Organophosphates
Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.
Chlorpyrifos
Insecticides
Organophosphorus Compounds
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.
Organophosphate Poisoning
Parathion
Organothiophosphorus Compounds
Tritolyl Phosphates
Pesticides
Cholinesterase Reactivators
Acetylcholinesterase
Dieldrin
Chemical Warfare Agents
Phosphoric Triester Hydrolases
Pyrethrins
Sarin
Carbamates
Derivatives of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH. Included under this heading are N-substituted and O-substituted carbamic acids. In general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as POLYURETHANES. Note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of ISOCYANATES and the singular term URETHANE refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid.
Aryldialkylphosphatase
An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of an aryl-dialkyl phosphate to form dialkyl phosphate and an aryl alcohol. It can hydrolyze a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. It may also mediate an enzymatic protection of LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to ATHEROMA formation. The enzyme was previously regarded to be identical with Arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2).
Malathion
Phosphites
Neurotoxicity Syndromes
Agricultural Workers' Diseases
Diseases in persons engaged in cultivating and tilling soil, growing plants, harvesting crops, raising livestock, or otherwise engaged in husbandry and farming. The diseases are not restricted to farmers in the sense of those who perform conventional farm chores: the heading applies also to those engaged in the individual activities named above, as in those only gathering harvest or in those only dusting crops.
DEET
Pralidoxime Compounds
Various salts of a quaternary ammonium oxime that reconstitute inactivated acetylcholinesterase, especially at the neuromuscular junction, and may cause neuromuscular blockade. They are used as antidotes to organophosphorus poisoning as chlorides, iodides, methanesulfonates (mesylates), or other salts.
Isoflurophate
Oximes
Agrochemicals
Pesticide Residues
Anopheles gambiae
Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2
Poisoning
Agriculture
Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases
Culex
Occupational Exposure
Mosquito Control
DDT
A polychlorinated pesticide that is resistant to destruction by light and oxidation. Its unusual stability has resulted in difficulties in residue removal from water, soil, and foodstuffs. This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Carboxylesterase
PC12 Cells
Nervous System Diseases
Biological Assay
A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.
Environmental Exposure
Environmental Monitoring
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
A toxicokinetic model to assess the risk of azinphosmethyl exposure in humans through measures of urinary elimination of alkylphosphates. (1/724)
Azinphosmethyl (APM) is one of the most common insecticides used in fruit farming. The object of this paper is to develop a quick and practical test for assessing the risk for humans coming into contact with APM. It has been shown that the principal component of occupational and/or accidental exposure is through the skin (C. A. Franklin et al., 1981, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 7, 715-731), but our approach is applicable to exposures via any route or a combination of routes. The method proposed in the present paper can accommodate a single-event exposure or repeated exposures over long periods. Urinary alkylphosphate (AP) metabolites are reliable bioindicators of the presence of APM in the body; they are easily accessible and can be used to estimate APM body burden. We developed a simple toxicokinetic model to link the time varying APM body burden to absorbed doses and to rates of elimination in the form of AP urinary metabolites. Using this model and data available in the literature, we are able to propose a "no observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL) for APM body levels and for corresponding absorbed doses. We have established that after a single exposure, the safe limit corresponding to the NOAEL is reached at a cumulative 0.215 mumoles AP/kg bw eliminated in urine in the first 24 hours following the beginning of exposure. For repeated daily exposures at steady state, the corresponding urinary AP metabolite level is equal to a cumulative 0.266 mumoles AP/kg bw eliminated per 24 hours. (+info)Mechanistic alternatives in phosphate monoester hydrolysis: what conclusions can be drawn from available experimental data? (2/724)
Phosphate monoester hydrolysis reactions in enzymes and solution are often discussed in terms of whether the reaction pathway is associative or dissociative. Although experimental results for solution reactions have usually been considered as evidence for the second alternative, a closer thermodynamic analysis of observed linear free energy relationships shows that experimental information is consistent with the associative, concerted and dissociative alternatives. (+info)EnvZ-independent phosphotransfer signaling pathway of the OmpR-mediated osmoregulatory expression of OmpC and OmpF in Escherichia coli. (3/724)
The Escherichia coli EnvZ-OmpR regulatory system is a paradigm of intracellular signal transduction mediated by the well-documented phosphotransfer mechanism, by which the expression of the major outer membrane proteins, OmpC and OmpF, is regulated in response to the medium osmolarity. Although it is clear that the EnvZ histidine(His)-kinase is the major player in the phosphorylation of OmpR, it has been assumed for some time that there may be an alternative phospho-donor(s) that can phosphorylate OmpR under certain in vitro and in vivo conditions. In this study, to address this long-standing issue, extensive genetic studies were done with certain mutant alleles, including delta envZ, delta(ackA-pta), and delta sixA, as well as delta ompR. Here, for the first time, genetic evidence is provided that, in addition to EnvZ, acetyl phosphate and an as yet unidentified sensor His-kinase can serve as alternative in vivo phospho-donors for OmpR, even in the envZ+ background. A model for the alternative phosphotransfer signaling pathway involved in the phosphorylation of OmpR is proposed. (+info)Vitamin B6 biosynthesis: formation of pyridoxine 5'-phosphate from 4-(phosphohydroxy)-L-threonine and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate by PdxA and PdxJ protein. (4/724)
In Escherichia coli the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is synthesised de novo by a pathway that is thought to involve the condensation of 4-(phosphohydroxy)-L-threonine and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose, catalysed by the enzymes PdxA and PdxJ, to form either pyridoxine (vitamin B6) or pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP). Here we show that incubation of PdxJ with PdxA, 4-(phosphohydroxy)-L-threonine, NAD and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate, but not 1-deoxy-D-xylulose, results in the formation of PNP. The PNP formed was characterised by (i) cochromatography with an authentic standard, (ii) conversion to pyridoxine by alkaline phosphatase treatment, and (iii) UV and fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, when [2-(14)C]1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate was used as a substrate, the radioactivity was incorporated into PNP. These results clarify the previously unknown role of PdxJ in the de novo PLP biosynthetic pathway. The sugar used as substrate by PdxJ is 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate rather than the previously assumed 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. The first vitamin B6 vitamer synthesised is PNP, and not pyridoxine. (+info)Conservation of nitrogen in cattle feedlot waste with urease inhibitors. (5/724)
Feedlot cattle normally retain less than 20% of their dietary nitrogen intake. Sixty to 80% of the nitrogen excreted is normally lost through volatilization of ammonia, which is primarily generated from urea. This loss of ammonia nitrogen pollutes the environment and creates an unfavorable ratio of nitrogen to phosphorous (N:P) in the waste for crop growth. Two urease inhibitors, cyclohexylphosphoric triamide (CHPT) and N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) were evaluated for their ability to reduce the rate of urea hydrolysis in beef cattle feedlot pens. Initially, a total of six pens were used, two pens per treatment, with approximately 70 cattle per pen, and a single topical application of CHPT or NBPT at 20 mg/kg of manure. Essentially no urea was found in untreated pens. However, with CHPT treatment, 2 g of urea/kg of dry manure accumulated by d 4, and all gradually disappeared by d 11; NBPT conserved 3 and 3.5 g of urea/kg by d 4 and 9, respectively, and it had disappeared by d 14 (treatment [trt] x day, P = .003). A second study involved application of NBPT weekly for 6 wk. This caused urea to accumulate to a peak concentration of 17 g/kg of manure by d 30 (trt x day2, P = .001). Once the treatment was stopped the urea concentration began to decrease. When the NBPT was applied weekly, the concentration of ammonia in the waste was less for the treated pens (trt x day, P = .01), the total nitrogen was greater (trt x day, P = .04), pH tended to be lower (trt x day, P = .10), and the total volatile acids were not different (trt x day, P = .51) from untreated pens. We concluded that urease inhibitors could be used to control ammonia emissions from animal wastes, prevent environmental damage, and produce a more balanced (N:P) fertilizer from manure. (+info)Calcium dependence of Pi phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase at low water content: water dependence of the E2-->E1 conversion. (6/724)
Enzymes entrapped in reverse micelles can be studied in low-water environments that have the potential of restricting conformational mobility in specific steps of the reaction cycle. Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase was incorporated into a reverse-micelle system (TPT) composed of toluene, phospholipids, Triton X-100 and varying amounts of water (0.5-7%, v/v). Phosphorylation of the Ca2+-ATPase by ATP required the presence of both water and Ca2+ in the micelles. No phosphoenzyme (EP) was detected in the presence of EGTA. Phosphorylation by Pi (inorganic phosphate) in the absence of Ca2+ was observed at water content below that necessary for phosphorylation by ATP. In contrast to what is observed in a totally aqueous medium, EP formed by Pi was partially resistant to dephosphorylation by Ca2+. However, the addition of non-radioactive Pi to the EP already formed caused a rapid decrease in radiolabelled enzymes, as expected for the isotopic dilution, indicating the existence of an equilibrium (E+Pi<-->EP). Phosphorylation by Pi also occurred in TPT containing millimolar Ca2+ concentrations in a range of water concentrations (2-5% v/v). The substrates p-nitrophenyl phosphate, acetyl phosphate, ATP and GTP increased the EP level under these conditions. These results suggest that: (1) the rate of conversion of the ATPase conformer E2 into E1 is greatly reduced at low water content, so that E2-->E1 becomes the rate-limiting step of the catalytic cycle; and (2) in media of low water content, Pi can phosphorylate both E1Ca and E2. Thus, the effect of enzyme hydration is complex and involves changes in the phosphorylation reaction at the catalytic site, in the equilibrium between E2 and E1 conformers, and in their specificity for substrates. (+info)Formation of adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate from the acyl phosphate intermediate: a difference between the MurC and MurD synthetases of Escherichia coli. (7/724)
The mechanism of the Mur synthetases of peptidoglycan biosynthesis is thought to involve in each case the successive formation of an acyl phosphate and a tetrahedral intermediate. The existence of the acyl phosphates for the MurC and MurD enzymes from Escherichia coli was firmly established by their in situ reduction by sodium borohydride followed by acid hydrolysis, yielding the corresponding amino alcohols. Furthermore, it was found that MurD, but not MurC, catalyses the synthesis of adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate from the acyl phosphate, thereby substantiating its existence and pointing out a difference between the two enzymes. (+info)Stimulated activity of human topoisomerases IIalpha and IIbeta on RNA-containing substrates. (8/724)
Eukaryotic topoisomerase II is a dimeric nuclear enzyme essential for DNA metabolism and chromosome dynamics. Central to the activities of the enzyme is its ability to introduce transient double-stranded breaks in the DNA helix, where the two subunits of the enzyme become covalently attached to the generated 5'-ends through phosphotyrosine linkages. Here, we demonstrate that human topoisomerases IIalpha and IIbeta are able to cleave ribonucleotide-containing substrates. With suicide substrates, which are partially double-stranded molecules containing a 5'-recessed strand, cleavage of both strands was stimulated approximately 8-fold when a ribonucleotide rather than a deoxyribonucleotide was present at the scissile phosphodiester of the recessed strand. The existence of a ribonucleotide at the same position in a normal duplex substrate also enhanced topoisomerase II-mediated cleavage, although to a lesser extent. The enzyme covalently linked to the 5'-ribonucleotide in the cleavage complex efficiently performed ligation, and ligation occurred equally well to acceptor molecules terminated by either a 3'-ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide. Besides the enhanced topoisomerase II-mediated cleavage of ribonucleotide-containing substrates, cleavage of such substrates could be further stimulated by ATP or antitumor drugs. In conclusion, the observed in vitro activities of the human topoisomerase II isoforms indicate that the enzymes can operate on RNA or RNA-containing substrates and thus might possess an intrinsic RNA topoisomerase activity, as has previously been demonstrated for Escherichia coli topoisomerase III. (+info) Organophosphate poisoning refers to the harmful effects of exposure to organophosphate compounds, which are commonly used as pesticides and insecticides. These compounds work by interfering with the normal functioning of the nervous system, particularly the acetylcholine transmitter system.
The symptoms of organophosphate poisoning can vary depending on the severity of exposure and individual sensitivity, but may include:
1. Respiratory problems: Difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath
2. Nervous system effects: Headache, dizziness, confusion, tremors, and muscle weakness
3. Eye irritation: Redness, itching, tearing, and blurred vision
4. Skin irritation: Redness, itching, and burns
5. Gastrointestinal effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain
6. Cardiovascular effects: Rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, and cardiac arrhythmias
7. Neurological effects: Seizures, coma, and memory loss
Organophosphate poisoning can be caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water, inhalation of pesticides, or absorption through the skin. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as fluids and oxygen, as well as medications to counteract the effects of organophosphates on the nervous system. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the patient.
Prevention is key in avoiding organophosphate poisoning, which can be achieved by using protective clothing and equipment when handling pesticides, keeping products away from food and children, and following the recommended dosage and application instructions carefully. Regular testing of soil and water for organophosphate residues can also help prevent exposure.
In conclusion, organophosphate poisoning is a serious health hazard that can result from exposure to pesticides and insecticides. Prompt recognition of symptoms and proper treatment are essential in preventing long-term health effects and reducing the risk of fatalities. Prevention through safe handling practices and regular testing of soil and water for organophosphate residues can also help minimize the risks associated with these chemicals.
Neurotoxicity Syndromes are a group of disorders that result from exposure to harmful substances, such as pesticides, heavy metals, and certain medications, which can damage the brain and nervous system. These syndromes can cause a wide range of symptoms, including cognitive impairment, memory loss, difficulty with concentration and coordination, mood changes, and even seizures.
The different types of Neurotoxicity Syndromes include:
1. Organophosphate-induced neurotoxicity: This syndrome is caused by exposure to organophosphate pesticides, which can damage the nervous system and cause symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and memory loss.
2. Heavy metal neurotoxicity: Exposure to heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, and arsenic, can damage the nervous system and cause symptoms such as tremors, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
3. Pesticide-induced neurotoxicity: This syndrome is caused by exposure to pesticides, which can damage the nervous system and cause symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and memory loss.
4. Solvent-induced neurotoxicity: Exposure to solvents, such as toluene and benzene, can damage the nervous system and cause symptoms such as memory loss, difficulty with concentration, and mood changes.
5. Medication-induced neurotoxicity: Certain medications, such as antidepressants and antipsychotics, can damage the nervous system and cause symptoms such as tremors, muscle rigidity, and cognitive impairment.
6. Environmental neurotoxicity: Exposure to environmental toxins, such as air pollution and pesticides, can damage the nervous system and cause symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and memory loss.
7. Neurodegenerative disease-induced neurotoxicity: Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, can cause neurotoxicity and lead to symptoms such as cognitive decline, memory loss, and motor dysfunction.
8. Traumatic brain injury-induced neurotoxicity: Traumatic brain injury can cause neurotoxicity and lead to symptoms such as cognitive impairment, memory loss, and mood changes.
9. Stroke-induced neurotoxicity: A stroke can cause neurotoxicity and lead to symptoms such as weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty with speech and language, and memory loss.
10. Neurodevelopmental disorder-induced neurotoxicity: Neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, can cause neurotoxicity and lead to symptoms such as cognitive impairment, social withdrawal, and repetitive behaviors.
It is important to note that these are just a few examples of the many different types of neurotoxicity that can occur, and that each type may have its own unique set of causes, symptoms, and treatments. If you suspect that you or someone you know may be experiencing neurotoxicity, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible in order to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Agricultural workers are at risk for a variety of diseases and injuries due to their work environment and tasks. These diseases and injuries are often specific to agricultural workers and are not typically seen in other occupational groups. Here are some examples of 'agricultural workers' diseases':
1. Pesticide poisoning: Agricultural workers who handle or apply pesticides may be at risk for poisoning, which can cause a range of symptoms including headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Prolonged exposure to pesticides has also been linked to an increased risk of cancer.
2. Lung disease: Agricultural workers who work with dusty crops or in confined spaces may be at risk for lung diseases such as bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.
3. Heat stress: Agricultural workers who work outdoors during hot weather may be at risk for heat stress, which can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and fatigue. In severe cases, heat stress can be fatal.
4. Noise-induced hearing loss: Agricultural workers who are exposed to loud noises, such as tractors or other machinery, may be at risk for noise-induced hearing loss.
5. Musculoskeletal disorders: Agricultural workers may be at risk for musculoskeletal disorders such as back pain, joint pain, and repetitive strain injuries due to the physical demands of their work.
6. Skin diseases: Agricultural workers who handle animals or are exposed to chemicals may be at risk for skin diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis or fungal infections.
7. Eye diseases: Agricultural workers who work with pesticides or other chemicals may be at risk for eye diseases such as conjunctivitis or cataracts.
8. Respiratory diseases: Agricultural workers who handle grain or other dusty materials may be at risk for respiratory diseases such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis or farmer's lung.
9. Infectious diseases: Agricultural workers may be at risk for infectious diseases such as Q fever, which is caused by a bacteria that can be found in the intestines of some animals.
10. Mental health disorders: The stress and isolation of agricultural work may contribute to mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, or substance abuse.
It's important for agricultural workers to take precautions to protect their health and safety on the job, such as wearing personal protective equipment, following proper handling and application procedures for chemicals, and taking regular breaks to rest and stretch. Additionally, employers should provide a safe work environment and training on safe work practices to help prevent injuries and illnesses.
Poisoning is the exposure to a substance that can harm or even kill a living organism. Poisons can be found in many sources, including medications, household chemicals, and certain plants and animals. Poisoning can occur through ingestion, inhalation, absorption, or injection of a poisonous substance.
There are several types of poisoning, including:
1. Acute poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a large amount of a poisonous substance over a short period of time. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and difficulty breathing.
2. Chronic poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a small amount of a poisonous substance over a longer period of time. Symptoms can include fatigue, weight loss, and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Occupational poisoning: This occurs when a worker is exposed to a poisonous substance in the course of their work. Examples include exposure to pesticides, lead, and mercury.
4. Environmental poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a poisonous substance in their environment, such as through contaminated water or soil.
5. Food poisoning: This occurs when a person eats food that has been contaminated with a poisonous substance, such as bacteria or viruses. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps.
Treatment for poisoning depends on the type of poison and the severity of the exposure. Some common treatments include activated charcoal to absorb the poison, medications to counteract the effects of the poison, and supportive care such as fluids and oxygen. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.
Prevention is key in avoiding poisoning. This includes proper storage and disposal of household chemicals, using protective gear when working with hazardous substances, and avoiding exposure to known poisons such as certain plants and animals. Education and awareness are also important in preventing poisoning, such as understanding the symptoms of poisoning and seeking medical attention immediately if suspected.
Nervous System Diseases are medical conditions that affect the Nervous System, which includes the Brain, Spinal Cord and peripheral nerves. These diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, such as memory loss, muscle weakness, paralysis, seizures, and changes in behavior or mood.
Examples of Nervous System Diseases include:
1. Alzheimer's disease: A progressive neurological disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease: A degenerative disorder that affects movement, balance and coordination.
3. Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disease that affects the protective covering of nerve fibers.
4. Stroke: A condition where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to brain cell death.
5. Brain tumors: Abnormal growth of tissue in the brain.
6. Neuropathy: Damage to peripheral nerves that can cause pain, numbness and weakness in hands and feet.
7. Epilepsy: A disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
8. Motor neuron disease: Diseases that affect the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement.
9. Chronic pain syndrome: Persistent pain that lasts more than 3 months.
10. Neurodevelopmental disorders: Conditions such as autism, ADHD and learning disabilities that affect the development of the brain and nervous system.
These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, toxins and ageing. Treatment options for Nervous System Diseases range from medications, surgery, rehabilitation therapy to lifestyle changes.
Organophosphate
Today, organophosphates make up about 50% of the killing agents in chemical pesticides.[failed verification] Organophosphate ... As of 2013, thirty-six types of organophosphates were registered for use in the United States. Organophosphates are currently ... Organophosphates (OPs) were among the most widely used insecticides until the 21st century. And until the mid 1990s, general ... Organophosphate pesticides degrade rapidly by hydrolysis on exposure to sunlight, air, and soil, although small amounts can be ...
Organophosphate poisoning
... is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs). Organophosphates are used as insecticides, medications, ... Organophosphate poisoning has been reported at least since 1962. The symptoms of organophosphate poisoning include muscle ... beginning with the organophosphates. As part of that process, in 1999 the EPA announced a ban the use of organophosphate ... organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND ...
Organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy
... (OPIDN), also called organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), is a ... Costa, Lucio G (2006). "Current issues in organophosphate toxicology". Clinica Chimica Acta. 366 (1-2): 1-13. doi:10.1016/j.cca ... "Cholinesterase Inhibitors - Organophosphate-Induced Delayed Neuropathy (OPIDN)". ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & Environmental ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Organophosphates, Neurological disorders, Toxic ...
Paraoxonase
"Organophosphates." Occupational Neurotoxicology. By Lucio G. Costa. N.p.: CRC LLC, 1998. 87-89. Print. Ruiz J, Blanche H, James ... PON was identified as an enzyme having organophosphates as its substrates. Reports of the geographic differences in population ... anti-microbial and organophosphate-hydrolyzing properties. Two of the most important known roles that Paraoxonases plays are in ... it lacks the ability to hydrolyze some of the organophosphate metabolites. Paraoxonase 3 is similar to type 1 in activity but ...
Alkyl phosphate
Levels in the urine have been used as a method of trying to determine levels of exposure to organophosphates; however, it is ... Alkyl phosphates belong to a group of organic compounds called organophosphates. They are esters of phosphoric acid H3PO4 and ... ISBN 0-8031-2007-9. Sudakin DL, Stone DL (November 2011). "Dialkyl phosphates as biomarkers of organophosphates: the current ...
Tricresyl phosphate
... (TCP), is a mixture of three isomeric organophosphate compounds most notably used as a fire retardant and ... Organophosphates And Health. World Scientific. 2001. p. 159. ISBN 1783261439. "The Jake Walk Effect". Moonshine. Neurotoxicity ... This intermediate is able to inhibit neuropathy target esterase (NTE) and results in the classic organophosphate-induced ... Petroianu, G.A. (December 2016). "Neuropathic organophosphates: from Scrugham, Heim and Lorot to Jake leg paralysis". Die ...
Well cementing
Organophosphates: Alkylene phosphonic acids. Inorganic Compounds: Acids and accompanying salts Sodium chloride, used in ...
Phosmet
... is an organophosphate, consisting of a phthalimide and a dithiophosphate ester, with two methyl groups. The structure ... Phosmet is a phthalimide-derived, non-systemic, organophosphate insecticide used on plants and animals. It is mainly used on ... Research on phosmet's (and other organophosphate/chlorine insecticides) effect on the placenta indicate that phosmet has been ... However, more research is needed on the consequences of phosmet and other organophosphates on placenta physiopathology. In ...
Organophosphorus compound
The organophosphates prepared on the largest scale are the zinc dithiophosphates, as additives for motor oil. Several million ... 47-73 in: Chambers, J.E., Levi, P.E. (eds.), Organophosphates: Chemistry, Fate, and Effects. Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN ... a branch of biochemistry that often relies on organophosphorus probes to interrogate enzyme activities Organophosphates Bihar ...
Chlorfenvinphos
... symptoms of organophosphate poisoning can be used to identify victims of organophosphate poisoning. These symptoms are not ... Ingestion of organophosphates as residues on food rarely reaches clinically relevant doses. CID 10107 from PubChem [REFS. 1995 ... Antonijevic, B.; Stojiljkovic, M. P. (1 March 2007). "Unequal Efficacy of Pyridinium Oximes in Acute Organophosphate Poisoning ... King, Andrew M.; Aaron, Cynthia K. (February 2015). "Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning". Emergency Medicine Clinics of ...
Substances poisonous to dogs
... who has studied organophosphate poisoning. Organophosphates are not banned from use, but require licensing for use. Zinc ... Pesticides containing organophosphates can be fatal to dogs. "Disulfoton is an example found in rose care products." "They're ... Than, Ker (July 18, 2013). "Organophosphates: A Common But Deadly Pesticide". National Geographic. Archived from the original ...
Acrydite
Webarchive template wayback links, Carboxamides, Organophosphates). ...
Peachester Public Dip
From 1935 tick resistance to arsenic led to the use of other chemicals in dips; initially DDT, then organophosphates, and ...
Phosphoric acid
... forms esters, called organophosphates. The name "orthophosphoric acid" can be used to distinguish this specific ...
Ronald Maddison
"Organophosphate Report" (PDF). Aerotoxic Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2018. Rayment, Sean (18 July ...
Pesticide incidents in the San Joaquin Valley
These chemicals include DDT and organophosphates such as TEPP syntox, EPN, parthion, metam sodium, and methomyl. These ... Many doctors conducted their research on organophosphate pesticides, one of many forms of pesticide that specifically targets ... Peoples, Stuart; Maddy, Keith (October 1978). "Organophosphate Pesticide Poisoning". Western Journal of Medicine. 129 (4): 273- ...
Substance-induced psychosis
... organophosphate insecticides (T60.0†); sarin and other nerve gases; tetraethyllead (T56.0†); aniline (T65.3†); acetone and ...
Unethical human experimentation
"Organophosphate Report" (PDF). Aerotoxic Association.[permanent dead link] "Nerve gas death was 'unlawful'". BBC News. 15 ...
Enzyme inhibitor
The organophosphate pesticides such as malathion, parathion, and chlorpyrifos irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase. The ... ISBN 978-1-00-009898-3. Gupta RC (2006). "Classification and Uses of Organophosphates and Carbamates". In Gupta RC (ed.). ... Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 5-24. ISBN 978-0-08-054310-9. ...
Disulfoton
... is an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide. It is manufactured under the name Di- ... Organophosphates in general poisons mammals and insects by phosphorylating the acetylcholinesterase enzyme at nerve endings ... Thus organophosphates also impairs nerve impulse transmission. Disulfoton can be absorbed via ingestion, inhalation or ...
Chlorethoxyfos
Metabolism of organophosphates occurs mostly in the liver, but also in other organs, like the intestine. Before chlorethoxyfos ... Like other organophosphates, chlorethoxyfos has anticholinesterase activity. This makes it a highly toxic compound with a steep ... After oxidation, hydrolysis of the organophosphate by esterases takes places. Detoxification occurs when esterase A cleaves the ... Chlorethoxyfos (O,O-diethyl-O-(1,2,2,2-tetrachloroethyl)phosphorothioate) is an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ...
Dermanyssus gallinae
Organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids are widely used. The first case of pyrethroid resistance was reported by Beugnet ...
Aryldialkylphosphatase
Some less-toxic organophosphates can be used as solvents, plasticizers, and EP additives. The use of organophosphates accounts ... The first organophosphate-degrading bacterial species was isolated from a soil sample from the Philippines in 1973, which ... Organophosphates are not toxic to bacteria, but they act as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in animals. Some species of ... Catalysis of organophosphates occurs via a nucleophilic substitution with inversion of configuration (SN2 mechanism) about the ...
Carbamate poisoning
Symptoms may be similar to organophosphate poisoning. King, Andrew M.; Aaron, Cynthia K. (February 2015). "Organophosphate and ...
Demyelinating disease
Organophosphate poisoning by commercial insecticides such as sheep dip, weed killers, and flea treatment preparations for pets ... "Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy". Toxicol Rev. 24 (1): 37-49. doi:10.2165/00139709-200524010-00003. PMID ...
Marvin Goldman
... toxicity of organophosphate agents; whole-body counting and gamma ray spectrometry; thermoluminescent dosimetry; and radiation ...
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Furthermore, certain organophosphates can cause OPIDN, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy. This is a disease, which ... The reaction mechanism and the formula above are both also compatible for other organophosphates. The process occurs in the ... This disease will show a few weeks after contamination with the organophosphate. It is believed that the neuropathy target ... However, there are no references found, which indicate that TEPP is one of the organophosphates that can cause OPIDN. ...
Neuropathy target esterase
Read DJ, Li Y, Chao MV, Cavanagh JB, Glynn P (May 2010). "Organophosphates induce distal axonal damage, but not brain oedema, ... Organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy- a paralysing syndrome with distal degeneration of long axons- results from ... 2003). "Loss of neuropathy target esterase in mice links organophosphate exposure to hyperactivity". Nat. Genet. 33 (4): 477-85 ... Lotti M, Moretto A (2005). "Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy". Toxicol Rev. 24 (1): 37-49. doi:10.2165/00139709- ...
Dimefox
... [pronunciation?] was an organophosphate pesticide. In its pure form it is a colourless liquid with a fishy odour. ... Organophosphate insecticides, Fluorine compounds, Dimethylamino compounds, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ...
Pesticide
Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides have a similar mode of action. They affect the nervous system of target pests (and ... Organophosphates are quite toxic to vertebrates and have in some cases been replaced by less toxic carbamates.: 136-137 ... Chlorinates such as DDT were dominant, but they were replaced in the U.S. by organophosphates and carbamates by 1975. Since ... The most common incidents of pesticide poisoning is thought to result from exposure to organophosphate and carbamate ...
Maternal Urinary Organophosphate Esters and Alterations in Maternal and Neonatal Thyroid Hormones - PubMed
Production of organophosphate esters (OPEs), which represent a major flame-retardant class present in consumer goods, has ... Maternal Urinary Organophosphate Esters and Alterations in Maternal and Neonatal Thyroid Hormones Zana Percy, Ann M Vuong, ... Maternal Urinary Organophosphate Esters and Alterations in Maternal and Neonatal Thyroid Hormones Zana Percy et al. Am J ... Childhood urinary organophosphate esters and cognitive abilities in a longitudinal cohort study. Percy Z, Chen A, Yang W, Braun ...
Insecticides (Organophosphates) - OPs Laboratory Capacity | CDC
Table of laboratory methods panels for Insecticides (Organophosphates). Chemical. Specimen Type. 2-Isopropyl-4-methyl-6- ... Distribution and determinants of urinary biomarkers of exposure to organophosphate insecticides in Puerto Rican pregnant women ... An Observational Study to Evaluate Associations Between Low-Level Gestational Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides and ...
Positive Health Online | Article - Organophosphate Poisoning
Most of them used one or other brand of organophosphate spray or powder, usually unlabelled beyond the trade name. ... Six cases of organophosphate (OP) poisoning have come my way since August. During the very hot spell many people were spraying ... Organophosphate Poisoning. by Helen Fullerton(more info). listed in environmental, originally published in issue 11 - April ... Six cases of organophosphate (OP) poisoning have come my way since August. During the very hot spell many people were spraying ...
Acute Toxicity of an Organophosphate Insecticide Chlorpyrifos to an Anuran, Rana cyanophlyctis - DOAJ
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide that elicits broad-spectrum insecticidal activity against a number of important ... Acute Toxicity of an Organophosphate Insecticide Chlorpyrifos to an Anuran, Rana cyanophlyctis *Ajai Kumar Srivastav, ... Background: Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide that elicits broad-spectrum insecticidal activity against a number of ...
Organophosphates and carbamates | Chemical Classifications | Toxic Substance Portal | ATSDR
Browsing EB8 by Subject "Organophosphates"
CDC | Toxic Syndrome Description: Nerve Agent and Organophosphate Pesticide Poisoning
Case Definition: Nerve Agents or Organophosphates. *Toxic Syndrome Description: Nerve Agent and Organophosphate Pesticide ... Note: The actual clinical manifestations of an exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate pesticide may be more variable ... Nerve agents are chemical warfare agents that have the same mechanism of action as OP organophosphate pesticides insecticides. ... care workers and public health officials to recognize an unknown or suspected exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate ( ...
Medical Science Monitor | Curious fatal intentional poisoning case with organophosphate pesticide - Article abstract #470150
Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Part 6: Organophosphate-Induced Delayed Neuropathy (OPIDN) | Environmental Medicine | ATSDR
Atmospheric concentrations of organophosphates - At background stations in Sweden (Råö, Norunda) and Finland (Pallas) - IVL.se
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants, plasticizers, anti-foaming agents and as additives in ... Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants, plasticizers, anti-foaming agents and as additives in ... Atmospheric concentrations of organophosphates - At background stations in Sweden (Råö, Norunda) and Finland (Pallas). ...
Ag Tag: organophosphates | Food and Environment Reporting Network
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health - Effects of long-term organophosphate exposures on neurological symptoms,...
Long-term organophosphate exposure did not appear to predict symptoms, vibration sense, or tremor outcome. ... Vibration sense outcomes were associated with age and height, but not with the organophosphate exposure measures. In the ... Conclusion Strong evidence was found for an association between symptom outcomes and past organophosphate poisoning and between ... Effects of long-term organophosphate exposures on neurological symptoms, vibration sense and tremor amongst South African farm ...
Competitive Fluorescent Immunosensor Based on Catalytic Hairpin Self-Assembly for Multiresidue Detection of Organophosphate...
Competitive Fluorescent Immunosensor Based on Catalytic Hairpin Self-Assembly for Multiresidue Detection of Organophosphate ... Competitive Fluorescent Immunosensor Based on Catalytic Hairpin Self-Assembly for Multiresidue Detection of Organophosphate ... Competitive Fluorescent Immunosensor Based on Catalytic Hairpin Self-Assembly for Multiresidue Detection of Organophosphate ... Competitive Fluorescent Immunosensor Based on Catalytic Hairpin Self-Assembly for Multiresidue Detection of Organophosphate ...
"Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) mediated degradation of organophosphate " by Timothy J Nicodemus, Concetta C. DiRusso et al.
Under these conditions, organophosphate levels were reduced to 0.1 mg/mL or less over the 8-10 day experimental period. These ... This study found that metabolically active cultures of the microalga C. subellipsoidea breakdown organophosphates (paraoxon, ... findings demonstrate a biological- based system can be tailored for the remediation of organophosphates from agricultural run- ... aim of this study was to define the mechanism allowing the green alga Coccomyxa subellipsoidea to break down organophosphates ...
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS
Organophosphate pesticide exposure and differential genome-wide DNA methylation - PubMed
Organophosphate pesticide exposure and differential genome-wide DNA methylation Kimberly C Paul 1 , Yu-Hsuan Chuang 2 , Myles ... Organophosphate pesticide exposure and differential genome-wide DNA methylation Kimberly C Paul et al. Sci Total Environ. 2018 ... Organophosphate pesticides exposure among farmworkers: pathways and risk of adverse health effects. Suratman S, Edwards JW, ... Background: Organophosphates (OP) are widely used insecticides that acutely inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity. There ...
CDC | Toxic Syndrome Description: Nerve Agent and Organophosphate Pesticide Poisoning
Case Definition: Nerve Agents or Organophosphates. *Toxic Syndrome Description: Nerve Agent and Organophosphate Pesticide ... Note: The actual clinical manifestations of an exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate pesticide may be more variable ... Nerve agents are chemical warfare agents that have the same mechanism of action as OP organophosphate pesticides insecticides. ... care workers and public health officials to recognize an unknown or suspected exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate ( ...
"Probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus reduces organophosphate pesticide ab" by Mark Trinder, Tim W. McDowell et al.
In summary, the results suggest that L. rhamnosus may be useful for reducing toxic organophosphate pesticide exposure via ... rhamnosus GG did not hydrolyze CP and no difference in organophosphate sequestration was observed between live and heat-killed ... revealed that both strains could significantly sequester organophosphate pesticides from solution after 24-h coincubations. ... would reduce absorption and toxicity of consumed organophosphate pesticides (parathion and chlorpyrifos [CP]). Several ...
Request Sample - Stored Grain Insecticide Market by Product Type (Organophosphate, Pyrethroids, Bio-Insecticides, and Others),...
Plasticizer - Wikipedia
Biosensor Based on Self-Assembling Acetylcholinesterase on Carbon Nanotubes for Flow Injection/Amperometric Detection of...
Organophosphate insecticide use and cancer incidence among spouses of pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study |...
Science approach document - Bioactivity exposure ratio: Application in priority setting and risk assessment - Canada.ca
However, once organophosphate and carbamate chemicals are excluded from the analysis, only 24 chemicals had a log10POD ratio of ... Organophosphates and carbamates. As previously mentioned, this SciAD builds on work that was conducted as part of an ... Moreover, 24 of the 48 substances in the APCRA case study with a log10POD ratio , 0 were considered to be organophosphates or ... Finally, only 3 of the 48 substances had a log10POD ratio of less than -2, all of which were organophosphate insecticides (Paul ...
The prevalence of pancreatitis in organophosphate poisonings | AVESİS
Trichlorfon Metrifonate 97% TC Broad Spectrum Organophosphate Insecticides
TC Broad Spectrum Organophosphate Insecticides from China, Chinas leading TC Broad Spectrum Organophosphate Insecticides ... TC Broad Spectrum Organophosphate Insecticides. , Trichlorfon Metrifonate Insecticides. , CAS 52-68-6. ... Trichlorfon Metrifonate 97% TC Broad Spectrum Organophosphate Insecticides. Trichlorfon Metrifonate 97% TC Broad Spectrum ...
EPA Requests Comments on Organophosphate Cancellation Petition - UT Crops News
Utility of 2-Pyridine Aldoxime Methyl Chloride (2-PAM) for Acute Organophosphate Poisoning: A Systematic Review and Meta...
Organophosphates. Oximes. Poisoning. Pralidoxime compounds Journal title. Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of ... Organophosphates (OP) account for the majority of pesticide-related unintentional or intentional poisonings in lower- and ... Utility of 2-Pyridine Aldoxime Methyl Chloride (2-PAM) for Acute Organophosphate Poisoning: A Systematic Review and Meta- ... Utility of 2-Pyridine Aldoxime Methyl Chloride (2-PAM) for Acute Organophosphate Poisoning: A Systematic Review and Meta- ...
A single-center cross-sectional observational pilot study of organophosphate pesticide exposure and semen quality in young men ...
Preliminary assessment of the potential role of urbanization in the distribution of carbamate and organophosphate resistant...
Thus, it is important to monitor activities or behaviour that has the potential to select for carbamate and organophosphate ... Across all sites and seasons, carbamate induced mortality was 94.1% ± 15.4 whereas mortality caused by organophosphate was 99.5 ... In adults, susceptibility to organophosphates (fenitrothion, malathion) and carbamates (propoxur, bendiocarb) were determined. ... this study was carried out to assess resistance status of Culex species to organophosphate and carbamate in urban areas in ...
PesticidesInsecticides and HerbicidesPyrethroidCarbamatesDeterminants of urinary biomarkersPyrethroidsCases of organophosphateChlorpyrifosPoisoningMalathionFLAME RETARDANTSCompoundsRetrospective cohoExposure2022CholinesterasePrevalenceResistanceParaquatMechanismAgriculturalPetitionLevelsHealthPesticidesMetabolitesPolyneuropathyDiazinonNerveWidelyPoisonChemicals
Pesticides2
- Nerve agents are chemical warfare agents that have the same mechanism of action as OP organophosphate pesticides insecticides. (cdc.gov)
- PROTOPAM Chloride has been studied in animals as an antidote against numerous organophosphate pesticides, chemicals, and drugs (see Animal Pharmacology and Toxicology ). (nih.gov)
Insecticides and Herbicides1
- This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of some organophosphate insecticides and herbicides, including diazinon, glyphosate, malathion, parathion, and tetrachlorvinphos. (who.int)
Pyrethroid5
- Detection of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti to organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid compounds in the north-east of Thailand. (who.int)
- Background: Organophosphate insecticides and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are widely used for the purpose of ectoparasite control in sheep they are regarded as veterinary medicines. (amjcaserep.com)
- Conclusions: Clinical signs of intramuscular organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid intoxication are similar with oral, dermal and inhalation exposure. (amjcaserep.com)
- OPtimizer ® is an economical organophosphate tag containing 21% diazinon and performs well in areas with horn fly pyrethroid resistance. (cckoutfitters.com)
- Biochemical mechanisms and diagnostic microassays for pyrethroid, carbamate, and organophosphate insecticide resistance/cross-resistance in the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens. (ncsu.edu)
Carbamates3
- Organophosphates are organic compounds that contain phosphorus, while carbamates are salts or esters of carbamic acid. (cdc.gov)
- In different ways, organophosphates and carbamates tend to cause the nervous system to stop working properly. (cdc.gov)
- These results suggests that both cytochrome P450 and esterase play an important role in tobacco budworm resistance and cross-resistance between carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroids. (ncsu.edu)
Determinants of urinary biomarkers1
- Llop S, Murcia M, Iñiguez C, Roca M, González L, Yusà V, Rebagliato M, Ballester F . Distributions and determinants of urinary biomarkers of organophosphate pesticide exposure in a prospective Spanish birth cohort study . (proyectoinma.org)
Pyrethroids1
- however, pyrethroids and DDT share similar modes of action, thus making organophosphate and carbamate very important in resistance management strategies. (biomedcentral.com)
Cases of organophosphate2
- Six cases of organophosphate (OP) poisoning have come my way since August. (positivehealth.com)
- Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of pancreatitis in cases of organophosphate (OP) poisonings admitted to Yuzuncu Yil University Teaching Hospital over an 18-month period. (yyu.edu.tr)
Chlorpyrifos2
- Background: Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide that elicits broad-spectrum insecticidal activity against a number of important arthropod pests. (doaj.org)
- A U.S. appeals court ordered the EPA to decide by Oct. 31 on a nine-year-old petition by environmental groups to ban the organophosphate chlorpyrifos, said Agri-Pulse. (thefern.org)
Poisoning12
- Although persistent decrements in cognitive function have been observed among persons who have recovered from clinically overt organophosphate (OP) pesticide poisoning, little is known about the cognitive effects of chronic OP exposures that do not result in acute poisoning. (nih.gov)
- Regardless of whether or not animal studies suggest that the organophosphate poison to which a particular patient has been exposed is amenable to treatment with pralidoxime chloride, the use of pralidoxime chloride should, nevertheless, be considered in any life-threatening situation resulting from poisoning by these compounds, since the limited and arbitrary conditions of pharmacologic screening do not always accurately reflect the usefulness of pralidoxime chloride in the clinical situation. (nih.gov)
- There are no adequate and well controlled clinical studies that establish the effectiveness of pralidoxime chloride as a treatment for poisoning with organophosphates having anticholinesterase activity. (nih.gov)
- The use of antibiotics following oral poisoning by corrosives and organophosphates is controversial. (bvsalud.org)
- Note: Serious poisoning can occur if an organophosphate gets on your bare skin or if you don't wash your skin soon after it gets on you. (medlineplus.gov)
- Clinical Investigation of Pneumonia Complicating Organophosphate Insecticide Poisoning: Is It Really Aspiration Pneumonia? (jksem.org)
- Pneumonia is a common complication of organophosphate poisoning and increases the incidence of respiratory failure and the duration of mechanical ventilator support. (jksem.org)
- Therefore, we investigated the clinical characteristics of pneumonia as a complication of organophosphate insecticide poisoning and then determined the factors related to the development of pneumonia. (jksem.org)
- A retrospective study was performed on patients with organophosphate insecticide poisoning, who were treated at our hospital with medical records and chest radiograph of patients. (jksem.org)
- Most Pneumonia in organophosphate poisoning patients were nosocomial pneumonia & ventilator-associated pneumonia. (jksem.org)
- Thus, to reduce the incidence of pneumonia complication in organophosphate poisoning patients, Physicians must take measures, such as hand-washing and careful periodic drainage of tubing condensate, etc., to reduce the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia. (jksem.org)
- In selecting empirical antibiotics for pneumonia complicating organophosphate poisoning patients, physicians should take regional prevalence of nosocomial pathogens into consideration. (jksem.org)
Malathion2
- This study found that metabolically active cultures of the microalga C. subellipsoidea breakdown organophosphates (paraoxon, malathion and diazinon) with differing structural conformations in freshwater through a mechanism that requires the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with little to no toxic effects on the algae. (unl.edu)
- Malathion is one of the oldest and most widely used organophosphate insecticides, and has a broad spectrum of applications in agriculture and public health, notably mosquito control. (who.int)
FLAME RETARDANTS2
- Due to increased use as PentaBDE replacements for low-density polyurethane foam in numerous products, organophosphate-based FRs (OPFRs) have now been detected at concentrations comparable to and, in some cases, higher than total PBDE concentrations within indoor dust, suggesting that chronic human exposure to these alternative flame retardants following migration from treated end-use products is common within the United States. (nih.gov)
- With the phasing-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants due to concerns regarding their potential developmental toxicity, the use of replacement compounds such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) has increased. (nih.gov)
Compounds2
- In one study of healthy adult volunteers and patients self-poisoned with organophosphate compounds, a single intramuscular injection of 1000 mg of pralidoxime chloride resulted in mean peak plasma levels of 7.5 ± 1.7 µg/mL and 9.9 ± 2.4 µg/mL, respectively. (nih.gov)
- Organophosphates englobe the class of highly toxic compounds present in many agrochemicals and threatening chemical weapons [ 1 ]. (degruyter.com)
Retrospective coho2
- Use of Antibiotics in Poisonous Ingestions of Corrosives and Organophosphates: A Retrospective Cohort Study. (bvsalud.org)
- We assessed the clinical outcomes of using antibiotics in acute poisonous ingestion involving corrosives or organophosphates by conducting a retrospective cohort study of patients presenting to the emergency department following ingestion of corrosives or organophosphates who received either antibiotics or supportive care. (bvsalud.org)
Exposure3
- The purpose of this document is to enable health care workers and public health officials to recognize an unknown or suspected exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate (OP) pesticide. (cdc.gov)
- Note: The actual clinical manifestations of an exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate pesticide may be more variable than the syndrome described in this document. (cdc.gov)
- The goal was to document the location and amount of organophosphate pesticide usage in the United States, in addition to the dangerous health effects associated with exposure. (earthjustice.org)
20221
- It is currently conducting new registration reviews for some two-dozen organophosphates that must be done by October 2022. (earthjustice.org)
Cholinesterase5
- This would be more effective than Physostigma because organophosphates attack other enzymes in addition to cholinesterase. (positivehealth.com)
- When organophosphates block cholinesterase the condition is reversible because in a short time the body makes more of the enzyme. (positivehealth.com)
- OPIDN, sometimes also called organophosphate induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP) is a rare, delayed neurotoxic effect, which occurs 1-5 weeks after severe toxicity from some cholinesterase inhibitors. (cdc.gov)
- The principal action of pralidoxime chloride is to reactivate cholinesterase (mainly outside of the central nervous system) which has been inactivated by phosphorylation due to an organophosphate pesticide or related compound. (nih.gov)
- Pralidoxime chloride also slows the process of "aging" of phosphorylated cholinesterase to a nonreactivatable form, and detoxifies certain organophosphates by direct chemical reaction. (nih.gov)
Prevalence1
- The study found low prevalence of resistance to carbamate and organophosphate insecticides among Culex species from Ghana. (biomedcentral.com)
Resistance3
- In order to plan and implement insecticide-based resistance management strategies, this study was carried out to assess resistance status of Culex species to organophosphate and carbamate in urban areas in Ghana and the possible mechanisms involved as well as environmental factors associated with its distribution. (biomedcentral.com)
- Thus, it is important to monitor activities or behaviour that has the potential to select for carbamate and organophosphate resistance populations. (biomedcentral.com)
- As a result, knowledge on resistance status of vectors against organophosphate or carbamate and the mechanism involved as well as factors that influence the resistance have become important. (biomedcentral.com)
Paraquat1
- The United States would ban the use of two classes of insecticides-organophosphates and neonicotinoids-and the herbicide paraquat under a bill unveiled by Sen. Cory Booker of New Jersey on Monday. (thefern.org)
Mechanism1
- The aim of this study was to define the mechanism allowing the green alga Coccomyxa subellipsoidea to break down organophosphates from agricultural run-off. (unl.edu)
Agricultural2
- These findings demonstrate a biological- based system can be tailored for the remediation of organophosphates from agricultural run-off in waterways for long-term sustainability that also includes bioproduct development from the algal biomass. (unl.edu)
- As the deadline looms, Earthjustice reviewed and extracted data from 17 organophosphate human health risk assessments, as well as agricultural pesticide usage data from the United States Geological Survey. (earthjustice.org)
Petition1
- The EPA is soliciting public comment on a petition from several organizations to cancel remaining organophosphate (OP's) insecticide registrations. (utcrops.com)
Levels1
- Under these conditions, organophosphate levels were reduced to 0.1 mg/mL or less over the 8-10 day experimental period. (unl.edu)
Health1
- These 17 organophosphates were selected due to their known harmful health effects and/or widespread use. (earthjustice.org)
Pesticides2
- Nerve agents are chemical warfare agents that have the same mechanism of action as OP organophosphate pesticides insecticides. (cdc.gov)
- PROTOPAM Chloride has been studied in animals as an antidote against numerous organophosphate pesticides, chemicals, and drugs (see Animal Pharmacology and Toxicology ). (nih.gov)
Metabolites4
- Urine samples from participants in the Churchill County leukemia study were analyzed for organophosphate insecticides and their breakdown products (metabolites). (cdc.gov)
- The metabolites are not toxic, but show that exposure to organophosphates occurred in the few days before testing. (cdc.gov)
- Linking some of these metabolites to a specific, original organophosphate compound is not possible without additional information. (cdc.gov)
- Even though an organophosphate or its metabolites in a person indicates exposure, it does not necessarily show the person will become sick. (cdc.gov)
Polyneuropathy2
- Organophosphate polyneuropathy: pathogenesis and prevention. (medscape.com)
- OPIDN, sometimes also called organophosphate induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP) is a rare, delayed neurotoxic effect, which occurs 1-5 weeks after severe toxicity from some cholinesterase inhibitors. (cdc.gov)
Diazinon1
- Organophosphate insecticides (such as diazinon) are one type of pesticide that works by damaging an enzyme in the body called acetylcholinesterase. (cdc.gov)
Nerve2
- Analysis of the organophosphate-induced electromyographic response to repetitive nerve stimulation: paradoxical response to edrophonium and D-tubocurarine. (medscape.com)
- Phrenic nerve conduction studies in acute organophosphate poisoning. (medscape.com)
Widely2
Poison1
- Organophosphates are a group of human-made chemicals that poison insects and mammals. (cdc.gov)
Chemicals1
- Organophosphates are rapidly broken down into other chemicals so they do not build up in the environment. (cdc.gov)
