Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.
Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.
Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.
An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.
Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.
An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.
A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.
Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.
An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.
An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide.
Compounds containing carbon-phosphorus bonds in which the phosphorus component is also bonded to one or more sulfur atoms. Many of these compounds function as CHOLINERGIC AGENTS and as INSECTICIDES.
A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.
Various salts of a quaternary ammonium oxime that reconstitute inactivated acetylcholinesterase, especially at the neuromuscular junction, and may cause neuromuscular blockade. They are used as antidotes to organophosphorus poisoning as chlorides, iodides, methanesulfonates (mesylates), or other salts.
Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.
The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.
Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.
Cholinesterases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of acetylcholine and other choline esters, playing crucial roles in the termination of impulse transmission at cholinergic synapses and neuro-muscular junctions, and in the metabolism of certain drugs and toxic substances.
A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.
An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.
A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.
Diseases in persons engaged in cultivating and tilling soil, growing plants, harvesting crops, raising livestock, or otherwise engaged in husbandry and farming. The diseases are not restricted to farmers in the sense of those who perform conventional farm chores: the heading applies also to those engaged in the individual activities named above, as in those only gathering harvest or in those only dusting crops.
An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.
The development by insects of resistance to insecticides.
Drugs used to reverse the inactivation of cholinesterase caused by organophosphates or sulfonates. They are an important component of therapy in agricultural, industrial, and military poisonings by organophosphates and sulfonates.
An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.
A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the three ester bonds in a phosphotriester-containing compound.
An aspect of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).
An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of an aryl-dialkyl phosphate to form dialkyl phosphate and an aryl alcohol. It can hydrolyze a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. It may also mediate an enzymatic protection of LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to ATHEROMA formation. The enzyme was previously regarded to be identical with Arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2).
An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.
An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.
Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during WARFARE.
Derivatives of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH. Included under this heading are N-substituted and O-substituted carbamic acids. In general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as POLYURETHANES. Note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of ISOCYANATES and the singular term URETHANE refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid.
A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection, inhalation of or exposure to a deleterious agent.
The active insecticidal constituent of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIIFOLIUM flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.
The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.
An organothiophosphate insecticide.
Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of POISONS.
Cholinesterase reactivator used as an antidote in alkyl phosphate poisoning.
Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination.
Esterases are hydrolase enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds, converting esters into alcohols and acids, playing crucial roles in various biological processes including metabolism and detoxification.
Neurologic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances through ingestion, injection, cutaneous application, or other method. This includes conditions caused by biologic, chemical, and pharmaceutical agents.
An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
Carbon-containing thiophosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either SULFUR atom, or the OXYGEN atom of the SPO3 core structure.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.
An organothiophosphate insecticide.
The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.
Materials applied to fabrics, bedding, furniture, plastics, etc. to retard their burning; many may leach out and cause allergies or other harm.
Cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti.
A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.
A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.
An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.
A mixture of isomeric tritolyl phosphates. Used in the sterilization of certain surgical instruments and in many industrial processes.
An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed)
Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc.
An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS.
A sulfur-containing analog of butyrylcholine which is hydrolyzed by butyrylcholinesterase to butyrate and thiocholine. It is used as a reagent in the determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.
An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.
Observable manifestations of impaired psychological functioning.
An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.
Conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE activity. The majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions.
Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxylic acid esters with the formation of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid anion.
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER and between TOGO and NIGERIA. Its capital is Porto-Novo. It was formerly called Dahomey. In the 17th century it was a kingdom in the southern area of Africa. Coastal footholds were established by the French who deposed the ruler by 1892. It was made a French colony in 1894 and gained independence in 1960. Benin comes from the name of the indigenous inhabitants, the Bini, now more closely linked with southern Nigeria (Benin City, a town there). Bini may be related to the Arabic bani, sons. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p136, 310 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p60)
An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB)
Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A species of mosquito in the genus Anopheles and the principle vector of MALARIA in Africa.
Carboxylesterase is a serine-dependent esterase with wide substrate specificity. The enzyme is involved in the detoxification of XENOBIOTICS and the activation of ester and of amide PRODRUGS.
A genus of TICKS, in the family IXODIDAE, widespread in Africa. Members of the genus include many important vectors of animal and human pathogens.
Substances or energies, for example heat or light, which when introduced into the air, water, or land threaten life or health of individuals or ECOSYSTEMS.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sri Lanka" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context; it is the name of a country located in South Asia, known for its diverse landscapes and rich biodiversity.
A subclass of G-protein coupled SEROTONIN receptors that couple preferentially to the GQ-G11 G-PROTEINS resulting in increased intracellular levels of INOSITOL PHOSPHATES and free CALCIUM.
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Iowa" is a state located in the Midwestern United States and does not have a medical definition.
Phenyl esters of carbamic acid or of N-substituted carbamic acids. Structures are similar to PHENYLUREA COMPOUNDS with a carbamate in place of the urea.
Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in SOIL and WATER. Its organisms are also found in raw meats, MILK and other FOOD, hospital environments, and human clinical specimens. Some species are pathogenic in humans.
Reduction of pharmacologic activity or toxicity of a drug or other foreign substance by a living system, usually by enzymatic action. It includes those metabolic transformations that make the substance more soluble for faster renal excretion.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) commonly found in tropical regions. Species of this genus are vectors for ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS as well as many other diseases of man and domestic and wild animals.
Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.
The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.
The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects through chemical, biological, or other means.
The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.
Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure.
The reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means.
Hydrocarbon compounds with one or more of the hydrogens replaced by CHLORINE.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous ACETYLCHOLINE or exogenous agonists. Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system.
Living facilities for humans.
The unsuccessful attempt to kill oneself.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.
#### My apologies, but the term 'Washington' is not a medical concept or condition that has a defined meaning within the medical field. It refers to various concepts, primarily related to the U.S. state of Washington or the District of Columbia, where the nation's capital is located. If you have any questions about medical topics or conditions, please feel free to ask!
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Earth or other matter in fine, dry particles. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The science of breeding, feeding and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
(Note: 'North Carolina' is a place, not a medical term. However, I can provide a fun fact related to health and North Carolina.)
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE.
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
Rapid methods of measuring the effects of an agent in a biological or chemical assay. The assay usually involves some form of automation or a way to conduct multiple assays at the same time using sample arrays.
Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
Persons living in the United States of Mexican descent.
Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "California" is a place, specifically a state on the western coast of the United States, and not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.

Role of reactive oxygen metabolites in organophosphate-bidrin-induced renal tubular cytotoxicity. (1/118)

Due to low toxicity to nontarget species and rapid degradation after its application, organophosphate (OP) remains a widely used class of pesticide. Suicidal or accidental overdose of OP can result in acute tubular necrosis. Experimental evidence shows little correlation between the renal tubular necrosis and the degree of OP-induced acetylcholinesterase inhibition, the main mechanism of OP's toxicity, suggesting the involvement of alternate mechanisms. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known mediators of many toxin-induced renal injuries, this study was conducted to investigate whether ROS play a role in Bidrin (BD)-induced renal tubular epithelial cell (LLC-PK1) toxicity. BD is an OP insecticide formulation with dicrotophos as the active ingredient. LLC-PK1 cell death, determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release (% of total), rose concentration- and time-dependently after exposure of the cells to 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, and 2000 ppm of BD for 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Antioxidants 2-methylaminochroman (2-MAC; 0.3 to 2.5 microM) and desferrioxamine (DFO; 0.25 to 2 mM) reduced cell damage induced by 1250 ppm of BD over a 24-h incubation in a concentration-related manner. The greatest reductions in % LDH were produced by DFO 2 mM and 2-MAC 2.5 microM, both significantly lower than BD alone. H2O2 levels (micromol/mg protein per h) were significantly elevated after exposure to 1250 ppm of BD. Significantly increased malondialdehyde formation (nmol/mg protein) compared with control was also found in BD-exposed cells indicating enhanced lipid peroxidation. Malondialdehyde generation was significantly suppressed by 2-MAC and DFO. These results demonstrate that the organophosphate BD can cause direct tubular cytotoxicity, and implicate, at least in part, a role for ROS and accompanying lipid peroxidation in cytotoxicity. Based on these direct in vitro findings, it is hypothesized that, besides hypotension that often accompanies OP intoxication, OP-induced oxidative stress at the tubular level may play a role in the pathogenesis of acute tubular necrosis.  (+info)

Cytotoxicity of antiviral nucleotides adefovir and cidofovir is induced by the expression of human renal organic anion transporter 1. (2/118)

The transport of organic anions in proximal convoluted tubules plays an essential role in the active secretion of a variety of small molecules by the kidney. In addition to other anionic substrates, the human renal organic anion transporter 1 (hOATI) is capable of transporting the nucleotide analogs adefovir and cidofovir. To investigate the involvement of hOATI in the mechanism of nephrotoxicity associated with these two clinically important antiviral agents, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were stably transfected with hOATI cDNA. The resulting CHOhOAT cells showed probenecid-sensitive and pH-dependent uptake of p-aminohippurate (Km = 15.4 FtM, V,,, ..ax = 20.6 pmol/106 cells min), a prototypical organic anion substrate. In addition, the stably expressed hOATI mediated efficient transport of adefovir (Km, = 23.8 tLM, V, a,, = 46.0 pmol/106 cells min) and cidofovir (K, = 58.0 /iM, Vt,ax = 103 pmol/106 cells * min) such that the levels of intracellular metabolites of both nucleotides were > 1 00-fold higher in CHOh OAT cells than in parental CHO. Consequently, adefovir and cidofovir were approximately 500-fold and 400-fold more cytotoxic, respectively, in CHOh OAT cells compared to CHO. The cytotoxicity of both drugs in CHOh OAT cells was markedly reduced in the presence of hOATI inhibitors. The cyclic prodrug of cidofovir, which exhibits reduced in vivo nephrotoxicity, was a poor substrate for hOATI and showed only marginally increased cytotoxicity in CHOh OAT cells. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that hOATI plays a critical role in the organ-specific toxicity of adefovir and cidofovir, and indicates that CHOh OAT cells may represent a useful in vitro model to investigate the potential nephrotoxicity of clinically relevant organic anion agents.  (+info)

Nosocomial poisoning associated with emergency department treatment of organophosphate toxicity--Georgia, 2000. (3/118)

Emergency department (ED) staff caring for patients contaminated with toxic chemicals are at risk for developing toxicity from secondary contamination. This report describes three cases of occupational illnesses associated with organophosphate toxicity caused by exposure to a contaminated patient and underscores the importance of using personal protection equipment (PPE) and establishing and following decontamination procedures in EDs and other areas of acute care hospitals.  (+info)

Determination of glufosinate ammonium and its metabolite, 3-methylphosphinicopropionic acid, in human serum by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following mixed-mode solid-phase extraction and t-BDMS derivatization. (4/118)

A method for the analysis of glufosinate ammonium (GLUF) and its metabolite 3-methylphosphinicopropionic acid (MPPA) in human serum by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed. Employing a mixed-mode cartridge with both anion exchange action and weak nonpolar interaction, we extracted GLUF and MPPA from the serum and carried out GC-MS analysis of their tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives. The detection limits of GLUF and MPPA were 10 pg and 1 pg, respectively. Full mass spectra of 100 pg GLUF and of 10 pg MPPA were easily obtainable. The recovery rate of 90.0+/-11.9% (or better) when the serum concentrations of GLUF and MPPA were 10-0.1 microg/mL. Results of 23 serum samples, from patients with GLUF poisoning, measured by this method correlate well with those derived from the conventional high-performance liquid chromatography method (r = 0.996). The developed GC-MS method is likely to become a useful analytical technique in clinical settings.  (+info)

Adverse reaction to atropine and the treatment of organophosphate intoxication. (5/118)

Atropine is the drug of choice for treatment of organophosphate nerve agent and insecticide intoxication and has been used for this indication for several decades. Adverse reactions to atropine may occur, and are of two types: toxic and allergic. Toxic reaction, the most common form, results from the anti-muscarinic effects of the drug. Since it is most probably related to interpersonal variation in sensitivity to atropine, toxic effects may appear at the usual therapeutic doses. The second type, allergic reaction, includes local manifestations, usually after the administration of eyedrops, and systemic reaction in the form of anaphylaxis. Since most patients manifest only a mild reaction, allergy testing is not performed and the prevalence of allergy to atropine is therefore not known. Severe allergic reaction to atropine is rare, as evidenced by the small number of case reports in the literature despite the drug's extensive use. Alternative anti-muscarinic drugs recommended for OP poisoning include glycopyrrolate and scopolamine. Glycopyrrolate is a peripheral anti-muscarinic drug that has been studied in comparison to atropine for many clinical indications, while scopolamine is an anti-muscarinic drug with both peripheral and central effects. An acceptable alternative regimen for patients with proven allergy to atropine is a combination of glycopyrrolate with centrally active drugs such as benzodiazepines or scopolamine.  (+info)

The toxicity of some organophosphorus compounds to adult Anopheles stephensi. (6/118)

The authors have evaluated a number of organophosphorus compounds for residual contact toxicity to adult Anopheles stephensi. Fenthion and malathion were the most promising of the compounds, and wettable powder deposits at a dosage of 1 g/m(2) on plywood remained effective for five months. There was, however, a rapid loss of effectiveness on dried mud bricks stored at 25 degrees C and 50%-55% relative humidity.Diazinon and ronnel were less persistent on plywood. Guthion and coumaphos, although highly toxic by topical application, were both ineffective as contact insecticides when applied as solids in suspension. Trithion and methyl trithion were relatively low in toxicity both by topical application and as contact insecticides.  (+info)

Field and laboratory studies on the use of malathion for control of body-lice in Egypt. (7/118)

In view of the development of resistance to DDT by Egyptian strains of body-lice, there is a need for another effective and safe insecticide with which they may be controlled. Trials were made in three governorates of the United Arab Republic to compare the effectiveness against these insects of 1% malathion and 10% DDT dusts, 30 g of powder being applied inside the clothing while it was being worn.When susceptibility tests were carried out with the WHO standard technique, the LC(50) was found to be less than 0.04% malathion. In the field, 1% malathion could effectively control lice for three weeks after one application.The 10% DDT dust was less effective, the lice in all three areas showing varying degrees of resistance. However, this insecticide is still considered to be reasonably effective for louse control in central Egypt; in Fayoum Governorate, it might be used but two applications would be needed; north of the Delta its effectiveness appears very doubtful.  (+info)

THE SITE OF THE 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE RECEPTOR ON THE INTRAMURAL NERVOUS PLEXUS OF THE GUINEA-PIG ISOLATED ILEUM. (8/118)

Dose/response measurements were made on the guinea-pig isolated ileum with six agonists, acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, nicotine, dimethylphenylpiperazinium, choline phenyl ether and histamine. The dose effects were repeated in the presence of each of twelve antagonists and one anticholinesterase. Acetylcholine and histamine were chosen because of their direct mode of action on smooth muscle, nicotine, dimethylphenylpiperazinium and choline phenyl ether were used as examples of drugs that act at the ganglionic acetylcholine receptor. 5-Hydroxytryptamine was the drug investigated. Hyoscine blocked the contractions caused by acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and the ganglion-stimulants but left the responses to histamine unchanged. The anticholinesterase N,N'-diisopropylphosphorodiamidic fluoride (mipafox) potentiated all the agonists except histamine. The strength of potentiation decreased in the order 5-hydroxytryptamine, nicotine, dimethylphenylpiperazinium and choline phenyl ether, and acetylcholine. The local anaesthetic procaine inhibited to the same extent contractions elicited by 5-hydroxytryptamine, nicotine, dimethylphenylpiperazinium and choline phenyl ether. These results showed that 5-hydroxytryptamine, like nicotine, choline phenyl ether and dimethylphenylpiperazinium, mediated its response through the nervous plexus. Of those tested 5-hydroxytryptamine was the only specific antagonist to 5-hydroxytryptamine; lysergic acid derivatives produced spasm and prolonged changes in tone; phenoxybenzamine caused non-specific block. The diverse modes of action of a number of ganglion-blocking agents were selectively used. Thus hexamethonium, pentolinium, and nicotine in its competitive phase, blocked contractions due to nicotine, dimethylphenylpiperazinium and choline phenyl ether and left those due to 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine and histamine unchanged. The depolarizing ganglion-blocking agents, dimethylphenylpiperazinium and nicotine, inhibited the responses to all the indirectly acting drugs. Furthermore, mecamylamine, a drug with a less well-defined mode of action, partially inhibited contractions due to 5-hydroxytryptamine in a concentration that blocked those due to nicotine, dimethylphenylpiperazinium and choline phenyl ether. Pempidine, known to act like mecamylamine, did not antagonize 5-hydroxytryptamine. It is concluded that 5-hydroxytryptamine activates specific receptors sited at the intramural parasympathetic ganglion cells.  (+info)

Organophosphate (OP) poisoning refers to the toxic effects that occur after exposure to organophosphate compounds, which are commonly used as pesticides, nerve agents, and plasticizers. These substances work by irreversibly inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the nervous system. As a result, excessive accumulation of acetylcholine leads to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors, causing a wide range of symptoms.

The severity and type of symptoms depend on the dose, duration, and route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption). The primary manifestations of organophosphate poisoning are:

1. Muscarinic effects: Excess acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system results in symptoms such as narrowed pupils (miosis), increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, bronchorrhea (excessive respiratory secretions), diarrhea, bradycardia (decreased heart rate), and hypotension.
2. Nicotinic effects: Overstimulation of nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction leads to muscle fasciculations, weakness, and paralysis. This can also cause tachycardia (increased heart rate) and hypertension.
3. Central nervous system effects: OP poisoning may result in headache, dizziness, confusion, seizures, coma, and respiratory depression.

Treatment for organophosphate poisoning includes decontamination, supportive care, and administration of antidotes such as atropine (to block muscarinic effects) and pralidoxime (to reactivate acetylcholinesterase). Delayed treatment can lead to long-term neurological damage or even death.

Organophosphates are a group of chemicals that include insecticides, herbicides, and nerve gases. They work by inhibiting an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which normally breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapse between nerves. This leads to an overaccumulation of acetylcholine, causing overstimulation of the nervous system and resulting in a wide range of symptoms such as muscle twitching, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, confusion, and potentially death due to respiratory failure. Organophosphates are highly toxic and their use is regulated due to the risks they pose to human health and the environment.

Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.

Chlorpyrifos is a type of pesticide that belongs to the class of organophosphates. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and causes toxic effects in insects. Chlorpyrifos is used to control a wide variety of pests, including insects that infest crops, homes, and gardens. It is also used to protect wood from termites and other wood-boring insects.

Chlorpyrifos can be harmful to humans if it is ingested, inhaled, or comes into contact with the skin. Exposure to chlorpyrifos can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and muscle twitching. In severe cases, it can lead to respiratory failure, convulsions, and even death. Chlorpyrifos has been linked to developmental problems in children, including reduced IQ and attention deficit disorder. As a result, the use of chlorpyrifos in residential settings has been restricted in many countries.

Organophosphorus compounds are a class of chemical substances that contain phosphorus bonded to organic compounds. They are used in various applications, including as plasticizers, flame retardants, pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and nerve gases), and solvents. In medicine, they are also used in the treatment of certain conditions such as glaucoma. However, organophosphorus compounds can be toxic to humans and animals, particularly those that affect the nervous system by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Exposure to these compounds can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, respiratory failure and death.

Fenitrothion is a type of organophosphate pesticide that is used to control a wide variety of insects. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and results in nervous system dysfunction in insects.

Fenitrothion is used to control pests in agricultural settings, as well as in public health programs to combat vectors of diseases such as mosquitoes and lice. However, it can also have toxic effects on non-target organisms, including humans, and has been linked to a variety of health problems, including neurological damage and cancer. As a result, its use is regulated in many countries, and there are restrictions on the amount that can be applied and the circumstances under which it can be used.

Diazinon is a type of organophosphate insecticide that works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft and results in overstimulation of cholinergic receptors. This can cause a variety of symptoms, including muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, and respiratory failure, which can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Diazinon is used to control a wide range of insect pests in agriculture, horticulture, and residential settings. However, it is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, including humans, and its use is regulated by environmental and public health agencies around the world. Exposure to diazinon can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and can cause acute and chronic health effects depending on the level and duration of exposure.

In the medical field, diazinon poisoning is treated with atropine, which blocks the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, and oximes, which reactivate acetylcholinesterase. Supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and fluid replacement, may also be necessary in severe cases.

Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or repelling pests. Pests can be insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, or other organisms that can cause damage to crops, animals, or humans and their living conditions. The term "pesticide" includes all of the following: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, bactericides, and various other substances used to control pests.

It is important to note that while pesticides are designed to be toxic to the target pests, they can also pose risks to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it is essential to follow all label instructions and safety precautions when handling and applying pesticides.

Dichlorvos is a type of organophosphate insecticide that is used to control a wide variety of pests in agricultural, residential, and industrial settings. Its chemical formula is (2,2-dichlorovinyl) dimethyl phosphate. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic clefts of nerve cells, causing overstimulation of the nervous system and ultimately death of the pest.

Dichlorvos is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, including humans. Exposure to this chemical can cause a range of symptoms, including headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, respiratory failure and death. It is classified as a Category I acute toxicant by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and is listed as a hazardous substance under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA).

Due to its high toxicity and potential for environmental persistence, dichlorvos is subject to strict regulations in many countries. It is banned or restricted for use in several jurisdictions, including the European Union, Canada, and some states in the United States. Where it is still allowed, it is typically used only under specific conditions and with appropriate safety measures in place.

Paraoxon is the active metabolite of the organophosphate insecticide parathion. It functions as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which means it prevents the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. This leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine and overstimulation of cholinergic receptors, causing a variety of symptoms such as muscle weakness, increased salivation, sweating, lacrimation, nausea, vomiting, and potentially fatal respiratory failure.

Paraoxon is also used in research and diagnostic settings to measure acetylcholinesterase activity. It can be used to determine the degree of inhibition of this enzyme by various chemicals or toxins, including other organophosphate compounds.

Organothiophosphorus compounds are a class of chemical compounds that contain carbon (organo-) and thiophosphorus bonds. Thiophosphorus refers to a phosphorus atom bonded to one or more sulfur atoms. These compounds have various applications, including use as plasticizers, flame retardants, insecticides (such as malathion and parathion), and nerve agents (such as sarin and VX). They can be synthesized through the reaction of organolithium or Grignard reagents with thiophosphoryl chloride. The general structure of these compounds is R-P(=S)Y, where R is an organic group, P is phosphorus, and Y is a group that determines the properties and reactivity of the compound.

Parathion is not a medical term, but a chemical one. It refers to a type of organophosphate insecticide that is highly toxic and can be absorbed through the skin or ingested. Parathion works by inhibiting an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an overstimulation of the nervous system and can cause symptoms such as muscle twitching, convulsions, respiratory failure, and death. Although parathion is not used in medical treatments, it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of its potential health effects, particularly in cases of accidental or intentional exposure.

Pralidoxime compounds are a type of antidote used to treat poisoning from organophosphate nerve agents and pesticides. These compounds work by reactivating the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which is inhibited by organophosphates. This helps to restore the normal functioning of the nervous system and can save lives in cases of severe poisoning.

Pralidoxime is often used in combination with atropine, another antidote that blocks the effects of excess acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. Together, these compounds can help to manage the symptoms of organophosphate poisoning and prevent long-term neurological damage.

It is important to note that pralidoxime must be administered as soon as possible after exposure to organophosphates, as its effectiveness decreases over time. This makes rapid diagnosis and treatment crucial in cases of suspected nerve agent or pesticide poisoning.

Cholinesterase inhibitors are a class of drugs that work by blocking the action of cholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body. By inhibiting this enzyme, the levels of acetylcholine in the brain increase, which can help to improve symptoms of cognitive decline and memory loss associated with conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.

Cholinesterase inhibitors are also used to treat other medical conditions, including myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disorder that causes muscle weakness, and glaucoma, a condition that affects the optic nerve and can lead to vision loss. Some examples of cholinesterase inhibitors include donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), and rivastigmine (Exelon).

It's important to note that while cholinesterase inhibitors can help to improve symptoms in some people with dementia, they do not cure the underlying condition or stop its progression. Side effects of these drugs may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased salivation. In rare cases, they may also cause seizures, fainting, or cardiac arrhythmias.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter, into choline and acetic acid. This enzyme plays a crucial role in regulating the transmission of nerve impulses across the synapse, the junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle fiber.

Acetylcholinesterase is located in the synaptic cleft, the narrow gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. When ACh is released from the presynaptic membrane and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, it triggers a response in the target cell. Acetylcholinesterase rapidly breaks down ACh, terminating its action and allowing for rapid cycling of neurotransmission.

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase leads to an accumulation of ACh in the synaptic cleft, prolonging its effects on the postsynaptic membrane. This can result in excessive stimulation of cholinergic receptors and overactivation of the cholinergic system, which may cause a range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, fasciculations, sweating, salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, bradycardia, and bronchoconstriction.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used in the treatment of various medical conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, myasthenia gravis, and glaucoma. However, they can also be used as chemical weapons, such as nerve agents, due to their ability to disrupt the nervous system and cause severe toxicity.

Methyl parathion is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide. It functions by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, causing nervous system excitation and ultimately damage or death in insects. However, it can also have toxic effects on mammals, including humans, if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. It is classified as a highly hazardous pesticide by the World Health Organization (WHO) and its use is restricted or banned in many countries due to its high toxicity and environmental persistence.

Fenthion is a type of pesticide called an organophosphate insecticide. It works by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine and ultimately results in nervous system dysfunction in insects. Fenthion can be used to control a variety of pests, including flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. However, it is also toxic to non-target organisms, including humans, and has been linked to various health effects such as neurological damage and cancer. As a result, the use of fenthion has been restricted or banned in many countries.

Cholinesterases are a group of enzymes that play an essential role in the nervous system by regulating the transmission of nerve impulses. They work by breaking down a type of chemical messenger called acetylcholine, which is released by nerves to transmit signals to other nerves or muscles.

There are two main types of cholinesterases: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). AChE is found primarily in the nervous system, where it rapidly breaks down acetylcholine to terminate nerve impulses. BChE, on the other hand, is found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver and plasma, and plays a less specific role in breaking down various substances, including some drugs and toxins.

Inhibition of cholinesterases can lead to an accumulation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, which can result in excessive stimulation of nerve impulses and muscle contractions. This effect is exploited by certain medications used to treat conditions such as myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer's disease, and glaucoma, but can also be caused by exposure to certain chemicals or toxins, such as organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents.

Malathion is a type of organophosphate pesticide that is widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for the control of various insect pests. It works by inhibiting an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which leads to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapses, resulting in overstimulation of the nervous system and ultimately death of the insect.

In a medical context, malathion is also used as a topical treatment for head lice infestations. It is available in various forms, such as shampoos, lotions, and sprays, and works by killing the lice and their eggs on contact. However, it is important to follow the instructions carefully when using malathion products to avoid excessive exposure and potential health risks.

Monocrotophos is not typically defined in medical terms, but it is a pesticide that can have medical implications. It's a type of organophosphate insecticide that works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, leading to an overaccumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and resulting in symptoms such as muscle twitching, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, and, at high exposures, seizures and respiratory failure. Chronic exposure can lead to neurological problems and an increased risk of certain cancers.

Coumaphos is an antiparasitic agent, specifically a type of chemical called an organophosphate. It works by inhibiting the action of certain enzymes in insects and other parasites, which leads to their death. Coumaphos is used as a topical treatment for lice and scabies infestations in humans, and it is also used in veterinary medicine to control internal and external parasites in livestock and pets.

It's important to note that coumaphos is highly toxic and can cause serious health effects if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Therefore, it should be handled with care and used only as directed by a healthcare professional.

"Agricultural Workers' Diseases" is a term used to describe a variety of health conditions and illnesses that are associated with agricultural work. These can include both acute and chronic conditions, and can be caused by a range of factors including exposure to chemicals, dusts, allergens, physical injuries, and biological agents such as bacteria and viruses.

Some common examples of Agricultural Workers' Diseases include:

1. Pesticide poisoning: This can occur when agricultural workers are exposed to high levels of pesticides or other chemicals used in farming. Symptoms can range from mild skin irritation to severe neurological damage, depending on the type and amount of chemical exposure.
2. Respiratory diseases: Agricultural workers can be exposed to a variety of dusts and allergens that can cause respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and farmer's lung. These conditions are often caused by prolonged exposure to moldy hay, grain dust, or other organic materials.
3. Musculoskeletal injuries: Agricultural workers are at risk of developing musculoskeletal injuries due to the physical demands of their job. This can include back pain, repetitive strain injuries, and sprains and strains from lifting heavy objects.
4. Zoonotic diseases: Agricultural workers who come into contact with animals are at risk of contracting zoonotic diseases, which are illnesses that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Examples include Q fever, brucellosis, and leptospirosis.
5. Heat-related illnesses: Agricultural workers who work outside in hot weather are at risk of heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Prevention of Agricultural Workers' Diseases involves a combination of engineering controls, personal protective equipment, and training to help workers understand the risks associated with their job and how to minimize exposure to hazards.

Sarin is a potent and deadly nerve agent, a type of organic compound called a phosphoro-organic fluid. It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid, which is also known as GB. Sarin is a human-made chemical warfare agent that is considered a weapon of mass destruction and is banned under the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993.

Sarin works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body. This leads to an overaccumulation of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junctions and synapses, causing uncontrolled muscle contractions, paralysis, respiratory failure, and ultimately death if not treated promptly.

Exposure to Sarin can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Symptoms of exposure include runny nose, tightness in the chest, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, blurred vision, and confusion. Immediate medical attention is required for anyone exposed to Sarin, as antidotes such as atropine and pralidoxime can be administered to counteract its effects.

Insecticide resistance is a genetic selection process in insect populations that allows them to survive and reproduce despite exposure to insecticides. It's the result of changes in the genetic makeup of insects, which can be caused by natural selection when insecticides are used repeatedly. Over time, this leads to the prevalence of genes that provide resistance to the insecticide, making the pest control methods less effective. Insecticide resistance is a significant challenge in public health and agriculture, as it can reduce the efficacy of interventions aimed at controlling disease-carrying insects or protecting crops from pests.

Cholinesterase reactivators are a type of medication used to reverse the effects of certain types of poisoning, particularly organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, as well as nerve agents. These chemicals work by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which normally breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body. This can lead to an overaccumulation of acetylcholine and result in symptoms such as muscle weakness, seizures, and respiratory failure.

Cholinesterase reactivators, also known as oximes, work by reactivating the inhibited enzyme and allowing it to resume its normal function. The most commonly used cholinesterase reactivator is pralidoxime (2-PAM), which is often administered in combination with atropine to treat organophosphate poisoning.

It's important to note that cholinesterase reactivators are not effective against all types of nerve agents or pesticides, and their use should be determined by a medical professional based on the specific type of poisoning involved. Additionally, these medications can have side effects and should only be administered under medical supervision.

Soman is a chemical compound with the formula (CH3)2(C=O)N(CH2)4SH. It is a potent nerve agent, a type of organic compound that can cause death by interfering with the nervous system's ability to regulate muscle movement. Soman is an odorless, colorless liquid that evaporates slowly at room temperature and is therefore classified as a "v-type" or "volatile" nerve agent. It is considered to be one of the most toxic substances known. Exposure to soman can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and it can cause a range of symptoms including nausea, seizures, respiratory failure, and death.

Phosphoric triester hydrolases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric triesters into corresponding alcohols and phosphates. These enzymes play a crucial role in the detoxification of organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents, as well as in the metabolism of various endogenous compounds.

The term "phosphoric triester hydrolases" is often used interchangeably with "phosphotriesterases" or "organophosphorus hydrolases." These enzymes are characterized by their ability to cleave the P-O-C bond in phosphoric triesters, releasing a free alcohol and a diethyl phosphate moiety.

Phosphoric triester hydrolases have attracted significant interest due to their potential applications in bioremediation, biosensors, and therapeutics. However, it is important to note that the specificity and efficiency of these enzymes can vary widely depending on the structure and properties of the target compounds.

Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of esters of choline, including butyrylcholine and acetylcholine. It is found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver, brain, and plasma. BChE plays a role in the metabolism of certain drugs and neurotransmitters, and its activity can be inhibited by certain chemicals, such as organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents. Elevated levels of BChE have been found in some neurological disorders, while decreased levels have been associated with genetic deficiencies and liver disease.

Aryldialkylphosphatases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of certain types of organophosphate compounds. Specifically, they break down compounds that contain an aryl (aromatic) group linked to two alkyl groups through a phosphorus atom. These enzymes play a role in the detoxification of these compounds in living organisms.

The medical definition of 'Aryldialkylphosphatase' is not commonly used, as it refers to a specific type of enzyme that is not typically discussed in a clinical context. However, understanding the function of these enzymes can be important for toxicologists and other researchers who study the effects of organophosphate compounds on living systems.

Phosmet is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide, which means it is used to kill insects and mites. It works by inhibiting the action of an enzyme called cholinesterase, leading to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and ultimately causing nervous system failure in the pest.

Phosmet has a wide range of uses, including controlling pests on fruits, vegetables, nuts, and ornamental plants, as well as on animals such as dogs and livestock. It can be applied as a spray, dust, or fog, and it is absorbed through the skin and respiratory system of both the target pests and any individuals who come into contact with it.

Like other organophosphate pesticides, phosmet can have harmful effects on human health if not used properly. It can cause acute symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, and muscle weakness, and in severe cases, it can lead to respiratory failure, convulsions, and death. Chronic exposure has been linked to neurological damage, including memory loss and decreased cognitive function.

It is important to follow all safety precautions when using phosmet or any other pesticide, including wearing protective clothing, washing contaminated skin and clothing, and avoiding re-entry into treated areas until the recommended safety interval has passed.

Azinphosmethyl is a type of organophosphate insecticide that is used to control various pests in agriculture. Its chemical formula is C6H12NO6PS. It works by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that is crucial for the proper functioning of the nervous system. This leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which can result in a variety of symptoms such as muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, and eventually respiratory failure.

Azinphosmethyl is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, and it can pose significant risks to human health if not handled properly. Exposure to this chemical can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and it can cause a range of adverse health effects, including headaches, nausea, dizziness, and respiratory problems. Long-term exposure has been linked to more serious health issues such as neurological damage and an increased risk of certain types of cancer.

Due to its high toxicity and potential risks to human health, the use of azinphosmethyl is regulated by various governmental agencies around the world. In the United States, for example, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified azinphosmethyl as a restricted-use pesticide, which means that it can only be applied by certified applicators who have received special training in its safe use.

Chemical warfare agents are defined as chemical substances that are intended or have the capability to cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation, or sensory irritation through their toxic properties when deployed in a military theater. These agents can be in gaseous, liquid, or solid form and are typically categorized based on their physiological effects. Common categories include nerve agents (e.g., sarin, VX), blister agents (e.g., mustard gas), choking agents (e.g., phosgene), blood agents (e.g., cyanide), and incapacitating agents (e.g., BZ). The use of chemical warfare agents is prohibited by international law under the Chemical Weapons Convention.

Carbamates are a group of organic compounds that contain the carbamate functional group, which is a carbon atom double-bonded to oxygen and single-bonded to a nitrogen atom (> N-C=O). In the context of pharmaceuticals and agriculture, carbamates are a class of drugs and pesticides that have carbamate as their core structure.

Carbamate insecticides work by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapses of the nervous system. When this enzyme is inhibited, acetylcholine accumulates in the synaptic cleft, leading to overstimulation of the nervous system and ultimately causing paralysis and death in insects.

Carbamate drugs are used for a variety of medical indications, including as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, and psychotropic medications. They work by modulating various neurotransmitter systems in the brain, such as GABA, glutamate, and dopamine. Carbamates can also be used as anti- parasitic agents, such as ivermectin, which is effective against a range of parasites including nematodes, arthropods, and some protozoa.

It's important to note that carbamate pesticides can be toxic to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it's essential to follow all safety guidelines when handling or using these products.

Poisoning is defined medically as the harmful, sometimes fatal, effect produced by a substance when it is introduced into or absorbed by living tissue. This can occur through various routes such as ingestion, inhalation, injection, or absorption through the skin. The severity of poisoning depends on the type and amount of toxin involved, the route of exposure, and the individual's age, health status, and susceptibility. Symptoms can range from mild irritation to serious conditions affecting multiple organs, and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, seizures, or unconsciousness. Immediate medical attention is required in cases of poisoning to prevent severe health consequences or death.

Pyrethrins are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds extracted from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Chrysanthemum coccineum. They have been used for centuries as insecticides due to their ability to disrupt the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and death. Pyrethrins are composed of six esters, pyrethrin I and II, cinerin I and II, and jasmolin I and II, which have different insecticidal properties but share a similar mode of action. They are commonly used in household insect sprays, pet shampoos, and agricultural applications to control a wide range of pests. However, pyrethrins can be toxic to fish and some beneficial insects, so they must be used with caution.

I apologize for any confusion, but "agriculture" is not a term that has a medical definition. Agriculture refers to the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants, and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. It is an important industry and practice that has been developed over thousands of years and continues to play a critical role in global food production and security.

Disulfoton is a type of organophosphate pesticide that is used to control a variety of insects in agricultural settings. It functions as a cholinesterase inhibitor, disrupting the normal functioning of the nervous system in insects and leading to their death. However, disulfoton can also have toxic effects on humans and other mammals if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Therefore, it is important to use appropriate safety measures when handling this chemical.

The medical definition of Disulfoton is:

A colorless to light brown oily liquid organophosphate insecticide and acaricide. It is used for control of soil-inhabiting pests on a wide variety of crops, including corn, soybeans, potatoes, and ornamentals. Disulfoton is also used as a termiticide and a molluscicide. It acts by inhibition of cholinesterase. Exposure may occur through ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption. Symptoms of exposure include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, headache, dizziness, and tightness in the chest. Severe exposure can lead to respiratory failure, convulsions, unconsciousness, and death. Disulfoton is considered a highly toxic compound.

An antidote is a substance that can counteract the effects of a poison or toxin. It works by neutralizing, reducing, or eliminating the harmful effects of the toxic substance. Antidotes can be administered in various forms such as medications, vaccines, or treatments. They are often used in emergency situations to save lives and prevent serious complications from poisoning.

The effectiveness of an antidote depends on several factors, including the type and amount of toxin involved, the timing of administration, and the individual's response to treatment. In some cases, multiple antidotes may be required to treat a single poisoning incident. It is important to note that not all poisons have specific antidotes, and in such cases, supportive care and symptomatic treatment may be necessary.

Examples of common antidotes include:

* Naloxone for opioid overdose
* Activated charcoal for certain types of poisoning
* Digoxin-specific antibodies for digoxin toxicity
* Fomepizole for methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning
* Dimercaprol for heavy metal poisoning.

Trimedoxime is an antidote drug that is used to treat poisoning by organophosphate chemicals, which are commonly found in pesticides and nerve agents. It works by reactivating the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which is inhibited by these toxic compounds, thereby restoring the normal functioning of the nervous system.

Medically, trimedoxime is classified as an oxime, a type of compound that can reverse the effects of organophosphate poisoning. It is often used in combination with atropine, another antidote drug that blocks the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that accumulates in the body due to organophosphate poisoning.

It's important to note that trimedoxime should only be administered under medical supervision and in accordance with established protocols for treating organophosphate poisoning. Improper use of this drug can lead to serious adverse effects.

Pesticide residues refer to the remaining pesticide chemicals, including their metabolites and degradation products, that are present in or on food commodities or environmental samples after a pesticide application has ended. These residues can result from agricultural use, such as spraying crops to control pests, or from non-agricultural uses, like treating buildings for termite control.

Regulatory agencies establish maximum residue limits (MRLs) to ensure that the levels of pesticide residues in food and feed are below those that may pose a risk to human health. Monitoring programs are in place to check compliance with these MRLs, and enforcement actions can be taken if violations occur.

It's important to note that not all pesticide residues are harmful, as some pesticides degrade into harmless compounds over time or leave behind residues below levels of concern for human health. However, long-term exposure to even low levels of certain pesticide residues may still pose a risk and should be avoided when possible.

Esterases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in esters, producing alcohols and carboxylic acids. They are widely distributed in plants, animals, and microorganisms and play important roles in various biological processes, such as metabolism, digestion, and detoxification.

Esterases can be classified into several types based on their substrate specificity, including carboxylesterases, cholinesterases, lipases, and phosphatases. These enzymes have different structures and mechanisms of action but all share the ability to hydrolyze esters.

Carboxylesterases are the most abundant and diverse group of esterases, with a wide range of substrate specificity. They play important roles in the metabolism of drugs, xenobiotics, and lipids. Cholinesterases, on the other hand, specifically hydrolyze choline esters, such as acetylcholine, which is an important neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Lipases are a type of esterase that preferentially hydrolyzes triglycerides and plays a crucial role in fat digestion and metabolism. Phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups from various molecules, including esters, and have important functions in signal transduction and other cellular processes.

Esterases can also be used in industrial applications, such as in the production of biodiesel, detergents, and food additives. They are often produced by microbial fermentation or extracted from plants and animals. The use of esterases in biotechnology is an active area of research, with potential applications in biofuel production, bioremediation, and medical diagnostics.

Neurotoxicity syndromes refer to a group of conditions caused by exposure to neurotoxins, which are substances that can damage the structure or function of the nervous system. Neurotoxicity syndromes can affect both the central and peripheral nervous systems and may cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the type and severity of the exposure.

Symptoms of neurotoxicity syndromes may include:

* Headache
* Dizziness
* Tremors or shaking
* Difficulty with coordination or balance
* Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
* Vision problems
* Memory loss or difficulty concentrating
* Seizures or convulsions
* Mood changes, such as depression or anxiety

Neurotoxicity syndromes can be caused by exposure to a variety of substances, including heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and arsenic), pesticides, solvents, and certain medications. In some cases, neurotoxicity syndromes may be reversible with treatment, while in other cases, the damage may be permanent.

Prevention is key in avoiding neurotoxicity syndromes, and it is important to follow safety guidelines when working with or around potential neurotoxins. If exposure does occur, prompt medical attention is necessary to minimize the risk of long-term health effects.

Phosphamidon is a type of organophosphate insecticide. It functions by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and results in toxic effects such as muscle twitching, convulsions, and respiratory failure. Phosphamidon is used to control a wide variety of insect pests in agriculture and public health. However, due to its high toxicity, it is classified as a highly hazardous pesticide by the World Health Organization (WHO) and its use is restricted or banned in many countries.

Occupational exposure refers to the contact of an individual with potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents as a result of their job or occupation. This can include exposure to hazardous substances such as chemicals, heavy metals, or dusts; physical agents such as noise, radiation, or ergonomic stressors; and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Occupational exposure can occur through various routes, including inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these hazards can increase the risk of developing acute or chronic health conditions, such as respiratory diseases, skin disorders, neurological damage, or cancer.

Employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to minimize occupational exposures through the implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and training programs. Regular monitoring and surveillance of workers' health can also help identify and prevent potential health hazards in the workplace.

Organothiophosphates are a class of organophosphorus compounds that contain a phosphorus atom bonded to one or more organic groups and one or more sulfur atoms. These compounds have various uses, including as plasticizers, flame retardants, and insecticides. The most well-known member of this group is the insecticide parathion. Organothiophosphates are also used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other chemicals.

It's important to note that some organothiophosphates have been associated with health risks, including neurotoxicity and potential developmental effects. Therefore, their use is regulated by various government agencies around the world.

Environmental exposure refers to the contact of an individual with any chemical, physical, or biological agent in the environment that can cause a harmful effect on health. These exposures can occur through various pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Examples of environmental exposures include air pollution, water contamination, occupational chemicals, and allergens. The duration and level of exposure, as well as the susceptibility of the individual, can all contribute to the risk of developing an adverse health effect.

Temefos is not a term that has a widely accepted medical definition. However, Temefos is an insecticide that belongs to the organophosphate group. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, leading to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and resulting in toxic effects on the nervous system.

Temefos is used to control a wide range of pests in agriculture, animal husbandry, and public health. It is also known as Abate, and it is commonly used in vector control programs to combat mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.

However, the use of Temefos is regulated due to its potential toxicity to non-target organisms, including humans. Therefore, it is essential to follow safety guidelines when handling this chemical to minimize exposure and potential health risks.

Medical Definition:

Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) is a standard measurement in toxicology that refers to the estimated amount or dose of a substance, which if ingested, injected, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin by either human or animal, would cause death in 50% of the test population. It is expressed as the mass of a substance per unit of body weight (mg/kg, μg/kg, etc.). LD50 values are often used to compare the toxicity of different substances and help determine safe dosage levels.

Flame retardants are chemical compounds that are added to materials, such as textiles, plastics, and foam furnishings, to reduce their flammability and prevent or slow down the spread of fire. They work by releasing non-flammable gases when exposed to heat, which helps to suppress the flames and prevent ignition. Flame retardants can be applied during the manufacturing process or added as a coating or treatment to existing materials. While flame retardants have been shown to save lives and property by preventing fires or reducing their severity, some types of flame retardants have been linked to health concerns, including endocrine disruption, neurodevelopmental toxicity, and cancer. Therefore, it is important to use flame retardants that are safe for human health and the environment.

Obidoxime chloride is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as oximes. It is used as an antidote for nerve agent and organophosphate poisoning. Obidoxime works by reactivating the inhibited acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which is essential for normal functioning of the nervous system. This enzyme can be inhibited by nerve agents and organophosphates, leading to an overstimulation of the nervous system that can result in symptoms such as muscle weakness, seizures, respiratory failure, and death.

Obidoxime is administered intravenously and works by breaking down the bond between the nerve agent or organophosphate and the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, allowing the enzyme to function normally again. It is important to note that obidoxime should be administered as soon as possible after exposure to a nerve agent or organophosphate in order to be effective.

It's important to mention that Obidoxime Chloride is not used frequently and only in specific situations, it requires medical supervision and administration by trained healthcare professionals.

Phorate is a pesticide that is part of the organophosphate group. It is used to control a variety of insects in agriculture, particularly soil-dwelling pests. It functions by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and results in toxic effects on the nervous system.

It is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, including humans, and can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and difficulty breathing if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. It can also be harmful to the environment, particularly to aquatic life.

Phorate is classified as a Category I toxic substance by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its use is restricted in many countries due to its high toxicity. Proper protective equipment must be used when handling this chemical, and it should be stored and disposed of according to local regulations.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Isoflurophate" does not appear to be a recognized term in medical or scientific literature. It is possible that there may be a spelling error or typo in the term you are looking for. If you meant "Isoflurane," which is a commonly used anesthetic in medical and surgical procedures, I can provide a definition for that.

Isoflurane: A volatile halogenated ether liquid used as an inhalational general anesthetic agent. It has a rapid onset and offset of action, making it useful for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Isoflurane is also known to have bronchodilatory properties, which can be beneficial in patients with reactive airway disease or asthma.

Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide (TIPP) is not typically considered a medical compound, but rather a chemical reagent used in laboratory settings for various research purposes. However, I can provide a general chemical definition for you:

Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide (C12H28N2O4P) is an organophosphorus compound with the molecular formula [(i-Pr)2P(O)]2. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a reagent in organic synthesis, particularly for the preparation of phosphate esters and other organophosphorus compounds.

It's important to note that TIPP is highly toxic and should be handled with appropriate precautions in a laboratory setting. It can cause skin and eye irritation, respiratory problems, and may be harmful if swallowed or inhaled. Therefore, it is not used in medical treatments or therapies for patients.

Acetylthiocholine is a synthetic chemical compound that is widely used in scientific research, particularly in the field of neuroscience. It is the acetylated form of thiocholine, which is a choline ester. Acetylthiocholine is often used as a substrate for enzymes called cholinesterases, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE).

When Acetylthiocholine is hydrolyzed by AChE, it produces choline and thioacetic acid. This reaction is important because it terminates the signal transduction of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at the synapse between neurons. Inhibition of AChE can lead to an accumulation of Acetylthiocholine and acetylcholine, which can have various effects on the nervous system, depending on the dose and duration of inhibition.

Acetylthiocholine is also used as a reagent in the Ellman's assay, a colorimetric method for measuring AChE activity. In this assay, Acetylthiocholine is hydrolyzed by AChE, releasing thiocholine, which then reacts with dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) to produce a yellow color. The intensity of the color is proportional to the amount of thiocholine produced and can be used to quantify AChE activity.

Tritolyl phosphates are not a medical term, but rather a class of industrial chemicals. They are organophosphate esters made from the reaction of toluene with phosphoric acid. These chemicals have various uses, including as plasticizers, flame retardants, and hydraulic fluids.

Exposure to high levels of tritolyl phosphates can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. However, they are not typically considered a significant health concern at the low levels encountered in most occupational or environmental settings. There is no known medical condition specifically associated with "tritolyl phosphates."

Trichlorfon is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide. It is used to control a wide variety of pests, including flies, ticks, and mites in agriculture, livestock production, and public health. Trichlorfon works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and results in paralysis and death of the pest. It is important to note that trichlorfon can also have harmful effects on non-target organisms, including humans, and its use is regulated by various governmental agencies to minimize potential risks.

Agrochemicals are a broad range of chemical products used in agriculture to enhance crop production and protect plants from pests. They include fertilizers, which provide nutrients to plants, and pesticides, which include herbicides (weed killers), insecticides (insect killers), fungicides (fungus killers), and other substances used to control pests. Agrochemicals are used to improve crop yield, quality, and resistance to environmental stressors, but their use can also have negative impacts on the environment and human health if not managed properly.

Mevinphos is not typically defined in a medical context, but it is a chemical compound with a well-defined identity. Mevinphos is an organophosphate insecticide that is used to control a wide variety of pests in agricultural settings. It functions by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that plays a critical role in the nervous system. This leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and results in symptoms such as muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, and eventually respiratory failure.

Exposure to mevinphos can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and it is highly toxic to both humans and animals. Symptoms of acute exposure may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, headache, dizziness, and difficulty breathing. Chronic exposure has been linked to neurological problems, including memory loss, confusion, and decreased cognitive function.

While mevinphos is not a medical term per se, it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of its potential health effects in order to provide appropriate care to individuals who have been exposed.

Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.

In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.

Oximes are a class of chemical compounds that contain the functional group =N-O-, where two organic groups are attached to the nitrogen atom. In a clinical context, oximes are used as antidotes for nerve agent and pesticide poisoning. The most commonly used oxime in medicine is pralidoxime (2-PAM), which is used to reactivate acetylcholinesterase that has been inhibited by organophosphorus compounds, such as nerve agents and certain pesticides. These compounds work by forming a bond with the phosphoryl group of the inhibited enzyme, allowing for its reactivation and restoration of normal neuromuscular function.

Butyrylthiocholine is a synthetic chemical compound that is often used in scientific research, particularly in the study of enzymes and neurotransmitters. It is the substrate for the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase, which is found in the blood and helps to break down certain types of drugs and neurotransmitters.

In biochemical terms, butyrylthiocholine is a choline ester of butyric acid, with a thio (sulfur) group replacing one of the oxygen atoms in the ester linkage. This structural feature makes it an excellent substrate for butyrylcholinesterase, as the sulfur atom can form a covalent bond with the enzyme's active site, leading to rapid and specific catalysis.

It is important to note that butyrylthiocholine itself does not have any direct medical relevance, but rather serves as a tool for studying the mechanisms of enzymes and other biological processes.

Atropine is an anticholinergic drug that blocks the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous system. It is derived from the belladonna alkaloids, which are found in plants such as deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), Jimson weed (Datura stramonium), and Duboisia spp.

In clinical medicine, atropine is used to reduce secretions, increase heart rate, and dilate the pupils. It is often used before surgery to dry up secretions in the mouth, throat, and lungs, and to reduce salivation during the procedure. Atropine is also used to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisoning, as well as to manage bradycardia (slow heart rate) and hypotension (low blood pressure) caused by beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers.

Atropine can have several side effects, including dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, confusion, and difficulty urinating. In high doses, it can cause delirium, hallucinations, and seizures. Atropine should be used with caution in patients with glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, or other conditions that may be exacerbated by its anticholinergic effects.

Behavioral symptoms refer to changes or abnormalities in a person's behavior, which may be indicative of an underlying medical or psychological condition. These symptoms can manifest as a wide range of observable behaviors that are unusual, disruptive, or distressing for the individual experiencing them or those around them. Examples of behavioral symptoms include:

1. Agitation: A state of irritability, restlessness, or excitement, often accompanied by aggressive or disruptive behavior.
2. Aggression: Hostile or violent behavior directed towards others, including verbal or physical attacks.
3. Apathy: A lack of interest, motivation, or emotion, often leading to social withdrawal and decreased activity levels.
4. Changes in appetite or sleep patterns: Significant fluctuations in the amount or frequency of food intake or sleep, which can be indicative of various medical or psychological conditions.
5. Disinhibition: A loss of restraint or impulse control, leading to inappropriate behavior in social situations.
6. Hallucinations: Perception of sensory stimuli (such as sight, sound, touch) without an external source, often associated with certain mental illnesses or neurological disorders.
7. Hyperactivity: Increased activity levels, often accompanied by impulsivity and difficulty focusing attention.
8. Impaired judgment: Poor decision-making abilities, often resulting in risky or harmful behavior.
9. Inattention: Difficulty focusing or sustaining attention on a task or activity.
10. Mood changes: Fluctuations in emotional state, such as depression, anxiety, or euphoria.
11. Psychosis: A severe mental disorder characterized by detachment from reality, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking or behavior.
12. Repetitive behaviors: Engaging in repetitive actions or movements, often associated with certain developmental disorders or neurological conditions.
13. Social withdrawal: Avoidance of social interactions or activities, often indicative of depression, anxiety, or other mental health concerns.
14. Thought disturbances: Disorganized or disrupted thinking patterns, such as racing thoughts, tangential thinking, or loose associations between ideas.

Behavioral symptoms can be caused by various factors, including medical conditions (such as infections, brain injuries, or neurodegenerative diseases), mental health disorders (such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia), substance abuse, and environmental factors (such as stress or trauma). Accurate assessment and diagnosis are crucial for determining appropriate treatment interventions.

Fonofos is a restricted-use pesticide that falls under the organophosphate category. It is primarily used as a soil insecticide to control various pest nematodes, weevils, and other soil-dwelling insects in crops such as corn, soybeans, peanuts, and potatoes.

Please note that Fonofos is not typically used in medical contexts, but rather in agricultural and environmental settings. It is important to handle this chemical with care due to its toxicity, and it should only be used by trained professionals following proper safety protocols.

Neuromuscular junction diseases are a group of disorders that affect the functioning of the neuromuscular junction, which is the site where nerve impulses are transmitted to muscles. These diseases are characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue, and can be caused by various factors such as autoimmune disorders, genetic mutations, or toxins.

Examples of neuromuscular junction diseases include myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS), and botulism. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the receptors in the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue. LEMS is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the nerve endings at the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle weakness and decreased reflexes.

Congenital myasthenic syndromes are genetic disorders that affect the functioning of the neuromuscular junction from birth, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue. Botulism is a rare but serious condition caused by the ingestion of botulinum toxin, which can lead to paralysis of the muscles due to interference with nerve impulse transmission at the neuromuscular junction.

Treatment for neuromuscular junction diseases may include medications such as cholinesterase inhibitors, immunosuppressive drugs, or plasma exchange therapy, depending on the specific diagnosis and severity of the condition.

Carboxylic ester hydrolases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in carboxylic acid esters, producing alcohols and carboxylates. This group includes several subclasses of enzymes such as esterases, lipases, and thioesterases. These enzymes play important roles in various biological processes, including metabolism, detoxification, and signal transduction. They are widely used in industrial applications, such as the production of biodiesel, pharmaceuticals, and food ingredients.

I'm not aware of any medical definitions associated with the term "Benin." Benin is a country located in West Africa, and its name is used in medical literature to describe conditions or issues related to that country, such as diseases prevalent there. However, without additional context, it's difficult to provide a specific medical definition for 'Benin.'

Dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide that was widely used in the past for agricultural and household pest control. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Dieldrin has high toxicity to both insects and mammals, including humans. It can cause a range of harmful health effects, such as seizures, damage to the nervous system, and liver and kidney damage. Dieldrin was banned for most uses in the United States in 1974 due to its persistence in the environment and potential to accumulate in the food chain. It is now classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP) and is regulated under international treaties.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Phosphites" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is a term more frequently used in chemistry and biochemistry, where it refers to salts or esters of phosphorous acid in which the phosphorus has an oxidation state of +3. If you're looking for information on a medical topic, could you please provide more context or clarify what you're asking? I'm here to help!

'Anopheles gambiae' is a species of mosquito that is a major vector for the transmission of malaria. The female Anopheles gambiae mosquito bites primarily during the nighttime hours and preferentially feeds on human blood, which allows it to transmit the Plasmodium parasite that causes malaria. This species is widely distributed throughout much of Africa and is responsible for transmitting a significant proportion of the world's malaria cases.

The Anopheles gambiae complex actually consists of several closely related species or forms, which can be difficult to distinguish based on morphological characteristics alone. However, advances in molecular techniques have allowed for more accurate identification and differentiation of these species. Understanding the biology and behavior of Anopheles gambiae is crucial for developing effective strategies to control malaria transmission.

Carboxylesterase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds in carboxylic acid esters, producing alcohol and carboxylate products. These enzymes are widely distributed in various tissues, including the liver, intestines, and plasma. They play important roles in detoxification, metabolism, and the breakdown of xenobiotics (foreign substances) in the body.

Carboxylesterases can also catalyze the reverse reaction, forming esters from alcohols and carboxylates, which is known as transesterification or esterification. This activity has applications in industrial processes and biotechnology.

There are several families of carboxylesterases, with different substrate specificities, kinetic properties, and tissue distributions. These enzymes have been studied for their potential use in therapeutics, diagnostics, and drug delivery systems.

"Rhipicephalus" is a genus of ticks that are commonly found in many parts of the world, including Africa, Europe, and Asia. These ticks are known to parasitize various mammals, birds, and reptiles, and can transmit a variety of diseases to their hosts. Some species of Rhipicephalus ticks are capable of transmitting serious diseases to humans, such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and African tick-bite fever. These ticks are usually found in grassy or wooded areas, and can be carried by animals such as cattle, sheep, and deer. They are typically reddish-brown in color and have a hard, shield-shaped body. Proper identification and prevention measures are important for avoiding tick bites and reducing the risk of tick-borne diseases.

Environmental pollutants are defined as any substances or energy (such as noise, heat, or light) that are present in the environment and can cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damage the natural ecosystems. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, transportation, agriculture, and household activities. They can be in the form of gases, liquids, solids, or radioactive materials, and can contaminate air, water, and soil. Examples include heavy metals, pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, and greenhouse gases.

It is important to note that the impact of environmental pollutants on human health and the environment can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) and it depends on the type, concentration, duration and frequency of exposure. Some common effects of environmental pollutants include respiratory problems, cancer, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and developmental delays in children.

It is important to monitor, control and reduce the emissions of these pollutants through regulations, technology advancements, and sustainable practices to protect human health and the environment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sri Lanka" is not a medical term or concept. Sri Lanka is an island country located in the Indian Ocean, south of India. It is known for its diverse landscapes ranging from rainforests and arid plains to highlands and sandy beaches.

If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer them!

'Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2' refer to a specific family of serotonin receptors that are activated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT). These receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and are further divided into several subtypes, including 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C. They are widely distributed throughout the body, including the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory system.

The 5-HT2 receptors play a role in various physiological processes, such as neurotransmission, vasoconstriction, smooth muscle contraction, and cell growth regulation. They are also involved in several pathophysiological conditions, including psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, schizophrenia), migraine, cardiovascular diseases, and pulmonary hypertension.

The 5-HT2 receptors have been a focus of drug development for various therapeutic areas. For example, atypical antipsychotics used to treat schizophrenia work by blocking the 5-HT2A receptor, while certain migraine medications act as agonists at the 5-HT1B/1D and 5-HT2C receptors. However, drugs targeting these receptors must be carefully designed to avoid unwanted side effects, as activation or blockade of these receptors can have significant impacts on various physiological processes.

Nervous system diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. These diseases can affect various functions of the body, such as movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. They can be caused by genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or tumors. Examples of nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, stroke, and neuroinfections like meningitis and encephalitis. The symptoms and severity of these disorders can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and debilitating.

A biological assay is a method used in biology and biochemistry to measure the concentration or potency of a substance (like a drug, hormone, or enzyme) by observing its effect on living cells or tissues. This type of assay can be performed using various techniques such as:

1. Cell-based assays: These involve measuring changes in cell behavior, growth, or viability after exposure to the substance being tested. Examples include proliferation assays, apoptosis assays, and cytotoxicity assays.
2. Protein-based assays: These focus on measuring the interaction between the substance and specific proteins, such as enzymes or receptors. Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), radioimmunoassays (RIAs), and pull-down assays.
3. Genetic-based assays: These involve analyzing the effects of the substance on gene expression, DNA structure, or protein synthesis. Examples include quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays, reporter gene assays, and northern blotting.

Biological assays are essential tools in research, drug development, and diagnostic applications to understand biological processes and evaluate the potential therapeutic efficacy or toxicity of various substances.

Polyneuropathy is a medical condition that refers to the damage or dysfunction of peripheral nerves (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord) in multiple areas of the body. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory, motor, and autonomic signals between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

In polyneuropathies, this communication is disrupted, leading to various symptoms depending on the type and extent of nerve damage. Commonly reported symptoms include:

1. Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
2. Muscle weakness and cramps
3. Loss of reflexes
4. Burning or stabbing pain
5. Balance and coordination issues
6. Increased sensitivity to touch
7. Autonomic dysfunction, such as bowel, bladder, or digestive problems, and changes in blood pressure

Polyneuropathies can be caused by various factors, including diabetes, alcohol abuse, nutritional deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, infections, toxins, inherited genetic conditions, or idiopathic (unknown) causes. The treatment for polyneuropathy depends on the underlying cause and may involve managing underlying medical conditions, physical therapy, pain management, and lifestyle modifications.

I'm not aware of any recognized medical definition for the term "Iowa." Iowa is actually a state located in the Midwestern United States. It is known for its agricultural production, particularly corn and soybeans, and it is home to various cities such as Des Moines, Cedar Rapids, and Davenport. If you have any medical or health-related question, I would be happy to help with that instead.

Phenylcarbamates are a group of organic compounds that contain a phenyl group (a functional group consisting of a six-carbon ring, with the formula -C6H5) bonded to a carbamate group (-NHCOO-). Carbamates are compounds that contain a carbonyl (>C=O) group bonded to a nitrogen atom that is also bonded to two organic substituents.

In the medical field, phenylcarbamates have been used as drugs for various purposes. For example, some phenylcarbamates have been used as anticonvulsants, while others have been investigated for their potential as anti-cancer agents. However, it is important to note that many phenylcarbamates also have toxic properties and must be used with caution.

One well-known example of a phenylcarbamate is phenytoin, an anticonvulsant medication used to treat seizures. Phenytoin works by slowing down the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain, which can help prevent or reduce the severity of seizures.

It's worth noting that while phenylcarbamates have been studied for their potential therapeutic uses, they are not a widely used class of drugs and further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential side effects.

Chemical water pollutants refer to harmful chemicals or substances that contaminate bodies of water, making them unsafe for human use and harmful to aquatic life. These pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and improper disposal of hazardous materials.

Examples of chemical water pollutants include heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides and herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum products. These chemicals can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to human health through exposure or consumption.

Regulations and standards are in place to monitor and limit the levels of chemical pollutants in water sources, with the aim of protecting public health and the environment.

Sensation disorders are conditions that affect the nervous system's ability to receive and interpret sensory information from the environment. These disorders can affect any of the five senses, including sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. They can result in symptoms such as numbness, tingling, pain, or loss of sensation in various parts of the body.

Some common types of sensation disorders include:

1. Neuropathy: A disorder that affects the nerves, often causing numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet.
2. Central pain syndrome: A condition that results from damage to the brain or spinal cord, leading to chronic pain.
3. Tinnitus: A ringing or buzzing sound in the ears that can be a symptom of an underlying hearing disorder.
4. Ageusia: The loss of taste sensation, often caused by damage to the tongue or nerves that transmit taste information to the brain.
5. Anosmia: The loss of smell sensation, which can result from a variety of causes including injury, infection, or neurological disorders.

Sensation disorders can have significant impacts on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities. Treatment may involve medication, physical therapy, or other interventions aimed at addressing the underlying cause of the disorder.

Flavobacterium is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in various environments such as water, soil, and associated with plants and animals. They are facultative anaerobes, which means they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. Some species of Flavobacterium are known to cause opportunistic infections in humans, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems. These infections can include respiratory tract infections, wound infections, and bacteremia (bloodstream infections). However, Flavobacterium infections are relatively rare in healthy individuals.

It's worth noting that while some species of Flavobacterium have been associated with human disease, many others are important members of the microbial community in various environments and play beneficial roles in biogeochemical cycles and food webs.

Metabolic detoxification, in the context of drugs, refers to the series of biochemical processes that the body undergoes to transform drugs or other xenobiotics into water-soluble compounds so they can be excreted. This process typically involves two phases:

1. Phase I Detoxification: In this phase, enzymes such as cytochrome P450 oxidases introduce functional groups into the drug molecule, making it more polar and reactive. This can result in the formation of metabolites that are less active than the parent compound or, in some cases, more toxic.

2. Phase II Detoxification: In this phase, enzymes such as glutathione S-transferases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, and sulfotransferases conjugate these polar and reactive metabolites with endogenous molecules like glutathione, glucuronic acid, or sulfate. This further increases the water solubility of the compound, allowing it to be excreted by the kidneys or bile.

It's important to note that while these processes are essential for eliminating drugs and other harmful substances from the body, they can also produce reactive metabolites that may cause damage to cells and tissues if not properly regulated. Therefore, maintaining a balance in the activity of these detoxification enzymes is crucial for overall health and well-being.

'Culex' is a genus of mosquitoes that includes many species that are vectors for various diseases, such as West Nile virus, filariasis, and avian malaria. They are often referred to as "house mosquitoes" because they are commonly found in urban environments. These mosquitoes typically lay their eggs in standing water and have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found on all continents except Antarctica. The life cycle of Culex mosquitoes includes four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Both male and female adults feed on nectar, but only females require blood meals to lay eggs.

Environmental biodegradation is the breakdown of materials, especially man-made substances such as plastics and industrial chemicals, by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi in order to use them as a source of energy or nutrients. This process occurs naturally in the environment and helps to break down organic matter into simpler compounds that can be more easily absorbed and assimilated by living organisms.

Biodegradation in the environment is influenced by various factors, including the chemical composition of the substance being degraded, the environmental conditions (such as temperature, moisture, and pH), and the type and abundance of microorganisms present. Some substances are more easily biodegraded than others, and some may even be resistant to biodegradation altogether.

Biodegradation is an important process for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, as it helps to prevent the accumulation of harmful substances in the environment. However, some man-made substances, such as certain types of plastics and industrial chemicals, may persist in the environment for long periods of time due to their resistance to biodegradation, leading to negative impacts on wildlife and ecosystems.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in developing biodegradable materials that can break down more easily in the environment as a way to reduce waste and minimize environmental harm. These efforts have led to the development of various biodegradable plastics, coatings, and other materials that are designed to degrade under specific environmental conditions.

Hydrolysis is a chemical process, not a medical one. However, it is relevant to medicine and biology.

Hydrolysis is the breakdown of a chemical compound due to its reaction with water, often resulting in the formation of two or more simpler compounds. In the context of physiology and medicine, hydrolysis is a crucial process in various biological reactions, such as the digestion of food molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Enzymes called hydrolases catalyze these hydrolysis reactions to speed up the breakdown process in the body.

'Insect control' is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, it generally refers to the methods and practices used to manage or reduce the population of insects that can be harmful or disruptive to human health, food supply, or property. This can include various strategies such as chemical pesticides, biological control agents, habitat modification, and other integrated pest management techniques.

In medical terms, 'vector control' is a more relevant concept, which refers to the specific practices used to reduce or prevent the transmission of infectious diseases by insects and other arthropods that act as disease vectors (such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas). Vector control measures may include the use of insecticides, larvicides, biological control agents, environmental management, personal protection methods, and other integrated vector management strategies.

"Prenatal exposure delayed effects" refer to the adverse health outcomes or symptoms that become apparent in an individual during their development or later in life, which are caused by exposure to certain environmental factors or substances while they were still in the womb. These effects may not be immediately observable at birth and can take weeks, months, years, or even decades to manifest. They can result from maternal exposure to various agents such as infectious diseases, medications, illicit drugs, tobacco smoke, alcohol, or environmental pollutants during pregnancy. The delayed effects can impact multiple organ systems and may include physical, cognitive, behavioral, and developmental abnormalities. It is important to note that the risk and severity of these effects can depend on several factors, including the timing, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the individual's genetic susceptibility.

"Maternal exposure" is a medical term that refers to the contact or interaction of a pregnant woman with various environmental factors, such as chemicals, radiation, infectious agents, or physical environments, which could potentially have an impact on the developing fetus. This exposure can occur through different routes, including inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, or even transplacentally. The effects of maternal exposure on the fetus can vary widely depending on the type, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the stage of pregnancy at which it occurs. It is important to monitor and minimize maternal exposure to potentially harmful substances or environments during pregnancy to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and developing fetus.

'Mosquito Control' is not a medical term per se, but it is a public health concept that refers to the systematic reduction or elimination of mosquito populations through various methods to prevent or minimize the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. This multidisciplinary field involves entomologists, ecologists, engineers, and public health professionals working together to manage mosquito habitats, apply insecticides, and educate communities about personal protection measures. By controlling mosquito populations, we can significantly reduce the risk of contracting vector-borne illnesses such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, Zika virus, and West Nile virus, among others.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a group of organic compounds that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and chlorine (Cl) atoms. These chemicals are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule with chlorine atoms. The properties of chlorinated hydrocarbons can vary widely, depending on the number and arrangement of chlorine and hydrogen atoms in the molecule.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons have been widely used in various industrial applications, including as solvents, refrigerants, pesticides, and chemical intermediates. Some well-known examples of chlorinated hydrocarbons are:

1. Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) - a colorless liquid with a mild sweet odor, used as a solvent in various industrial applications, including the production of pharmaceuticals and photographic films.
2. Chloroform - a heavy, volatile, and sweet-smelling liquid, used as an anesthetic in the past but now mainly used in chemical synthesis.
3. Carbon tetrachloride - a colorless, heavy, and nonflammable liquid with a mildly sweet odor, once widely used as a solvent and fire extinguishing agent but now largely phased out due to its ozone-depleting properties.
4. Vinyl chloride - a flammable, colorless gas, used primarily in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic and other synthetic materials.
5. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - a group of highly stable and persistent organic compounds that were widely used as coolants and insulating fluids in electrical equipment but are now banned due to their toxicity and environmental persistence.

Exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, depending on the specific compound and its physical state. Some chlorinated hydrocarbons have been linked to various health effects, including liver and kidney damage, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and cancer. Therefore, proper handling, use, and disposal of these chemicals are essential to minimize potential health risks.

Muscarinic antagonists, also known as muscarinic receptor antagonists or parasympatholytics, are a class of drugs that block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the parasympathetic nervous system, which helps to regulate various bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration.

Muscarinic antagonists work by binding to muscarinic receptors, which are found in various organs throughout the body, including the eyes, lungs, heart, and gastrointestinal tract. By blocking the action of acetylcholine at these receptors, muscarinic antagonists can produce a range of effects depending on the specific receptor subtype that is affected.

For example, muscarinic antagonists may be used to treat conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma by relaxing the smooth muscle in the airways and reducing bronchoconstriction. They may also be used to treat conditions such as urinary incontinence or overactive bladder by reducing bladder contractions.

Some common muscarinic antagonists include atropine, scopolamine, ipratropium, and tiotropium. It's important to note that these drugs can have significant side effects, including dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and confusion, especially when used in high doses or for prolonged periods of time.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "housing" is not a term that has a medical definition. In a general sense, housing refers to a place where someone lives, such as a house or apartment. If you have any questions related to healthcare, medicine, or health-related topics, I would be happy to try to help answer them.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "An attempted suicide is a non-fatal self-directed, potentially injurious behavior with intent to die as a result of the behavior. It's a clear expression of intention to die."

It's important to note that anyone who has attempted suicide requires immediate professional medical attention and support. They should be assessed for their level of suicidal ideation and any underlying mental health conditions, and provided with appropriate care and treatment. If you or someone you know is struggling with thoughts of suicide, please reach out to a healthcare provider or a trusted mental health professional immediately.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Phosphoric monoester hydrolases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters into alcohol and phosphate. This class of enzymes includes several specific enzymes, such as phosphatases and nucleotidases, which play important roles in various biological processes, including metabolism, signal transduction, and regulation of cellular processes.

Phosphoric monoester hydrolases are classified under the EC number 3.1.3 by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB). The enzymes in this class share a common mechanism of action, which involves the nucleophilic attack on the phosphorus atom of the substrate by a serine or cysteine residue in the active site of the enzyme. This results in the formation of a covalent intermediate, which is then hydrolyzed to release the products.

Phosphoric monoester hydrolases are important therapeutic targets for the development of drugs that can modulate their activity. For example, inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolases have been developed as potential treatments for various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Washington" is not a medical term. It is a place name, referring to the U.S. state of Washington or the city of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those for you!

"Aedes" is a genus of mosquitoes that are known to transmit various diseases, including Zika virus, dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever. These mosquitoes are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They are distinguished by their black and white striped legs and thorax. Aedes aegypti is the most common species associated with disease transmission, although other species such as Aedes albopictus can also transmit diseases. It's important to note that only female mosquitoes bite and feed on blood, while males feed solely on nectar and plant juices.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

In medical terms, "dust" is not defined as a specific medical condition or disease. However, generally speaking, dust refers to small particles of solid matter that can be found in the air and can come from various sources, such as soil, pollen, hair, textiles, paper, or plastic.

Exposure to certain types of dust, such as those containing allergens, chemicals, or harmful pathogens, can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory issues like asthma, allergies, and lung diseases. Prolonged exposure to certain types of dust, such as silica or asbestos, can even lead to serious conditions like silicosis or mesothelioma.

Therefore, it is important for individuals who work in environments with high levels of dust to take appropriate precautions, such as wearing masks and respirators, to minimize their exposure and reduce the risk of health problems.

Animal husbandry is the practice of breeding and raising animals for agricultural purposes, such as for the production of meat, milk, eggs, or fiber. It involves providing proper care for the animals, including feeding, housing, health care, and breeding management. The goal of animal husbandry is to maintain healthy and productive animals while also being mindful of environmental sustainability and animal welfare.

A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.

It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.

"Pseudomonas" is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely found in soil, water, and plants. Some species of Pseudomonas can cause disease in animals and humans, with P. aeruginosa being the most clinically relevant as it's an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing various types of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

P. aeruginosa is known for its remarkable ability to resist many antibiotics and disinfectants, making infections caused by this bacterium difficult to treat. It can cause a range of healthcare-associated infections, such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and surgical site infections. In addition, it can also cause external ear infections and eye infections.

Prompt identification and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are crucial for managing Pseudomonas infections, although the increasing antibiotic resistance poses a significant challenge in treatment.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "North Carolina" is a geographical location and not a medical term or condition. It is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I'd be happy to help with those!

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Nitriles, in a medical context, refer to a class of organic compounds that contain a cyano group (-CN) bonded to a carbon atom. They are widely used in the chemical industry and can be found in various materials, including certain plastics and rubber products.

In some cases, nitriles can pose health risks if ingested, inhaled, or come into contact with the skin. Short-term exposure to high levels of nitriles can cause irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract. Prolonged or repeated exposure may lead to more severe health effects, such as damage to the nervous system, liver, and kidneys.

However, it's worth noting that the medical use of nitriles is not very common. Some nitrile gloves are used in healthcare settings due to their resistance to many chemicals and because they can provide a better barrier against infectious materials compared to latex or vinyl gloves. But beyond this application, nitriles themselves are not typically used as medications or therapeutic agents.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a powerful analytical technique that combines the separating power of gas chromatography with the identification capabilities of mass spectrometry. This method is used to separate, identify, and quantify different components in complex mixtures.

In GC-MS, the mixture is first vaporized and carried through a long, narrow column by an inert gas (carrier gas). The various components in the mixture interact differently with the stationary phase inside the column, leading to their separation based on their partition coefficients between the mobile and stationary phases. As each component elutes from the column, it is then introduced into the mass spectrometer for analysis.

The mass spectrometer ionizes the sample, breaks it down into smaller fragments, and measures the mass-to-charge ratio of these fragments. This information is used to generate a mass spectrum, which serves as a unique "fingerprint" for each compound. By comparing the generated mass spectra with reference libraries or known standards, analysts can identify and quantify the components present in the original mixture.

GC-MS has wide applications in various fields such as forensics, environmental analysis, drug testing, and research laboratories due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and ability to analyze volatile and semi-volatile compounds.

High-throughput screening (HTS) assays are a type of biochemical or cell-based assay that are designed to quickly and efficiently identify potential hits or active compounds from large libraries of chemicals or biological molecules. In HTS, automated equipment is used to perform the assay in a parallel or high-throughput format, allowing for the screening of thousands to millions of compounds in a relatively short period of time.

HTS assays typically involve the use of robotics, liquid handling systems, and detection technologies such as microplate readers, imagers, or flow cytometers. These assays are often used in drug discovery and development to identify lead compounds that modulate specific biological targets, such as enzymes, receptors, or ion channels.

HTS assays can be used to measure a variety of endpoints, including enzyme activity, binding affinity, cell viability, gene expression, and protein-protein interactions. The data generated from HTS assays are typically analyzed using statistical methods and bioinformatics tools to prioritize and optimize hit compounds for further development.

Overall, high-throughput screening assays are a powerful tool in modern drug discovery and development, enabling researchers to rapidly identify and characterize potential therapeutic agents with improved efficiency and accuracy.

Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.

I must clarify that "Mexican Americans" is not a medical term. It is a demographic term used to describe individuals who identify as having Mexican ancestry and who are residents or citizens of the United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Mexican American refers to a person of Mexican origin or descent who is living in the United States.

However, it's important to note that Mexican Americans, like any other ethnic group, can experience various health conditions and disparities. Therefore, medical professionals should be aware of and sensitive to the unique cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic factors that may influence the health and healthcare experiences of Mexican American patients.

A larva is a distinct stage in the life cycle of various insects, mites, and other arthropods during which they undergo significant metamorphosis before becoming adults. In a medical context, larvae are known for their role in certain parasitic infections. Specifically, some helminth (parasitic worm) species use larval forms to infect human hosts. These invasions may lead to conditions such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, or gnathostomiasis, depending on the specific parasite involved and the location of the infection within the body.

The larval stage is characterized by its markedly different morphology and behavior compared to the adult form. Larvae often have a distinct appearance, featuring unsegmented bodies, simple sense organs, and undeveloped digestive systems. They are typically adapted for a specific mode of life, such as free-living or parasitic existence, and rely on external sources of nutrition for their development.

In the context of helminth infections, larvae may be transmitted to humans through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin contact with infective stages, or transmission via an intermediate host (such as a vector). Once inside the human body, these parasitic larvae can cause tissue damage and provoke immune responses, leading to the clinical manifestations of disease.

It is essential to distinguish between the medical definition of 'larva' and its broader usage in biology and zoology. In those fields, 'larva' refers to any juvenile form that undergoes metamorphosis before reaching adulthood, regardless of whether it is parasitic or not.

"California" is a geographical location and does not have a medical definition. It is a state located on the west coast of the United States, known for its diverse landscape including mountains, beaches, and forests. However, in some contexts, "California" may refer to certain medical conditions or situations that are associated with the state, such as:

* California encephalitis: a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes that is common in California and other western states.
* California king snake: a non-venomous snake species found in California and other parts of the southwestern United States, which can bite and cause allergic reactions in some people.
* California roll: a type of sushi roll that originated in California and is made with avocado, cucumber, and crab meat, which may pose an allergy risk for some individuals.

It's important to note that these uses of "California" are not medical definitions per se, but rather descriptive terms that refer to specific conditions or situations associated with the state.

... is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs). Organophosphates are used as insecticides, medications, ... Organophosphate poisoning has been reported at least since 1962. The symptoms of organophosphate poisoning include muscle ... Organophosphate pesticides are one of the top causes of poisoning worldwide, with an annual incidence of poisonings among ... In March 2018, Sergei Skripal and his daughter were poisoned in Salisbury, England, with an organophosphate poison known as a ...
... symptoms of organophosphate poisoning can be used to identify victims of organophosphate poisoning. These symptoms are not ... Antonijevic, B.; Stojiljkovic, M. P. (1 March 2007). "Unequal Efficacy of Pyridinium Oximes in Acute Organophosphate Poisoning ... King, Andrew M.; Aaron, Cynthia K. (February 2015). "Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning". Emergency Medicine Clinics of ... Bilthoven, Netherlands.] Marrs, Timothy C. (January 1993). "Organophosphate poisoning". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 58 (1): 51 ...
Peoples, Stuart; Maddy, Keith (October 1978). "Organophosphate Pesticide Poisoning". Western Journal of Medicine. 129 (4): 273- ... Reports of pesticide poisonings like a 1949 incident in the city of Marysville became more common. Silent Spring by Rachel ... A majority of this research was conducted on field workers who sought out medical attention for poisonings, since they had the ... The symptoms of pesticide poisoning were to difficult to distinguish from other much more common diagnoses at the time. Due to ...
Symptoms may be similar to organophosphate poisoning. King, Andrew M.; Aaron, Cynthia K. (February 2015). "Organophosphate and ... Carbamate poisoning is poisoning due to exposure to carbamates. Carbamates are typically used as pesticides; however, some also ... v t e (All stub articles, Toxicology stubs, Poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes, Carbamates). ... "Management of acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning". The Lancet. 371 (9612): 597-607. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61202-1. ...
King AM, Aaron CK (February 2015). "Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 33 ( ... Physostigmine is the antidote of choice for Datura stramonium poisoning. It is also an antidote for Atropa belladonna poisoning ... physostigmine salicylate is used to treat anticholinergic poisoning (that is, poisoning by substances that interfere with the ... It has also been used as an antidote for poisoning with GHB, but is poorly effective and often causes additional toxicity, so ...
Organophosphate poisoning "Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride". www.chemsrc.com. Retrieved 2023-09-19. Petroianu, Georg (2014 ...
The use of the device is only to be administered in the extreme case of organophosphate poisoning. The delivery system is ... Namba T, Nolte CT, Jackrel J, Grob D (April 1971). "Poisoning due to organophosphate insecticides. Acute and chronic ... Arena JM (1974). Poisoning. Toxicology, symptoms, treatments (4th ed.). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. p. 133. Brachfeld J ... Moller KO, Jensen-Holm J, Lausen HH (April 1961). "HH L. Treatment of acute phosphostigmine poisoning". Ugeskrift for Laeger. ...
Organophosphate poisoning Hydrogen cyanide PubChem. "Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved ...
... causes an organophosphate poisoning. This means that it had an effect on the activity of cholinesterase. There are ... However, examples of poisoned greenhouse workers teach us an overall route of symptoms for a sulfotepp poisoning. Within the ... The most important poisoning symptoms are shown in the following table. Eula Bingham, Barbara Cohrssen, and Charles H. Powell. ... The point at 24 hours after the poisoning is very important. If the dose is not lethal, the symptoms will slowly disappear ...
Organophosphate poisoning "California Department of Pestidicide Regulation - Chlorpyrifos Product List May 2015" (PDF). ... Acute poisoning is probably most common in agricultural areas in Asia, where many small farmers are affected. Poisoning may be ... "Oximes for acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (2): ... "Airborne Poisons: Pesticides in Our Air and in Our Bodies" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 5 ...
"Treatment of Organophosphate Poisoning Wadia RS". Ijccm.org. 2003-02-07. Retrieved 2013-08-24. "Intermediate Syndrome in ... He was president of Indian Neurology Conference held at Mumbai in 2007 His most cited paper is on organophosphate poisoning, ... Organophosphorous Poisoning" (PDF). Medind.nic.in. Retrieved 23 February 2015. Wadia, R S; Makhale, C N; Kelkar, A V; Grant, K ...
Iyer, R.; B. Iken; A. Leon (2015). "Developments in alternative treatments for organophosphate poisoning". Toxicol Lett. 233 (2 ... One possibility is to treat the patient before exposure to AzM and the other one is to treat the patient after poisoning. ... It was first registered in the US in 1959 as an insecticide and is also used as active ingredient in organophosphate (OP) ... There are a few oximes that are the most efficacious by AzM poisoning, namely oxime K-27 and physostigmine. These two ...
... a common toxic effect of organophosphate poisoning. The table below shows the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) and ... Phosmet is an organophosphate, consisting of a phthalimide and a dithiophosphate ester, with two methyl groups. The structure ... Poisoning by organophosphorus compounds can be treated and acute symptoms are able to be alleviated. Pralidoxime can be ... Acute poisoning leads to uncontrollable muscle movement. Which can in severe cases lead to convulsions, respiratory depression ...
Organophosphate pesticide poisoning is a major cause of disability in many developing countries and is often the preferred ... Buckley NA, Roberts D, Eddleston M (November 2004). "Overcoming apathy in research on organophosphate poisoning". BMJ. 329 ( ... Sidell FR (2008). "Soman and Sarin: clinical manifestations and treatment of accidental poisoning by organophosphates". ... Nerve agents are irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used as poison. Poisoning by a nerve agent leads to constriction ...
These are mostly classic symptoms of organophosphate poisoning. Dioxathion must be stored away from alkalis, iron, tin and ... If poisoning occurs, a physician may administer atropine sulfate, or pralidoxime in case of severe poisoning. NIOSH Pocket ... Persons exposed to other chemicals which affect cholinesterase levels, e.g. other organophosphates or carbamates, may be at an ... Dioxathion, systematically known as p-dioxane-2,3-diyl ethyl phosphorodithioate, is an organophosphate pesticide. It is used as ...
... is not an actual antidote for organophosphate poisoning. However, by blocking the action of acetylcholine at ... Pralidoxime (2-PAM) can be effective against organophosphate poisoning because it can re-cleave this phosphorylation. Atropine ... atropine also serves as a treatment for poisoning by organophosphate insecticides and nerve agents, such as tabun (GA), sarin ( ... In a developed case of nerve-gas poisoning, maximum atropinization is desirable. Atropine is often used in conjunction with the ...
Organophosphate poisoning is not common in the developed world. Mst cases of terbufos poisoning occur in the developing world, ... It is part of the chemical family of organophosphates. It is a clear, colourless to pale yellow or reddish-brown liquid and ... The compound was first registered in 1974 in the United States, together with a United States patent of organophosphates for ... is a compound classified as an organophosphate. Terbufos consists of a central phosphorus atom, surrounded by four different ...
Antonijevic, B.; Stojiljkovic, M. P. (1 March 2007). "Unequal Efficacy of Pyridinium Oximes in Acute Organophosphate Poisoning ... They are used as antidote for treating organophosphate insecticide and nerve agent poisoning. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ... Cholinesterase reactivators are drugs that reverse the inhibition of cholinesterase by organophosphates or sulfonates. ...
"Unequal Efficacy of Pyridinium Oximes in Acute Organophosphate Poisoning". Clinical Medicine & Research. 5 (1): 71-82. doi: ... Chinese VX (CVX), also known as EA-6043, is an organophosphate nerve agent of the V-series. It is a structural isomer of both ...
... is typically used in cases of organophosphate poisoning. Organophosphates such as sarin bind to the hydroxy ... to help reduce the parasympathetic effects of organophosphate poisoning. Pralidoxime is only effective in organophosphate ... It is used to treat organophosphate poisoning in conjunction with atropine and either diazepam or midazolam. It is a white ... is administered even before pralidoxime during the treatment of organophosphate poisoning. While the efficacy of atropine has ...
Peter, J. V.; Sudarsan, T. I.; Moran, J. L. (2014). "Clinical features of organophosphate poisoning: A review of different ... Today, organophosphates make up about 50% of the killing agents in chemical insecticides.[failed verification] Organophosphate ... As of 2013, thirty-six types of organophosphates were registered for use in the United States. Organophosphates are currently ... Organophosphates (OPs) were among the most widely used insecticides until the 21st century. And until the mid 1990s, general ...
... derivatives can be used as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning. Lethality of cyclopentolate has been ... 2009). Paenteral ophthalmic topicamide or cyclopentolate protects rats from lethal organophosphate poisoning. American Journal ... Severe poisoning with cyclopentolate may result in coma, paralysis of breathing, and death. ...
Liu L, Sun JX (March 2005). "[Advances on study of organophosphate poisoning prevented by Huperzine A]". Wei Sheng Yan Jiu = ... Huperzine A might be useful in the treatment of organophosphate nerve agent poisoning, preventing damage to the central nervous ... May 2002). "Review of the value of huperzine as pretreatment of organophosphate poisoning". Neurotoxicology. 23 (1): 1-5. doi: ... "Review of the Value of Huperzine as Pretreatment of Organophosphate Poisoning". Nutrition Review. 22 April 2013. ...
"C-reactive protein value in organophosphate-poisoned patients - Promises and pitfalls". Clinical Toxicology. 51 (2): 121. doi: ...
TBPO TBPS EBOB Bicyclic phosphate Neopentylene fluorophosphate Organophosphate poisoning Milbrath, Dean S.; Engel, Judith L.; ... and its ability to poison via a mechanism different from that of any other known organophosphorus toxicant makes it a topic of ... "Cyclic nucleotide concentrations in the brains of mice treated with the convulsant bicyclic organophosphate, 4-isopropyl-2,6,7- ...
The pathological report of Nigamanand's serum sample showed evidence of organophosphate poisoning. The cholinesterase serum ... In the case of Nigamanand, doctors recommended it when his aides reported signs of poisoning. The case was investigated by the ... At the Himalayan Institute Hospital (Jolly Grant), he was diagnosed with "unknown poisoning". He was treated with antidotes ... Illegal mining in India India News, BBC (29 December 2011). "India activist Swami Nigamanand 'was not poisoned'". BBC News. ...
Common mnemonics for the symptomatology of organophosphate poisoning, including sarin, are the "killer Bs" of bronchorrhea and ... "Histochemical Demonstration of Calcium Accumulation in Muscle Fibres after Experimental Organophosphate Poisoning". Hum Exp ... 1990: Kosovo student poisoning In March 1990, several months after the unilateral move by the Serbian government to segregate ... Benedetti, those patients were poisoned. When Mr. Benedetti visited Kosovo again in 2000, he confirmed the results of the 1990s ...
Organophosphate compounds are used in agriculture and are highly toxic. Organophosphate poisoning often causes death, and in ... Nevertheless, a medical examiner in Hawaii worked on a case in which poisoning by malathion, an organophosphate insecticide, ... "Detection of Organophosphate Poisoning in a Putrefying Body by Analyzing Arthropod Larvae". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 34 (3 ... Both of these species did contain malathion, but there had been no previous record of organophosphates in their larvae. ...
"Histochemical demonstration of calcium accumulation in muscle fibres after experimental organophosphate poisoning". Human & ... "Methanol Poisoning Overview". antizol.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. "Arsenic". PubChem. "Ibuprofen - National ... Munro N (January 1994). "Toxicity of the organophosphate chemical warfare agents GA, GB, and VX: implications for public ... Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0194-0 - via Google Books. "Material Safety ...
BCHE can be used as a prophylactic agent against nerve gas and other organophosphate poisoning. Some early research points to ... In addition to acute poisoning as described above, a semi-acute poisoning characterized by strong mental disturbances can occur ... "Recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase from milk of transgenic animals to protect against organophosphate poisoning". ... Such compounds are used for killing insects in a range of products including sheep dip, organophosphate pesticides, and ...
... poisoning is consistent with symptoms of other organophosphate effects on human health. Primarily, the effect is ... many non-targeted wild birds are victim of fenthion poisoning. Acute symptoms of fenthion poisoning in birds include tearing of ... Like most other organophosphates, its mode of action is via cholinesterase inhibition. Due to its relatively low toxicity ... If the poisoning is moderate or severe, it results in chest tightness, breathing difficulty, hypertension, abdominal pain, ...
Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs). Organophosphates are used as insecticides, medications, ... Organophosphate poisoning has been reported at least since 1962. The symptoms of organophosphate poisoning include muscle ... Organophosphate pesticides are one of the top causes of poisoning worldwide, with an annual incidence of poisonings among ... In March 2018, Sergei Skripal and his daughter were poisoned in Salisbury, England, with an organophosphate poison known as a ...
Case Definition: Nerve Agents or Organophosphates. *Toxic Syndrome Description: Nerve Agent and Organophosphate Pesticide ... For example, inhalation of a nerve agent or an OP pesticide leads to a quicker onset of poisoning with more severe symptoms ... Note: The actual clinical manifestations of an exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate pesticide may be more variable ... Nerve agents are chemical warfare agents that have the same mechanism of action as OP organophosphate pesticides insecticides. ...
... Intensive Care Med. 2001 Apr;27(4): ... Objectives: To describe the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning (OPP), to evaluate the Acute Physiology and Chronic ... All cases were due to malathion poisoning. Muscarinic features were the predominant clinical manifestations (83%), followed by ...
Case Definition: Nerve Agents or Organophosphates. *Toxic Syndrome Description: Nerve Agent and Organophosphate Pesticide ... For example, inhalation of a nerve agent or an OP pesticide leads to a quicker onset of poisoning with more severe symptoms ... Note: The actual clinical manifestations of an exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate pesticide may be more variable ... Nerve agents are chemical warfare agents that have the same mechanism of action as OP organophosphate pesticides insecticides. ...
Organophosphate poisoning can occur due to occupational or accidental exposure, deliberate ingestion, or chemical warfare with ... Organophosphate poisoning occurs after dermal, respiratory, or oral exposure to either organophosphate pesticides (e.g., ... The term organophosphate poisoning only applies to those organophosphates that inhibit acetylcholinesterase. This topic focuses ... Organophosphate poisoning can occur due to occupational or accidental exposure, deliberate ingestion, or chemical warfare with ...
An organophosphate induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP) has been reported after severe poisoning by some organophosphate ... 14 with 12 occupational poisonings, and fenthion23 with one occupational poisoning. Of the 15 poisonings with OPs regarded as " ... Acute polyneuropathy after poisoning by a new organophosphate insecticide. N Engl J Med1982;306:155-7. ... Steenland K, Jenkins B, Ames R, et al. Chronic neurologic sequelae to organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Am J Public Health ...
Findings of the WHO EMRO Pediatric Insecticide Study Group on organophosphate / carbamate poisoning in children published ... As the decision aids have initially been derived from cases seen only in one poison control centre in one country, they can not ... Child health and development , News , 2008 , Findings of the WHO EMRO Pediatric Insecticide Study Group on organophosphate / ... "A clinical decision aid for triage of children younger than 5 years and with organophosphate or carbamate insecticide exposure ...
... poisoning is an unusual presentation in an adult, as in our case of a 38-year-old man who also experienced decreased motor ... The nicotinic symptom in Organo-Phosphate (OP) poisoning is an unusual presentation in an adult, as in our case of a 38-year- ...
Organophosphates are one of the common poisonings in tropical countries such as India, causing both central and peripheral ... raising suspicion of organophosphate poisoning. After we had identified a very low serum cholinesterase concentration, he ... Rarer causes include infections such as scrub typhus, and toxins such as organophosphates and cocaine. ...
Organophosphates poisonings are becoming less common for paramedics, but hold a very high level of mortality and are dangerous ... Pathophysiology of Organophosphate Poisoning. ACh is a simple molecule synthesized from choline and acetyl-CoA through the ... All signs and symptoms of acute organophosphate poisoning are cholinergic in nature and effect muscarinic, nicotinic and CNS ... Atropine can be given to antagonize the muscarinic effects of organophosphate poisoning, and in doing so the cholinergic ...
... Fermentation byproduct suppresses seizures in nerve agent poisoning. A compound found in trace ... Left untreated, organophosphate poisoning can lead to severe breathing and heart complications, because of the inhibition of ... Organophosphates were also widely used as insecticides, but their use has been declining. ... The findings point to urethane or a derivative as a potential therapeutic for preventing organophosphate-triggered seizures ...
Utility of Red Blood Cell Acetylcholinesterase Measurement in Mechanically Ventilated Subjects After Organophosphate Poisoning ... Utility of Red Blood Cell Acetylcholinesterase Measurement in Mechanically Ventilated Subjects After Organophosphate Poisoning ... Utility of Red Blood Cell Acetylcholinesterase Measurement in Mechanically Ventilated Subjects After Organophosphate Poisoning ... Utility of Red Blood Cell Acetylcholinesterase Measurement in Mechanically Ventilated Subjects After Organophosphate Poisoning ...
1.5 mL/min/kg in organophosphate-poisoned patients.. In one study of 11 organophosphate-poisoned pediatric patients (age, 0.8 ... Treatment of organophosphate poisoning should be instituted without waiting for the results of laboratory tests. Red blood cell ... As in all cases of organophosphate poisoning, care should be taken to keep the patient under observation for at least 48 to 72 ... In the treatment of poisoning due to those pesticides and chemicals (e.g., nerve agents) of the organophosphate class which ...
... Mi Kyung Yang, Jeong Heon ParK, IK Soo ...
Organophosphate Poisoning and Carbamate Poisoning - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the ... Organophosphates and carbamates are common causes of poisoning and poison-related deaths worldwide. ... See also General Principles of Poisoning General Principles of Poisoning Poisoning is contact with a substance that results in ... Organophosphates and carbamates are commonly used as insecticides (see table Symptoms fn Treatment of Specific Poisons ). Those ...
... ... In case of poisoning, the quantity of AS required can be important (2 mg every 5 to 10 minutes). Thus, these dosage forms are ...
... Asia Pac J Med Toxicol 2013;2:121-5 ... Methods: This was a randomized open labeled prospective study on OP poisoned patients admitted to JSS Hospital, Mysore, India ... compounds poisoning is an unresolved issue .This study was designed to compare the regimen recommended by the World Health ... of 2 g pralidoxime bolus followed by 8mg/kg/h infusion reduces morbidity and mortality in moderate cases of OP poisoning. The ...
Organophosphates and carbamates are the most frequently used insecticides worldwide. These compounds cause 80% of the reported ... Acute severe organophosphate poisoning in a child who was successfully treated with therapeutic plasma exchange, high-volume ... Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning in infants and children [published erratum appears in Pediatrics 1988 May;81(5):683]. ... Organophosphates. Ellenhorns Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott ...
Acute Organophosphate Poisoning Case Review With Consideration of Off-Gassing During Postmortem Examination. Posted on November ...
Acetylcholineesterase inhibition as an indicator of organophosphate and carbamate poisoning in Kenyan agricultural workers. ... Acetylcholineesterase inhibition as an indicator of organophosphate and carbamate poisoning in Kenyan agricultural workers. / ... Acetylcholineesterase inhibition as an indicator of organophosphate and carbamate poisoning in Kenyan agricultural workers.. ... T1 - Acetylcholineesterase inhibition as an indicator of organophosphate and carbamate poisoning in Kenyan agricultural workers ...
Insecticide poisoning occurs when someone swallows or breathes in an insecticide or it is absorbed through the skin. ... Insecticide poisoning occurs when someone swallows or breathes in an insecticide or it is absorbed through the skin. ... Although the symptoms are the same for carbamate and organophosphate poisoning, it is harder to recover after organophosphate ... Note: Serious poisoning can occur if an organophosphate gets on your bare skin or if you dont wash your skin soon after it ...
Acute Organophosphate Poisoning Case Review With Consideration of Off-Gassing During Postmortem Examination. Posted on August 8 ...
The diagnosis of organophosphate poisoning had been based on the following criteria: a history of organophosphate ingestion ... Subject 1 ingested diethyl organophosphate, and subjects 2-4 ingested dimethyl organophosphate. Subject 5 was poisoned with ... ingested diethyl organophosphate. Eleven (20.4%) subjects were poisoned with unclassified organophosphate. Mechanical ... at presentation was definite evidence of organophosphate poisoning. The common organophosphate compounds were fenitrothion (n ...
Body mass index as a prognostic factor in organophosphate-poisoned patients. Duk Hee Lee, Koo Young Jung, Yoon Hee Choi, Young ... Dive into the research topics of Body mass index as a prognostic factor in organophosphate-poisoned patients. Together they ...
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Organophosphate poisoning dosing for ATNAA, DuoDote (atropine-pralidoxime), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive ... Organophosphate Poisoning. Indicated for treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus nerve agents as well as organophosphorus ... Organophosphate Poisoning. Indicated for treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus nerve agents as well as organophosphorus ... Only administer drug to patients experiencing symptoms of organophosphorus poisoning in a situation where exposure is known or ...
... parathion poisoning, hydrocarbon solvents, bronchial secretions, emergency department, area body weight, excessive bronchial ... poisoning, decontamination, effects, dose, health, children, atropine, contact, patient, secretions, clothing, excessive, ... However, organophosphate poisoning may still be present without pinpoint pupils, and dilation of the pupils may even be noted ... Patients who have been acutely poisoned should be advised to avoid further organophosphate exposure until sequential RBC ...
Organophosphate or carbamate poisoning:. 2 mg IV, followed by 2 mg every 15 minutes until adequate response (initial doses of ...
  • Organophosphates are used as insecticides, medications, and nerve agents. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nerve agents are chemical warfare agents that have the same mechanism of action as OP organophosphate pesticides insecticides. (cdc.gov)
  • Men poisoned with OP insecticides had persistent reduced hand strength. (bmj.com)
  • The frequent use of the highly toxic organophosphate insecticides (OPs) in Nicaragua and in many other developing countries is an important cause of occupational illness. (bmj.com)
  • Organophosphates were also widely used as insecticides, but their use has been declining . (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • OP insecticides were responsible for 50% of all poisoning-related deaths in India in the past 25 years, accounted for 75% of all poisonings (1). (ac.ir)
  • Organophosphates and carbamates are the most frequently used insecticides worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, the AAPCC reported 435 single exposures to organophosphate insecticides in combination with other insecticides (mostly non-carbamate), none of which were fatal. (medscape.com)
  • When pesticide handlers become ill from working with organophosphate or carbamate insecticides in warm and hot environments, it is sometimes hard to tell whether the person is suffering from heat exhaustion or pesticide poisoning. (mt.gov)
  • Cases listed as organophosphates (and the other categories as well) may also include other insecticides such as carbamates and organochlorines in a single product. (missouri.edu)
  • Atropine: Used as an antidote for certain types of poisoning, particularly from certain insecticides or nerve gases. (standardofcare.com)
  • Pralidoxime: Used as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning, reversing the effects of certain insecticides or nerve agents. (standardofcare.com)
  • By blocking the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, atropine also serves as an antidote for poisoning by organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
  • Acute neurotoxic organophosphate poisoning: insecticides and chemical weapons]. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cholinergic syndrome occurs in acute poisonings with OP pesticides and is directly related to levels of AChE activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • To describe the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning (OPP), to evaluate the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score as an alternative index for measuring OPP severity, and to assess cholinesterase levels for predicting successful weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV). (nih.gov)
  • To evaluate the association of acute organophosphate (OP) poisoning with chronic sensory and motor neurological impairment. (bmj.com)
  • This study concerns the third of a series of three examinations of hand strength and vibration thresholds in a two year period after acute OP poisoning among 48 Nicaraguan men. (bmj.com)
  • Acute toxic signs and symptoms after poisonings with OPs result from the inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in both the central and the peripheral nervous system. (bmj.com)
  • The recovery from acute poisoning depends on the severity of the poisoning and on the availability of treatment, and may last from one day up to a few weeks. (bmj.com)
  • All signs and symptoms of acute organophosphate poisoning are cholinergic in nature and effect muscarinic, nicotinic and CNS receptors. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
  • The primary cause of death in acute poisoning is usually respiratory failure with a contributing cardiovascular component. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
  • 1 , 2 Although death from organophosphate poisoning is multifactorial, respiratory failure is a significant cause of the high morbidity and mortality rates in the acute setting. (rcjournal.com)
  • Acute toxic effects, including rapidly fatal systemic poisoning, can result from ingestion of parathion. (cdc.gov)
  • A study to assess the utility of peradeniya organophosphorous poisoning (POP) scale, poisoning severity score (PSS) and glasgow coma scale (GCS) in predicting severity and treatment outcome in acute organophosphorous poisoning. (aaem.pl)
  • Petreski T, Kit B, Strnad M, Grenc D, SvenÅ¡ek F. Cholinergic syndrome: a case report of acute organophosphate and carbamate poisoning. (aaem.pl)
  • However, several cases of acute poisoning, some leading to death, following consumption of a cassava-based meal have been reported. (who.int)
  • Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). (wikipedia.org)
  • Organophosphates are found in pesticides, herbicides and nerve gas. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
  • PROTOPAM Chloride has been studied in animals as an antidote against numerous organophosphate pesticides, chemicals, and drugs (see Animal Pharmacology and Toxicology ). (nih.gov)
  • However, its use has been considered to be successful against poisoning with numerous pesticides, chemicals, and drugs. (nih.gov)
  • Parathion, like all organophosphate pesticides, inhibits acetylcholinesterase and alters cholinergic synaptic transmission at neuroeffector junctions (muscarinic effects), at skeletal myoneural junctions and autonomic ganglia (nicotinic effects), and in the CNS. (cdc.gov)
  • The purpose of this review is to examine the biological foundations for the epidemiological observations previously identified by reviewing the toxicology literature and relating it to epidemiological studies addressing the role of poisoning with organophosphate pesticides (OPs) in neurobehavioral and neuropsychological disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • Suratman S, Edwards JW, Babina K. Organophosphate pesticides exposure among farmworkers: pathways and risk of adverse health effects. (aaem.pl)
  • The purpose of this guide is to describe the health hazards of pesticides currently in use and to present consensus recommendations for management of poisonings and injuries caused by them. (missouri.edu)
  • Table 1 shows the pesticides most often implicated in poisonings, injuries and illnesses, according to 1996 data from the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System of the American Association of Poison Control Centers. (missouri.edu)
  • In occupational exposures to pesticides, dermal and eye injuries are more common than systemic poisonings, although systemic poisonings are likely to be more severe. (missouri.edu)
  • The illegal practice of combining organophosphates (OPs) with other compounds such as carbamates and pyrethroids, creating 'street pesticides', is common in South Africa. (scielo.org.za)
  • Exposure to pesticides is known as organophosphate poisoning , which causes symptoms like those for exposure to nerve gas. (upstate.edu)
  • The study found that the levels of organophosphate pesticides chlorpyrifos and malathion corresponded to changes in fresh produce consumption throughout the year. (sott.net)
  • The study aim was to develop a clinical decision aid that could guide early triage at primary health care level of children exposed to organophosphates / carbamates, identifying those requiring referral to higher level facilities. (who.int)
  • Organophosphates and carbamates, although different structurally, both inhibit cholinesterase activity. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Organophosphates and carbamates are common causes of poisoning and poison-related deaths worldwide. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Organophosphates and carbamates are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and skin. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, seven of the top ten categories listed in Table 1 (organophosphates, pyrethrins/pyrethroids, hypochlorite disinfectants, carbamates, organochlorines, phenoxy herbicides and anticoagulant rodenticides) are much more likely to require medical attention. (missouri.edu)
  • [4,8] Carbamates are another class and are chemically similar to pure organophosphates (OPs). (scielo.org.za)
  • After we had identified a very low serum cholinesterase concentration, he disclosed having consumed organophosphates. (bmj.com)
  • Organophosphates irreversibly bind to cholinesterase, causing the phosphorylation and deactivation of acetycholinesterase (AchE). (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
  • The principal action of pralidoxime chloride is to reactivate cholinesterase (mainly outside of the central nervous system) which has been inactivated by phosphorylation due to an organophosphate pesticide or related compound. (nih.gov)
  • Pralidoxime chloride also slows the process of "aging" of phosphorylated cholinesterase to a nonreactivatable form, and detoxifies certain organophosphates by direct chemical reaction. (nih.gov)
  • Organophosphates, however, can irreversibly bind to cholinesterase. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Organophosphates form an initially reversible bond with the enzyme cholinesterase. (medscape.com)
  • The organophosphate-cholinesterase bond can spontaneously degrade, reactivating the enzyme, or can undergo a process called aging. (medscape.com)
  • Patients symptoms, along with decrease in cholinesterase serum level, determines the possible diagnosis of organophosphate poisoning. (aaem.pl)
  • The term organophosphate poisoning only applies to those organophosphates that inhibit acetylcholinesterase. (bmj.com)
  • Left untreated, organophosphate poisoning can lead to severe breathing and heart complications, because of the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • Muscle acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity determines the impairment of muscle force generation, and red blood cell (RBC) AChE has been regarded as a surrogate for muscle AChE in organophosphate poisoning. (rcjournal.com)
  • Organophosphates interfere with the elimination of acetylcholine by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE), resulting in accumulation of acetylcholine at nerve terminals. (rcjournal.com)
  • Introduction Organophosphates poisoning causes irreversibly inhibition of acetylcholinesterase leading to accumulation of acetylcholine at muscarinic and nicotinic synapses and in the CNS. (sunzek.com)
  • It is an established antidote and its use is indicated in OP poisoning. (ac.ir)
  • An antidote counteracts a form of poisoning. (standardofcare.com)
  • Dimercaprol (BAL): Used as an antidote for heavy metal poisoning, such as lead, mercury, or arsenic. (standardofcare.com)
  • Insecticide poisoning occurs when someone swallows or breathes in an insecticide or it is absorbed through the skin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Below are symptoms of insecticide poisoning in different parts of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Dimethoate (DM), an organophosphate insecticide, has been used worldwide in agriculture and domestic for several years which has led to a variety of negative effects in non target species including humans. (scialert.net)
  • The purpose of this document is to enable health care workers and public health officials to recognize an unknown or suspected exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate (OP) pesticide. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, inhalation of a nerve agent or an OP pesticide leads to a quicker onset of poisoning with more severe symptoms when compared to with dermal exposure s, given the same amount of agent. (cdc.gov)
  • Note: The actual clinical manifestations of an exposure to a nerve agent or an organophosphate pesticide may be more variable than the syndrome described in this document. (cdc.gov)
  • Organophosphate poisoning can occur due to occupational or accidental exposure, deliberate ingestion, or chemical warfare with nerve gases. (bmj.com)
  • Children are at a significantly increased risk worldwide, particularly in Africa and other developing regions, where the widespread availability and use of organophosphates and the lack of regulation and safety packaging are high risk factors for exposure. (medscape.com)
  • DO NOT use it to treat or manage an actual poison exposure. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you or someone you are with has an exposure, call your local emergency number (such as 911), or your local poison control center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. (medlineplus.gov)
  • American Association of Poison Control Centers, Toxic Exposure Surveillance System, 1996 data. (missouri.edu)
  • Regardless of whether or not animal studies suggest that the organophosphate poison to which a particular patient has been exposed is amenable to treatment with pralidoxime chloride, the use of pralidoxime chloride should, nevertheless, be considered in any life-threatening situation resulting from poisoning by these compounds, since the limited and arbitrary conditions of pharmacologic screening do not always accurately reflect the usefulness of pralidoxime chloride in the clinical situation. (nih.gov)
  • There are no adequate and well controlled clinical studies that establish the effectiveness of pralidoxime chloride as a treatment for poisoning with organophosphates having anticholinesterase activity. (nih.gov)
  • Organophosphates produce a clinical syndrome that can be effectively treated if recognized early. (medscape.com)
  • However, no clinical study has evaluated whether RBC AChE activity can actually be used as a surrogate for muscle AChE activity in patients who require mechanical ventilation secondary to organophosphate poisoning. (rcjournal.com)
  • Assessing the connection between organophosphate pesticide poisoning and mental health: a comparison of neuropsychological symptoms from clinical observations, animal models and epidemiological studies. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical manifestation of organophosphates toxicity may be differentiate and include cholinergic toxidrome, intermediate syndrome, OP-induced delayed polyneuropathy to chronic OP-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (OPIDN). (aaem.pl)
  • In our discussion, we explore this secondary decompensation and suggest various pathophysiological explanations for this atypical clinical course following what had appeared to be OP poisoning. (scielo.org.za)
  • A clinical diagnosis of a cholinergic toxidrome secondary to OP/carbamate poisoning was made. (scielo.org.za)
  • The clinical picture in both cases resembled that seen in poisoning with other organophosphates (Gitelson at al. (inchem.org)
  • General Principles of Poisoning Poisoning is contact with a substance that results in toxicity. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Organophosphate Toxicity. (aaem.pl)
  • Because of this, paramedics must thoroughly understand the pathophysiology and signs and symptoms of organophosphate poisoning. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
  • In those who have organophosphate poisoning the primary treatments are atropine, oximes such as pralidoxime, and diazepam. (wikipedia.org)
  • In one study of healthy adult volunteers and patients self-poisoned with organophosphate compounds, a single intramuscular injection of 1000 mg of pralidoxime chloride resulted in mean peak plasma levels of 7.5 ± 1.7 µg/mL and 9.9 ± 2.4 µg/mL, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • The role and proper dose of pralidoxime in the treatment of Organophosphorus (OP) compounds poisoning is an unresolved issue .This study was designed to compare the regimen recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) with the commonly used standard regimen of pralidoxime. (ac.ir)
  • A dose regimen of pralidoxime consisting of 2 g pralidoxime bolus followed by 8mg/kg/h infusion reduces morbidity and mortality in moderate cases of OP poisoning. (ac.ir)
  • Two important agents used in the treatment of OP poisoned patients are atropine and pralidoxime. (ac.ir)
  • The manufacturing site, which is based in the US and owned by Pfizer, has identified that EpiPens in batch 9KC652 are likely to contain traces of the medicine pralidoxime, which is used to treat people who may've been poisoned by pest-control chemicals. (medsafe.govt.nz)
  • Pralidoxime is used to treat people who have been poisoned by pest-control chemicals and its safety profile has been well established in humans. (medsafe.govt.nz)
  • The maximum amount of pralidoxime detected in the EpiPen Jr products is less than 0.1% of the recommended therapeutic dose indicated for organophosphate poisoning in children and is not expected to cause adverse effects. (medsafe.govt.nz)
  • All cases were due to malathion poisoning. (nih.gov)
  • Worldwide, pesticide poisonings cause an estimated 20,000 deaths and more than one million serious poisonings annually. (medscape.com)
  • Pesticide poisonings in Costa Rica. (sjweh.fi)
  • Also, index finger and toe vibration thresholds were slightly increased at the end of the two year period, among men with OP poisonings in all categories, but patterns of onset and evolvement of impairment of vibration sensitivity were less clear than with grip and pinch strength. (bmj.com)
  • These mnemonics do not take into account the critical CNS and nicotinic effects of organophosphates. (wikipedia.org)
  • All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The list is not representative of all symptomatic poisonings because it shows only cases reported to Poison Control Centers. (missouri.edu)
  • Persistent, mainly motor, impairment of the peripheral nervous system was found in men two years after OP poisoning, in particular in severe occupational and intentional poisonings with neuropathic OPs. (bmj.com)
  • In many developing countries including India, OP compounds are easily available and are common cause of both intentional and accidental poisonings (2-5). (ac.ir)
  • Her partner provided the history of intentional ingestion of a single sachet of an unknown rat poison ~2 hours prior to arrival. (scielo.org.za)
  • The poisonings were categorised as caused by "non-neuropathic" OPs and "neuropathic" OPs, each subdivided in moderate and severe poisonings. (bmj.com)
  • 1 Moreover, OPs are a common vehicle for suicide attempts, 2 which generally result in more severe poisonings than accidental occupational poisonings. (bmj.com)
  • Toxic myocardiopathy has been noted in some severe OP poisonings. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
  • Most patients have bradycardia and, if poisoning is severe, hypotension. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Self-poisoning with OP compounds is a serious health problem especially in agricultural areas of developing countries (2). (ac.ir)
  • Organophosphate (OP) compounds are widely used and include some of the most toxic chemical agents. (scialert.net)
  • After 2 days, he developed opsoclonus-myoclonus, and then bronchorrhoea and bradycardia, raising suspicion of organophosphate poisoning. (bmj.com)
  • Prevention efforts include banning very toxic types of organophosphates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another two hundred chemicals are known to act as neurological poisons in human adults and are likely toxic to the developing brains of infants and children as well - animal studies strongly suggest that any neurotoxic chemical is likely also a neurodevelopmental toxicant - but scientific confirmation awaits. (orionmagazine.org)
  • Organophosphate poisoning (OPP) represents a major healthcare burden in South Africa (SA) and is probably the most common cause of admissions to intensive care units (ICUs) due to poisoning from drugs and toxin ingestion. (scielo.org.za)
  • Parathion is an organophosphate pesticide. (cdc.gov)
  • A data base was created by analysis of the hospital documents of 34 patients hospitalized due to organophosphate intoxication. (aaem.pl)
  • anjay A, Siddheshwar V, Sheshrao S. The Clinico-Demographic Study of Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Organophosphate Compound Poisoning at Tertiary Care Hospital in Rural India. (aaem.pl)
  • Factors associated with outcomes in organophosphate and carbamate poisoning: a retrospective study. (aaem.pl)
  • Some patients are resistant to treatment with the anti-anxiety drug diazepam (Valium), a standard first-line treatment for such poisoning, and its effectiveness decreases the longer the seizure lasts. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • Time to reach the mean peak plasma levels in both groups was similar, 34 minutes in healthy adults and 33 minutes in poisoned patients. (nih.gov)
  • Use of continuous intravenous infusion in adult patients with organophosphate poisoning has been described in several case reports, with and without loading doses. (nih.gov)
  • This was a randomized open labeled prospective study on OP poisoned patients admitted to JSS Hospital, Mysore, India during November 2009 to January 2012. (ac.ir)
  • Many patients with organophosphate poisoning require mechanical ventilation. (rcjournal.com)
  • Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate whether RBC AChE at presentation can predict the duration of mechanical ventilatory support and whether RBC AChE at weaning can predict weaning trial outcomes in patients on mechanical ventilation for organophosphate poisoning. (rcjournal.com)
  • This retrospective observational case series identified 74 patients with a history of mechanical ventilation secondary to organophosphate poisoning and whose RBC AChE levels were available at presentation to the emergency department, at 24 h of presentation, or at weaning. (rcjournal.com)
  • 9 Based on these structural and kinetic data, monitoring RBC AChE activity was expected to work as a surrogate assay for muscle AChE activity in patients with organophosphate poisoning. (rcjournal.com)
  • Organophosphate poisoning occurs most commonly as a suicide attempt in farming areas of the developing world and less commonly by accident. (wikipedia.org)
  • Air freshener poisoning occurs when individuals inhale or ingest the chemicals found in these products, leading to respiratory system effects. (poisoningsymptoms.com)
  • This finding is possibly due to remaining organophosphate induced delayed polyneuropathy. (bmj.com)
  • 3 Respiratory failure after organophosphate poisoning results from a combination of paralysis of the respiratory muscles, respiratory center depression, bronchospasm, and abundant secretions. (rcjournal.com)
  • Rarer causes include infections such as scrub typhus, and toxins such as organophosphates and cocaine. (bmj.com)
  • Antidotes are substances or treatments used to counteract the effects of certain poisons or toxins. (standardofcare.com)
  • A compound found in trace amounts in alcoholic beverages is more effective at combating seizures in rats exposed to an organophosphate nerve agent than the current recommended treatment, according to new research published in eNeuro . (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • The researchers compared the ability of two treatments - diazepam and the anesthetic urethane (ethyl carbamate), commonly formed in trace amounts during fermentation of beer and wine from the reaction of urea and ethanol - to interrupt seizures in rats exposed to the organophosphate diisopropyl fluorophosphate. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • The findings point to urethane or a derivative as a potential therapeutic for preventing organophosphate-triggered seizures from developing into epilepsy. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • In most developing countries, we are facing with shortage of trained personnel for poisoning care, and also diagnostic and treatment facilities (5). (ac.ir)
  • The mortality from organophosphate poisoning still remains high, despite numerous investigations over the last decades on potential treatment strategies. (rcjournal.com)
  • Prevention of pesticide poisoning remains a much surer path to safety and health than reliance on treatment. (missouri.edu)
  • 9 RBC AChE have been used in many studies to reveal the efficacy of oximes against organophosphate. (rcjournal.com)
  • Furthermore, with the increasing fear of terrorist attacks, organophosphate based nerve gases, although unlikely, are always a possibility. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
  • You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Note: Serious poisoning can occur if an organophosphate gets on your bare skin or if you don't wash your skin soon after it gets on you. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ingested poisons are frequently treated by the oral administration of activated charcoal, which adsorbs the poison and flushes it from the digestive tract, thereby removing a large part of the toxin. (standardofcare.com)