Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.
A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.
An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.
Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.
An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide.
Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.
Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.
A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.
Compounds containing carbon-phosphorus bonds in which the phosphorus component is also bonded to one or more sulfur atoms. Many of these compounds function as CHOLINERGIC AGENTS and as INSECTICIDES.
A mixture of isomeric tritolyl phosphates. Used in the sterilization of certain surgical instruments and in many industrial processes.
Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.
The development by insects of resistance to insecticides.
Drugs used to reverse the inactivation of cholinesterase caused by organophosphates or sulfonates. They are an important component of therapy in agricultural, industrial, and military poisonings by organophosphates and sulfonates.
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.
An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB)
Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during WARFARE.
A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the three ester bonds in a phosphotriester-containing compound.
The active insecticidal constituent of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIIFOLIUM flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.
An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.
Cholinesterases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of acetylcholine and other choline esters, playing crucial roles in the termination of impulse transmission at cholinergic synapses and neuro-muscular junctions, and in the metabolism of certain drugs and toxic substances.
An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.
Derivatives of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH. Included under this heading are N-substituted and O-substituted carbamic acids. In general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as POLYURETHANES. Note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of ISOCYANATES and the singular term URETHANE refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid.
An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of an aryl-dialkyl phosphate to form dialkyl phosphate and an aryl alcohol. It can hydrolyze a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. It may also mediate an enzymatic protection of LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to ATHEROMA formation. The enzyme was previously regarded to be identical with Arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2).
A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.
An aspect of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).
Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Neurologic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances through ingestion, injection, cutaneous application, or other method. This includes conditions caused by biologic, chemical, and pharmaceutical agents.
Diseases in persons engaged in cultivating and tilling soil, growing plants, harvesting crops, raising livestock, or otherwise engaged in husbandry and farming. The diseases are not restricted to farmers in the sense of those who perform conventional farm chores: the heading applies also to those engaged in the individual activities named above, as in those only gathering harvest or in those only dusting crops.
A compound used as a topical insect repellent that may cause irritation to eyes and mucous membranes, but not to the skin.
An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.
Various salts of a quaternary ammonium oxime that reconstitute inactivated acetylcholinesterase, especially at the neuromuscular junction, and may cause neuromuscular blockade. They are used as antidotes to organophosphorus poisoning as chlorides, iodides, methanesulfonates (mesylates), or other salts.
Esterases are hydrolase enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds, converting esters into alcohols and acids, playing crucial roles in various biological processes including metabolism and detoxification.
A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS.
Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc.
Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination.
A species of mosquito in the genus Anopheles and the principle vector of MALARIA in Africa.
A subclass of G-protein coupled SEROTONIN receptors that couple preferentially to the GQ-G11 G-PROTEINS resulting in increased intracellular levels of INOSITOL PHOSPHATES and free CALCIUM.
A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection, inhalation of or exposure to a deleterious agent.
Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of POISONS.
An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.
The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.
An organothiophosphate insecticide.
Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxylic acid esters with the formation of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid anion.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) commonly found in tropical regions. Species of this genus are vectors for ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS as well as many other diseases of man and domestic and wild animals.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
The reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means.
A polychlorinated pesticide that is resistant to destruction by light and oxidation. Its unusual stability has resulted in difficulties in residue removal from water, soil, and foodstuffs. This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Carboxylesterase is a serine-dependent esterase with wide substrate specificity. The enzyme is involved in the detoxification of XENOBIOTICS and the activation of ester and of amide PRODRUGS.
A CELL LINE derived from a PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA of the rat ADRENAL MEDULLA. PC12 cells stop dividing and undergo terminal differentiation when treated with NERVE GROWTH FACTOR, making the line a useful model system for NERVE CELL differentiation.
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

A toxicokinetic model to assess the risk of azinphosmethyl exposure in humans through measures of urinary elimination of alkylphosphates. (1/724)

Azinphosmethyl (APM) is one of the most common insecticides used in fruit farming. The object of this paper is to develop a quick and practical test for assessing the risk for humans coming into contact with APM. It has been shown that the principal component of occupational and/or accidental exposure is through the skin (C. A. Franklin et al., 1981, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 7, 715-731), but our approach is applicable to exposures via any route or a combination of routes. The method proposed in the present paper can accommodate a single-event exposure or repeated exposures over long periods. Urinary alkylphosphate (AP) metabolites are reliable bioindicators of the presence of APM in the body; they are easily accessible and can be used to estimate APM body burden. We developed a simple toxicokinetic model to link the time varying APM body burden to absorbed doses and to rates of elimination in the form of AP urinary metabolites. Using this model and data available in the literature, we are able to propose a "no observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL) for APM body levels and for corresponding absorbed doses. We have established that after a single exposure, the safe limit corresponding to the NOAEL is reached at a cumulative 0.215 mumoles AP/kg bw eliminated in urine in the first 24 hours following the beginning of exposure. For repeated daily exposures at steady state, the corresponding urinary AP metabolite level is equal to a cumulative 0.266 mumoles AP/kg bw eliminated per 24 hours.  (+info)

Mechanistic alternatives in phosphate monoester hydrolysis: what conclusions can be drawn from available experimental data? (2/724)

Phosphate monoester hydrolysis reactions in enzymes and solution are often discussed in terms of whether the reaction pathway is associative or dissociative. Although experimental results for solution reactions have usually been considered as evidence for the second alternative, a closer thermodynamic analysis of observed linear free energy relationships shows that experimental information is consistent with the associative, concerted and dissociative alternatives.  (+info)

EnvZ-independent phosphotransfer signaling pathway of the OmpR-mediated osmoregulatory expression of OmpC and OmpF in Escherichia coli. (3/724)

The Escherichia coli EnvZ-OmpR regulatory system is a paradigm of intracellular signal transduction mediated by the well-documented phosphotransfer mechanism, by which the expression of the major outer membrane proteins, OmpC and OmpF, is regulated in response to the medium osmolarity. Although it is clear that the EnvZ histidine(His)-kinase is the major player in the phosphorylation of OmpR, it has been assumed for some time that there may be an alternative phospho-donor(s) that can phosphorylate OmpR under certain in vitro and in vivo conditions. In this study, to address this long-standing issue, extensive genetic studies were done with certain mutant alleles, including delta envZ, delta(ackA-pta), and delta sixA, as well as delta ompR. Here, for the first time, genetic evidence is provided that, in addition to EnvZ, acetyl phosphate and an as yet unidentified sensor His-kinase can serve as alternative in vivo phospho-donors for OmpR, even in the envZ+ background. A model for the alternative phosphotransfer signaling pathway involved in the phosphorylation of OmpR is proposed.  (+info)

Vitamin B6 biosynthesis: formation of pyridoxine 5'-phosphate from 4-(phosphohydroxy)-L-threonine and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate by PdxA and PdxJ protein. (4/724)

In Escherichia coli the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is synthesised de novo by a pathway that is thought to involve the condensation of 4-(phosphohydroxy)-L-threonine and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose, catalysed by the enzymes PdxA and PdxJ, to form either pyridoxine (vitamin B6) or pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP). Here we show that incubation of PdxJ with PdxA, 4-(phosphohydroxy)-L-threonine, NAD and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate, but not 1-deoxy-D-xylulose, results in the formation of PNP. The PNP formed was characterised by (i) cochromatography with an authentic standard, (ii) conversion to pyridoxine by alkaline phosphatase treatment, and (iii) UV and fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, when [2-(14)C]1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate was used as a substrate, the radioactivity was incorporated into PNP. These results clarify the previously unknown role of PdxJ in the de novo PLP biosynthetic pathway. The sugar used as substrate by PdxJ is 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate rather than the previously assumed 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. The first vitamin B6 vitamer synthesised is PNP, and not pyridoxine.  (+info)

Conservation of nitrogen in cattle feedlot waste with urease inhibitors. (5/724)

Feedlot cattle normally retain less than 20% of their dietary nitrogen intake. Sixty to 80% of the nitrogen excreted is normally lost through volatilization of ammonia, which is primarily generated from urea. This loss of ammonia nitrogen pollutes the environment and creates an unfavorable ratio of nitrogen to phosphorous (N:P) in the waste for crop growth. Two urease inhibitors, cyclohexylphosphoric triamide (CHPT) and N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) were evaluated for their ability to reduce the rate of urea hydrolysis in beef cattle feedlot pens. Initially, a total of six pens were used, two pens per treatment, with approximately 70 cattle per pen, and a single topical application of CHPT or NBPT at 20 mg/kg of manure. Essentially no urea was found in untreated pens. However, with CHPT treatment, 2 g of urea/kg of dry manure accumulated by d 4, and all gradually disappeared by d 11; NBPT conserved 3 and 3.5 g of urea/kg by d 4 and 9, respectively, and it had disappeared by d 14 (treatment [trt] x day, P = .003). A second study involved application of NBPT weekly for 6 wk. This caused urea to accumulate to a peak concentration of 17 g/kg of manure by d 30 (trt x day2, P = .001). Once the treatment was stopped the urea concentration began to decrease. When the NBPT was applied weekly, the concentration of ammonia in the waste was less for the treated pens (trt x day, P = .01), the total nitrogen was greater (trt x day, P = .04), pH tended to be lower (trt x day, P = .10), and the total volatile acids were not different (trt x day, P = .51) from untreated pens. We concluded that urease inhibitors could be used to control ammonia emissions from animal wastes, prevent environmental damage, and produce a more balanced (N:P) fertilizer from manure.  (+info)

Calcium dependence of Pi phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase at low water content: water dependence of the E2-->E1 conversion. (6/724)

Enzymes entrapped in reverse micelles can be studied in low-water environments that have the potential of restricting conformational mobility in specific steps of the reaction cycle. Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase was incorporated into a reverse-micelle system (TPT) composed of toluene, phospholipids, Triton X-100 and varying amounts of water (0.5-7%, v/v). Phosphorylation of the Ca2+-ATPase by ATP required the presence of both water and Ca2+ in the micelles. No phosphoenzyme (EP) was detected in the presence of EGTA. Phosphorylation by Pi (inorganic phosphate) in the absence of Ca2+ was observed at water content below that necessary for phosphorylation by ATP. In contrast to what is observed in a totally aqueous medium, EP formed by Pi was partially resistant to dephosphorylation by Ca2+. However, the addition of non-radioactive Pi to the EP already formed caused a rapid decrease in radiolabelled enzymes, as expected for the isotopic dilution, indicating the existence of an equilibrium (E+Pi<-->EP). Phosphorylation by Pi also occurred in TPT containing millimolar Ca2+ concentrations in a range of water concentrations (2-5% v/v). The substrates p-nitrophenyl phosphate, acetyl phosphate, ATP and GTP increased the EP level under these conditions. These results suggest that: (1) the rate of conversion of the ATPase conformer E2 into E1 is greatly reduced at low water content, so that E2-->E1 becomes the rate-limiting step of the catalytic cycle; and (2) in media of low water content, Pi can phosphorylate both E1Ca and E2. Thus, the effect of enzyme hydration is complex and involves changes in the phosphorylation reaction at the catalytic site, in the equilibrium between E2 and E1 conformers, and in their specificity for substrates.  (+info)

Formation of adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate from the acyl phosphate intermediate: a difference between the MurC and MurD synthetases of Escherichia coli. (7/724)

The mechanism of the Mur synthetases of peptidoglycan biosynthesis is thought to involve in each case the successive formation of an acyl phosphate and a tetrahedral intermediate. The existence of the acyl phosphates for the MurC and MurD enzymes from Escherichia coli was firmly established by their in situ reduction by sodium borohydride followed by acid hydrolysis, yielding the corresponding amino alcohols. Furthermore, it was found that MurD, but not MurC, catalyses the synthesis of adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate from the acyl phosphate, thereby substantiating its existence and pointing out a difference between the two enzymes.  (+info)

Stimulated activity of human topoisomerases IIalpha and IIbeta on RNA-containing substrates. (8/724)

Eukaryotic topoisomerase II is a dimeric nuclear enzyme essential for DNA metabolism and chromosome dynamics. Central to the activities of the enzyme is its ability to introduce transient double-stranded breaks in the DNA helix, where the two subunits of the enzyme become covalently attached to the generated 5'-ends through phosphotyrosine linkages. Here, we demonstrate that human topoisomerases IIalpha and IIbeta are able to cleave ribonucleotide-containing substrates. With suicide substrates, which are partially double-stranded molecules containing a 5'-recessed strand, cleavage of both strands was stimulated approximately 8-fold when a ribonucleotide rather than a deoxyribonucleotide was present at the scissile phosphodiester of the recessed strand. The existence of a ribonucleotide at the same position in a normal duplex substrate also enhanced topoisomerase II-mediated cleavage, although to a lesser extent. The enzyme covalently linked to the 5'-ribonucleotide in the cleavage complex efficiently performed ligation, and ligation occurred equally well to acceptor molecules terminated by either a 3'-ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide. Besides the enhanced topoisomerase II-mediated cleavage of ribonucleotide-containing substrates, cleavage of such substrates could be further stimulated by ATP or antitumor drugs. In conclusion, the observed in vitro activities of the human topoisomerase II isoforms indicate that the enzymes can operate on RNA or RNA-containing substrates and thus might possess an intrinsic RNA topoisomerase activity, as has previously been demonstrated for Escherichia coli topoisomerase III.  (+info)

Organophosphates are a group of chemicals that include insecticides, herbicides, and nerve gases. They work by inhibiting an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which normally breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapse between nerves. This leads to an overaccumulation of acetylcholine, causing overstimulation of the nervous system and resulting in a wide range of symptoms such as muscle twitching, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, confusion, and potentially death due to respiratory failure. Organophosphates are highly toxic and their use is regulated due to the risks they pose to human health and the environment.

Diazinon is a type of organophosphate insecticide that works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft and results in overstimulation of cholinergic receptors. This can cause a variety of symptoms, including muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, and respiratory failure, which can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Diazinon is used to control a wide range of insect pests in agriculture, horticulture, and residential settings. However, it is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, including humans, and its use is regulated by environmental and public health agencies around the world. Exposure to diazinon can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and can cause acute and chronic health effects depending on the level and duration of exposure.

In the medical field, diazinon poisoning is treated with atropine, which blocks the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, and oximes, which reactivate acetylcholinesterase. Supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and fluid replacement, may also be necessary in severe cases.

Chlorpyrifos is a type of pesticide that belongs to the class of organophosphates. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and causes toxic effects in insects. Chlorpyrifos is used to control a wide variety of pests, including insects that infest crops, homes, and gardens. It is also used to protect wood from termites and other wood-boring insects.

Chlorpyrifos can be harmful to humans if it is ingested, inhaled, or comes into contact with the skin. Exposure to chlorpyrifos can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and muscle twitching. In severe cases, it can lead to respiratory failure, convulsions, and even death. Chlorpyrifos has been linked to developmental problems in children, including reduced IQ and attention deficit disorder. As a result, the use of chlorpyrifos in residential settings has been restricted in many countries.

Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.

Paraoxon is the active metabolite of the organophosphate insecticide parathion. It functions as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which means it prevents the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. This leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine and overstimulation of cholinergic receptors, causing a variety of symptoms such as muscle weakness, increased salivation, sweating, lacrimation, nausea, vomiting, and potentially fatal respiratory failure.

Paraoxon is also used in research and diagnostic settings to measure acetylcholinesterase activity. It can be used to determine the degree of inhibition of this enzyme by various chemicals or toxins, including other organophosphate compounds.

Organophosphorus compounds are a class of chemical substances that contain phosphorus bonded to organic compounds. They are used in various applications, including as plasticizers, flame retardants, pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and nerve gases), and solvents. In medicine, they are also used in the treatment of certain conditions such as glaucoma. However, organophosphorus compounds can be toxic to humans and animals, particularly those that affect the nervous system by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Exposure to these compounds can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, respiratory failure and death.

Cholinesterase inhibitors are a class of drugs that work by blocking the action of cholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body. By inhibiting this enzyme, the levels of acetylcholine in the brain increase, which can help to improve symptoms of cognitive decline and memory loss associated with conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.

Cholinesterase inhibitors are also used to treat other medical conditions, including myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disorder that causes muscle weakness, and glaucoma, a condition that affects the optic nerve and can lead to vision loss. Some examples of cholinesterase inhibitors include donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), and rivastigmine (Exelon).

It's important to note that while cholinesterase inhibitors can help to improve symptoms in some people with dementia, they do not cure the underlying condition or stop its progression. Side effects of these drugs may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased salivation. In rare cases, they may also cause seizures, fainting, or cardiac arrhythmias.

Organophosphate (OP) poisoning refers to the toxic effects that occur after exposure to organophosphate compounds, which are commonly used as pesticides, nerve agents, and plasticizers. These substances work by irreversibly inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the nervous system. As a result, excessive accumulation of acetylcholine leads to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors, causing a wide range of symptoms.

The severity and type of symptoms depend on the dose, duration, and route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption). The primary manifestations of organophosphate poisoning are:

1. Muscarinic effects: Excess acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system results in symptoms such as narrowed pupils (miosis), increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, bronchorrhea (excessive respiratory secretions), diarrhea, bradycardia (decreased heart rate), and hypotension.
2. Nicotinic effects: Overstimulation of nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction leads to muscle fasciculations, weakness, and paralysis. This can also cause tachycardia (increased heart rate) and hypertension.
3. Central nervous system effects: OP poisoning may result in headache, dizziness, confusion, seizures, coma, and respiratory depression.

Treatment for organophosphate poisoning includes decontamination, supportive care, and administration of antidotes such as atropine (to block muscarinic effects) and pralidoxime (to reactivate acetylcholinesterase). Delayed treatment can lead to long-term neurological damage or even death.

Parathion is not a medical term, but a chemical one. It refers to a type of organophosphate insecticide that is highly toxic and can be absorbed through the skin or ingested. Parathion works by inhibiting an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an overstimulation of the nervous system and can cause symptoms such as muscle twitching, convulsions, respiratory failure, and death. Although parathion is not used in medical treatments, it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of its potential health effects, particularly in cases of accidental or intentional exposure.

Organothiophosphorus compounds are a class of chemical compounds that contain carbon (organo-) and thiophosphorus bonds. Thiophosphorus refers to a phosphorus atom bonded to one or more sulfur atoms. These compounds have various applications, including use as plasticizers, flame retardants, insecticides (such as malathion and parathion), and nerve agents (such as sarin and VX). They can be synthesized through the reaction of organolithium or Grignard reagents with thiophosphoryl chloride. The general structure of these compounds is R-P(=S)Y, where R is an organic group, P is phosphorus, and Y is a group that determines the properties and reactivity of the compound.

Tritolyl phosphates are not a medical term, but rather a class of industrial chemicals. They are organophosphate esters made from the reaction of toluene with phosphoric acid. These chemicals have various uses, including as plasticizers, flame retardants, and hydraulic fluids.

Exposure to high levels of tritolyl phosphates can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. However, they are not typically considered a significant health concern at the low levels encountered in most occupational or environmental settings. There is no known medical condition specifically associated with "tritolyl phosphates."

Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or repelling pests. Pests can be insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, or other organisms that can cause damage to crops, animals, or humans and their living conditions. The term "pesticide" includes all of the following: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, bactericides, and various other substances used to control pests.

It is important to note that while pesticides are designed to be toxic to the target pests, they can also pose risks to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it is essential to follow all label instructions and safety precautions when handling and applying pesticides.

Insecticide resistance is a genetic selection process in insect populations that allows them to survive and reproduce despite exposure to insecticides. It's the result of changes in the genetic makeup of insects, which can be caused by natural selection when insecticides are used repeatedly. Over time, this leads to the prevalence of genes that provide resistance to the insecticide, making the pest control methods less effective. Insecticide resistance is a significant challenge in public health and agriculture, as it can reduce the efficacy of interventions aimed at controlling disease-carrying insects or protecting crops from pests.

Cholinesterase reactivators are a type of medication used to reverse the effects of certain types of poisoning, particularly organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, as well as nerve agents. These chemicals work by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which normally breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body. This can lead to an overaccumulation of acetylcholine and result in symptoms such as muscle weakness, seizures, and respiratory failure.

Cholinesterase reactivators, also known as oximes, work by reactivating the inhibited enzyme and allowing it to resume its normal function. The most commonly used cholinesterase reactivator is pralidoxime (2-PAM), which is often administered in combination with atropine to treat organophosphate poisoning.

It's important to note that cholinesterase reactivators are not effective against all types of nerve agents or pesticides, and their use should be determined by a medical professional based on the specific type of poisoning involved. Additionally, these medications can have side effects and should only be administered under medical supervision.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter, into choline and acetic acid. This enzyme plays a crucial role in regulating the transmission of nerve impulses across the synapse, the junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle fiber.

Acetylcholinesterase is located in the synaptic cleft, the narrow gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. When ACh is released from the presynaptic membrane and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, it triggers a response in the target cell. Acetylcholinesterase rapidly breaks down ACh, terminating its action and allowing for rapid cycling of neurotransmission.

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase leads to an accumulation of ACh in the synaptic cleft, prolonging its effects on the postsynaptic membrane. This can result in excessive stimulation of cholinergic receptors and overactivation of the cholinergic system, which may cause a range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, fasciculations, sweating, salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, bradycardia, and bronchoconstriction.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used in the treatment of various medical conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, myasthenia gravis, and glaucoma. However, they can also be used as chemical weapons, such as nerve agents, due to their ability to disrupt the nervous system and cause severe toxicity.

Dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide that was widely used in the past for agricultural and household pest control. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Dieldrin has high toxicity to both insects and mammals, including humans. It can cause a range of harmful health effects, such as seizures, damage to the nervous system, and liver and kidney damage. Dieldrin was banned for most uses in the United States in 1974 due to its persistence in the environment and potential to accumulate in the food chain. It is now classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP) and is regulated under international treaties.

Chemical warfare agents are defined as chemical substances that are intended or have the capability to cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation, or sensory irritation through their toxic properties when deployed in a military theater. These agents can be in gaseous, liquid, or solid form and are typically categorized based on their physiological effects. Common categories include nerve agents (e.g., sarin, VX), blister agents (e.g., mustard gas), choking agents (e.g., phosgene), blood agents (e.g., cyanide), and incapacitating agents (e.g., BZ). The use of chemical warfare agents is prohibited by international law under the Chemical Weapons Convention.

Phosphoric triester hydrolases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric triesters into corresponding alcohols and phosphates. These enzymes play a crucial role in the detoxification of organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents, as well as in the metabolism of various endogenous compounds.

The term "phosphoric triester hydrolases" is often used interchangeably with "phosphotriesterases" or "organophosphorus hydrolases." These enzymes are characterized by their ability to cleave the P-O-C bond in phosphoric triesters, releasing a free alcohol and a diethyl phosphate moiety.

Phosphoric triester hydrolases have attracted significant interest due to their potential applications in bioremediation, biosensors, and therapeutics. However, it is important to note that the specificity and efficiency of these enzymes can vary widely depending on the structure and properties of the target compounds.

Pyrethrins are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds extracted from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Chrysanthemum coccineum. They have been used for centuries as insecticides due to their ability to disrupt the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and death. Pyrethrins are composed of six esters, pyrethrin I and II, cinerin I and II, and jasmolin I and II, which have different insecticidal properties but share a similar mode of action. They are commonly used in household insect sprays, pet shampoos, and agricultural applications to control a wide range of pests. However, pyrethrins can be toxic to fish and some beneficial insects, so they must be used with caution.

Sarin is a potent and deadly nerve agent, a type of organic compound called a phosphoro-organic fluid. It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid, which is also known as GB. Sarin is a human-made chemical warfare agent that is considered a weapon of mass destruction and is banned under the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993.

Sarin works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body. This leads to an overaccumulation of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junctions and synapses, causing uncontrolled muscle contractions, paralysis, respiratory failure, and ultimately death if not treated promptly.

Exposure to Sarin can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Symptoms of exposure include runny nose, tightness in the chest, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, blurred vision, and confusion. Immediate medical attention is required for anyone exposed to Sarin, as antidotes such as atropine and pralidoxime can be administered to counteract its effects.

Cholinesterases are a group of enzymes that play an essential role in the nervous system by regulating the transmission of nerve impulses. They work by breaking down a type of chemical messenger called acetylcholine, which is released by nerves to transmit signals to other nerves or muscles.

There are two main types of cholinesterases: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). AChE is found primarily in the nervous system, where it rapidly breaks down acetylcholine to terminate nerve impulses. BChE, on the other hand, is found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver and plasma, and plays a less specific role in breaking down various substances, including some drugs and toxins.

Inhibition of cholinesterases can lead to an accumulation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, which can result in excessive stimulation of nerve impulses and muscle contractions. This effect is exploited by certain medications used to treat conditions such as myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer's disease, and glaucoma, but can also be caused by exposure to certain chemicals or toxins, such as organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents.

Fenitrothion is a type of organophosphate pesticide that is used to control a wide variety of insects. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and results in nervous system dysfunction in insects.

Fenitrothion is used to control pests in agricultural settings, as well as in public health programs to combat vectors of diseases such as mosquitoes and lice. However, it can also have toxic effects on non-target organisms, including humans, and has been linked to a variety of health problems, including neurological damage and cancer. As a result, its use is regulated in many countries, and there are restrictions on the amount that can be applied and the circumstances under which it can be used.

Carbamates are a group of organic compounds that contain the carbamate functional group, which is a carbon atom double-bonded to oxygen and single-bonded to a nitrogen atom (> N-C=O). In the context of pharmaceuticals and agriculture, carbamates are a class of drugs and pesticides that have carbamate as their core structure.

Carbamate insecticides work by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapses of the nervous system. When this enzyme is inhibited, acetylcholine accumulates in the synaptic cleft, leading to overstimulation of the nervous system and ultimately causing paralysis and death in insects.

Carbamate drugs are used for a variety of medical indications, including as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, and psychotropic medications. They work by modulating various neurotransmitter systems in the brain, such as GABA, glutamate, and dopamine. Carbamates can also be used as anti- parasitic agents, such as ivermectin, which is effective against a range of parasites including nematodes, arthropods, and some protozoa.

It's important to note that carbamate pesticides can be toxic to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it's essential to follow all safety guidelines when handling or using these products.

Aryldialkylphosphatases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of certain types of organophosphate compounds. Specifically, they break down compounds that contain an aryl (aromatic) group linked to two alkyl groups through a phosphorus atom. These enzymes play a role in the detoxification of these compounds in living organisms.

The medical definition of 'Aryldialkylphosphatase' is not commonly used, as it refers to a specific type of enzyme that is not typically discussed in a clinical context. However, understanding the function of these enzymes can be important for toxicologists and other researchers who study the effects of organophosphate compounds on living systems.

Malathion is a type of organophosphate pesticide that is widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for the control of various insect pests. It works by inhibiting an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which leads to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapses, resulting in overstimulation of the nervous system and ultimately death of the insect.

In a medical context, malathion is also used as a topical treatment for head lice infestations. It is available in various forms, such as shampoos, lotions, and sprays, and works by killing the lice and their eggs on contact. However, it is important to follow the instructions carefully when using malathion products to avoid excessive exposure and potential health risks.

Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of esters of choline, including butyrylcholine and acetylcholine. It is found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver, brain, and plasma. BChE plays a role in the metabolism of certain drugs and neurotransmitters, and its activity can be inhibited by certain chemicals, such as organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents. Elevated levels of BChE have been found in some neurological disorders, while decreased levels have been associated with genetic deficiencies and liver disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Phosphites" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is a term more frequently used in chemistry and biochemistry, where it refers to salts or esters of phosphorous acid in which the phosphorus has an oxidation state of +3. If you're looking for information on a medical topic, could you please provide more context or clarify what you're asking? I'm here to help!

Neurotoxicity syndromes refer to a group of conditions caused by exposure to neurotoxins, which are substances that can damage the structure or function of the nervous system. Neurotoxicity syndromes can affect both the central and peripheral nervous systems and may cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the type and severity of the exposure.

Symptoms of neurotoxicity syndromes may include:

* Headache
* Dizziness
* Tremors or shaking
* Difficulty with coordination or balance
* Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
* Vision problems
* Memory loss or difficulty concentrating
* Seizures or convulsions
* Mood changes, such as depression or anxiety

Neurotoxicity syndromes can be caused by exposure to a variety of substances, including heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and arsenic), pesticides, solvents, and certain medications. In some cases, neurotoxicity syndromes may be reversible with treatment, while in other cases, the damage may be permanent.

Prevention is key in avoiding neurotoxicity syndromes, and it is important to follow safety guidelines when working with or around potential neurotoxins. If exposure does occur, prompt medical attention is necessary to minimize the risk of long-term health effects.

"Agricultural Workers' Diseases" is a term used to describe a variety of health conditions and illnesses that are associated with agricultural work. These can include both acute and chronic conditions, and can be caused by a range of factors including exposure to chemicals, dusts, allergens, physical injuries, and biological agents such as bacteria and viruses.

Some common examples of Agricultural Workers' Diseases include:

1. Pesticide poisoning: This can occur when agricultural workers are exposed to high levels of pesticides or other chemicals used in farming. Symptoms can range from mild skin irritation to severe neurological damage, depending on the type and amount of chemical exposure.
2. Respiratory diseases: Agricultural workers can be exposed to a variety of dusts and allergens that can cause respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and farmer's lung. These conditions are often caused by prolonged exposure to moldy hay, grain dust, or other organic materials.
3. Musculoskeletal injuries: Agricultural workers are at risk of developing musculoskeletal injuries due to the physical demands of their job. This can include back pain, repetitive strain injuries, and sprains and strains from lifting heavy objects.
4. Zoonotic diseases: Agricultural workers who come into contact with animals are at risk of contracting zoonotic diseases, which are illnesses that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Examples include Q fever, brucellosis, and leptospirosis.
5. Heat-related illnesses: Agricultural workers who work outside in hot weather are at risk of heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Prevention of Agricultural Workers' Diseases involves a combination of engineering controls, personal protective equipment, and training to help workers understand the risks associated with their job and how to minimize exposure to hazards.

DEET is a common abbreviation for N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, which is a widely used active ingredient in insect repellents. It works by blocking the ability of insects to sense the presence of humans, making it difficult for them to land and bite. DEET can provide long-lasting protection against a variety of insects, including mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods.

DEET is available in various forms, such as lotions, sprays, and wipes, and its concentration can range from 5% to 100%. Higher concentrations provide longer protection but may also increase the risk of skin irritation and other adverse effects. It is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions when using DEET-containing products and avoid applying them to broken or damaged skin, eyes, mouth, and mucous membranes.

DEET has been extensively studied for its safety and efficacy, and it is considered safe for use by people of all ages, including pregnant and breastfeeding women. However, it should be used with caution in young children due to their higher surface area-to-mass ratio and the potential for accidental ingestion or eye contact. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends using DEET products with a concentration of no more than 30% on children over two months of age.

Dichlorvos is a type of organophosphate insecticide that is used to control a wide variety of pests in agricultural, residential, and industrial settings. Its chemical formula is (2,2-dichlorovinyl) dimethyl phosphate. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic clefts of nerve cells, causing overstimulation of the nervous system and ultimately death of the pest.

Dichlorvos is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, including humans. Exposure to this chemical can cause a range of symptoms, including headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, respiratory failure and death. It is classified as a Category I acute toxicant by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and is listed as a hazardous substance under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA).

Due to its high toxicity and potential for environmental persistence, dichlorvos is subject to strict regulations in many countries. It is banned or restricted for use in several jurisdictions, including the European Union, Canada, and some states in the United States. Where it is still allowed, it is typically used only under specific conditions and with appropriate safety measures in place.

Pralidoxime compounds are a type of antidote used to treat poisoning from organophosphate nerve agents and pesticides. These compounds work by reactivating the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which is inhibited by organophosphates. This helps to restore the normal functioning of the nervous system and can save lives in cases of severe poisoning.

Pralidoxime is often used in combination with atropine, another antidote that blocks the effects of excess acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. Together, these compounds can help to manage the symptoms of organophosphate poisoning and prevent long-term neurological damage.

It is important to note that pralidoxime must be administered as soon as possible after exposure to organophosphates, as its effectiveness decreases over time. This makes rapid diagnosis and treatment crucial in cases of suspected nerve agent or pesticide poisoning.

Esterases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in esters, producing alcohols and carboxylic acids. They are widely distributed in plants, animals, and microorganisms and play important roles in various biological processes, such as metabolism, digestion, and detoxification.

Esterases can be classified into several types based on their substrate specificity, including carboxylesterases, cholinesterases, lipases, and phosphatases. These enzymes have different structures and mechanisms of action but all share the ability to hydrolyze esters.

Carboxylesterases are the most abundant and diverse group of esterases, with a wide range of substrate specificity. They play important roles in the metabolism of drugs, xenobiotics, and lipids. Cholinesterases, on the other hand, specifically hydrolyze choline esters, such as acetylcholine, which is an important neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Lipases are a type of esterase that preferentially hydrolyzes triglycerides and plays a crucial role in fat digestion and metabolism. Phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups from various molecules, including esters, and have important functions in signal transduction and other cellular processes.

Esterases can also be used in industrial applications, such as in the production of biodiesel, detergents, and food additives. They are often produced by microbial fermentation or extracted from plants and animals. The use of esterases in biotechnology is an active area of research, with potential applications in biofuel production, bioremediation, and medical diagnostics.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Isoflurophate" does not appear to be a recognized term in medical or scientific literature. It is possible that there may be a spelling error or typo in the term you are looking for. If you meant "Isoflurane," which is a commonly used anesthetic in medical and surgical procedures, I can provide a definition for that.

Isoflurane: A volatile halogenated ether liquid used as an inhalational general anesthetic agent. It has a rapid onset and offset of action, making it useful for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Isoflurane is also known to have bronchodilatory properties, which can be beneficial in patients with reactive airway disease or asthma.

Oximes are a class of chemical compounds that contain the functional group =N-O-, where two organic groups are attached to the nitrogen atom. In a clinical context, oximes are used as antidotes for nerve agent and pesticide poisoning. The most commonly used oxime in medicine is pralidoxime (2-PAM), which is used to reactivate acetylcholinesterase that has been inhibited by organophosphorus compounds, such as nerve agents and certain pesticides. These compounds work by forming a bond with the phosphoryl group of the inhibited enzyme, allowing for its reactivation and restoration of normal neuromuscular function.

Agrochemicals are a broad range of chemical products used in agriculture to enhance crop production and protect plants from pests. They include fertilizers, which provide nutrients to plants, and pesticides, which include herbicides (weed killers), insecticides (insect killers), fungicides (fungus killers), and other substances used to control pests. Agrochemicals are used to improve crop yield, quality, and resistance to environmental stressors, but their use can also have negative impacts on the environment and human health if not managed properly.

Pesticide residues refer to the remaining pesticide chemicals, including their metabolites and degradation products, that are present in or on food commodities or environmental samples after a pesticide application has ended. These residues can result from agricultural use, such as spraying crops to control pests, or from non-agricultural uses, like treating buildings for termite control.

Regulatory agencies establish maximum residue limits (MRLs) to ensure that the levels of pesticide residues in food and feed are below those that may pose a risk to human health. Monitoring programs are in place to check compliance with these MRLs, and enforcement actions can be taken if violations occur.

It's important to note that not all pesticide residues are harmful, as some pesticides degrade into harmless compounds over time or leave behind residues below levels of concern for human health. However, long-term exposure to even low levels of certain pesticide residues may still pose a risk and should be avoided when possible.

'Anopheles gambiae' is a species of mosquito that is a major vector for the transmission of malaria. The female Anopheles gambiae mosquito bites primarily during the nighttime hours and preferentially feeds on human blood, which allows it to transmit the Plasmodium parasite that causes malaria. This species is widely distributed throughout much of Africa and is responsible for transmitting a significant proportion of the world's malaria cases.

The Anopheles gambiae complex actually consists of several closely related species or forms, which can be difficult to distinguish based on morphological characteristics alone. However, advances in molecular techniques have allowed for more accurate identification and differentiation of these species. Understanding the biology and behavior of Anopheles gambiae is crucial for developing effective strategies to control malaria transmission.

'Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2' refer to a specific family of serotonin receptors that are activated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT). These receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and are further divided into several subtypes, including 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C. They are widely distributed throughout the body, including the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory system.

The 5-HT2 receptors play a role in various physiological processes, such as neurotransmission, vasoconstriction, smooth muscle contraction, and cell growth regulation. They are also involved in several pathophysiological conditions, including psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, schizophrenia), migraine, cardiovascular diseases, and pulmonary hypertension.

The 5-HT2 receptors have been a focus of drug development for various therapeutic areas. For example, atypical antipsychotics used to treat schizophrenia work by blocking the 5-HT2A receptor, while certain migraine medications act as agonists at the 5-HT1B/1D and 5-HT2C receptors. However, drugs targeting these receptors must be carefully designed to avoid unwanted side effects, as activation or blockade of these receptors can have significant impacts on various physiological processes.

Poisoning is defined medically as the harmful, sometimes fatal, effect produced by a substance when it is introduced into or absorbed by living tissue. This can occur through various routes such as ingestion, inhalation, injection, or absorption through the skin. The severity of poisoning depends on the type and amount of toxin involved, the route of exposure, and the individual's age, health status, and susceptibility. Symptoms can range from mild irritation to serious conditions affecting multiple organs, and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, seizures, or unconsciousness. Immediate medical attention is required in cases of poisoning to prevent severe health consequences or death.

An antidote is a substance that can counteract the effects of a poison or toxin. It works by neutralizing, reducing, or eliminating the harmful effects of the toxic substance. Antidotes can be administered in various forms such as medications, vaccines, or treatments. They are often used in emergency situations to save lives and prevent serious complications from poisoning.

The effectiveness of an antidote depends on several factors, including the type and amount of toxin involved, the timing of administration, and the individual's response to treatment. In some cases, multiple antidotes may be required to treat a single poisoning incident. It is important to note that not all poisons have specific antidotes, and in such cases, supportive care and symptomatic treatment may be necessary.

Examples of common antidotes include:

* Naloxone for opioid overdose
* Activated charcoal for certain types of poisoning
* Digoxin-specific antibodies for digoxin toxicity
* Fomepizole for methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning
* Dimercaprol for heavy metal poisoning.

Mevinphos is not typically defined in a medical context, but it is a chemical compound with a well-defined identity. Mevinphos is an organophosphate insecticide that is used to control a wide variety of pests in agricultural settings. It functions by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that plays a critical role in the nervous system. This leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and results in symptoms such as muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, and eventually respiratory failure.

Exposure to mevinphos can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and it is highly toxic to both humans and animals. Symptoms of acute exposure may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, headache, dizziness, and difficulty breathing. Chronic exposure has been linked to neurological problems, including memory loss, confusion, and decreased cognitive function.

While mevinphos is not a medical term per se, it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of its potential health effects in order to provide appropriate care to individuals who have been exposed.

I apologize for any confusion, but "agriculture" is not a term that has a medical definition. Agriculture refers to the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants, and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. It is an important industry and practice that has been developed over thousands of years and continues to play a critical role in global food production and security.

Temefos is not a term that has a widely accepted medical definition. However, Temefos is an insecticide that belongs to the organophosphate group. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, leading to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and resulting in toxic effects on the nervous system.

Temefos is used to control a wide range of pests in agriculture, animal husbandry, and public health. It is also known as Abate, and it is commonly used in vector control programs to combat mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.

However, the use of Temefos is regulated due to its potential toxicity to non-target organisms, including humans. Therefore, it is essential to follow safety guidelines when handling this chemical to minimize exposure and potential health risks.

Carboxylic ester hydrolases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in carboxylic acid esters, producing alcohols and carboxylates. This group includes several subclasses of enzymes such as esterases, lipases, and thioesterases. These enzymes play important roles in various biological processes, including metabolism, detoxification, and signal transduction. They are widely used in industrial applications, such as the production of biodiesel, pharmaceuticals, and food ingredients.

'Culex' is a genus of mosquitoes that includes many species that are vectors for various diseases, such as West Nile virus, filariasis, and avian malaria. They are often referred to as "house mosquitoes" because they are commonly found in urban environments. These mosquitoes typically lay their eggs in standing water and have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found on all continents except Antarctica. The life cycle of Culex mosquitoes includes four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Both male and female adults feed on nectar, but only females require blood meals to lay eggs.

Occupational exposure refers to the contact of an individual with potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents as a result of their job or occupation. This can include exposure to hazardous substances such as chemicals, heavy metals, or dusts; physical agents such as noise, radiation, or ergonomic stressors; and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Occupational exposure can occur through various routes, including inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these hazards can increase the risk of developing acute or chronic health conditions, such as respiratory diseases, skin disorders, neurological damage, or cancer.

Employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to minimize occupational exposures through the implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and training programs. Regular monitoring and surveillance of workers' health can also help identify and prevent potential health hazards in the workplace.

'Mosquito Control' is not a medical term per se, but it is a public health concept that refers to the systematic reduction or elimination of mosquito populations through various methods to prevent or minimize the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. This multidisciplinary field involves entomologists, ecologists, engineers, and public health professionals working together to manage mosquito habitats, apply insecticides, and educate communities about personal protection measures. By controlling mosquito populations, we can significantly reduce the risk of contracting vector-borne illnesses such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, Zika virus, and West Nile virus, among others.

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a synthetic insecticide that was widely used in the mid-20th century to control agricultural pests and vector-borne diseases such as malaria. It belongs to a class of chemicals called organochlorines, which are known for their persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain.

DDT was first synthesized in 1874, but its insecticidal properties were not discovered until 1939. Its use as an insecticide became widespread during World War II, when it was used to control typhus and malaria-carrying lice and mosquitoes among troops. After the war, DDT was widely adopted for agricultural and public health purposes.

However, concerns about the environmental and human health effects of DDT led to its ban or severe restriction in many countries starting in the 1970s. The United States banned the use of DDT for most purposes in 1972, and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) prohibited its production and use globally in 2004, except in cases where there is a risk of vector-borne diseases.

DDT has been linked to several health problems, including reproductive effects, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. It is also highly persistent in the environment, with a half-life of up to 15 years in soil and up to 30 years in water. This means that DDT can accumulate in the food chain, posing risks to wildlife and humans who consume contaminated food or water.

In summary, DDT is a synthetic insecticide that was widely used in the mid-20th century but has been banned or restricted in many countries due to its environmental and health effects. It belongs to a class of chemicals called organochlorines, which are known for their persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain. DDT has been linked to several health problems, including reproductive effects, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption.

Carboxylesterase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds in carboxylic acid esters, producing alcohol and carboxylate products. These enzymes are widely distributed in various tissues, including the liver, intestines, and plasma. They play important roles in detoxification, metabolism, and the breakdown of xenobiotics (foreign substances) in the body.

Carboxylesterases can also catalyze the reverse reaction, forming esters from alcohols and carboxylates, which is known as transesterification or esterification. This activity has applications in industrial processes and biotechnology.

There are several families of carboxylesterases, with different substrate specificities, kinetic properties, and tissue distributions. These enzymes have been studied for their potential use in therapeutics, diagnostics, and drug delivery systems.

PC12 cells are a type of rat pheochromocytoma cell line, which are commonly used in scientific research. Pheochromocytomas are tumors that develop from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland, and PC12 cells are a subtype of these cells.

PC12 cells have several characteristics that make them useful for research purposes. They can be grown in culture and can be differentiated into a neuron-like phenotype when treated with nerve growth factor (NGF). This makes them a popular choice for studies involving neuroscience, neurotoxicity, and neurodegenerative disorders.

PC12 cells are also known to express various neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels, and other proteins that are relevant to neuronal function, making them useful for studying the mechanisms of drug action and toxicity. Additionally, PC12 cells can be used to study the regulation of cell growth and differentiation, as well as the molecular basis of cancer.

Nervous system diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. These diseases can affect various functions of the body, such as movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. They can be caused by genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or tumors. Examples of nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, stroke, and neuroinfections like meningitis and encephalitis. The symptoms and severity of these disorders can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and debilitating.

A biological assay is a method used in biology and biochemistry to measure the concentration or potency of a substance (like a drug, hormone, or enzyme) by observing its effect on living cells or tissues. This type of assay can be performed using various techniques such as:

1. Cell-based assays: These involve measuring changes in cell behavior, growth, or viability after exposure to the substance being tested. Examples include proliferation assays, apoptosis assays, and cytotoxicity assays.
2. Protein-based assays: These focus on measuring the interaction between the substance and specific proteins, such as enzymes or receptors. Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), radioimmunoassays (RIAs), and pull-down assays.
3. Genetic-based assays: These involve analyzing the effects of the substance on gene expression, DNA structure, or protein synthesis. Examples include quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays, reporter gene assays, and northern blotting.

Biological assays are essential tools in research, drug development, and diagnostic applications to understand biological processes and evaluate the potential therapeutic efficacy or toxicity of various substances.

Environmental exposure refers to the contact of an individual with any chemical, physical, or biological agent in the environment that can cause a harmful effect on health. These exposures can occur through various pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Examples of environmental exposures include air pollution, water contamination, occupational chemicals, and allergens. The duration and level of exposure, as well as the susceptibility of the individual, can all contribute to the risk of developing an adverse health effect.

Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.

In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.

Hydrolysis is a chemical process, not a medical one. However, it is relevant to medicine and biology.

Hydrolysis is the breakdown of a chemical compound due to its reaction with water, often resulting in the formation of two or more simpler compounds. In the context of physiology and medicine, hydrolysis is a crucial process in various biological reactions, such as the digestion of food molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Enzymes called hydrolases catalyze these hydrolysis reactions to speed up the breakdown process in the body.

"Newborn animals" refers to the very young offspring of animals that have recently been born. In medical terminology, newborns are often referred to as "neonates," and they are classified as such from birth until about 28 days of age. During this time period, newborn animals are particularly vulnerable and require close monitoring and care to ensure their survival and healthy development.

The specific needs of newborn animals can vary widely depending on the species, but generally, they require warmth, nutrition, hydration, and protection from harm. In many cases, newborns are unable to regulate their own body temperature or feed themselves, so they rely heavily on their mothers for care and support.

In medical settings, newborn animals may be examined and treated by veterinarians to ensure that they are healthy and receiving the care they need. This can include providing medical interventions such as feeding tubes, antibiotics, or other treatments as needed to address any health issues that arise. Overall, the care and support of newborn animals is an important aspect of animal medicine and conservation efforts.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Today, organophosphates make up about 50% of the killing agents in chemical insecticides.[failed verification] Organophosphate ... As of 2013, thirty-six types of organophosphates were registered for use in the United States. Organophosphates are currently ... Organophosphates (OPs) were among the most widely used insecticides until the 21st century. And until the mid 1990s, general ... Organophosphate pesticides degrade rapidly by hydrolysis on exposure to sunlight, air, and soil, although small amounts can be ...
... is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs). Organophosphates are used as insecticides, medications, ... Organophosphate poisoning has been reported at least since 1962. The symptoms of organophosphate poisoning include muscle ... beginning with the organophosphates. As part of that process, in 1999 the EPA announced a ban the use of organophosphate ... organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND ...
... (OPIDN), also called organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), is a ... Costa, Lucio G (2006). "Current issues in organophosphate toxicology". Clinica Chimica Acta. 366 (1-2): 1-13. doi:10.1016/j.cca ... "Cholinesterase Inhibitors - Organophosphate-Induced Delayed Neuropathy (OPIDN)". ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & Environmental ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Organophosphates, Neurological disorders, Toxic ...
"Organophosphates." Occupational Neurotoxicology. By Lucio G. Costa. N.p.: CRC LLC, 1998. 87-89. Print. Ruiz J, Blanche H, James ... PON was identified as an enzyme having organophosphates as its substrates. Reports of the geographic differences in population ... anti-microbial and organophosphate-hydrolyzing properties. Two of the most important known roles that Paraoxonases plays are in ... it lacks the ability to hydrolyze some of the organophosphate metabolites. Paraoxonase 3 is similar to type 1 in activity but ...
Organophosphates And Health. World Scientific. 2001. p. 159. ISBN 1783261439. "The Jake Walk Effect". Moonshine. Neurotoxicity ... Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), is a mixture of three isomeric organophosphate compounds most notably used as a flame retardant. ... This intermediate is able to inhibit neuropathy target esterase (NTE) and results in the classic organophosphate-induced ... Petroianu, G.A. (December 2016). "Neuropathic organophosphates: from Scrugham, Heim and Lorot to Jake leg paralysis". Die ...
Organophosphates: Alkylene phosphonic acids. Inorganic Compounds: Acids and accompanying salts Sodium chloride, used in ...
The organophosphates prepared on the largest scale are the zinc dithiophosphates, as additives for motor oil. Several million ... 47-73 in: Chambers, J.E., Levi, P.E. (eds.), Organophosphates: Chemistry, Fate, and Effects. Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN ... often relies on organophosphorus probes to interrogate enzyme activities Bihar school meal poisoning incident Organophosphates ...
... is an organophosphate, consisting of a phthalimide and a dithiophosphate ester, with two methyl groups. The structure ... Phosmet is a phthalimide-derived, non-systemic, organophosphate insecticide used on plants and animals. It is mainly used on ... Research on phosmet's (and other organophosphate/chlorine insecticides) effect on the placenta indicate that phosmet has been ... However, more research is needed on the consequences of phosmet and other organophosphates on placenta physiopathology. In ...
... symptoms of organophosphate poisoning can be used to identify victims of organophosphate poisoning. These symptoms are not ... Ingestion of organophosphates as residues on food rarely reaches clinically relevant doses. CID 10107 from PubChem [REFS. 1995 ... Antonijevic, B.; Stojiljkovic, M. P. (1 March 2007). "Unequal Efficacy of Pyridinium Oximes in Acute Organophosphate Poisoning ... King, Andrew M.; Aaron, Cynthia K. (February 2015). "Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning". Emergency Medicine Clinics of ...
... who has studied organophosphate poisoning. Organophosphates are not banned from use but require licensing for use. Zinc ... Pesticides containing organophosphates can be fatal to dogs. "Disulfoton is an example found in rose care products." "They're ... Than, Ker (July 18, 2013). "Organophosphates: A Common But Deadly Pesticide". National Geographic. Archived from the original ...
Webarchive template wayback links, Carboxamides, Organophosphates). ...
From 1935 tick resistance to arsenic led to the use of other chemicals in dips; initially DDT, then organophosphates, and ...
... forms esters, called organophosphates. The name "orthophosphoric acid" can be used to distinguish this specific ...
"Organophosphate Report" (PDF). Aerotoxic Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2018. Rayment, Sean (18 July ...
These chemicals include DDT and organophosphates such as TEPP syntox, EPN, parthion, metam sodium, and methomyl. They can enter ... Many doctors conducted their research on organophosphate pesticides, one of many forms of pesticide that specifically targets ... Peoples, Stuart; Maddy, Keith (October 1978). "Organophosphate Pesticide Poisoning". Western Journal of Medicine. 129 (4): 273- ...
... organophosphate insecticides (T60.0); sarin and other nerve gases; tetraethyllead (T56.0); aniline (T65.3); acetone and other ...
"Organophosphate Report" (PDF). Aerotoxic Association.[permanent dead link] "Nerve gas death was 'unlawful'". BBC News. 15 ...
The organophosphate pesticides such as malathion, parathion, and chlorpyrifos irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase. The ... ISBN 978-1-00-009898-3. Gupta RC (2006). "Classification and Uses of Organophosphates and Carbamates". In Gupta RC (ed.). ... Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 5-24. ISBN 978-0-08-054310-9. ...
... is an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide. It is manufactured under the name Di- ... Organophosphates in general poisons mammals and insects by phosphorylating the acetylcholinesterase enzyme at nerve endings ... Thus organophosphates also impairs nerve impulse transmission. Disulfoton can be absorbed via ingestion, inhalation or ...
Metabolism of organophosphates occurs mostly in the liver, but also in other organs, like the intestine. Before chlorethoxyfos ... Like other organophosphates, chlorethoxyfos has anticholinesterase activity. This makes it a highly toxic compound with a steep ... After oxidation, hydrolysis of the organophosphate by esterases takes places. Detoxification occurs when esterase A cleaves the ... Chlorethoxyfos (O,O-diethyl-O-(1,2,2,2-tetrachloroethyl)phosphorothioate) is an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ...
Organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids are widely used. The first case of pyrethroid resistance was reported by Beugnet ...
Some less-toxic organophosphates can be used as solvents, plasticizers, and EP additives. The use of organophosphates accounts ... The first organophosphate-degrading bacterial species was isolated from a soil sample from the Philippines in 1973, which ... Organophosphates are not toxic to bacteria, but they act as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in animals. Some species of ... Catalysis of organophosphates occurs via a nucleophilic substitution with inversion of configuration (SN2 mechanism) about the ...
Symptoms may be similar to organophosphate poisoning. King, Andrew M.; Aaron, Cynthia K. (February 2015). "Organophosphate and ...
... which contain organophosphates, can also lead to nerve demyelination. Chronic exposure to neuroleptic medications may also ... "Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy". Toxicol Rev. 24 (1): 37-49. doi:10.2165/00139709-200524010-00003. PMID ...
... toxicity of organophosphate agents; whole-body counting and gamma ray spectrometry; thermoluminescent dosimetry; and radiation ...
King AM, Aaron CK (February 2015). "Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 33 ( ...
Organophosphate poisoning "Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride". www.chemsrc.com. Retrieved 2023-09-19. Petroianu, Georg (2014 ...
Furthermore, certain organophosphates can cause OPIDN, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy. This is a disease, which ... The reaction mechanism and the formula above are both also compatible for other organophosphates. The process occurs in the ... This disease will show a few weeks after contamination with the organophosphate. It is believed that the neuropathy target ... However, there are no references found, which indicate that TEPP is one of the organophosphates that can cause OPIDN. ...
Read DJ, Li Y, Chao MV, Cavanagh JB, Glynn P (May 2010). "Organophosphates induce distal axonal damage, but not brain oedema, ... Organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy- a paralysing syndrome with distal degeneration of long axons- results from ... 2003). "Loss of neuropathy target esterase in mice links organophosphate exposure to hyperactivity". Nat. Genet. 33 (4): 477-85 ... Lotti M, Moretto A (2005). "Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy". Toxicol Rev. 24 (1): 37-49. doi:10.2165/00139709- ...
Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides have a similar mode of action. They affect the nervous system of target pests (and ... Organophosphates are quite toxic to vertebrates and have in some cases been replaced by less toxic carbamates.: 136-137 ... Chlorinates such as DDT were dominant, but they were replaced in the U.S. by organophosphates and carbamates by 1975. Since ... The most common incidents of pesticide poisoning is thought to result from exposure to organophosphate and carbamate ...
Today, organophosphates make up about 50% of the killing agents in chemical insecticides.[failed verification] Organophosphate ... As of 2013, thirty-six types of organophosphates were registered for use in the United States. Organophosphates are currently ... Organophosphates (OPs) were among the most widely used insecticides until the 21st century. And until the mid 1990s, general ... Organophosphate pesticides degrade rapidly by hydrolysis on exposure to sunlight, air, and soil, although small amounts can be ...
Table of laboratory methods panels for Insecticides (Organophosphates). Chemical. Specimen Type. 2-Isopropyl-4-methyl-6- ... Distribution and determinants of urinary biomarkers of exposure to organophosphate insecticides in Puerto Rican pregnant women ... An Observational Study to Evaluate Associations Between Low-Level Gestational Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides and ...
In the 1930s, organophosphates were used as insecticides, but the German military developed these substances as neurotoxins in ... Organophosphates (OPs) are chemical substances originally produced by the reaction of alcohols and phosphoric acid. ... Therapeutic uses of organophosphates. Several organophosphate agents are being tried therapeutically. Cholinesterase inhibition ... Historic and new uses of organophosphates. The first organophosphate was synthesized in 1850. Physostigmine was used to treat ...
Organophosphates and carbamates. Organophosphates are organic compounds that contain phosphorus, while carbamates are salts or ... In different ways, organophosphates and carbamates tend to cause the nervous system to stop working properly. Some are used in ...
... Ann Agric Environ Med. 2011;18(2):294- ...
Case Definition: Nerve Agents or Organophosphates. *Toxic Syndrome Description: Nerve Agent and Organophosphate Pesticide ... Note: The actual clinical manifestations of an exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate pesticide may be more variable ... Nerve agents are chemical warfare agents that have the same mechanism of action as OP organophosphate pesticides insecticides. ... care workers and public health officials to recognize an unknown or suspected exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate ( ...
Use the search box to find a topic of interest, explore articles by topic or category in the main navigation links on every page, or view articles by issue on our Archives page.. Archives by Issue ...
... sometimes also called organophosphate induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP) is a rare, delayed neurotoxic effect, which occurs ... OPIDN, sometimes also called organophosphate induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP) is a rare, delayed neurotoxic effect, which ...
Organophosphates are responsible for most pet poisonings. They are found in all types of pet products and can be extremely ... Organophosphates and Your Cats Health. "Bottom line: Avoid flea control products with organophosphates and carbamates.. They ... Organophosphates are very common insecticides found in all types of products. They are extremely toxic and are responsible for ... Products with organochlorines are less immediately toxic to your cat than those with organophosphates or carbamates, but have ...
Organophosphates (OPs) are used in a variety of ways and provide a range of benefits. However, they are hazardous chemicals and ... Government policy on OPs is developed and coordinated through the Official Group on Organophosphates (OGOP), which was set up ... Food and Rural Affairs if he will make a statement on the Governments approach to organophosphates. (102603) ...
Two Common-Use Organophosphate Pesticides in Drinking Water Put Nearly Everyone at Cancer Risk. Thursday, July 28th, 2022 ( ... Posted in ADHD, Autism, behavioral and cognitive effects, Children, organochlorines, organophosphate, pyrethroids, Womens ... Posted in behavioral and cognitive effects, Children, Nervous System Effects, organophosphate, Respiratory Problems, ... Posted in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Infertility, organochlorines, organophosphate, Synthetic Pyrethroid, ...
Introduction: Clinical manifestation of organophosphates toxicity may be differentiate and include cholinergic toxidrome, ... Organophosphate Poisoning Complicated by Rhabdomyolysis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: A Case Report and Review of Literature. J ... Clinical features of organophosphate poisoning: A review of different classification systems and approaches. Indian J Crit Care ... Karakus A, Celik MM, Karcioglu M, Tuzcu K, Erden ES, Zeren C. Cases of organophosphate poisoning treated with high-dose of ...
How does prenatal exposure to phthalates, organophosphate esters, and organophosphorus pesticides influence childrens language ... How does prenatal exposure to phthalates, organophosphate esters, and organophosphorus pesticides influence childrens language ...
Case Definition: Nerve Agents or Organophosphates. *Toxic Syndrome Description: Nerve Agent and Organophosphate Pesticide ... Note: The actual clinical manifestations of an exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate pesticide may be more variable ... Nerve agents are chemical warfare agents that have the same mechanism of action as OP organophosphate pesticides insecticides. ... care workers and public health officials to recognize an unknown or suspected exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate ( ...
... chiral aluminum-organophosphate-catalyzed enantioselective alpha-addition of isocyanides to aldehydes. Download Prime PubMed ... AldehydesAluminumCatalysisCyanidesMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyOrganophosphatesSpectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ... TY - JOUR T1 - Catalytic asymmetric Passerini-type reaction: chiral aluminum-organophosphate-catalyzed enantioselective alpha- ... Catalytic asymmetric Passerini-type reaction: chiral aluminum-organophosphate-catalyzed enantioselective alpha-addition of ...
Organophosphate poisoning can occur due to occupational or accidental exposure, deliberate ingestion, or chemical warfare with ... Organophosphate poisoning occurs after dermal, respiratory, or oral exposure to either organophosphate pesticides (e.g., ... The term organophosphate poisoning only applies to those organophosphates that inhibit acetylcholinesterase. This topic focuses ... Organophosphate poisoning can occur due to occupational or accidental exposure, deliberate ingestion, or chemical warfare with ...
OPIDP, organophosphate induced delayed polyneuropathy. The frequent use of the highly toxic organophosphate insecticides (OPs) ... An organophosphate induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP) has been reported after severe poisoning by some organophosphate ... Steenland K, Jenkins B, Ames R, et al. Chronic neurologic sequelae to organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Am J Public Health ... Baker D, Sedgwick E. Single fibre electromyographic changes in man after organophosphate exposure. Hum Exp Toxicol1996;15:369- ...
Daly, Stephen J. (2001) Development of antibody-based assays for the detection of aflatoxins and organophosphates. PhD thesis, ... The production of an activated form of the organophosphate pirimiphos for the production of a pirimiphos-protein conjugate was ... Development of antibody-based assays for the detection of aflatoxins and organophosphates ... Production of hapten-protein conjugates of the organophosphate pesticides chlorpyrifos and pirimiphos, and characterisation of ...
organophosphate. AChE. acetylcholinesterase. BChE. butyrylcholinesterase. hBChE. human BChE. ChE. cholinesterase. ETP. ... Identification of Human Butyrylcholinesterase Organophosphate-Resistant Variants through a Novel Mammalian Enzyme Functional ... Identification of Human Butyrylcholinesterase Organophosphate-Resistant Variants through a Novel Mammalian Enzyme Functional ... currently being developed as a detoxication enzyme for the catalytic hydrolysis or stoichiometric binding of organophosphates ( ...
Findings of the WHO EMRO Pediatric Insecticide Study Group on organophosphate / carbamate poisoning in children published ... Child health and development , News , 2008 , Findings of the WHO EMRO Pediatric Insecticide Study Group on organophosphate / ... "A clinical decision aid for triage of children younger than 5 years and with organophosphate or carbamate insecticide exposure ... a clinical decision aid that could guide early triage at primary health care level of children exposed to organophosphates / ...
Rarer causes include infections such as scrub typhus, and toxins such as organophosphates and cocaine. Organophosphates are one ... After 2 days, he developed opsoclonus-myoclonus, and then bronchorrhoea and bradycardia, raising suspicion of organophosphate ... After we had identified a very low serum cholinesterase concentration, he disclosed having consumed organophosphates. ...
EPA Announces Accelerated Action on Four Organophosphate Pesticides. April 7, 2023. Emmalea Garver Ernest ... EPA Announces Accelerated Action on Four Organophosphate Pesticides Based on Updated Exposure Assessments , US EPA ... and apply four organophosphate pesticides, farmworkers who work with crops that have been treated with these pesticides, and ...
Organophosphates. Sorry if this has been asked before. Can anyone please point me in the direction of a newsgroup or web page ... Organophosphate pesticides tend to be acutely toxic (though the toxicity to humans depends greatly on the particular compound ... an organophosphate compound, triorthocresylphosphate, which is not (strictly speaking) a pesticide, which can cause a syndrome ... direction of a newsgroup or web page dealing with organophosphate ,poisoning in humans, preferably with contact points with ...
In several European countries, pregnant women risk consuming food contaminated with the pesticide chlorpyrifos, a neurotoxin that could be harmful .... ...
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Anticholinesterase organophosphate (OP) compounds were developed as insecticides and are also used as nerve agents in chemical ... Anticholinesterase organophosphate (OP) compounds were developed as insecticides and are also used as nerve agents in chemical ... Garcia, Jason Michael, "Efficacy of Novel Pyridinium Oximes against Two Organophosphates in Female Sprague Dawley Rats" (2019 ... Efficacy of Novel Pyridinium Oximes against Two Organophosphates in Female Sprague Dawley Rats. ...
Why are so many different organophosphates able to deactivate acetylcholinesterase?. Ask Question ... From sarin to tricresyl phosphate, there are organophosphates that are able to deactivate acetylcholinesterase. ... Whats so special about the simple organophosphate group that makes them able to do it? ... Do phosphoryl thiocholines, their uncharged analogs, and other organophosphates, interact differently with Acetylcholinesterase ...
So, how do organophosphates work?. Organophosphates irreversibly bind to cholinesterase, causing the phosphorylation and ... Organophosphates poisonings are becoming less common for paramedics, but hold a very high level of mortality and are dangerous ... Pathophysiology of Organophosphate Poisoning. ACh is a simple molecule synthesized from choline and acetyl-CoA through the ... Organophosphates are found in pesticides, herbicides and nerve gas. Due to their particularly sinister properties, many ...
  • Organophosphates are organic compounds that contain phosphorus, while carbamates are salts or esters of carbamic acid. (cdc.gov)
  • In different ways, organophosphates and carbamates tend to cause the nervous system to stop working properly. (cdc.gov)
  • Bottom line: Avoid flea control products with organophosphates and carbamates. (myhealthycat.com)
  • Products with organochlorines are less immediately toxic to your cat than those with organophosphates or carbamates, but have their own potential side effects. (myhealthycat.com)
  • The study aim was to develop a clinical decision aid that could guide early triage at primary health care level of children exposed to organophosphates / carbamates, identifying those requiring referral to higher level facilities. (who.int)
  • Cases listed as organophosphates (and the other categories as well) may also include other insecticides such as carbamates and organochlorines in a single product. (missouri.edu)
  • However, seven of the top ten categories listed in Table 1 (organophosphates, pyrethrins/pyrethroids, hypochlorite disinfectants, carbamates, organochlorines, phenoxy herbicides and anticoagulant rodenticides) are much more likely to require medical attention. (missouri.edu)
  • Organophosphates and carbamates, although different structurally, both inhibit cholinesterase activity. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Organophosphates and carbamates are common causes of poisoning and poison-related deaths worldwide. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Organophosphates and carbamates are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and skin. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Production of hapten-protein conjugates of the organophosphate pesticides chlorpyrifos and pirimiphos, and characterisation of antichlorpyrifos antibodies were also successfully performed. (dcu.ie)
  • It has also been shown that the organophosphates chlorpyrifos (CPF) and chlorpyrifos oxon (CPFO), which cause developmental neurotoxicity, provoke several changes in differentiating rat C6 glioma cells at different levels. (ntu.ac.uk)
  • In this study Lake Sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, larvae were exposed to a commercially used organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos (0, 5, 500 and 2000ng/L), from hatch until the onset of exogenous feeding (~12 days at 14C). (umanitoba.ca)
  • OPIDN, sometimes also called organophosphate induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP) is a rare, delayed neurotoxic effect, which occurs 1-5 weeks after severe toxicity from some cholinesterase inhibitors. (cdc.gov)
  • Organophosphate ester flame retardants: are they a regrettable substitution for polybrominated diphenyl ethers? (crossref.org)
  • The organophosphates pyridostigmine and physostigmine are carbamate anticholinesterases that have been used for many years for the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (medscape.com)
  • Petreski T, Kit B, Strnad M, Grenc D, SvenÅ¡ek F. Cholinergic syndrome: a case report of acute organophosphate and carbamate poisoning. (aaem.pl)
  • Factors associated with outcomes in organophosphate and carbamate poisoning: a retrospective study. (aaem.pl)
  • The researchers compared the ability of two treatments - diazepam and the anesthetic urethane (ethyl carbamate), commonly formed in trace amounts during fermentation of beer and wine from the reaction of urea and ethanol - to interrupt seizures in rats exposed to the organophosphate diisopropyl fluorophosphate. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • Organophosphates irreversibly bind to cholinesterase, causing the phosphorylation and deactivation of acetycholinesterase (AchE). (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
  • Organophosphates, however, can irreversibly bind to cholinesterase. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Clinical manifestation of organophosphates toxicity may be differentiate and include cholinergic toxidrome, intermediate syndrome, OP-induced delayed polyneuropathy to chronic OP-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (OPIDN). (aaem.pl)
  • Organophosphate Toxicity. (aaem.pl)
  • Organophosphate pesticides tend to be acutely toxic (though the toxicity to humans depends greatly on the particular compound), but if you don't die, they don't have particularly well-defined sequelae. (science-bbs.com)
  • Organophosphate esters are active components of chemical warfare agents like VX gas and Sarin and pesticides such as chloropyrifos and paraoxons. (uky.edu)
  • To evaluate the association of acute organophosphate (OP) poisoning with chronic sensory and motor neurological impairment. (bmj.com)
  • All signs and symptoms of acute organophosphate poisoning are cholinergic in nature and effect muscarinic, nicotinic and CNS receptors. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
  • The purpose of this document is to enable health care workers and public health officials to recognize an unknown or suspected exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate (OP) pesticide. (cdc.gov)
  • Note: The actual clinical manifestations of an exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate pesticide may be more variable than the syndrome described in this document. (cdc.gov)
  • There is a an organophosphate compound, triorthocresylphosphate, which is not (strictly speaking) a pesticide, which can cause a syndrome of poly- neuritis and demyelination, causing deficits which can persist for a long time. (science-bbs.com)
  • In developing countries, the lack of surveillance and regulation systems, non-compliance with biosecurity standards and lack of knowledge about the use of pesticide in the agricultural area make workers in these countries more vulnerable to suffer harmful health consequences due to prolonged exposure to organophosphates. (saludcyt.ar)
  • The principal action of pralidoxime chloride is to reactivate cholinesterase (mainly outside of the central nervous system) which has been inactivated by phosphorylation due to an organophosphate pesticide or related compound. (nih.gov)
  • The term organophosphate poisoning only applies to those organophosphates that inhibit acetylcholinesterase. (bmj.com)
  • Organophosphates act on the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase which functions in both the receptors in a similar fashion. (solvedlib.com)
  • Left untreated, organophosphate poisoning can lead to severe breathing and heart complications, because of the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • Several studies suggest that exposure to organophosphate insecticides (OP) during pregnancy impairs neurodevelopment in children. (org.in)
  • Like most functional groups, organophosphates occur in a diverse range of forms, with important examples including key biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and ATP, as well as many insecticides, herbicides, nerve agents and flame retardants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Organophosphates are found in pesticides, herbicides and nerve gas. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
  • Pralidoxime chloride also slows the process of "aging" of phosphorylated cholinesterase to a nonreactivatable form, and detoxifies certain organophosphates by direct chemical reaction. (nih.gov)
  • TGase 2 is essential in neuronal cell differentiation and it has been reported that certain organophosphates are able to inhibit this process, and the organophosphate phenyl saligenin compound also disrupts TGase 2 activity. (ntu.ac.uk)
  • abstract = "Organophosphates (OPs) are a major class of insecticides. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Because of this, paramedics must thoroughly understand the pathophysiology and signs and symptoms of organophosphate poisoning. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
  • Industrial production of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs): big knowledge gaps need to be filled? (crossref.org)
  • In the present study, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were examined in indoor dust samples collected from apartments in Hanoi, Vietnam. (ac.vn)
  • Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are environmental pollutants of increasing interest, widely distributed in the environment and exerting possible deleterious effects towards the human health . (bvsalud.org)
  • This finding is possibly due to remaining organophosphate induced delayed polyneuropathy. (bmj.com)
  • Organophosphates (OPs) are chemical substances originally produced by the reaction of alcohols and phosphoric acid. (medscape.com)
  • Organophosphates (OP) are organic compounds formed by esters of phosphoric acid. (saludcyt.ar)
  • In organic chemistry, organophosphates (also known as phosphate esters, or OPEs) are a class of organophosphorus compounds with the general structure O=P(OR)3, a central phosphate molecule with alkyl or aromatic substituents. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anticholinesterase organophosphate (OP) compounds were developed as insecticides and are also used as nerve agents in chemical warfare. (msstate.edu)
  • Regardless of whether or not animal studies suggest that the organophosphate poison to which a particular patient has been exposed is amenable to treatment with pralidoxime chloride, the use of pralidoxime chloride should, nevertheless, be considered in any life-threatening situation resulting from poisoning by these compounds, since the limited and arbitrary conditions of pharmacologic screening do not always accurately reflect the usefulness of pralidoxime chloride in the clinical situation. (nih.gov)
  • In one study of healthy adult volunteers and patients self-poisoned with organophosphate compounds, a single intramuscular injection of 1000 mg of pralidoxime chloride resulted in mean peak plasma levels of 7.5 ± 1.7 µg/mL and 9.9 ± 2.4 µg/mL, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • How does prenatal exposure to phthalates, organophosphate esters, and organophosphorus pesticides influence children's language ability? (chadd.org)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Regional comparison of organophosphate flame retardant (PFR) urinary metabolites and tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA) in mother-toddler pairs from California and New Jersey. (duke.edu)
  • Today, the most commonly detected alternatives in residential furniture include the organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) and the Firemaster (R) 550 mixture (FM550). (duke.edu)
  • Accumulation and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) and their di-alkyl phosphates (DAPs) metabolites in different freshwater fish from locations around Beijing, China. (crossref.org)
  • Interactions of organophosphate flame retardants with human drug transporters. (bvsalud.org)
  • Organophosphates are one of the common poisonings in tropical countries such as India, causing both central and peripheral nervous system manifestations. (bmj.com)
  • Organophosphates poisonings are becoming less common for paramedics, but hold a very high level of mortality and are dangerous for all persons involved. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
  • Suratman S, Edwards JW, Babina K. Organophosphate pesticides exposure among farmworkers: pathways and risk of adverse health effects. (aaem.pl)
  • The chemical reactions and pathways involving organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • In the case of organophosphate (OP) triesters, these are three ester bonds with alkyl or aromatic substituents. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are no adequate and well controlled clinical studies that establish the effectiveness of pralidoxime chloride as a treatment for poisoning with organophosphates having anticholinesterase activity. (nih.gov)
  • Signs of specific nicotinic stimulation is often followed by nicotinic depression in organophosphate poisoning and include those which are often associated with sympathomimetic stimulation, such as: weakness, cramps, fasciculation, increased HR and BP then decreased BP and HR, variable symptoms from anxiety & restlessness to confusion, obtundation, coma and fits. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
  • Experiments in Arabidopsis thaliana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrate the sensitive detection of banned organophosphate contaminants using living biosensors and the construction of multi-input/output genetic circuits. (nature.com)
  • Patients symptoms, along with decrease in cholinesterase serum level, determines the possible diagnosis of organophosphate poisoning. (aaem.pl)
  • A compound found in trace amounts in alcoholic beverages is more effective at combating seizures in rats exposed to an organophosphate nerve agent than the current recommended treatment, according to new research published in eNeuro . (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • As part of the registration review process, EPA assessed the potential risks to people who mix, load, and apply four organophosphate pesticides, farmworkers who work with crops that have been treated with these pesticides, and bystanders who are potentially exposed to spray drift, including families living in agricultural communities. (udel.edu)
  • Organophosphate poisoning can occur due to occupational or accidental exposure, deliberate ingestion, or chemical warfare with nerve gases. (bmj.com)
  • Note: Serious poisoning can occur if an organophosphate gets on your bare skin or if you don't wash your skin soon after it gets on you. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Organophosphate Exposures during Pregnancy and Child Neurodevelopment: Recommendations for Essential Policy Reforms. (rebeccagenuis.com)
  • Can anyone please point me in the direction of a newsgroup or web page dealing with organophosphate poisoning in humans, preferably with contact points with support groups for sufferers. (science-bbs.com)
  • The findings point to urethane or a derivative as a potential therapeutic for preventing organophosphate-triggered seizures from developing into epilepsy. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • Garcia, Jason Michael, "Efficacy of Novel Pyridinium Oximes against Two Organophosphates in Female Sprague Dawley Rats" (2019). (msstate.edu)
  • Alcoholysis of POCl3 Phosphorus oxychloride reacts readily with alcohols to give organophosphates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nerve agents are chemical warfare agents that have the same mechanism of action as OP organophosphate pesticides insecticides. (cdc.gov)
  • anjay A, Siddheshwar V, Sheshrao S. The Clinico-Demographic Study of Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Organophosphate Compound Poisoning at Tertiary Care Hospital in Rural India. (aaem.pl)
  • Organophosphates are a group of human-made chemicals that poison insects and mammals. (minerallogic.com)
  • Organophosphates (OPs) are toxic chemicals contained in many pesticides used heavily in agriculture. (solvedlib.com)
  • PROTOPAM Chloride has been studied in animals as an antidote against numerous organophosphate pesticides, chemicals, and drugs (see Animal Pharmacology and Toxicology ). (nih.gov)
  • In the 1930s, organophosphates were used as insecticides, but the German military developed these substances as neurotoxins in World War II. (medscape.com)
  • Rarer causes include infections such as scrub typhus, and toxins such as organophosphates and cocaine. (bmj.com)
  • Pyrethroid and DDT Resistance and Organophosphate Susceptibility among Anopheles spp. (cdc.gov)
  • P(OR)3 + [O] → OP(OR)3 Phosphorylation The formation of organophosphates is an important part of biochemistry and living systems achieve this using a variety of enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Organophosphates were also widely used as insecticides, but their use has been declining . (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • Organophosphates (OP) are one of the most widely used types of pesticides in the agricultural sector, their purpose is the control and elimination of pests. (saludcyt.ar)
  • The frequent use of the highly toxic organophosphate insecticides (OPs) in Nicaragua and in many other developing countries is an important cause of occupational illness. (bmj.com)