictionary/729921/all/osmotic_pressure. Osmotic pressure. In: Venes DD, ed. Tabers Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis ...

https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/Tabers-Dictionary/729921/all/osmotic_pressure

Effects of a hydroxyethylstarch solution on plasma colloid osmotic pressure in acutely ill patients. Download Prime PubMed App ... Effects of a Hydroxyethylstarch Solution On Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure in Acutely Ill Patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. ... Effects of a hydroxyethylstarch solution on plasma colloid osmotic pressure in acutely ill patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. ... Effects of a hydroxyethylstarch solution on plasma colloid osmotic pressure in acutely ill patients.. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. ...

https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/10806521/Effects_of_a_hydroxyethylstarch_solution_on_plasma_colloid_osmotic_pressure_in_acutely_ill_patients_

... isolation method based on hypo-osmotic swelling, which is applicable to various size-based CTC isolation devices. The previous ... Enhancement of isolation sensitivity for the viable heterogeneous circulating tumor cells swelled by hypo-osmotic pressure ... Enhancement of isolation sensitivity for the viable heterogeneous circulating tumor cells swelled by hypo-osmotic pressure J. ... In contrast, hypo-osmotic swelling is applicable regardless of the cancer cell types. The size increments of both epithelial- ...

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2017/RA/C7RA09212A

Abstract: U33.00004 : How osmotic pressure governs sliding and surface structures of swollen crosslinked hydrogels*. Abstract ... Here I present two vignettes of the role of osmotic pressure in understanding hydrogel lubrication. The first considers the ... that arise from the bulk due to the discontinuity of osmotic pressure between the bulk and the open bath submerging a ... competitive rates of surface slip and pressure-driven dehydration due to applied loads. Given initial measurements of friction ...

https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR20/Session/U33.4

Wide Variation in the In-Vitro Colloid Osmotic Pressure of Plasma Substitutes S.A. Barclay; S.A. Barclay ... S.A. Barclay, E.D. Bennett; Wide Variation in the In-Vitro Colloid Osmotic Pressure of Plasma Substitutes. Clin Sci (Lond) 1 ... Albumin/Globulin Ratios, Colloid Osmotic Pressures and Lowry Protein Microanalysis in Rat Plasma Clin Sci Mol Med (December, ...

https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-abstract/68/s11/27P/102838/Wide-Variation-in-the-InVitro-Colloid-Osmotic

What is colloid osmotic pressure? Meaning of colloid osmotic pressure medical term. What does colloid osmotic pressure mean? ... Looking for online definition of colloid osmotic pressure in the Medical Dictionary? colloid osmotic pressure explanation free ... colloid osmotic pressure. Also found in: Acronyms, Encyclopedia. colloid osmotic pressure. See oncotic pressure. ... Colloid osmotic pressure , definition of colloid osmotic pressure by Medical dictionary https://medical-dictionary. ...

https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/colloid+osmotic+pressure

... osmotic, pressure, science , Glogster EDU - Interactive multimedia posters ... Osmotic Pressure: biology, bioogy, blood, cell, cells, en, osmosis, ... Osmotic Pressure (π) determines whether or not osmosis will occur, often described by πV = nRT. If the solutions on either side ... In terms of concentration, the Osmotic Pressure may be written as such:π = (nRT)/V = (n/V)RT = MRT(M) stands for Molarity, a ...

https://edu.glogster.com/glog/osmotic-pressure/1vl8ml2d58x?=glogpedia-source

Colloid osmotic pressure and extravasation of plasma proteins following infusion of Ringers acetate and hydroxyethyl starch ... which alters the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and potentially affects coagulation. We hypothesised that acetated Ringers and ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26079310/

Standard approach to membrane transport generated by osmotic andhydrostatic pressures, developed by Kedem and Katchalsky, is ... Standard approach to membrane transport generated by osmotic andhydrostatic pressures, developed by Kedem and Katchalsky, is ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Membrane-Transport-Generated-by-Osmotic/23345729.html

Download Clkers Osmotic Pressure On Blood Cells Diagram clip art and related images now. Multiple sizes and related images are ... Osmotic Pressure On Blood Cells Diagram clip art. Embed this Art into your website:. 1. Select a size,. 2. Copy the HTML from ... pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg.thumb.png" alt=Osmotic Pressure On Blood Cells Diagram clip art/,,/a, ... pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg.med.png" alt=Osmotic Pressure On Blood Cells Diagram clip art/,,/a, ...

http://www.clker.com/clipart-49518.html

Osmosis Aim To find the osmotic pressure of potato cells. I can find this out, when there is no net movement (change of mass in ... it creates a high pressure upon the outside that forces the water into the cell where the pressure is ...

http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/science/to-find-the-osmotic-pressure-of-potato-cells.html

An osmotic system is one in which the key substance moves down a solute concentration gradient across a semipermeable membrane. (news-medical.net)
Since this interstitial fluid has a lower concentration of plasma than proteins and a relatively higher concentration of water, this results in higher pressure and causes the fluid to re-enter the capillaries. (reference.com)
When a biological cell is in a hypotonic environment (the cell interior contains a lower concentration of water and a higher concentration of other molecules than its exterior), water flows across the cell membrane into the cell, causing it to expand due to osmotic pressure. (wikidoc.org)
I figured B was the answer, because if hydrostatic pressure in the dialysis chamber is increased, and more fluid volume is flowing out into the drainage pipe/dialysate fluid pipe (see figure), that will decrease the concentration of proteins because the amount of solute is remaining the same while the amount of solvent is increasing. (studentdoctor.net)
Their reasoning for why C wasn't the option was that proteins are too large to pass through the membrane, and thus the osmotic concentration wouldn't change. (studentdoctor.net)
But still, wouldn't the increased fluid volume passing into the outflow still decrease the osmotic concentration, even if the amount of protein isn't changing? (studentdoctor.net)
This response includes signaling from osmotic sensors to activate transcription factors, which in turn regulate the expression of osmocompensatory genes, all functioning to maintain CELL VOLUME and the water concentration inside the cells. (bioportfolio.com)
Hydrostatic pressure is the force of the fluid volume against a membrane, while osmotic pressure is related to the protein concentration on either side of a membrane pulling water toward the region of greater concentration. (varsitytutors.com)
Osmotic pressure is a colligative property of a substance since it depends on the concentration of the solute and not its chemical nature. (thoughtco.com)
where Π is the osmotic pressure in atm, i = van 't Hoff factor of the solute, M = molar concentration in mol/L, R = universal gas constant = 0.08206 L·atm/mol·K, and T = absolute temperature in Kelvin. (thoughtco.com)
In terms of concentration, the Osmotic Pressure may be written as such:π = (nRT)/V = (n/V)RT = MRT(M) stands for Molarity, a measure of concentration equal to the number of moles of the solute divided by the liters of solution. (glogster.com)
The mechanisms of reducing the IOP by exercise were very complicated and believed to be associated with the lower concentration of norepinephrine, the rising of colloid osmotic pressure , the co-action of nitric oxide and endothelin after exercise, and also related to the gene polymorphism of [beta]2-adrenergic receptor. (thefreedictionary.com)
Jacobus van 't Hoff found a quantitative relationship between osmotic pressure and solute concentration, expressed in the following equation: Π = i c R T {\displaystyle \Pi =icRT} where Π {\displaystyle \Pi } is osmotic pressure, i is the dimensionless van 't Hoff index, c is the molar concentration of solute, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature in kelvins. (wikipedia.org)
The proportionality to concentration means that osmotic pressure is a colligative property. (wikipedia.org)
The osmotic pressure of a solution depends on the concentration of dissolved solute particles. (libretexts.org)
If the normal osmotic pressure inside a yeast cell is 7.3 atm, corresponding to a total concentration of dissolved particles of 0.30 M, what concentration of glycerol must the cells synthesize to exactly balance the external osmotic pressure at 25°C? (libretexts.org)
Osmotic potential was calculated using the formula [ps] -CiRT, where [ps] is osmotic potential, C is sugar concentration (mM), i is ionisation constant, R is gas constant and T is the temperature. (edu.au)
Apr 01, · By instilling various solutions of different osmotic pressure into the eye, he determined by subjective responses that the concentration of a solution which produces the least discomfort corresponded to a per cent solution of NaCl. (camensaobdomanthesbymildafesandxmeh.co)
This article discusses the various ways in which the concentrat Osmoles, osmolality and osmotic pressure: clarifying the puzzle of solution concentration Contemp Nurse. (camensaobdomanthesbymildafesandxmeh.co)
A change in plasma osmotic pressure alters the hematocrit, that is, the volume concentration of red cells in the whole blood by redistributing water between the intravascular and extravascular spaces. (wikipedia.org)
2) Pressure that occurs when two solutions of differing concentrations are separated by a semipermeable membrane, such as a cellular wall, and the lower concentration solute is drawn across the membrane into the higher concentration solute (osmosis). (lymphedemapeople.com)
For a dilute solution, osmotic pressure obeys a form of the ideal gas law and can be calculated provided you know the concentration of the solution and the temperature. (thoughtco.com)
where ΔP is the difference in hydrostatic pressure, R is ideal gas constant (8.31 J / mol x K), T is the body temperature in Kelvins (37°C = 310.15 °K), ΔC is the difference in molar concentration of solutes. (oatext.com)
Weitz, D. A. Osmotic-pressure-controlled concentration of colloidal particles in thin-shelled capsules . (harvard.edu)
This relationship between the osmotic pressure of a solution and the molar concentration of its solute was put forward by the Dutch chemist Jacobus van't Hoff. (byjus.com)
Ideally, most microbes have a concentration of salt around 1 per cent in their cytoplasm and in their environment, keeping osmotic pressure at the desired balance. (ehow.co.uk)
The flow may be stopped, or even reversed by applying external pressure on the volume of higher concentration. (tripod.com)
Since the velocity is the same as that of a free molecule, the pressure will be the same as the pressure of an ideal gas of the same molecular concentration. (tripod.com)
The osmotic pressure does not depend on the solute type, or its molecular size, but only on its molar concentration, as the formula states. (tripod.com)
Hence a concentration of 200 mOsmoles L -1 has an osmotic pressure of 0.5 MPa. (edu.au)
Under this condition, for a given concentration difference the volume displacement, or osmotic flow, will be somewhere between zero and the maximum that would be observed with an ideal semipermeable membrane. (barnardhealth.us)
If a membrane is equally permeable to the solvent (water) and the solute (i), then (ji = 0, and the presence of a concentration difference for i across the membrane will not generate an osmotic pressure. (barnardhealth.us)

This, in turn, determines its solubility, the osmotic pressure exerted by the core components, the size of the orifice through which delivery occurs, and the type of semipermeable membrane used. (news-medical.net)
Further development continues to this day, when the osmotic pump tablet is available, consisting of a tablet at the core, with a semipermeable membrane having just one orifice. (news-medical.net)
These help to achieve very high osmotic pressures of 30-500 atm, resulting in high flow rates for water across the membrane. (news-medical.net)
The pressure exerted by the flow of water through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations of solute. (thefreedictionary.com)
The pressure that must be applied to a solution, when separated from a more dilute solution by a semipermeable membrane, to prevent the inflow of solvent molecules. (thefreedictionary.com)
Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane . (wn.com)
Potential osmotic pressure is the maximum osmotic pressure that could develop in a solution if it were separated from distilled water by a selectively permeable membrane. (wn.com)
This process will stop once the pressures of the water and sugar water on both sides of the membrane become equal. (wn.com)
Osmotic pressure is the hydrostatic pressure produced by a solution in a space divided by a semipermeable membrane due to a differential in the concentrations of solute. (wikidoc.org)
This is due to the fact that more solvent molecules in the concentrated solution are colliding with the membrane since the pressure, or force per unit area, is increasing. (blausen.com)
If the solutions on either side of a semipermeable membrane (comparing inside and outside the cell) have the same value for Osmotic Pressure, no osmosis will occur. (glogster.com)
Membrane Transport Generated by the Osmotic and Hydrostatic Pressure. (biomedsearch.com)
Standard approach to membrane transport generated by osmotic andhydrostatic pressures, developed by Kedem and Katchalsky, is based onprinciples of thermodynamics of irreversible processes. (biomedsearch.com)
Osmotic pressure is the pressure developed by diffusion of a liquid or solvent through a membrane. (topperlearning.com)
Osmotic pressure does vary depending on the pressure exerted by the solvent on the membrane and the volume of the solvent. (topperlearning.com)
Osmotic pressure is a colligative property of solutions that is observed using a semipermeable membrane, a barrier with pores small enough to allow solvent molecules to pass through but not solute molecules or ions. (libretexts.org)
The net flow of water through the membrane can be prevented by applying a pressure to the right arm that is equal to the osmotic pressure of the glucose solution. (libretexts.org)
download the osmotic pressure and lowering of the freezing point of mixtures of salts with one another and with non electrolytes in ': ' This membrane were often work. (oden-i.com)
Osmotic pressure increases with temperature because temperature affects the number of solvent-membrane collisions per minute. (vcalc.com)
Examination of the protein and ionic concentrations of these fluids strongly points to the conclusion that neither colloid osmotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, nor membrane damage can be the primary cause of these abnormal fluid collections. (aaccjnls.org)
Fig. 1a shows schematic diagram of elementary osmotic pump (EOP), which in its simplest design, consists of an osmotic core (containing drug with or without an osmagent) coated with a semipermeable membrane (SPM). (camensaobdomanthesbymildafesandxmeh.co)
The pressure required to prevent the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane that separates a pure solvent from a solution of the solvent and solute or that separates different concentrations of a solution. (childrensmercy.org)
An alteration of the osmotic pressure difference across the membrane of a blood cell causes a shift of water and a change of cell volume. (wikipedia.org)
If pure water were on both sides of the membrane, the osmotic pressure difference would be zero. (gsu.edu)
But if normal human blood were on the right side of the membrane, the osmotic pressure would be about seven atmospheres! (gsu.edu)
This illustrates how potent the influence of osmotic pressure is for membrane transport in living organisms. (gsu.edu)
The decision about which side of the membrane to call "high" osmotic pressure is a troublesome one. (gsu.edu)
The final rationale has to do with the measurement of osmotic pressure by determining how much hydrostatic pressure on the solution is required to prevent the transport of water from a pure source across a semi-permeable membrane into the soluton. (gsu.edu)
While Morse and Frazer used the same principle as Pfeffer, albeit with a more advanced electrochemical method of depositing the membrane in the pores, Berkeley and Hartley reversed the arrangement of solvent and solution, applying measured pressure to the latter to attain equilibrium. (wordpress.com)
By 1928, the theoretical model in JAV Butler's popular textbook The Fundamentals of Chemical Thermodynamics was close to the familiar classroom demonstration of osmosis shown at the head of this post, in which the hydrostatic pressure acting on the solution counteracts the tendency of the solvent to pass through the semi-permeable membrane. (wordpress.com)
The osmotic pressure of a solution is the minimum amount of pressure needed to prevent water from flowing into it across a semipermeable membrane. (thoughtco.com)
Osmotic pressure also reflects how readily water can enter the solution via osmosis, as across a cell membrane. (thoughtco.com)
The main alternative methods are: visual evoked potentials, phase-contrast magnetic resonance, transcranial Doppler, tympanic membrane displacement, intraocular pressure and acoustoelasticity. (oatext.com)
Water flow via membrane could be stopped by equivalent hydrostatic pressure of water volume. (oatext.com)
The pressure exerted by the column forces some of the solution in the dialysis membrane bag out of the bottom of the dialysis bag. (chemedx.org)
Osmotic pressure can be defined as the minimum pressure that must be applied to a solution to halt the flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane (osmosis). (byjus.com)
If sufficient pressure is applied to the solution side of the semipermeable membrane, the process of osmosis is halted. (byjus.com)
In the illustration provided above, it can be observed that the solvent molecules tend to pass through the semipermeable membrane into the solution side until the osmotic pressure (of the solution) is applied to the solution side. (byjus.com)
The phenomenon of osmotic pressure arises from the tendency of a pure solvent to move through a semi-permeable membrane and into a solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable. (wikia.org)
Osmotic pressure is defined as the pressure needed to stop the net movement of water across a permeable membrane which separates the solvent and solution. (clickspay.ru)
It is the minimum pressure required to prevent the flow of a fluid through a semi-permeable membrane. (sciencestruck.com)
Whenever a solute movement is blocked by the membrane it will transfer momentum to it and, therefore, generate pressure on it [2 - 3]. (tripod.com)
The conservation law of momentum requires that solute molecules, that generate osmotic pressure on the semi-permeable membrane, must generate, via the volume of the solution, the same osmotic pressure on all the solution boundaries, including its free surface. (tripod.com)
During water flow through the membrane, the osmotic pressure, that operates also on the moving free surface of the solution, will push it upward. (tripod.com)
That is, the direction of water flow through the membrane can be reversed at any moment by proper control of the external pressure on the solution. (tripod.com)
Up to this point, we have considered the case of osmotic flow across a semipermeable membrane-that is, one that is permeable to solvent but impermeable to the solute so that interdiffusion is completely prevented. (barnardhealth.us)
We then apply pressure to the piston, force fluid through the membrane, and collect the filtrate. (barnardhealth.us)
Conversely, if the membrane is impermeant to i, then interdiffusion is prohibited, and the effective osmotic pressure across the membrane will be given by van't Hoffs equation. (barnardhealth.us)

Osmotic potential is the opposite of water potential with the former meaning the degree to which a solvent (usually water) would want to stay in a liquid. (wikidoc.org)
If we apply pressure to the side containing the more concentrated solution, we can slow or stop the flow of solvent. (blausen.com)
The precise amount of pressure necessary to stop the flow of solvent, is called the osmotic pressure. (blausen.com)
A pressure greater than the osmotic pressure will cause solvent molecules to flow from the more concentrated solution to the more dilute solution. (blausen.com)
The compartment containing the pure solvent has a chemical potential of μ 0 ( p ) {\displaystyle \mu ^{0}(p)} , where p {\displaystyle p} is the pressure. (wikipedia.org)
To understand that the total number of nonvolatile solute particles determines the decrease in vapor pressure, increase in boiling point, and decrease in freezing point of a solution versus the pure solvent. (libretexts.org)
c) Applying an external pressure equal to the osmotic pressure of the original glucose solution to the liquid in the right arm reverses the flow of solvent and restores the original situation. (libretexts.org)
The Osmotic Pressure formula, π = MRT, represents the pressure required to prevent a pure solvent from passing into a solution through osmosis, as shown in the figure below. (vcalc.com)
It is customary to express this tendency toward solvent transport in pressure units relative to the pure solvent. (gsu.edu)
1] Vaporize 1 mole of the pure solvent at its vapor pressure p 0 , and expand it reversibly so that the vapor pressure falls to p equal to the partial pressure of the solvent in the solution (Butler assumes that p is not affected by P applied to the solution). (wordpress.com)
where $ p $ denotes the external pressure, $ l $ the solvent, $ x_s $ the mole fraction of the solvent and $ \Pi $ the osmotic pressure exerted by the solutes. (wikia.org)
In short, Eq. 21 permits quantitation of the effect of interdiffusion between solutes and solvent (water) across membranes on the effective osmotic pressure that is exerted across those membranes. (barnardhealth.us)

The water to be purified is placed in a chamber and put under an amount of pressure greater than the osmotic pressure exerted by the water and the solutes dissolved in it. (wikidoc.org)
As we pass the dialysis membranes, the high pressure forces significant amounts of fluid and small solutes through the membranes and out via the drain. (studentdoctor.net)
Osmotic pressure is the "pulling" force on water due to the presence of solutes in solution. (varsitytutors.com)
It's important to remember that there may be other solutes in the solution that affect osmotic pressure. (thoughtco.com)
The concentrations of the major solutes in these fluids differ, and each compartment has one solute that is primarily limited to that compartment and therefore determines its osmotic pressure: K + salts in the intracellular fluid (most of the cell Mg 2+ is bound and osmotically inactive), Na + salts in the interstitial fluid, and proteins in the plasma. (online-vitamins-guide.com)
Can I equalise osmotic pressure using two different solutes? (stackexchange.com)
And this difference in pressure of the two compartments is the osmotic pressure (ΔΠ ) of solutes. (oatext.com)
Water and small proteins leak out of capillaries at their arterial ends because hydrostatic pressure (exerted mainly by blood pressure pushing outward against the capillary walls) is greater than colloid osmotic pressure (a fluid-retaining force caused by large solutes in the blood). (mcatquestionoftheday.com)
The osmotic pressure rises when a lot of solutes are dissolved. (paksc.org)
The osmotic pressure of a solution mainly depends on the number of solutes or particles and the degree of ionization. (clickspay.ru)

Osmotic pressure is the basis of reverse osmosis , a process commonly used to purify water. (wikidoc.org)
Reverse osmosis desalinators use pressures around 50 atm to produce fresh water from ocean salt water . (wikidoc.org)
This video explains osmosis, reverse osmosis, osmotic pressure, relating osmotic pressure as colligative property. (topperlearning.com)
Understand osmosis & reverse osmosis, osmotic pressure. (topperlearning.com)
Osmotic pressure is the basis of filtering ("reverse osmosis"), a process commonly used in water purification. (wikipedia.org)
Another important application of osmotic pressure is in the desalination and purification of seawater, which involves the process of reverse osmosis. (byjus.com)
Solution - Osmotic Pressure and Reverse Osmosis, Chemistry online video lecture for JEE main & advanced, NEET & CBSE Class 12 students, prepare by the best experienced faculty. (misostudy.com)
This video lecture describe topics like Osmotic Pressure and Reverse Osmosis, types of solutions from chapter Solution of Chemistry class 11th CBSE, NCERT. (misostudy.com)

When fluid enters the capillaries, it is initially pushed out because the hydrostatic pressure pressing outward is greater than the osmotic pressure pushing inward. (varsitytutors.com)

Use Equation \ref{eq1} to calculate the osmotic pressure of the solution. (libretexts.org)
Use Equation \ref{eq1} to calculate the molarity of glycerol needed to create this osmotic pressure. (libretexts.org)
Osmotic pressure - Morse equation redirects here. (enacademic.com)
This equation, Osmotic Pressure , is listed in 3 Collections. (vcalc.com)
The osmotic pressure (II) of an ideal solution can be approximated by the Morse equation: [latex]\Pi = i M R T[/latex] Here, i is the van 't Hoff factor, M is the molarity of the solution, R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin. (camensaobdomanthesbymildafesandxmeh.co)
To find the osmotic pressure, plug the values into the equation. (thoughtco.com)
Osmotic pressure can be calculated by Van't Hoff equation as below. (clickspay.ru)

To study the effect of osmotic forces on bacteria, we apply osmotic shock to a variety of organisms and monitor the effect on cell growth and division. (simtk.org)
Aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of osmotic stress on cell cycle progression. (ntu.edu.sg)
Recent studies, aimed at elucidating the effect of osmotic pressure, showed that collagen contracts upon water removal. (uni-potsdam.de)

Colloids are suspensions of particles of various sizes that aim to maintain plasma volume by maintaining the colloid osmotic pressure in plasma and thus retain the administered volume within the circulation. (thefreedictionary.com)

Precise vapor pressure data for pure acetonitrile and (LiBr + acetonitrile) are given for temps. (uni-regensburg.de)
Precise vapor pressure data for LiBr solns. (uni-regensburg.de)
Rayleigh's approach, using a zero-sum cycle of operations, was thermodynamically sound and continued to form the basis of theoretical development in its next phase, which in Europe focused on vapor pressure following the influential papers of Alfred Porter in 1907 and Hugh Callendar in 1908. (wordpress.com)

Osmotic pressure is the pressure that stops the process of osmosis. (thoughtco.com)
The minimum amount of pressure required to nullify the process of osmosis is called osmotic pressure. (byjus.com)

When confronted with a sudden change in medium osmolality (a hypo-osmotic or hyperosmotic shock), respectively, these cells responded with volume changes and stress symptoms such as rapid extracellular alkalinization, efflux of K + -ions, and induction of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase acid, the key enzyme of ethylene biosynthesis. (plantphysiol.org)
In contrast, hypo-osmotic shock induced responses without measurable lag and faster than elicitor treatments. (plantphysiol.org)
Like treatment with elicitors, hypo-osmotic shock induced specific changes in protein phosphorylations as demonstrated by in vivo labeling with [ 33 P]orthophosphate. (plantphysiol.org)
In this report we compared responses of suspension-cultured tomato ( Lycopersion esculentum ) cells treated with elicitor preparations with the ones observed after hypo-osmotic or hyperosmotic shock. (plantphysiol.org)
Cells proved particularly sensitive to hypo-osmotic conditions and responded to pressure changes as small as approximately 0.2 bar. (plantphysiol.org)
We present a viable circulating tumor cell (CTC) isolation method based on hypo-osmotic swelling, which is applicable to various size-based CTC isolation devices. (rsc.org)
In contrast, hypo-osmotic swelling is applicable regardless of the cancer cell types. (rsc.org)
If we consider two solutions with different osmotic pressures, the solution with the higher osmotic pressure is called hyperosmotic , whereas the solution with lower osmotic pressure is known as hypo-osmotic . (clickspay.ru)

This fluid transfer is moderated by two factors: hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. (varsitytutors.com)
Two types of pressure interact to drive each of these movements: hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. (camensaobdomanthesbymildafesandxmeh.co)
The concepts of hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure can be quite confusing, and at times difficult to imagine and grasp. (sciencestruck.com)

The triaxial rheological deformation of mudstone under different osmotic pressures was discussed, and a new viscoelastic-plastic rheological constitutive model was proposed. (springer.com)

It slows to a stop when the hydrostatic pressure of the water column in the capillary tube is exactly equal to the osmotic pressure. (wardsci.com)
At equilibrium, the hydrostatic pressure P is equal to the osmotic pressure. (wordpress.com)
The diagram shows a solution under hydrostatic pressure P which is equal to the osmotic pressure. (wordpress.com)

20] That colloid osmotic pressure does not play the role it was assigned by Ernest Starling is known to many burn surgeons, as burn oedema usually resolves in the face of dropping albumin levels. (thefreedictionary.com)
To study the correlation between colloid osmotic pressure, albumin and the loss of vascular integrity in terms of endothelial dysfunction in patients with ESLD undergoing OLT and its impac. (bioportfolio.com)
Albumin proteins are the main source of osmotic pressure in capillaries, pulling water into the blood. (varsitytutors.com)
Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions can represent an alternative to human albumin solutions in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, but their effects on the plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) have not been well defined. (unboundmedicine.com)
Priming of cardiopulmonary bypass with human albumin or Ringer lactate: effect on colloid osmotic pressure and extravascular lung water. (pptaglobal.org)
In blood plasma and capillaries, albumin is responsible for about 75% the total oncotic pressure. (clickspay.ru)

Osmotic pressure of dilute solution is a. (askiitians.com)

A compound has the empirical formula CHCL .A flask with volume 253 cm3 at temperature of 373K and pressure of 1.0 atm contains 0.8 g of the gaseous compound. (jiskha.com)
Which of the answer choices correctly describes a solution that has less of a solute dissolved in it than the maximum amount possible for a given temperature and pressure? (jiskha.com)
Benzene has a heat of vaporization of 30.72kJ/mol and a normal boiling point of 80.1 degrees C. At what temperature does benzene boil when the external pressure is 405 torr? (jiskha.com)
2. The temperature decreases sometimes seen after giving pyretic agents are associated not with increased, but often with decreased osmotic pressure. (aspetjournals.org)
The present study has been performed to observe how the growth and budding pattern of Candida shehatae var shehatae will be influenced by high temperature (40-45°C), as well as the impact of osmotic stresses on yeast cell. (academicjournals.org)
Blood flow ensures the transportation of nutrients , hormones , metabolic wastes, O 2 and CO 2 throughout the body to maintain cell-level metabolism , the regulation of the pH , osmotic pressure and temperature of the whole body, and the protection from microbial and mechanical harms. (wikipedia.org)
The osmotic pressure of solution is determined by the number of particles present and by the temperature . (wikipedia.org)
Work in units of atmospheres for pressure, Kelvin for temperature, moles for mass, and liters for volume. (thoughtco.com)
At a temperature of 27 o C, what would be the osmotic temperature of this solution? (byjus.com)
The osmotic pressure of the 1M salt solution is 49.26 atmospheres at a temperature of 27 o C. (byjus.com)
Which has maximum osmotic pressure at temperature T K? (edurev.in)
What will be the ratio of the masses of formalin (HCHO) and glucose (C 6 H 12 0 6 ) contained in equal volumes of solutions having the same osmotic pressure at the given temperature? (edurev.in)

Understanding Osmotic Pressure - What is Osmosis? (byjus.com)

The report then estimates 2018-2023 market development trends of Osmotic Pressure Gauge industry. (htfmarketreport.com)

Almost 20 years later, Theeuwes refined the concept to introduce the elementary osmotic pump, patenting a number of such products. (news-medical.net)

We extend Van't Hoff's law for the osmotic pressure to a suspension of active Brownian particles. (bioportfolio.com)

See oncotic pressure . (thefreedictionary.com)
Osmotic pressure and oncotic pressure are two phenomena that occur due to osmosis. (clickspay.ru)
In this article, the difference between osmotic and oncotic pressure will be discussed. (clickspay.ru)
The contribution made to total osmolality by colloids in a solution is defined as the oncotic pressure. (clickspay.ru)
The oncotic pressure can be measured using an oncometer. (clickspay.ru)
In animal body, mainly proteins exert the oncotic pressure. (clickspay.ru)
The oncotic pressure of blood plasma is about 25-28 mmHg, which represents about 0.5% of total plasma osmotic pressure. (clickspay.ru)
Oncotic pressure is measured by oncometer. (clickspay.ru)
Oncotic pressure is determined by the number of colloids in a solution. (clickspay.ru)

Here I present two vignettes of the role of osmotic pressure in understanding hydrogel lubrication. (aps.org)
More precisely, we examined the role of osmotic stress on the mitotic progression and metaphase spindle assembly. (ntu.edu.sg)

Osmotic pressure is the difference between blood in the capillaries and interstitial fluid between the cells, according to Kimball's Biology Pages. (reference.com)
Blood pressure that is higher within the capillaries than in the surrounding fluid increases total blood volume as well as pressure on the walls of the blood vessels. (reference.com)
Hydrostatic Pressure The primary force driving fluid transport between the capillaries and tissues is hydrostatic pressure, which can be defined as the pressure of any fluid enclosed in a space. (camensaobdomanthesbymildafesandxmeh.co)
The major osmotic blood proteins are too large to leave the capillaries. (mcatquestionoftheday.com)
Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure play a vital role in our blood capillaries. (sciencestruck.com)

Decreased serum protein decreases the osmotic pressure of the blood, leading to loss of fluid from the intravascular compartment, or the blood vessels, to the interstitial tissues, resulting in oedema. (thefreedictionary.com)
A circulation with cause problems with body fluid balance.This project will evaluate changes in interstitial colloid osmotic pressure in patients 10 year after completion of a three step Fontan surgery. (clinicaltrials.gov)
This project will evaluate whether increased micro vascular leakage and change in interstitial colloid osmotic pressure are present in patients after ten years with a Fontan circulation. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Measurements of colloid osmotic pressure (COP) by sampling of interstitial fluid from subcutaneous tissue and plasma are well documented in animal models and human adult studies. (bioportfolio.com)
The purpose of this study is to measure colloid osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid and plasma in healthy children under two years, in asphyxiated babies and in children undergoing hear. (bioportfolio.com)
The colloid osmotic pressure of plasma (COPp) and interstitial fluid (COPi) are dete. (bioportfolio.com)
An increase in interstitial osmotic pressure. (varsitytutors.com)
A decrease in interstitial hydrostatic pressure. (varsitytutors.com)
As a result, an increase in the interstitial osmotic pressure would cause less fluid to enter the interstitium, because there is less area in the bed where the capillary hydrostatic pressure is greater than the interstitial osmotic pressure. (varsitytutors.com)
At the arteriole end of the capillary, the hydrostatic pressure is stronger than the interstitial osmotic pressure and fluid is forced into the interstitium. (varsitytutors.com)
At that point, the interstitial osmotic pressure becomes stronger than the capillary's hydrostatic pressure. (varsitytutors.com)
11] The transcapillary fluid migration is governed by capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial tissue colloid osmotic pressure , which tend to favor movement of water out of the capillary, whereas plasma colloid osmotic pressure and interstitial tissue hydrostatic pressure tend to favor movement of water into the capillary. (thefreedictionary.com)
Colloid Osmotic Pressure (COP) is containment force that restraints the leakage of water from the blood vessels to interstitial space and play an important role in the stabilization of blood volume and prevention of tissue edema [ 1 - 3 ]. (alliedacademies.org)

How to calculate the osmotic pressure of a sucrose solution? (stackexchange.com)
The osmotic pressure of the sucrose solution is 3.9 atm. (thoughtco.com)

If the solution is hypotonic with respect to the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm, water will rush into the cells to try to reach equilibrium. (thoughtco.com)

As fluid moves through the capillary, the hydrostatic pressure decreases from the arteriole end to the venule end (fluid exits the capillary along the gradient). (varsitytutors.com)
Transcapillary colloid osmotic pressure gradient and body fluid volumes in renal failure. (thefreedictionary.com)
Perturbation of the osmotic gradient also led to changes in rounding pressure and volume. (ntu.edu.sg)
Thus, the osmotic gradient between inner and outer environment of the glial/neuronal cells is a difference between the most prominent ions of the cerebrospinal fluid and their content inside the cells. (oatext.com)
The low ψ gradient associated with osmotic water absorption does not allow a sufficient pressure difference for rapid absorption. (forestrypedia.com)
Salts accumulate in the stele, soil water flows into the stele in response to the ψ gradient created by the minerals in the stele, and continues to do so even as pressure develops inside the root. (forestrypedia.com)

Nasirzadeh, Karamat , Neueder, Roland and Kunz, Werner (2004) Vapor pressures, osmotic and activity coefficients for (LiBr + acetonitrile) between the temperatures (298.15 and 343.15) K. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 36 (6), pp. 511-517. (uni-regensburg.de)
Vapor pressures, osmotic and activity coefficients of electrolytes in protic solvents at different temperatures. (uni-regensburg.de)

Apr 28, · Osmotic Pressure Definition. (camensaobdomanthesbymildafesandxmeh.co)

A rise in the intracellular osmotic pressure results in an increased cell volume and rounding pressure. (ntu.edu.sg)
Recently, we proposed a new hypothesis that intracellular osmotic pressure (IOP) is the driving force of cell division, and abnormal tumor proliferation is the result of uncontrolled IOP in cells. (preprints.org)

An increased amount of salt in the blood causes the cells to release more water due to osmotic pressure. (reference.com)
An example of osmotic pressure is the process to filter water. (yourdictionary.com)
The height of the liquid column on that side will then rise (and that on the other side will drop ) proportional to the pressure of the two solutions due to movement of the pure water from the compartment without sugar into the compartment containing the sugar water. (wn.com)
The osmotic pressure of ocean water is about 27 atm . (wikidoc.org)
Hydrostatic pressure is the "pushing" force on water due to the presence of more fluid in one region than another. (varsitytutors.com)
In experiments conducted in PRO mode pressure was generated on the draw side when hydrocarbons were mixed together with water in the feed. (bibsys.no)
PRO experiments using pure water in the feed were performed at different pressure differences. (bibsys.no)
The results showed no linear relationship between water flux and pressure difference. (bibsys.no)
Would an allergy to water be IgE mediated or osmotic pressure mediated? (thenakedscientists.com)
Osmotic pressure is the primary determinant of the distribution of water between the three major compartments. (online-vitamins-guide.com)
Regulation of the plasma volume is somewhat more complicated because of the tendency of the plasma proteins to hold water in the vascular space by an oncotic effect which is in part counterbalanced by the hydrostatic pressure in the capillary that is generated by cardiac contraction. (online-vitamins-guide.com)
The existence of water and osmotic pressure significantly aggravates the rheological behavior of rocks, which greatly affects the long-term stability of rock mass. (springer.com)
S. L. Huang, X. T. Feng, H. Zhou, and C. Q. Zhang, "Study of aging failure mechanics and triaxial compression creep experiments with water pressure coupled stress of brittle rock," Chin. (springer.com)
We have undertaken a randomized study on 20 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery in order to determine the influence of cardiopulmonary pump prime solutions on colloid osmotic pressure and extravascular lung water. (pptaglobal.org)
Osmotic pressure can be thought of as the pressure that would be required to stop water from diffusing through a barrier by bilamazdazzskaner.camensaobdomanthesbymildafesandxmeh.co other words, it refers to how hard the water would "push" to get through the barrier in order to diffuse to the other bilamazdazzskaner.camensaobdomanthesbymildafesandxmeh.cog: Various. (camensaobdomanthesbymildafesandxmeh.co)
The choice made here is the opposite of that made in many biology texts, which attribute "high" osmotic pressure to the solution and zero osmotic pressure to pure water. (gsu.edu)
Traube's compatriot Wilhelm Pfeffer, a botanist, succeded in depositing the latter in the walls of a porous jar, which when filled with a sugar solution, connected to a mercury manometer and then plunged into pure water, provided a means of measuring osmotic pressures. (wordpress.com)
What is the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by adding 13.65 g of sucrose (C 12 H 22 O 11 ) to enough water to make 250 mL of solution at 25 °C? (thoughtco.com)
The pressure that resists the flow of water into cytoplasm. (washington.edu)
A lot of water comes out when the osmotic pressure is high. (paksc.org)
The height of the water on each side will change proportional to the pressure of the solutions. (wikia.org)
Osmotic pressure causes the height of the water in the compartment containing the sugar to rise, due to movement of the pure water from the compartment without sugar into the compartment containing the sugar water. (wikia.org)
In order to find $ \Pi $ , the osmotic pressure, we consider equilibrium between a solution containing solute and pure water. (wikia.org)
Osmotic water absorption occurs in warm, moist, well-aerated, fertile soils, the factors that enable the root to absorb minerals. (forestrypedia.com)
The level of liquid in the tube of sugar solution will eventually rise until the flow of water from the tube of sugar solution, under the influence of hydrostatic pressure, just equals the flow of water into the tube. (forestrypedia.com)
Although osmotic water absorption may induce guttation, root pressure, exudation, and maintain the water balance of slowly transpiring plants, it has many limitations that prevent it from being the sole or even major mechanism of water absorption. (forestrypedia.com)
Root pressure is necessary if water is to be moved from the root to the shoot by osmotic water absorption. (forestrypedia.com)
Osmotic water absorption may be able to maintain water balance in short, slowly transpiring plants, but another mechanism is responsible for absorption in trees and most plants. (forestrypedia.com)
Osmotic water absorption can maintain water balance in a slowly transpiring plant that is not very tall. (forestrypedia.com)
A root xylem with 0.1 MPa has sufficient osmotic potential under ideal circumstances to raise a water column to a height of 10 meters. (forestrypedia.com)
Osmotic water absorption may cause xylem sap to leak from special pores, hydrothodes, in leaves. (forestrypedia.com)
If the top of a plant using osmotic water absorption is detached, and a pressure gage such as a mercury manometer attached to the root stump, pressure may be measured. (forestrypedia.com)
The system will stabilize when the osmotic pressure is balanced by the hydrostatic pressure generated by the difference h in the water levels. (tripod.com)
Thus the pressure on the free surface is responsible to water pumping from the water arm to the solution arm. (tripod.com)
The inflow of water swells the cells until a hydrostatic pressure is reached at which no more water will flow in. (edu.au)
In cells bathed in fresh water, such as algal cells in a pond, this equilibrium hydrostatic pressure is known as the osmotic pressure ( $ \pi $ ) of the cell contents, and is commonly about 500 kPa or 0.5 MPa. (edu.au)
Thus, for a given osmotic pressure ( $ \pi $ ) within a cell, the hydrostatic pressure, $ P $ , will be lower than if the cell were bathed in free water. (edu.au)
In this case, $ \psi_w $ is the total water potential, $ \psi_s $ is the solute potential and $ \psi_p $ is the pressure potential. (edu.au)

How can I compare the osmotic pressure of two molecules? (thenakedscientists.com)
Osmotic pressure data is increasingly used to parametrize all-atom simulation Force Fields (FFs), leading to large computational cost for larger molecules. (bioportfolio.com)
Osmotic pressure can also be used to estimate molecular weights, particularly for higher weight molecules. (vcalc.com)
7023602200000000000♠ 6.022 × 10 23 molecules per liter of that substance and at 0 °C it has an osmotic pressure of 2.27 MPa (22.4 atm). (wikipedia.org)
If there are solute molecules only in one volume of the system, then the pressure on it, that stops the flow, is called the osmotic pressure. (tripod.com)

The choice is also influenced by the observed direction of fluid movement, since under this choice the fluid transport is from high "pressure" to low, congruent with normal fluid flow through pipes from high pressure to low. (gsu.edu)
The hydrostatic pressure establishing this equality of flow is called osmotic pressure. (forestrypedia.com)
Also, the osmotic pressure (the pressure necessary to abolish osmotic flow) will be between zero and that predicted by van't Hoff's law. (barnardhealth.us)

Fluid accumulation after closure of atrial septal defects: the role of colloid osmotic pressure. (bioportfolio.com)
Which of the following pressure changes would result in decreased fluid movement into the interstitium? (varsitytutors.com)
In general, larger fluid volumes generate higher hydrostatic pressure. (varsitytutors.com)
Osmotic pressure remains relatively constant over the length of the capillary, but hydrostatic pressure drops sharply as it nears the venule end due to the initial loss of fluid volume. (varsitytutors.com)
This makes the osmotic pressure larger than the hydrostatic pressure, and pushes the fluid back into the capillary. (varsitytutors.com)
During fluid infusion therapy, plasma proteins are diluted and leak from the intravascular space, which alters the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and potentially affects coagulation. (nih.gov)
One approach to the measurement of osmotic pressure is to measure the amount of hydrostatic pressure necessary to prevent fluid transfer by osmosis . (gsu.edu)
To estimate osmotic pressure between the cerebrospinal fluid and glial/neuronal cytoplasm the above Formula 3 is used. (oatext.com)
This is the pressure exerted by a certain amount of fluid in static condition. (sciencestruck.com)
We can also say that it is the pressure experienced by a certain point in the fluid. (sciencestruck.com)
The pressure at a certain position increases with the increase in the height of the fluid column. (sciencestruck.com)
The opposite is also true, i.e., for a fluid of a given column height, the pressure increases with increasing depth. (sciencestruck.com)

Compared with elicitor treatment, induction of responses by hyperosmotic shock was slow and occurred only after increases of approximately 200,000 Pa in osmotic pressure. (plantphysiol.org)
1. In rabbits, the onset of fever produced by cocaine, beta-tetrahydronaphthylamine, and hay infusion is accompanied by corresponding increases in serum osmotic pressure. (aspetjournals.org)
4. The osmotic pressure increases are far greater than can be accounted for by the blood sugar increases. (aspetjournals.org)
This expansion of plant cells increases the pressure exerted on their cell walls, causing them to stand upright. (byjus.com)
However, blood pressure decreases in vessels as distance from the heart increases, resulting in hydrostatic pressure being lower than COP at the venule end. (mcatquestionoftheday.com)

Osmotic pressure measurements of ovalbumin and lysozyme mixtures. (biomedsearch.com)
Following Pfeffer's osmotic pressure measurements using sucrose solutions, on which JH van 't Hoff based his famously flawed gaseous theory of solutions, there were two notable teams of experimentalists - one on each side of the Atlantic - which provided high quality osmotic pressure data to test the ideas of theoreticians. (wordpress.com)

Osmotic pressure is the force caused by a solution passing through a semi permeable surface by osmosis, which is equal to the force required to resist the solution from passing back through the surface. (yourdictionary.com)

In the Ringer lactate group, a significantly greater decrease in colloid osmotic pressure occurred immediately after onset of cardiopulmonary bypass. (pptaglobal.org)
Since reduction of the osmotic pressure is associated with decrease in rounding pressure and volume and defects in cell rounding, we hypothesized that hypertonic stress could have adverse effects on the establishment of a bipolar spindle. (ntu.edu.sg)

The osmotic pressures of Hank's solution and sperm cells measured in Fiske brand micro osmometer device are mOsm/kg and 306 mOsm/kg, respectively. (thefreedictionary.com)
Osmotic pressure is measured by an osmometer, which uses one or more colligative properties of the solution. (clickspay.ru)
Osmotic pressure is measured by osmometer. (clickspay.ru)

Osmotic pressure measurement may be used for the determination of molecular weights. (wikipedia.org)
The measurement of osmotic pressure can also be used to determine molecular weights of compounds. (byjus.com)

Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff first proposed a formula for calculating the osmotic pressure, but this was later improved upon by Harmon Northrop Morse . (wikia.org)

Measurable medium alkalinization was induced when medium osmolality was reduced by as little as approximately 10 mosmol, a change corresponding to only approximately 0.2 bar in osmotic pressure. (plantphysiol.org)
Exposure of cells to consecutive up- and down-shifts in medium osmolality showed that sensing of osmotic changes occurred within seconds, whereas adaptation to new osmotic conditions proceeded over hours. (plantphysiol.org)
Effects of lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) and hetastarch 130/0.4 (HES) on colloid osmotic pressure (COP), plasma osmolality (OSM) and total protein (TP) were investigated in 18 inhalational-anaesthetised healthy horses. (bmj.com)

An increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure. (varsitytutors.com)
The osmotic pressure in the interstitium is relatively constant, and will be stronger than capillary hydrostatic pressure near the venule end. (varsitytutors.com)

What is the colloidal osmotic pressure? (stackexchange.com)

Medical teaching on oedema usually focuses on Starling's equilibrium, ascribing much significance to decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure in oedema formation. (thefreedictionary.com)
The osmotic pressure of the plasma affects the mechanics of the circulation in several ways. (wikipedia.org)

EFB1 showed alterations on its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure that can be related to salt stress: (i) silver-stained electrophoretic profiles showed a different mobility that was dependent on ionic stress but not on osmotic pressure, and (ii) a monoclonal antibody, JIM 40, recognized changes in LPS that were dependent on osmotic stress. (asm.org)

The Pfeffer cell was developed for the measurement of osmotic pressure. (wikipedia.org)
The actual measurement of osmotic pressure had to wait for over a century, until the German chemist Moritz Traube showed in 1867 that artificial semipermeable membranes could be made using gelatin tannate or copper ferrocyanide. (wordpress.com)

Both compartments are in a stationary osmotic state. (oatext.com)

what is the total pressure in the container at equilibrium? (jiskha.com)
A(g) + B(g) What is the equilibrium pressure of A(g) and B(g) above AB(s) at 300K? (jiskha.com)
The phenomenon is called osmosis, and at equilibrium the osmotic pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure. (wordpress.com)

The osmotic coeffs. (uni-regensburg.de)
These models accurately reproduce the available osmotic coeffs. (uni-regensburg.de)

Anatomy11

Organisms7

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs51

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Phenomena and Processes57

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science1

Health Care3

Aggregation of deoxyhemoglobin S at low concentrations. (1/2823)

Volume regulation following hypotonic shock in isolated crypts of mouse distal colon. (2/2823)

Mechanosensitive channel functions to alleviate the cell lysis of marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, by osmotic downshock. (3/2823)

Stress- and cell type-dependent regulation of transfected c-Jun N-terminal kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase isoforms. (4/2823)

Osmosensing by bacteria: signals and membrane-based sensors. (5/2823)

Functional consensus for mammalian osmotic response elements. (6/2823)

Membrane fusion promoters and inhibitors have contrasting effects on lipid bilayer structure and undulations. (7/2823)

Mechanism of exercise-induced ocular hypotension. (8/2823)

Osmotic Pressure

Pressure

Osmosis

Colloids

Blood Pressure

Hydrostatic Pressure

Osmolar Concentration

Water-Electrolyte Balance

Hypertonic Solutions

Sodium Chloride

Water

Hypoproteinemia

Blood Pressure Determination

Extracellular Fluid

Salts

Phenylmercury Compounds

Sucrose

Isotonic Solutions

Transducers, Pressure

Hypertension

Viscosity

Solutions

Intracranial Pressure

Intraocular Pressure

Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory

Dextrans

Plasma Substitutes

Pulmonary Wedge Pressure

Air Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure

Permeability

Models, Biological

Serum Albumin

Venous Pressure

Hypotonic Solutions

Time Factors

Plasma Volume

Capillary Permeability

Betaine

Saline Solution, Hypertonic

Glycols

Supraoptic Nucleus

Blood Proteins

Sodium

Pulmonary Edema

Glucose Solution, Hypertonic

Arterial Pressure

Ventricular Pressure

Edema

Heart Rate

Temperature

Biophysics

Extracellular Space

Rana temporaria

Ions

Ultrafiltration

Electrolytes

Mathematics

Body Fluids

Polyvinyl Alcohol

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Polymers

Osmotic Fragility

Albumins

Mannitol

Serum Albumin, Bovine

Glycerol

Camphor 5-Monooxygenase

Potassium

Hemodynamics

Central Venous Pressure

Dogs

Body Water

Cell Membrane Permeability

Preservatives, Pharmaceutical

Antihypertensive Agents

Diuresis

Thermodynamics

Surface Tension

Gels