Organ Culture Techniques
Culture Techniques
Culture Media
Tissue Culture Techniques
Bacteria
Blood
Evaluation Studies as Topic
Cells, Cultured
Bacteria, Aerobic
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Batch Cell Culture Techniques
Colony Count, Microbial
Regulation of neurotrophin-3 expression by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions: the role of Wnt factors. (1/6597)
Neurotrophins regulate survival, axonal growth, and target innervation of sensory and other neurons. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is expressed specifically in cells adjacent to extending axons of dorsal root ganglia neurons, and its absence results in loss of most of these neurons before their axons reach their targets. However, axons are not required for NT-3 expression in limbs; instead, local signals from ectoderm induce NT-3 expression in adjacent mesenchyme. Wnt factors expressed in limb ectoderm induce NT-3 in the underlying mesenchyme. Thus, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions mediated by Wnt factors control NT-3 expression and may regulate axonal growth and guidance. (+info)AhR, ARNT, and CYP1A1 mRNA quantitation in cultured human embryonic palates exposed to TCDD and comparison with mouse palate in vivo and in culture. (2/6597)
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is developmentally toxic in many species and induces cleft palate in the C57BL/6N mouse embryo. Palatogenesis in mouse and human embryos involves homologous processes at the morphological, cellular, and molecular levels. In organ culture, mouse and human palates respond similarly to TCDD. The present study quantitates the expression of AhR, ARNT, and CYP1A1 mRNA in human embryonic palates in organ culture. Palatal tissues were exposed to 1 x 10(-10), 1 x 10(-9), or 1 x 10(-8) M TCDD or control medium and sampled at 0, 2, 4, and 6 hours for quantitative RT-PCR using a synthetic RNA internal standard. Similar measurements of CYP1A1 gene expression were collected for mouse palates cultured in this model. In human palates, AhR expression correlated with ARNT and CYP1A1 mRNA expression. TCDD induction of CYP1A1 was time- and concentration-dependent. The expression of these genes presented a uniform and continuous distribution across the group of embryos, with no subset of either high or low expressors/responders. The ratio of AhR to ARNT was approximately 4:1. AhR mRNA increased during the culture period in both treated and control subjects; however, ARNT expression was relatively constant. TCDD did not alter either AhR or ARNT expression in a consistent dose- or time-related manner. Comparison of human and mouse data showed a high correlation across species for the induction of CYP1A1. Human embryos expressed approximately 350 times less AhR mRNA than the mouse, and in earlier studies it was shown that human palates required 200 times more TCDD to produce the same effects. When the morphological, cellular, and molecular responses to TCDD between mouse and human are compared, it seems highly unlikely that human embryos could be exposed to sufficient TCDD to achieve changes in palatal differentiation that would lead to cleft palate. (+info)gas2 is a multifunctional gene involved in the regulation of apoptosis and chondrogenesis in the developing mouse limb. (3/6597)
The growth-arrest-specific 2 (gas2) gene was initially identified on account of its high level of expression in murine fibroblasts under growth arrest conditions, followed by downregulation upon reentry into the cell cycle (Schneider et al., Cell 54, 787-793, 1988). In this study, the expression patterns of the gas2 gene and the Gas2 peptide were established in the developing limbs of 11.5- to 14. 5-day mouse embryos. It was found that gas2 was expressed in the interdigital tissues, the chondrogenic regions, and the myogenic regions. Low-density limb culture and Brdu incorporation assays revealed that gas2 might play an important role in regulating chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, it might play a similar role during limb myogenesis. In addition to chondrogenesis and myogeneis, gas2 is involved in the execution of the apoptotic program in hindlimb interdigital tissues-by acting as a death substrate for caspase enzymes. TUNEL analysis demonstrated that the interdigital tissues underwent apoptosis between 13.5 and 15.5 days. Exactly at these time points, the C-terminal domain of the Gas2 peptide was cleaved as revealed by Western blot analysis. Moreover, pro-caspase-3 (an enzyme that can process Gas2) was cleaved into its active form in the interdigital tissues. The addition of zVAD-fmk, a caspase enzyme inhibitor, to 12.5-day-old hindlimbs maintained in organ culture revealed that the treatment inhibited interdigital cell death. This inhibition correlated with the absence of the Gas2 peptide and pro-caspase-3 cleavage. The data suggest that Gas2 might be involved in the execution of the apoptotic process. (+info)BMP7 acts in murine lens placode development. (4/6597)
Targeted inactivation of the Bmp7 gene in mouse leads to eye defects with late onset and variable penetrance (A. T. Dudley et al., 1995, Genes Dev. 9, 2795-2807; G. Luo et al., 1995, Genes Dev. 9, 2808-2820). Here we report that the expressivity of the Bmp7 mutant phenotype markedly increases in a C3H/He genetic background and that the phenotype implicates Bmp7 in the early stages of lens development. Immunolocalization experiments show that BMP7 protein is present in the head ectoderm at the time of lens placode induction. Using an in vitro culture system, we demonstrate that addition of BMP7 antagonists during the period of lens placode induction inhibits lens formation, indicating a role for BMP7 in lens placode development. Next, to integrate Bmp7 into a developmental pathway controlling formation of the lens placode, we examined the expression of several early lens placode-specific markers in Bmp7 mutant embryos. In these embryos, Pax6 head ectoderm expression is lost just prior to the time when the lens placode should appear, while in Pax6-deficient (Sey/Sey) embryos, Bmp7 expression is maintained. These results could suggest a simple linear pathway in placode induction in which Bmp7 functions upstream of Pax6 and regulates lens placode induction. At odds with this interpretation, however, is the finding that expression of secreted Frizzled Related Protein-2 (sFRP-2), a component of the Wnt signaling pathway which is expressed in prospective lens placode, is absent in Sey/Sey embryos but initially present in Bmp7 mutants. This suggests a different model in which Bmp7 function is required to maintain Pax6 expression after induction, during a preplacodal stage of lens development. We conclude that Bmp7 is a critical component of the genetic mechanism(s) controlling lens placode formation. (+info)Induction of Sarcophaga central nervous system remodeling by 20-hydroxyecdysone in vitro. (5/6597)
Proliferation and apoptosis of neural cells were found to be induced simultaneously when larval brains of Sarcophaga peregrina were cultured in the presence of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) for 24 h. The locations of proliferating cells and apoptotic cells in the brain hemispheres were different. The morphology of brains exposed to 20-HE for a short period proceeded to change sequentially when culture was continued for 2 days even in the absence of 20-HE. These changes mainly consisted of enlargement of the brain hemispheres and extension of the interval between two hemispheres, which closely paralleled the morphological changes of brains that occur in the early pupal stage, suggesting that ecdysteroid alone is sufficient to induce the remodeling of the central nervous system of holometabolous insects. Synthesis of a protein with a molecular mass of 66 kDa was shown to be selectively repressed when brains were cultured in the presence of 20-HE. (+info)Modulation of the baboon (Papio anubis) uterine endometrium by chorionic gonadotrophin during the period of uterine receptivity. (6/6597)
This study was undertaken to determine the modulation of uterine function by chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) in a nonhuman primate. Infusion of recombinant human CG (hCG) between days 6 and 10 post ovulation initiated the endoreplication of the uterine surface epithelium to form distinct epithelial plaques. These plaque cells stained intensely for cytokeratin and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen. The stromal fibroblasts below the epithelial plaques stained positively for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA). Expression of alphaSMA is associated with the initiation of decidualization in the baboon endometrium. Synthesis of the glandular secretory protein glycodelin, as assessed by Western blot analysis, was markedly up-regulated by hCG, and this increase was confirmed by immunocytochemistry, Northern blot analysis, and reverse transcriptase-PCR. To determine whether hCG directly modulated these uterine responses, we treated ovariectomized baboons sequentially with estradiol and progesterone to mimic the hormonal profile of the normal menstrual cycle. Infusion of hCG into the oviduct of steroid-hormone-treated ovariectomized baboons induced the expression of alphaSMA in the stromal cells and glycodelin in the glandular epithelium. The epithelial plaque reaction, however, was not readily evident. These studies demonstrate a physiological effect of CG on the uterine endometrium in vivo and suggest that the primate blastocyst signal, like the blastocyst signals of other species, modulates the uterine environment prior to implantation. (+info)Arterial damage induced by cryopreservation is irreversible following organ culture. (7/6597)
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes which occur to the arterial wall following cryopreservation and thawing and to determine whether these changes are reversible after a week of culture in an organ bath. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rat iliac arterial segments were cryopreserved. Once thawed, the arterial segments were cultured for a period of 0, 1, 2, 4 or 7 days. Freshly isolated rat iliac vessels cultured for 7 days served as the control group. Evaluation was made of ultrastructural changes, the expression of metalloproteinase activity (MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9) and the apoptotic state of cells. RESULTS: The freezing-thawing process induced damage to the arterial segments compared to fresh control vessels. After 1 week of culture, arteries showed a high degree of tissue degeneration. Only a few individual endothelial cells remained on the luminal surface. There was a gradual increase in the proportion of apoptotic cells. The sequential expression of MMP-1 during the first 2 days and subsequent expression of MMP-3 and MMP-9 were of most significance. CONCLUSIONS: Cryopreservation induced damage to the vessels which could not be reversed by organ culture. The changes observed in the expression of metalloproteinases may be indicative of the degenerative process which occurs in the extracellular matrix. (+info)Oxidized derivatives of 7-dehydrocholesterol induce growth retardation in cultured rat embryos: a model for antenatal growth retardation in the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. (8/6597)
7-Dehydrocholesterol accumulates in fetuses affected by the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome as a result of a deficit in the ultimate step of cholesterol synthesis catalyzed by Delta7 reductase. Rat embryos explanted at gestation day 10 and cultured for 48 h in the presence of the Delta7 reductase inhibitor AY 9944 were used as a model to discriminate between the beneficial effect of supplementation with cholesterol and the deleterious effect of supplementation with 7-dehydrocholesterol. Cholesterol supplementation in the form of mixed cholesterol/lecithin liposomes added to serum serving as the culture medium restores the growth of embryos which is markedly decreased in the presence of the inhibitor. 7-Dehydrocholesterol under identical conditions does not restore growth and impairs the beneficial effect of cholesterol added simultaneously. UV-photooxidation of 7-dehydrocholesterol-supplemented culture medium enhances its embryotoxicity, which suggests uptake by the embryo of toxic by-products formed from 7-dehydrocholesterol. By contrast photooxidation of cholesterol-supplemented culture medium does not induce embryotoxicity. alpha-Tocopherol reduces the toxicity of photooxidized 7-dehydrocholesterol supplementing the culture medium. We conclude that 7-dehydrocholesterol does not fulfill the cholesterol requirement of the developing embryos and exerts an additional embryotoxic effect probably via oxidized by-products. This could explain the antenatal growth retardation of SLOS by a blockage of the maternal compensatory cholesterol influx. (+info)Organ culture techniques refer to the methods used to maintain or grow intact organs or pieces of organs under controlled conditions in vitro, while preserving their structural and functional characteristics. These techniques are widely used in biomedical research to study organ physiology, pathophysiology, drug development, and toxicity testing.
Organ culture can be performed using a variety of methods, including:
1. Static organ culture: In this method, the organs or tissue pieces are placed on a porous support in a culture dish and maintained in a nutrient-rich medium. The medium is replaced periodically to ensure adequate nutrition and removal of waste products.
2. Perfusion organ culture: This method involves perfusing the organ with nutrient-rich media, allowing for better distribution of nutrients and oxygen throughout the tissue. This technique is particularly useful for studying larger organs such as the liver or kidney.
3. Microfluidic organ culture: In this approach, microfluidic devices are used to create a controlled microenvironment for organ cultures. These devices allow for precise control over the flow of nutrients and waste products, as well as the application of mechanical forces.
Organ culture techniques can be used to study various aspects of organ function, including metabolism, secretion, and response to drugs or toxins. Additionally, these methods can be used to generate three-dimensional tissue models that better recapitulate the structure and function of intact organs compared to traditional two-dimensional cell cultures.
Culture techniques are methods used in microbiology to grow and multiply microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, in a controlled laboratory environment. These techniques allow for the isolation, identification, and study of specific microorganisms, which is essential for diagnostic purposes, research, and development of medical treatments.
The most common culture technique involves inoculating a sterile growth medium with a sample suspected to contain microorganisms. The growth medium can be solid or liquid and contains nutrients that support the growth of the microorganisms. Common solid growth media include agar plates, while liquid growth media are used for broth cultures.
Once inoculated, the growth medium is incubated at a temperature that favors the growth of the microorganisms being studied. During incubation, the microorganisms multiply and form visible colonies on the solid growth medium or turbid growth in the liquid growth medium. The size, shape, color, and other characteristics of the colonies can provide important clues about the identity of the microorganism.
Other culture techniques include selective and differential media, which are designed to inhibit the growth of certain types of microorganisms while promoting the growth of others, allowing for the isolation and identification of specific pathogens. Enrichment cultures involve adding specific nutrients or factors to a sample to promote the growth of a particular type of microorganism.
Overall, culture techniques are essential tools in microbiology and play a critical role in medical diagnostics, research, and public health.
Cell culture is a technique used in scientific research to grow and maintain cells from plants, animals, or humans in a controlled environment outside of their original organism. This environment typically consists of a sterile container called a cell culture flask or plate, and a nutrient-rich liquid medium that provides the necessary components for the cells' growth and survival, such as amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and hormones.
There are several different types of cell culture techniques used in research, including:
1. Adherent cell culture: In this technique, cells are grown on a flat surface, such as the bottom of a tissue culture dish or flask. The cells attach to the surface and spread out, forming a monolayer that can be observed and manipulated under a microscope.
2. Suspension cell culture: In suspension culture, cells are grown in liquid medium without any attachment to a solid surface. These cells remain suspended in the medium and can be agitated or mixed to ensure even distribution of nutrients.
3. Organoid culture: Organoids are three-dimensional structures that resemble miniature organs and are grown from stem cells or other progenitor cells. They can be used to study organ development, disease processes, and drug responses.
4. Co-culture: In co-culture, two or more different types of cells are grown together in the same culture dish or flask. This technique is used to study cell-cell interactions and communication.
5. Conditioned medium culture: In this technique, cells are grown in a medium that has been conditioned by previous cultures of other cells. The conditioned medium contains factors secreted by the previous cells that can influence the growth and behavior of the new cells.
Cell culture techniques are widely used in biomedical research to study cellular processes, develop drugs, test toxicity, and investigate disease mechanisms. However, it is important to note that cell cultures may not always accurately represent the behavior of cells in a living organism, and results from cell culture experiments should be validated using other methods.
Bacteriological techniques refer to the various methods and procedures used in the laboratory for the cultivation, identification, and study of bacteria. These techniques are essential in fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and research. Here are some common bacteriological techniques:
1. **Sterilization**: This is a process that eliminates or kills all forms of life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. Common sterilization methods include autoclaving (using steam under pressure), dry heat (in an oven), chemical sterilants, and radiation.
2. **Aseptic Technique**: This refers to practices used to prevent contamination of sterile materials or environments with microorganisms. It includes the use of sterile equipment, gloves, and lab coats, as well as techniques such as flaming, alcohol swabbing, and using aseptic transfer devices.
3. **Media Preparation**: This involves the preparation of nutrient-rich substances that support bacterial growth. There are various types of media, including solid (agar), liquid (broth), and semi-solid (e.g., stab agar). The choice of medium depends on the type of bacteria being cultured and the purpose of the investigation.
4. **Inoculation**: This is the process of introducing a bacterial culture into a medium. It can be done using a loop, swab, or needle. The inoculum should be taken from a pure culture to avoid contamination.
5. **Incubation**: After inoculation, the bacteria are allowed to grow under controlled conditions of temperature, humidity, and atmospheric composition. This process is called incubation.
6. **Staining and Microscopy**: Bacteria are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Therefore, they need to be stained and observed under a microscope. Gram staining is a common method used to differentiate between two major groups of bacteria based on their cell wall composition.
7. **Biochemical Tests**: These are tests used to identify specific bacterial species based on their biochemical characteristics, such as their ability to ferment certain sugars, produce particular enzymes, or resist certain antibiotics.
8. **Molecular Techniques**: Advanced techniques like PCR and DNA sequencing can provide more precise identification of bacteria. They can also be used for genetic analysis and epidemiological studies.
Remember, handling microorganisms requires careful attention to biosafety procedures to prevent accidental infection or environmental contamination.
Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.
Tissue culture techniques refer to the methods used to maintain and grow cells, tissues or organs from multicellular organisms in an artificial environment outside of the living body, called an in vitro culture. These techniques are widely used in various fields such as biology, medicine, and agriculture for research, diagnostics, and therapeutic purposes.
The basic components of tissue culture include a sterile growth medium that contains nutrients, growth factors, and other essential components to support the growth of cells or tissues. The growth medium is often supplemented with antibiotics to prevent contamination by microorganisms. The cells or tissues are cultured in specialized containers called culture vessels, which can be plates, flasks, or dishes, depending on the type and scale of the culture.
There are several types of tissue culture techniques, including:
1. Monolayer Culture: In this technique, cells are grown as a single layer on a flat surface, allowing for easy observation and manipulation of individual cells.
2. Organoid Culture: This method involves growing three-dimensional structures that resemble the organization and function of an organ in vivo.
3. Co-culture: In co-culture, two or more cell types are grown together to study their interactions and communication.
4. Explant Culture: In this technique, small pieces of tissue are cultured to maintain the original structure and organization of the cells within the tissue.
5. Primary Culture: This refers to the initial culture of cells directly isolated from a living organism. These cells can be further subcultured to generate immortalized cell lines.
Tissue culture techniques have numerous applications, such as studying cell behavior, drug development and testing, gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.
Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.
Blood is the fluid that circulates in the body of living organisms, carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removing carbon dioxide and other waste products. It is composed of red and white blood cells suspended in a liquid called plasma. The main function of blood is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. It also transports nutrients, hormones, and other substances to the cells and removes waste products from them. Additionally, blood plays a crucial role in the body's immune system by helping to fight infection and disease.
"Evaluation studies" is a broad term that refers to the systematic assessment or examination of a program, project, policy, intervention, or product. The goal of an evaluation study is to determine its merits, worth, and value by measuring its effects, efficiency, and impact. There are different types of evaluation studies, including formative evaluations (conducted during the development or implementation of a program to provide feedback for improvement), summative evaluations (conducted at the end of a program to determine its overall effectiveness), process evaluations (focusing on how a program is implemented and delivered), outcome evaluations (assessing the short-term and intermediate effects of a program), and impact evaluations (measuring the long-term and broad consequences of a program).
In medical contexts, evaluation studies are often used to assess the safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of new treatments, interventions, or technologies. These studies can help healthcare providers make informed decisions about patient care, guide policymakers in developing evidence-based policies, and promote accountability and transparency in healthcare systems. Examples of evaluation studies in medicine include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compare the outcomes of a new treatment to those of a standard or placebo treatment, observational studies that examine the real-world effectiveness and safety of interventions, and economic evaluations that assess the costs and benefits of different healthcare options.
"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.
Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.
It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.
Microbiological techniques refer to the various methods and procedures used in the laboratory for the cultivation, identification, and analysis of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. These techniques are essential in fields like medical microbiology, food microbiology, environmental microbiology, and industrial microbiology.
Some common microbiological techniques include:
1. Microbial culturing: This involves growing microorganisms on nutrient-rich media in Petri dishes or test tubes to allow them to multiply. Different types of media are used to culture different types of microorganisms.
2. Staining and microscopy: Various staining techniques, such as Gram stain, acid-fast stain, and methylene blue stain, are used to visualize and identify microorganisms under a microscope.
3. Biochemical testing: These tests involve the use of specific biochemical reactions to identify microorganisms based on their metabolic characteristics. Examples include the catalase test, oxidase test, and sugar fermentation tests.
4. Molecular techniques: These methods are used to identify microorganisms based on their genetic material. Examples include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, and gene probes.
5. Serological testing: This involves the use of antibodies or antigens to detect the presence of specific microorganisms in a sample. Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting.
6. Immunofluorescence: This technique uses fluorescent dyes to label antibodies or antigens, allowing for the visualization of microorganisms under a fluorescence microscope.
7. Electron microscopy: This method uses high-powered electron beams to produce detailed images of microorganisms, allowing for the identification and analysis of their structures.
These techniques are critical in diagnosing infectious diseases, monitoring food safety, assessing environmental quality, and developing new drugs and vaccines.
Aerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that require oxygen to live and grow. These bacteria use oxygen as the final electron acceptor in their respiratory chain to generate energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Aerobic bacteria can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the air, as well as on the surfaces of living things. Some examples of aerobic bacteria include species of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus.
It's worth noting that some bacteria can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the availability of oxygen. These bacteria are called facultative anaerobes. In contrast, obligate anaerobes are bacteria that cannot tolerate oxygen and will die in its presence.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.
The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.
In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
Batch cell culture techniques refer to a method of growing cells in which all the necessary nutrients are added to the culture medium at the beginning of the growth period. The cells are allowed to grow and multiply until they exhaust the available nutrients, after which the culture is discarded. This technique is relatively simple and inexpensive but lacks the ability to continuously produce cells over an extended period.
In batch cell culture, cells are grown in a closed system with a fixed volume of medium, and no additional nutrients or fresh medium are added during the growth phase. The cells consume the available nutrients as they grow, leading to a decrease in pH, accumulation of waste products, and depletion of essential factors required for cell growth. As a result, the cells eventually stop growing and enter a stationary phase, after which they begin to die due to lack of nutrients and buildup of toxic metabolites.
Batch cell culture techniques are commonly used in research settings where large quantities of cells are needed for experiments or analysis. However, this method is not suitable for the production of therapeutic proteins or other biologics that require continuous cell growth and protein production over an extended period. For these applications, more complex culture methods such as fed-batch or perfusion culture techniques are used.
A "colony count" is a method used to estimate the number of viable microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, in a sample. In this technique, a known volume of the sample is spread onto the surface of a solid nutrient medium in a petri dish and then incubated under conditions that allow the microorganisms to grow and form visible colonies. Each colony that grows on the plate represents an individual cell (or small cluster of cells) from the original sample that was able to divide and grow under the given conditions. By counting the number of colonies that form, researchers can make a rough estimate of the concentration of microorganisms in the original sample.
The term "microbial" simply refers to microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Therefore, a "colony count, microbial" is a general term that encompasses the use of colony counting techniques to estimate the number of any type of microorganism in a sample.
Colony counts are used in various fields, including medical research, food safety testing, and environmental monitoring, to assess the levels of contamination or the effectiveness of disinfection procedures. However, it is important to note that colony counts may not always provide an accurate measure of the total number of microorganisms present in a sample, as some cells may be injured or unable to grow under the conditions used for counting. Additionally, some microorganisms may form clusters or chains that can appear as single colonies, leading to an overestimation of the true cell count.
Organ culture
Grape cultivation in California
Tissue culture
Alexis Carrel
Alstroemerieae
Tympanal organ
Coronavirus
Photoautotropic tissue culture
June Almeida
3D cell culture
Ovarian culture
Dilution assay
Honor Fell
Explant culture
Artificial organ
Substrate (biology)
Doryodes reineckei
Ahava
Plant tissue culture
Cell culture
Embryo rescue
Cytogenetics
Human organ trafficking in Egypt
Subcommissural organ
Microfluidic cell culture
Korkut Uygun
Tissue engineering
House of Low Culture
Non-invasive micro-test technology
Optical projection tomography
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Tissues7
- Although the tractive forces exerted by cells roaming petri dishes have been measured, hardly anything is known about the forces generated by cells as they assemble three-dimensional tissues and shape embryonic organs. (genengnews.com)
- The technique was described in an article published December 8 in Nature Methods, in an article entitled "Quantifying cell-generated mechanical forces within living embryonic tissues. (genengnews.com)
- The technique," they wrote, "is well suited for any study that requires quantification of stresses generated by individual living cells or groups of cells in culture, embryonic tissues or adult organs. (genengnews.com)
- Lecture modules will discuss microfluidic device fabrication, fluid handling, imaging in microfluidic channels, 2D and 3D formats for perfusion culture of cells, micro tissues and organs, micro-physiological systems, microfluidic 3D bioprinting, and microfluidic synthesis. (utoronto.ca)
- For mechanistic insight, we investigated global transcriptional alterations in the target organ (lung) as well as several extrapulmonary tissues (heart, aorta, whole blood cells) following inhalation (40 mg/m3 for 3 h/d for 5 d a week for 10 d) to stainless steel welding fume. (cdc.gov)
- tissues from organs or gastric aspirates) from a patient suspected of having TB. (cdc.gov)
- Experimental pharmacological methods are introduced, including operation techniques and in vitro experiments with excised tissues or organs. (lu.se)
Adult organs2
- The culture of adult organs or parts from adult animals is more difficult due to their greater requirement of oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
- A variety of adult organs (e.g. the liver) have been cultured using special media with special apparatus (Towell's II culture chamber). (wikipedia.org)
Lung3
- A jawbone has been cultured at Columbia University, a lung has been cultured at Yale. (wikipedia.org)
- Besides bacteria known to be pathogens of the lung, streptococci of the viridans group, enterococci, and streptococci of group B were grown, sometimes in pure cultures. (bmj.com)
- Stem cells of all organs - including the lung, which harbors distinct stem cells for each separate tissue that makes up the lung as a whole - reside in niches described as a microenvironment that supports and maintains the 'stemness' of cells as a critical reservoir for maintaining tissue homeostasis and responding to injury [ 3 ]. (karger.com)
Organoids3
- Organoids are three-dimensional cell cultures that incorporate some of the key features and functions of the represented organ. (stemcell.com)
- Discover protocols and best practices for culturing human intestinal organoids and their downstream applications. (stemcell.com)
- The requirements for the successful culture of organoids in vitro differ significantly from those of traditional monolayer cell cultures. (mdpi.com)
Embryonic12
- Embryonic organ culture is an easier alternative to normal organ culture derived from adult animals. (wikipedia.org)
- The following are four techniques employed for embryonic organ culture. (wikipedia.org)
- Embryonic organs generally grow well on agar, but adult organ culture will not survive on this medium. (wikipedia.org)
- Ex vivo whole embryonic kidney culture: a novel method for research in development, regeneration and transplantation. (ca.gov)
- We report the current status of embryonic kidney culture, discussing issues such as the appropriate culture conditions and methods, histological results, values of and limitations to the different techniques used today. (ca.gov)
- Novel perfusion channels were created in the harvested embryonic kidneys before placing them in culture. (ca.gov)
- Embryonic kidneys were placed on a 0.4 microm pore size Transwell membrane, cultured in base medium at a medium gas interphase and incubated at 37C with fully humidified 5% CO2. (ca.gov)
- In early experiments, physical separation of mesenchymal and epithelial stroma from embryonic murine thymus resulted in defective thymus development when epithelium was cultured in vitro in the absence of mesenchyme ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Besides promising to explicate the role of cell-generated mechanical forces in embryonic development, this technique may advance knowledge regarding other processes including birth defects, tumor growth and metastasis, and diseases in which imbalanced cellular forces play a role. (genengnews.com)
- In addition, they confirmed that these stresses "are dependent on myosin II activity and are more than twofold larger than stresses generated by cells of embryonic tooth mesenchyme, either within cultured aggregates or in developing whole mouse mandibles. (genengnews.com)
- This technique should therefore enable quantitative analysis of the role of cellular forces in embryonic development and potentially in disease processes as well. (genengnews.com)
- Described here is an example of a whole embryo culture system, where a serum-free medium is used to support the development of mouse embryos in vitro from embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) to E11.5. (ed.ac.uk)
Cells24
- The tiny organs are constructed using Organovo's NovoGen Bioprinting platform, and as New Scientist explains, this 3D printer builds up over 20 layers of hepatocytes and stellate cells-two major types of liver cells. (inhabitat.com)
- A new technique, however, is characterizing the forces generated by cells in aggregates of living tissue. (genengnews.com)
- The paper's authors reported that after applying their oil-drop method, they were able to quantify the anisotropic stresses generated by mammary epithelial cells cultured within 3D aggregates. (genengnews.com)
- It refers to the use of glass test-tubes and petri-dishes which are generally used to hold the cells while they are being cultured and tested. (emfacts.com)
- Generally the cells will be placed in a petri-dish on a substrata of a gell-like substance known as the culture medium which has been infused with a growth medium to provide nutrients. (emfacts.com)
- At some stage the test substance or event (magnetic, electrical, radio etc) will be applied to some of the 'colonies of cells' in the culture, while not to others. (emfacts.com)
- Organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) is the concept of mimicking the organ-level function of human physiology or disease using cells inside a microfluidic chip . (fluigent.com)
- More importantly, there is a clear upward trend in studies that utilize human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) to develop personalized tissue or organ models . (fluigent.com)
- In the second technique, morpholino oligonucleotides are electroporated into the pharyngeal region of the embryo at E10.5, creating an efficient system for the knockdown of gene function in the target cells. (ed.ac.uk)
- More complex cancer in vitro models have been developed, but they still lack organ-level structures, fluid flows, and mechanobiological cues that cells experience in vivo. (cancer.gov)
- In multiple organs, including the lungs, age-related tissue and organ dysfunction interferes with tissue regeneration, which requires functional stem cells. (karger.com)
- During aging, a decline in organ function can be traced to a loss of stem cell function due to increased cell turnover, depletion of stem cells, and alterations to the stem cell niche. (karger.com)
- Cell culture refers to the process of growing cells under controlled conditions outside their natural environment. (integra-biosciences.com)
- There are two basic systems for growing cells: adherent and suspension cultures. (integra-biosciences.com)
- Adherent cultures are grown on an artificial substrate, whereas cells grown in suspension are free-floating in the culture medium. (integra-biosciences.com)
- There are two reasons for culturing naturally adherent cells in suspension. (integra-biosciences.com)
- The first advantage of suspension cultures is that it's easier to passage the cells, as you don't need to detach them from a culture vessel by enzymatic or mechanical dissociation. (integra-biosciences.com)
- Due to their simplicity, 2D techniques can't mimic the cells' in vivo environment, where they usually grow in three dimensional structures with complex cell-to-cell interactions. (integra-biosciences.com)
- Despite the different approaches and techniques, all experiments have one thing in common: it's difficult to grow viable cells in the desired quantity to obtain reproducible results. (integra-biosciences.com)
- 4 In cell culture assays, a large proportion of the reproducibility issues come from biological variation between passages or generations of cells. (integra-biosciences.com)
- The PhysioMimix Organ-on-Chip platform enables researchers to work with a wide range of cell types (iPSCs, primary cells, etc.) and commercial inserts to mimic human physiology in vitro. (news-medical.net)
- Culturing was done within 1 hour showed predominantly white blood cells using standard bacteriological inoculation and no organisms [ 6,7 ]. (who.int)
- Understanding mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) growth mechanisms in response to surface chemistries is essential to optimize culture methods for high-quality and robust cell yields in cell manufacturing applications. (bvsalud.org)
- Everything from how single cells in culture respond to their substrate to the way whole organ systems develop and respond to environmental stress. (lu.se)
Epithelium1
- This is the optimal device for Air Liquid Interface (ALI) culture, endothelium/epithelium barrier and crosstalk studies. (fluigent.com)
Molecular5
- In- molecular and immunohistochemical techniques or cell ternal organs were congested, and moderate amounts of culture-based methods are used to detect rickettsiae ( 3-5 ). (cdc.gov)
- The cellular and molecular determinants required for kainic acid-induced cell death and subsequent mossy fiber reorganization thus appear to be intrinsic to the hippocampal slice preparation, and are preserved in culture. (duke.edu)
- Given the ease with which functional inhibitors or pharmacological agents may be utilized in this system, slice cultures may provide a powerful model in which to study the molecular components involved in triggering mossy fiber outgrowth and underlying its laminar specificity. (duke.edu)
- The resulting HLCs was characterized for their gene expression and functionality using various molecular and cellular techniques. (bvsalud.org)
- Molecular biological methods, cell culture and tissue culture are treated to a less extent. (lu.se)
Vitro techniques1
- These techniques demonstrate the use of in vitro techniques to study organogenesis within the pharyngeal region of the mouse embryo, but with some modification they could be adapted to target any region of the endodermal gut tube. (ed.ac.uk)
Cryopreservation1
- Her current research interests and scientific experience include: bioinspired engineering, toxicology and drug metabolism, liver cell biology, mechanisms regulating gene expression and differentiation, regulation of nuclear receptors and transcriptional activation in hepatocytes by xenobiotics, human cell isolation and cryopreservation techniques. (selectbiosciences.com)
Membrane2
- For this purpose, the use of cell culture chips allows users to study complex culture configurations by joining a culture well with a microfluidic channel via a porous membrane. (fluigent.com)
- Current OOCs often use commercial porous polymeric membranes as a barrier membrane for cell culture which is challenging due to the poor replication of the physiological architectures. (dcu.ie)
Vivo2
- These versatile model systems have broad applicability and have seen rapid adoption in both basic and industrial research contexts, due to their enhanced relevance to the in vivo organ and the ease with which they can be manipulated in vitro. (stemcell.com)
- With the recent advances in human-cell cultivation techniques, allowing in vivo -like in vitro long-term functionality, there is a shift in focus towards the mechanistic details of the adverse effects "over time" aimed at a better understanding of the dynamics of biological processes. (brill.com)
Organoid culture1
- Perhaps one of the most exciting advances in stem cell research of the past decade has been the development of organoid culture techniques. (stemcell.com)
Affected in vitro1
- Ascertain of root colonization of these fungi could be affected in vitro without undertaking complex and complicated culture conditions. (nepjol.info)
Microfluidics2
- Instead the group urges researchers to rely on more human-relevant methods, such as epidemiology studies, computer-based techniques, human cell and tissue cultures, tissue engineering, and organ-on-a-chip microfluidics. (vegnews.com)
- Microfluidics (materials and techniques) have potential applications in radiobiology, and commonly used silicone-based compounds, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), have already been tested and found resistant to radiation-induced brittleness and aging and have demonstrated required stability and water equivalency. (cancer.gov)
Maturation2
- Organ maturation occurred in a developmentally appropriate centrifugal pattern and the expression of key regulatory factors was demonstrated. (ca.gov)
- METHODS: hESC-derived HLCs were generated through multistage differentiation in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures, incorporating either type I collagen or Matrigel during hepatic specification and maturation. (bvsalud.org)
Humans2
- Taken alone, this is pretty extraordinary, but Organovo believes that in the future they will be able to create larger "livers" that can be used for transplant in humans-which means developing a technique to 3D print human-sized networks of blood vessels that will be capable of nourishing the entire organ. (inhabitat.com)
- At the cellular and whole organ level, degenerative changes that are a hallmark of natural aging (shorter telomeres, increased expression of cellular senescence markers, increased DNA damage, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, accompanied by diminished elasticity) reach pathological levels in aging humans in the form of chronic respiratory disease. (karger.com)
Microfluidic device1
- Hands-on laboratory modules will focus on microfluidic device design, cleanroom fabrication techniques (soft lithography, photolithography, hot embossing, micro-milling) and device testing. (utoronto.ca)
Cultivation1
- Organ culture is the cultivation of either whole organs or parts of organs in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
Artificial1
- An artificial kidney has been cultured by H. David Humes at the University of Michigan. (wikipedia.org)
Explant2
- We report here that that application of the convulsant, kainic acid, to organotypic hippocampal explant cultures induces seizures, neuronal cell death, and subsequent dramatic mossy fiber sprouting with a similar laminar preference and time-course to that seen in intact animals. (duke.edu)
- The higher multiplication of single-node explant of 'rg01', 'rg02' and 'rg12' was cultured on half strength of MS medium supplemented with 2 mg L-1 BA and 5 g L-1 agar. (ncl.edu.tw)
Monolayer1
- 2D monolayer cultures fail to recapitulate the totality of the tumor microenvironments. (cancer.gov)
Methods4
- It is a development from tissue culture methods of research, as the use of the actual in vitro organ itself allows for more accurate modelling of the functions of an organ in various states and conditions. (wikipedia.org)
- To reach these goals, we use a combination of genetic mouse models, single cell and bulk transcriptomics, organ and cell culture methods, and sophisticated time-lapse imaging techniques. (helsinki.fi)
- The group works with cell and organ cultures and complex intravital imaging methods. (uni-koeln.de)
- What laboratory techniques and methods are used in the National TB Genotyping Service (NTGS)? (cdc.gov)
Hepatocytes1
- These functional differences in HLCs between collagen and Matrigel cultures closely resembled the hepatocytes of periportal and pericentral zones, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
Functionality1
- Histological and immunocytochemical analysis was performed to evaluate for signs of necrosis, and the structural integrity and functionality of organs during culture. (ca.gov)
Cell culture10
- Organ-on-chip cell culture platforms have proven potential in providing tremendous flexibility and robustness in drug screening and development by employing engineering techniques and materials. (fluigent.com)
- Organ-on-chip cell culture models can therefore be used for accurate prediction and mechanistic investigation of dose-limiting human toxicities of prospective drugs , as well as for the exploration of new therapeutic approaches to mitigate the observed toxic effects. (fluigent.com)
- It meets the needs of beginners in organ-on-chip cell culture research and advanced organ-on-chip researchers looking for automation and reproducibility. (fluigent.com)
- Fluigent and Beonchip are partnering to offer a complete solution for organ-on-chip cell culture. (fluigent.com)
- Coupled with ethical concerns around animal testing, this leads to high demand for improved in vitro cell culture platforms. (dcu.ie)
- The latest development in in vitro cell culture models, organ-on-chips (OOCs), seeks to introduce more realistic models of organ function. (dcu.ie)
- We'll provide you with tips on reproducibility, contamination, viability and automation to help you overcome the major cell culture challenges. (integra-biosciences.com)
- What is cell culture? (integra-biosciences.com)
- The American embryologist Ross Granville Harrison developed the first in vitro cell culture technique at the very beginning of the twentieth century, when he successfully grew tissue fragments from frog embryos outside the body. (integra-biosciences.com)
- 1 Today, cell culture has already helped countless discoveries, such as the development of vaccines against poliomyelitis, measles, mumps and other infectious diseases. (integra-biosciences.com)
Growth3
- In January 2017, scientists from Salk Institute for Biological Studies managed to create a pig embryo that had part of its DNA, critical for the growth of organs, edited out. (wikipedia.org)
- Secondly, suspension cultures are easier to scale up, as the cell growth is only limited by their concentration in the medium, not by the available surface area. (integra-biosciences.com)
- The major downside of suspension cultures is that they require daily cell counts and viability determination to follow growth patterns, whereas adherent cultures can easily be inspected under a microscope. (integra-biosciences.com)
Laboratory techniques1
- is the term applied to laboratory techniques using cell-cultures (tissue culture), as distinct from those using human subjects or live animals for testing possible harmful products. (emfacts.com)
Embryo1
- Media solidified with agar are also used for organ culture and these media consist of 7 parts 1% agar in BSS, 3 parts chick embryo extract and 3 parts of horse serum. (wikipedia.org)
Regeneration1
- This system may represent an uncomplicated method for in vitro kidney culture that we hope will serve as an effective adjunct to research focused on signaling pathways, development and regeneration as applied to the kidney. (ca.gov)
Human4
- The development of emerging in-vitro tissue culture platforms can be useful for predicting the human response to new compounds . (fluigent.com)
- Recently, several in-vitro tissue-like microsystems, also known as " organ-on-a-chip studies", have emerged to provide new tools for better evaluating the effects of various chemicals on human tissue . (fluigent.com)
- Achieving physiologically relevant in vitro human organ models for a reliable assessment of the physiological responses of the body to drug compounds and toxins is challenging. (dcu.ie)
- For teams who need human-relevant data as part of their research, preclinical testing, and to assess the safety or toxicity of new compounds, Organ-on-Chip studies are becoming absolutely invaluable. (news-medical.net)
Medium8
- We transplanted 30 donor corneas preserved at 34 C for 15 to 33 days in culture medium containing 1.35% chondroitin sulfate and compared them with 30 corneas transplanted during the same period, but preserved only in McCarey-Kaufman medium at 4 C for one to 81 hours. (nih.gov)
- Two months after keratoplasty there was no statistically significant difference in central endothelial cell loss between the organ-cultured grafts and those preserved in McCarey-Kaufman medium (9% vs 7% cell loss, respectively). (nih.gov)
- On the first postoperative day, the organ-cultured grafts were thicker than those grafts preserved in McCarey-Kaufman medium, and the thickest corneas were those cultured for the longest times. (nih.gov)
- The techniques for organ culture can be classified into (i) those employing a solid medium and (ii) those employing liquid medium. (wikipedia.org)
- The medium with agar provides the mechanical support for organ culture. (wikipedia.org)
- 34 download Applied and Fundamental Aspects of Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture 1977 with identity from ref. 1), and the popular problem of guide8221 incorporates the ecosystem to provide mistakes of nearly been thanks, either medium fire or research &, and their one-way sequence. (koslowski-design.de)
- The cyathiums of Euphrobia milii 'Olympus'× E. geroldii 'rg01'、'rg02'、'rg03'、'rg10' and 'rg12' were cultured in half strength MS medium supplemented with 5 mg L-1 BA. (ncl.edu.tw)
- In the interspecific hybridization of E. lomi 'Supo Roek' × E. millotii, the ovules was cultured in half strength MS medium after 5-7 days of pollination. (ncl.edu.tw)
Research5
- Organ culture technology has contributed to advances in embryology, inflammation, cancer, and stem cell biology research. (wikipedia.org)
- A central theme of her research is the preparation of multicellular tumor spheroids using different techniques and their applications in the development of drug carriers (e.g. liposomes, chemical robots). (selectbiosciences.com)
- A lot of research is going into xeno-transplantation - using organs from specially-bred animals like pigs. (mercatornet.com)
- The organization of techniques is the catalog, going its family and research. (koslowski-design.de)
- A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. (mdpi.com)
Mechanical1
- I believe this technique will help many scientists explore the role that mechanical forces play in morphogenesis and, more generally, in biology. (genengnews.com)
Conventional2
- Additionally, the 3D-printed organs last longer than conventional 2D cultures. (inhabitat.com)
- These biomimetic platforms overcome many of the drawbacks encountered with conventional tissue culture models. (fluigent.com)
Aspirates1
- We did Gram stains and cultures on exudates from open wounds and on aspirates if the wounds had demonstrable fluid collection. (who.int)
Differences1
- However, major long-term differences between both techniques have not been evidenced. (bmj.com)
Optimize1
- To optimize this system in vitro for the benefit of future studies we focused our efforts on evaluating and developing a new durable 3-dimensional organ culture system using a uniquely modified approach. (ca.gov)
Experiments1
- This is why some experiments are conducted using 3D cultures, which can be grown using scaffold-based or scaffold-free techniques. (integra-biosciences.com)
Serum2
- An autopsy was performed and Serologic tests are the most widely available diagnos- serum samples and tissue from various organs were pre- tic tools for spotted fever, but they are less than optimal for served at -70°C for further study. (cdc.gov)
- ROCK inhibition prevents fetal serum-induced alteration in structure and function of organ-cultured mesenteric artery. (uchicago.edu)
Development2
- A key objective of organ culture is to maintain the architecture of the tissue and direct it towards normal development. (wikipedia.org)
- We believe these models will prove superior in their ability to provide predictive data for drug discovery and development, better than animal models or current cell models," explained Keith Murphy, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer at Organovo.The organs can be infected with diseases-and treated with medication-to run tests with more accurate results than one would receive from 2D cultures. (inhabitat.com)
Kidneys1
- The Chinese have a strong cultural bias against organ donation - only about 0.6 per cent of transplanted kidneys in China between 1971 and 2001 came from family donors. (mercatornet.com)
Systems1
- Retrieved on September 23, 2023 from https://www.news-medical.net/news/20190502/Organ-on-chip-systems-offered-to-Asia-Pacific-regions-by-Sydneys-AXT.aspx. (news-medical.net)
Versatile1
- This versatile, automated organ-on-a-chip platform can perform long-term OOAC cell cultures under flow to control shear stress conditions. (fluigent.com)
Significantly1
- RESULTS: We confirmed histologically that our organ culture system was capable of maintaining normal kidney structures significantly longer (mean 10 days) than previously reported standard protocols. (ca.gov)
Media3
- The media used for a growing organ culture are generally the same as those used for tissue culture. (wikipedia.org)
- Prints of freshly cut surfaces were cultured on different solid media in 14 cm Petri dishes. (bmj.com)
- If M. tuberculosis grows in culture media, it is called an isolate. (cdc.gov)
Results3
- ABSTRACT To determine the microbiology of wound infection following caesarean section and to evaluate the use of Gram stain for the predicton of subsequent microbiological culture results, 1319 surgical wounds were followed up. (who.int)
- Organisms seen by Gram stain yielded a sensitivity of 96.6%, specificity of 88.9%, positive predictive value of 97.7% and negative predictive value of 84.2% when used to predict positive culture results for bacterial wound infection. (who.int)
- RESULTS: Our results showed that HLCs cultured with collagen exhibited a significant increase in albumin and alpha-1 anti-trypsin expression with reduced AFP compared to HLCs cultured with Matrigel. (bvsalud.org)