Cranial Nerve Diseases
Contracture
Orbital Fractures
Orbital Pseudotumor
A nonspecific tumor-like inflammatory lesion in the ORBIT of the eye. It is usually composed of mature LYMPHOCYTES; PLASMA CELLS; MACROPHAGES; LEUKOCYTES with varying degrees of FIBROSIS. Orbital pseudotumors are often associated with inflammation of the extraocular muscles (ORBITAL MYOSITIS) or inflammation of the lacrimal glands (DACRYOADENITIS).
Orbital Cellulitis
Exophthalmos
Graves Ophthalmopathy
Eye, Artificial
A ready-made or custom-made prosthesis of glass or plastic shaped and colored to resemble the anterior portion of a normal eye and used for cosmetic reasons. It is attached to the anterior portion of an orbital implant (ORBITAL IMPLANTS) which is placed in the socket of an enucleated or eviscerated eye. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Orbital dirofilariasis: MR findings. (1/276)
Dirofilariasis is a helminthic zoonosis occurring in many parts of the world. We report the findings in a 61-year-old woman who had painless right exophthalmos caused by orbital dirofilariasis. A vivid worm was embedded inside an inflammatory nodule in the right orbit. On T1-weighted MR images, the parasite was visible as a discrete, low-intensity, tubular signal in the center of the nodule surrounded by contrast-enhancing inflammatory tissue. (+info)Significance of serum antibodies reactive with flavoprotein subunit of succinate dehydrogenase in thyroid associated orbitopathy. (2/276)
AIMS: Thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune disorder of extraocular muscles and orbital connective tissue. Identification of the principal target antigens would help the understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and possibly lead to the development of specific therapies in the future. The purpose of this study was to measure serum antibodies against the flavoprotein subunit of succinate dehydrogenase in patients with TAO and correlate their presence with factors of TAO. METHODS: Sera of patients with active TAO of 6 months' duration or less were tested for antibodies against the flavoprotein subunit of succinate dehydrogenase. Clinical data were obtained by retrospective review of patients' charts. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to test sera for serum antibodies against purified succinate dehydrogenase. RESULTS: 38 patients with TAO and 32 healthy age and sex matched controls were included in the study. Anti-flavoprotein antibodies were detected in 24 out of 38 patients with TAO (63.16%) and in five out of 32 healthy controls (15.63%) (p<0.01). Neither age, sex, duration of thyroid disease, thyroid status, treatment of thyroid disease, smoking history, duration of orbitopathy, activity of orbitopathy, nor the presence of lid retraction were significantly associated with the presence of serum anti-flavoprotein antibodies (p>0.05). However, the total number of rectus muscles affected in both eyes of the patients was significantly correlated with the finding of a positive antibody test (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Serum antibodies reactive with the flavoprotein subunit of succinate dehydrogenase are associated with extraocular muscle involvement in active TAO of recent onset. (+info)Idiopathic sclerotic inflammation of the orbit with left optic nerve compression in a patient with multifocal fibrosclerosis. (3/276)
We present the MR imaging findings in a 43-year-old male patient with bilateral idiopathic sclerosing inflammation of the orbit. Bilateral enhancing retrobulbar masses, with concentric compression of the retrobulbar segment of the left optic nerve, were seen. MR imaging proved to be the only means to distinguish between the different intraorbital structures and to determine the exact site of optic nerve compression. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of MR imaging findings of this entity. (+info)Radiological and clinicopathological features of orbital xanthogranuloma. (4/276)
BACKGROUND: Orbital xanthogranuloma, a diagnosis confirmed histologically, occurs rarely in adults and children. With its characteristic macroscopic appearance the adult form may be associated with a spectrum of biochemical and haematological abnormalities including lymphoproliferative malignancies. METHOD: The clinicopathological features and imaging appearances on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of this condition are described in eight adults and a child. RESULTS: Radiological evidence of proptosis was present in seven patients. In all nine patients an abnormal infiltrative soft tissue mass was seen, with increased fat in six cases. All patients had associated enlargement of extraocular muscles suggestive of infiltration and five had lacrimal gland involvement. Encasement of the optic nerve, bone destruction, and intracranial extension was present only in the child with juvenile xanthogranuloma. Haematological and/or biochemical abnormalities were detected in seven patients and seven patients had other systemic diseases which were considered to have an immune basis. One patient subsequently developed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. CONCLUSION: The investigation and management of orbital xanthogranulomas requires a multidisciplinary approach even though the diagnosis may be suspected clinically. Imaging delineates the extent of disease and involvement of local structures and may influence the differential diagnosis. The juvenile form may be more locally aggressive, causing bone destruction with consequent intracranial extension. (+info)Chronic, traumatic intraconal hematic cyst of the orbit removed through the fronto-orbital approach--case report. (5/276)
A 22-year-old male presented with a chronic encapsulated intraorbital hematoma 3 months after blunt trauma to his left eyeball. Ophthalmological examination found the best corrected visual acuity was 4/20 in the left eye, and 20/20 in the right eye. The orbit exhibited exophthalmus and inability of the eye to move above the horizontal level. Orbital magnetic resonance imaging showed a fairly well-demarcated area in the medial aspect of the orbit appearing as hyperintense on T1-weighted images and isoto hyperintense on T2-weighted images. This area was believed to be hemorrhage. No other abnormalities were found. The diagnosis was hematic cyst. The cyst was approached through a left fronto-orbital route and its location identified within the periorbita and orbital fat. The cyst was removed partially. Histological examination demonstrated cystic accumulation of blood and breakdown products in a non-epithelium-lined fibrous capsule, compatible with hematic cyst. The presence of hemosiderin in the cyst wall suggested that the cyst was a chronically enlarging lesion. Hematic cysts of the orbit usually present as subperiosteal mass months to years after trauma. Surgical removal of the cyst wall rather than needle aspiration is recommended to prevent recurrence. (+info)Adipogenesis in thyroid eye disease. (6/276)
PURPOSE: Adipogenesis contributes to the pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease (TED). Thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) transcripts are present in orbital fat. This study was conducted to determine whether they are expressed as functional protein, and if so, whether this is restricted to TED orbits or to a particular stage in adipocyte differentiation. METHODS: Samples of fat were obtained from 18 TED-affected orbits and 4 normal orbits, and 9 were obtained from nonorbital locations. Frozen sections were examined by immunocytochemistry using monoclonal antibodies specific for the human TSHR. Samples were disaggregated and the preadipocytes separated from the mature by differential centrifugation and cultured in serum-free or DM and examined for morphologic changes, oil red O and TSHR staining, and TSH-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production. RESULTS: Marked immunoreactivity was observed in frozen sections from all three TED samples and faint staining in both normal orbital fat samples. In vitro, 1% to 5% of preadipocytes displayed TSHR immunoreactivity in five of six TED and two of three normal orbital samples and in three of five nonorbital samples. Differentiation, was induced in all 14 orbital samples. Three of four nonorbital samples contained occasional differentiated cells. Fifty percent to 70% of differentiating cells demonstrated receptor immunoreactivity. Two of three TED and four of four nonorbital preadipocytes in DM and/or mature adipocytes displayed a TSH-mediated increase in cAMP. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that orbital fat TSHR transcripts are expressed as protein, which can be functional. This is not aberrant in TED orbits, although expression may be upregulated. The majority of preadipocytes undergoing differentiation express the receptor, indicating a key role for this population in one mechanism for increasing orbital volume. (+info)MRI dynamic color mapping: a new quantitative technique for imaging soft tissue motion in the orbit. (7/276)
PURPOSE: To investigate both feasibility and clinical potential of magnetic resonance imaging-dynamic color mapping (MRI-DCM) in measuring the motion of soft tissues in the orbit and in the diagnosis of orbital disorders by detecting changes in motion. METHODS: Sequences of MRI scans were acquired (acquisition time, 5 seconds) in a shoot-stop manner, while the patient fixated at a sequence of 13 gaze positions (8 degrees intervals). Motion was quantified off-line (in millimeters per degree of gaze change) using an optical flow algorithm. The motion was displayed in a color-coded image in which color saturation of a pixel shows the displacement and the hue the displacement's orientation. Six healthy volunteers and four patients (two with an orbital mass and two with acrylic ball implant after enucleation) were studied. RESULTS: The technique was found to be clinically feasible. For a gaze change of 1 degrees, orbital tissues moved between 0.0 and 0.25 mm/deg, depending on the type of tissue and location in the orbit. In the patients with an orbital mass, motion of the mass was similar to that of the medial rectus muscle, suggesting disease of muscular origin. In the enucleated orbits, soft tissue motion was decreased. One eye showed attachment of the optic nerve to the implant, which could be verified by biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: MRI-DCM allows noninvasive and quantitative measurement of soft tissue motion and the changes in motion due to pathologic conditions. In cases in which the diagnosis of a tumor in the apex is in doubt, it may reduce the need for biopsy. In contrast to static computed tomographic (CT) scans and MRIs, it can differentiate between juxtaposition and continuity and may be a new and promising tool in the differential diagnosis of intraorbital lesions. (+info)Anaerobic orbital abscess/cellulitis in a Yorkshire Terrier dog. (8/276)
A retrobulbar abscess/cellulitis occurred in a Yorkshire Terrier dog. The clinical signs were exophthalmos, prolapsed nictitating membrane and purulent ocular discharge. Ultrasonography showed a marked soft tissue swelling of the retrobulbar tissues as well as echogenic parallel lines between the globe and the medial orbital rim. Surgical exploration of the orbit was performed and no foreign body was found. The pterygopalatine fossa was incised and therapeutic retrobulbar drainage attempted. A drain was placed to encourage ventral drainage of the abscess. Anaerobic cultures revealed heavy growth of gram negative rods (prevotella bivia and prevotella buccae were isolated). Recovery was successful but subsequent treatment for keratoconjunctivitis sicca was necessary. A full recovery of tear production occurred after several weeks. (+info)
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Idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease
150(4):460-463, 2010 Wirostko E, Johnson L, Wirostko B. Chronic orbital inflammatory disease: parasitisation of orbital ... orbital cellulitis and carotid-cavernous fistula. The best imaging modality for idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease is ... Idiopathic orbital inflammatory (IOI) disease refers to a marginated mass-like enhancing soft tissue involving any area of the ... Orbital pseudotumor has also been observed in association with Crohn's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid ...
Masticatory muscle myositis
"Treatment of Orbital Diseases in Small Animals". Proceedings of the 27th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary ... The disease is usually bilateral. MMM is caused by the presence of 2M fibers in the muscles of the jaw. 2M fibers are not found ... The disease mainly affects large breed dogs. German Shepherd Dogs and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels may be predisposed. There ... Masticatory muscle myositis (MMM) is an inflammatory disease in dogs affecting the muscles of mastication (chewing). It is also ...
Exophthalmos
... can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves' disease) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor ... Gelatt, Kirk (2002). "Treatment of Orbital Diseases in Small Animals". Proceedings of the 27th World Congress of the World ... Dacryoadenitis Erdheim-Chester disease Mucormycosis Orbital pseudotumor - presents with acute, usually unilateral proptosis ... Inflammatory/Infection: Graves' ophthalmopathy due to Graves' disease, usually causes bilateral proptosis. Orbital cellulitis ...
Tenonitis
"Orbital Tenonitis disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials". www.malacards.org. Retrieved 2020-11- ... "Inflammatory Orbital Disease - Eye Disorders". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 2020-12-15. Dubey, Suneeta; Singh ... Tenon's capsule may have inflammation from a disease called idiopathic orbital inflammation syndrome. There is no history of ... Although this may not be a lethal disease, it will progressively get worse over time. Depending on the severity of the disease ...
Lacrimal artery
Orbital Disease in Neuro-Ophthalmology". Liu, Volpe, and Galetta's Neuro-Ophthalmology - Diagnosis and Management (3rd ed.). ... A recurrent branch passes backward through the lateral part of the superior orbital fissure to the dura mater. It anastomoses ... doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-34044-1.00018-3. ISBN 978-0-323-34044-1. Remington, Lee Ann (2012). "11 - Orbital Blood Supply". ... "Importance of the Anatomic Features of the Lacrimal Artery for Orbital Approaches". Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 16 (6): ...
Joseph Maroon
Colegrove, Jeffrey (February 2002). "Practical Diagnosis and Management of Orbital Disease. : Optometry & Vision Science". ... ISBN 9781591201823 Practice Diagnosis and Management of Orbital Disease Kennerdell JS, Cockerham KP, Maroon JC, Rothfus WE. ( ... pioneered the radical orbital decompression procedure for severe dysthyroid exophthalmos. In 1985, they were the first to ... Kennerdell, J. S.; Maroon, J. C.; Garrity, J. A.; Abla, A. A. (1986-09-15). "Surgical management of orbital lymphangioma with ...
Periorbital cellulitis
Givner LB (December 2002). "Periorbital versus orbital cellulitis". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 21 (12): 1157- ... Orbital cellulitis Cellulitis "Orbital and periorbital cellulitis". HealthAtoZ.com. East Windsor, NJ: OptumHealth. Archived ... Periorbital cellulitis, or preseptal cellulitis (not to be confused with orbital cellulitis, which is posterior to the orbital ... and post-septal peri-orbital infections are different diseases. A retrospective review of 262 cases". International Journal of ...
Santosh G. Honavar
"Orbital plasmablastic lymphoma: a clinico-pathological correlation of a rare disease and review of literature". Clin Ophthalmol ... "Clinicopathologic features of orbital immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD): a case series and literature review". ... adjuvant therapy to mitigate the high risk of metastasis and multimodal management of orbital affection of the disease and he ... "Orbital immunoglobulin-G4-related disease: case series and literature review". Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 42 (7): ...
Dacryoadenitis
Examples include sarcoidosis, thyroid eye disease, and orbital pseudotumor. Dacryoadenitis can be diagnosed by examination of ... For other causes, the treatment is specific to the causative disease. Most patients will fully recover from dacryoadenitis. For ... cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) Source (NIH/Medline) eMedicine Diseases Database (DDB): 3430 (CS1 errors ...
Orbital lymphoma
Diagnosis is difficult due to its gradual onset and the fact that the symptoms are the same as other diseases. PCNSLO is ... Orbital lymphoma accounts for 55% of malignant orbital tumors in adults. In one study, this was 10% of patients presenting with ... Orbital lymphoma is a common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs near or on the eye. Common symptoms include decreased ... Orbital lymphoma can be diagnosed via a biopsy of the eye and is usually treated with radiotherapy or in combination with ...
Graves' ophthalmopathy
TAO is an orbital autoimmune disease. The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R) is an antigen found in orbital fat and ... The orbital fat or the stretching of the nerve due to increased orbital volume may also lead to optic nerve damage. The patient ... Cigarette smoking, which is associated with many autoimmune diseases, raises the incidence 7.7-fold. Mild disease will often ... "Radiologic Parameters of Orbital Bone Remodeling in Thyroid Eye Disease". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 58 (5 ...
Teleophthalmology
"Application of tele-ophthalmology in remote diagnosis and management of adnexal and orbital diseases". Indian Journal of ... Telehealth networks are growing in number, and advancements are being made in automated detection methods for diseases such as ... Today, applications of teleophthalmology encompass access to eye specialists for patients in remote areas, ophthalmic disease ... strabismus and adnexal eye diseases. Less common conditions that can be revealed using retinal images are arterial and vein ...
Coats' disease
US and color Doppler imaging of ocular and orbital disease in the pediatric age group. RadioGraphics 1996; 16(2): 251-272. ... Coats' disease results in a gradual loss of vision. Blood leaks from the abnormal vessels into the back of the eye, leaving ... Coats' disease itself is painless. Pain may occur if fluid is unable to drain from the eye properly, causing the internal ... Coats' disease can also fall under glaucoma. It can have a similar presentation to that of retinoblastoma. The most common sign ...
GSK-3
Balasubramanian K (May 2006). "Molecular orbital basis for yellow curry spice curcumin's prevention of Alzheimer's disease". ... Structural Insights and Their Application to Alzheimer's Disease Models". International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 2012: ... In animal models with Alzheimer disease, it has anti-destructive effect of beta amyloid in the brain, and recently it shows ... This is why GSK-3β is associated with the pathogenesis and progression of many diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, cancer, and ...
Erdheim-Chester disease
May 2010). "Cerebral, facial, and orbital involvement in Erdheim-Chester disease: CT and MR imaging findings". Radiology. 255 ( ... Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is an extremely rare disease characterized by the abnormal multiplication of a specific type of ... "Erdheim-Chester Disease". ECD Global Alliance. Retrieved 2009-05-08. "Erdheim Chester disease". NORD (National Organization for ... Erdheim-Chester Disease, Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, and Rosai-Dorfman Disease". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 94 (10): 2054-2071 ...
Alfredo Sadun
He has also worked and published on optic neuropathies, orbital disease, and the basic science underlying problems in neuro- ... Sadun has focused his research on diseases of the optic nerve, diseases of mitochondrial impairment, optic nerve regeneration, ... In these and other studies, he has also investigated the role of mitochondria in aging and disease in the brain, optic nerve ... Sadun has received recognition for his work in neuro-ophthalmology and especially in diseases of the optic nerve. He has ...
Tenon's capsule
The disease is also known as orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, and sometimes may only affect the lacrimal gland or the ... Tenon's capsule may be affected by a disease called idiopathic orbital inflammation, a condition of unknown etiology that is ... Mitchell RN (8 April 2011). "Eye, Orbit". Pocket companion to Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). ... separating it from the orbital fat and forming a socket in which it moves. The inner surface of Tenon's capsule is smooth and ...
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Wald, ER (June 2007). "Periorbital and orbital infections". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 21 (2): 393-408, vi. ... Orbital venography is difficult to perform, but it is excellent in diagnosing occlusion of the cavernous sinus. Orbital ... Both acute, fulminant disease, and indolent, subacute presentations have been reported in the literature. The most common signs ... Brismar, G; Brismar, J (February 1977). "Aseptic thrombosis of orbital veins and cavernous sinus. Clinical symptomatology". ...
Paul Finger
He completed his residency at Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, and his fellowship in ocular tumor, orbital disease and ... orbital disease and ophthalmic radiation therapy). Finger is a Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology at the New York University ... orbital disease and ophthalmic radiation therapy with Samuel Packer, MD (inventor of iodine-125 plaque brachytherapy). Dr. ... metastatic cancer to the eye and orbital tumors. He has helped produce multiple medical textbooks and chapters on eye cancer. ...
Riedel's thyroiditis
It is often a multi-organ disease affecting pancreas, liver, kidney, salivary and orbital tissues and retroperitoneum. The ... IgG4-related disease, Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions, Thyroid disease). ... It is now believed that Riedel's thyroiditis is one manifestation of a systemic disease that can affect many organ systems ... He first recognized the disease In 1883 and published its description in 1896. John H. Stone; Yoh Zen; Vikram Deshpande ( ...
List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations
Orbital disease is the most common manifestation, and may result in proptosis, restrictive ophthalmopathy, chronic orbital pain ... Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Alcoholism Crohn's disease Liver disease Malnutrition Peptic ulcer disease Pancreatic disease ... Carotid artery disease Arterial spasm (TIA) Diabetes mellitus Collagen diseases Venous occlusive disease Thrombosis Use of ... An ocular manifestation of a systemic disease is an eye condition that directly or indirectly results from a disease process in ...
Orbital x-ray
Sihota, Ramanjit; Tandon, Radhika (2011). "Diseases of the Orbit". Parsons' Diseases of the Eye. New Delhi: Elsevier India. p. ... Orbital x-ray or orbital radiography is an x-ray of both left and right eye sockets, to include the Frontal Sinuses and ... An orbital x-ray usually requires only one view unless the requester is looking for evidence of metallic fragments, in which ... It is useful for detecting fractures of the surrounding bone arising from injury or disease. It is also commonly used for ...
Orbital cellulitis
A variety of pathologies and diseases can present similarly to orbital cellulitis, including: Inflammatory causes (thyroid eye ... Orbital cellulitis is inflammation of eye tissues behind the orbital septum. It is most commonly caused by an acute spread of ... Death Rates for Orbital Cellulitis Pub Med Health - Orbital Cellulitis (Articles with short description, Short description is ... orbital fracture, retrobulbar hemorrhage, orbital foreign body, carotid cavernous fistula) Malformation (congenital, vascular) ...
IOI
... may refer to: Idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease International Olympiad in Informatics Interonset interval Indication ...
List of Turkish Americans
... ophthalmic oncology and orbital diseases specialist, surgeon Behram Kurşunoğlu, physicist, co-founder of the Center for ...
IgG4-related ophthalmic disease
Although IgG4-related ophthalmic disease is the recommended name for all orbital manifestations of IgG4-related disease, more ... IgG4-related orbital inflammation (orbital soft tissue) IgG4-related pan-orbital inflammation (all of the various types of ... IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) is the recommended term to describe orbital (eye socket) manifestations of the ... Idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease Masayuki Takahira; Yoshiaki Ozawa; Mitsuhiro Kawano; Yoh Zen; Shoko Hamaoka; Kazunori ...
Orbital emphysema
... on its own is a mild and self-limiting disease. The majority of cases of orbital emphysema are self-resolving ... true orbital emphysema, and orbitopalpebral emphysema. Orbital emphysema on its own is a mild and self-limiting disease, and ... However, when orbital soft tissues, such as fat, falls back on the sino-orbital communication, a one-way ball valve will be ... Orbital emphysema is a common result of certain types of surgery, in particular the ones that involve orbital medial wall. It ...
Sparganosis
Manson, P., Manson-Bahr, P., and Wilcocks, C. Manson's Tropical Diseases: A Manual of the Diseases. New York: William Wood and ... orbital cellulitis, exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball), and/or an exposed cornea ulcer. The most common sign at ... Public health interventions should focus on water and dietary sanitation, as well as education about the disease in rural areas ... The early stages of disease in humans are often asymptomatic, but the spargana typically cause a painful inflammatory reaction ...
Amaurosis fugax
... orbital compressive disease, a steal phenomenon, and blood hyperviscosity or hypercoagulability." With respect to embolic and ... Newman NJ (1998). "Cerebrovascular disease". In Hoyt WG, Miller N, Walsh F, Newman NJ (eds.). Walsh and Hoyt's Clinical Neuro- ... If the diagnostic workup reveals a systemic disease process, directed therapies to treat the underlying cause are required. If ... "Unilateral visual loss in bright light may indicate ipsilateral carotid artery occlusive disease and may reflect the inability ...
Posterior lacrimal crest
Rhinologic Evaluation in Orbital and Lacrimal Disease", Endoscopic Surgery of the Orbit, Philadelphia: Elsevier, pp. 36-40, ... The posterior lacrimal crest is a vertical bony ridge on the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone. It divides the bone into two ... The posterior lacrimal crest is a vertical bony ridge on the orbital (lateral) surface of the lacrimal bone. It divides the ...
Esthesioneuroblastoma
The disease was brought into prominence by the case of Chantal Sébire, who was suffering from the disease and ended her life ... dura surrounding the bulb and even the orbital periosteum. Radiotherapy alone is reserved only for small lesions not ... There is no consensus on an appropriate treatment approach of esthesioneuroblastoma because of the rarity of the disease. Most ... Mutations in dystrophin and Laminin, alpha 2 (LAMA2) have also been implicated in this disease. Esthesioneuroblastoma is of ...
List of timelines
Timeline of first orbital launches by country (1957-2022) Timeline of Solar System exploration (1944-2030) Timeline of space ... 2014 Ebola virus disease epidemic timeline (2013-present) Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries (250 BC-present) Timeline ...
List of Battle Angel Alita: Mars Chronicle characters
As her disease progressed, Kagura became grotesquely disfigured and bedridden, and was forced to hide from public view, leaving ... and coerced the other lords to strip away Cydonia's sharing rights to the Tiida Kagan orbital solar mirrors in order to use a ... Afterwards, it was discovered that almost all the survivors had contracted a strange disease called Maske Tumor. Krucht and the ... Ngema isolated the triggering compound and coined the disease as "Maske Tumor". He then conducted agonizing inhuman experiments ...
Iodine-125
This is followed by a cascade of electron relaxation as the core electron hole moves toward the valence orbitals. The cascade ... testing in the diagnosis or monitoring of patients with kidney disease. Iodine-125 is used therapeutically in brachytherapy ... and Exploitation of Plant Pattern Recognition Receptors for Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance". Annual Review of Phytopathology ...
Frontal sinus trephination
In case of refractory frontal sinus disease, the endoscopic access is not possible. A combination of external frontal sinus ... brain injuries due to penetration of posterior table of frontal sinus and middle shift orbital complications may also occur. ... Maqbool, Mohammad Maqbool, Suhail (2013). Textbook of ear, nose and throat diseases (Twelfth edition. ed.). [s.l.]: Jaypee ... Zinreich, David W. Kennedy, William E. Bolger, S. James (2001). Diseases of the sinuses : diagnosis and management. Hamilton, ...
Atherectomy
... is used to treat narrowing in arteries caused by peripheral artery disease and coronary artery disease.[citation ... There are four types of atherectomy devices: orbital, rotational, laser, and directional. The decision to use which type of ... It is an alternative to angioplasty for the treatment of peripheral artery disease, but the studies that exist are not adequate ... It has also been used to treat coronary artery disease, albeit without evidence of superiority to angioplasty. ...
Xanthoma
James WD, Berger TG, Elston DM, Odom RB (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN ... 978-0-7216-2921-6. Shields C, Shields J (2008). Eyelid, conjunctival, and orbital tumors: atlas and textbook. Hagerstwon, MD: ... is a deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material that can appear anywhere in the body in various disease states. They are ... and within the same disease spectrum as eruptive xanthomata. Other types of xanthoma identified in the Medical Dictionary ...
Anzick-1
Cribra orbitalia is another pathological skeletal lesion that manifests as porosity on the orbital roof. Both porotic ... conditions that can indicate diseases. Porotic hyperostosis is characterized by porous lesions on the parietal, occipital, and ...
2002 in music
June 30 - The Glastonbury Festival features headline acts Coldplay, Garbage, Stereophonics, Orbital, Roger Waters, Rod Stewart ... "Disease" - Matchbox Twenty "Do You Realize??" - The Flaming Lips "Don't Let Me Get Me" - Pink "Don't Stop" - The Rolling Stones ...
Chertsey
Ann's Well was once in repute for its efficacy in curing diseases of the eye. The poet Cowley lived for some time in an ancient ... the M3 with the M25 London Orbital Motorway. Shakespeare's Richard III, Act I, Scene 2, mentions Chertsey as the burial place ...
Layton Rahmatullah Benevolent Trust
Glaucoma Lacrimal (Tear Duct) Disorder Laser treatment Oculo-plastic Services Orbital Disorder Pediatric eye care Retinal ... Cataract surgery Cornea and External Eye Disease Diabetic retinopathy Diagnostic procedures including Fundus Flourescien ...
Fibromatosis
Peyronie's disease) Palmar fibromatosis (Dupuytren's contracture) Plantar fibromatosis (Ledderhose disease) Treatment is mainly ... "Primary Resection and Immediate Autologous Reconstruction of Fronto-orbital Infantile Myofibromatoses". Plastic and ...
The Case for Mars
Three methods of global warming are described in the work and, Zubrin suggests, are probably best deployed in tandem: orbital ... because there are no host organisms on Mars for disease organisms to have evolved. In the same chapter, Zubrin decisively ...
2013 in Ireland
... patients using instruments which had been used on a patient with the fatal degenerative brain disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ... The message was accompanied by an orbital photograph by Hadfield of Dublin at night. 19 February - Taoiseach Enda Kenny ... with emphasis on the re-introduction of Irish beef to Japan for the first time since the mad cow disease crisis of 2000. Kenny ... motor neuron disease. 11 August - Frank O'Reilly, 91, businessman, banker and academic; Chancellor of the University of Dublin ...
Donald H. Peterson
He died on May 27, 2018, at his home in El Lago, Texas, of Alzheimer's disease and bone cancer, at the age of 84. He was ... 254 After 120 hours of orbital operations STS-6 landed on the concrete runway at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on April 9 ...
Emotional self-regulation
Low vulnerability to diseases, managed with health care professionals. Eating healthy. Avoiding (non-prescribed) mood-altering ... These regions include the orbital prefrontal cortex, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ...
Risk factors of schizophrenia
It is a pathogenic theory of disease in which it is thought that a proximal cause of certain cases of schizophrenia is the ... Conejero-Goldberg C, Torrey EF, Yolken RH (March 2003). "Herpesviruses and Toxoplasma gondii in orbital frontal cortex of ... In 2013 this dataset was expanded to identify in total 13 candidate loci for the disease, and also implicated calcium signaling ... An updated meta-analysis on CNVs for schizophrenia published in 2015 expanded the number of CNVs indicated in the disease, ...
Sex differences in human physiology
Females also report a higher prevalence of many pain-related diseases and syndromes, particularly auto-immune diseases. In a ... In addition, males generally have a more prominent brow, an orbital with rounded border, and more greatly projecting mastoid ... will show symptoms of the disease if their only X chromosome is defective. (A woman may carry such a disease on one X ... Certain diseases and conditions are clearly sex-related in that they are caused by the same chromosomes that regulate sex ...
Abdul Qadeer Khan
"Pakistan risks losing orbital slot if satellite not launched". dawn.com. Dawn Newspaper, 2008. Dawn Newspaper. Archived from ... Academy of Sciences Why He Went Nuclear by Douglas Frantz and Catherine Collins Written by Abdul Qadeer Khan Heart disease ...
Endophthalmitis
Corneal ulcer Orbital cellulitis Impairment of vision Complete loss of vision Loss of eye architecture Enucleation Bacteria: N ... Eye diseases, Medical emergencies). ...
ILC Dover
... the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, and many industrial companies such as DuPont, Dow, and Georgia Pacific. ILC designs ... the impact of micrometeoroids and orbital debris, and lunar dust. Above the 63,000 foot threshold, spacesuits are needed to ... used to protect against infectious disease; and the Sentinel XT PAPR, used to protect pharmaceutical workers from airborne ...
OA
... a disease Length overall (also o/a, o.a. or oa), an abbreviation for overall, used when describing the length of a ship Oxford ... a high school Orbital ATK, an aerospace company Ma'am OA, nickname of Andrea Veneracion, founder of the Philippine Madrigal ...
Animals in space
During the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet space program used a number of dogs for sub-orbital and orbital space flights. Two ... in the frail elderly or those subjected to bed rest or immobilization due to surgery or chronic disease." On 8 April 2016, ... At least 10 other dogs were launched into orbit and numerous others on sub-orbital flights before the historic date of 12 April ... On 31 January 1961, Ham, a chimpanzee, was launched into sub-orbital space in a Mercury capsule aboard a Redstone rocket to ...
Ophthalmoparesis
The orbit of the eye, including mechanical restrictions of eye movement, as in Graves' disease. The muscle, as in progressive ... Paresis Harrington, John N. "Orbital Cellulitis Clinical Presentation". Medscape. Retrieved 31 October 2014. (Articles needing ... It is a physical finding in certain neurologic, ophthalmologic, and endocrine disease. Internal ophthalmoplegia means ... Ophthalmoplegia is an important finding in orbital cellulitis. ...
Altitude
At 160 km, one revolution takes approximately 90 minutes, and the circular orbital speed is 8,000 metres per second (26,000 ft/ ... In addition, the recent hypothesis suggests that high altitude could be protective against Alzheimer's disease via action of ... Ismailov, RM (July-September 2013). "Erythropoietin and epidemiology of Alzheimer disease". Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 27 (3 ...
The Day of the Triffids
... "such things as crop diseases, cattle diseases, radioactive dusts, viruses, and infections not only of familiar kinds, but brand ... The narrator describes the advent of a sort of orbital missile (not utterly unlike an ICBM) developed in both the East and West ... Soon Masen's followers begin to fall sick and die of an unknown disease. When he wakes one morning to find the survivors have ... Novels about diseases and disorders, Science fiction novels adapted into films, Michael Joseph books). ...
Homo naledi
... and reduced post-orbital constriction (the skull does not become narrower behind the eye-sockets). The frontal lobe morphology ... and winters likely increased susceptibility to respiratory diseases. Environmental stressors is consistent with present-day flu ...
Phthisis bulbi
It can be caused by injury, including burns to the eye, or long-term eye disease or inflammation. End-stage glaucoma can cause ... ISBN 978-3-11-007018-7. Hui JI (September 2010). "Outcomes of orbital implants after evisceration and enucleation in patients ... It may result from severe eye disease, inflammation or injury, or it may represent a complication of eye surgery. Treatment ...
Benzene
The molecular orbital description involves the formation of three delocalized π orbitals spanning all six carbon atoms, while ... "Public Health Statement for Benzene". Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. U.S. Department of Health and Human ... According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2007), benzene is both a synthetically-made and ... ToxFAQs for Benzene, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Department of Health and Human Services Archived 2008-03 ...
Lev
... a tiny lunar crater Laborious Extra-Orbital Vehicle, a mecha from the video game Zone of the Enders Lay eucharistic visitor, an ... Canada Lev's disease Lew (disambiguation) Lvov (disambiguation) Lvovo Lvovsky This disambiguation page lists articles ...
Orbital Decompression for Graves Disease: Overview, Preparation, Technique
... originally called Graves-Basedow disease, was first described as the triad of hyperthyroidism, goiter, and exophthalmos in 1835 ... encoded search term (Orbital Decompression for Graves Disease) and Orbital Decompression for Graves Disease What to Read Next ... Severe orbital manifestations of Graves disease early in the disease course often respond to high-dose corticosteroid therapy. ... The orbital plate of the maxilla joins the orbital plate of the zygoma and the orbital plate of the palatine bones to form the ...
Other Eye Disorders - Orbital and External Disease | Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System (VEHSS) | Vision Health...
Other/unspecified orbital or external disease. Other/unspecified orbital or external disease includes diagnosis codes ... Diagnosed orbital and external disease includes a patient having one or more diagnosis codes indicating one or more of the ... Orbital and external disease, any stage. Category total - includes any clinical stage below.. ... VEHSS identifies the annual prevalence of diagnosed Orbital and External Disease based on the presence of International ...
Oculoplasty & Orbital Diseases
Typical eyelid or orbital surgery requires a 7-10 days stay in Chennai. Hospital stay is usually for a day or two, however most ... Her areas of interest include Lid reconstruction, Ptosis surgeries, Trauma & Orbital tumor management. Email: [email protected] ... Nirmala Subramanian, a Plastic Surgeon, to set up an exclusive Orbital & Reconstructive surgery department at Sankara ... Her areas of interest include diseases of the orbit & adnexa including tumors; lacrimal surgery; socket reconstruction; ...
Figure 2 - Acute Chagas Disease Manifesting as Orbital Cellulitis, Texas, USA - Volume 27, Number 11-November 2021 - Emerging...
Acute Chagas Disease Manifesting as Orbital Cellulitis, Texas, USA F. Parker Hudson. , Natalie Homer, Aliza Epstein, and ... Results of next-generation sequencing on a plasma sample of a patient with acute Chagas disease manifesting as orbital ... Acute Chagas Disease Manifesting as Orbital Cellulitis, Texas, USA. ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People ...
Erdheim-Chester disease: look it in the eye. An orbital magnetic resonance imaging study
| Haematologica
Figure 4.Erdheim-Chester disease-related orbital disease with a follow-up. T2-weighted (A, C) and T1-weighted fat saturated ... Shor N, Sené T, Zuber J. Discriminating between IgG4-related orbital disease and other causes of orbital inflammation with ... 14 ECD-related orbital disease (ECD-ROD) may have imaging features in common with other causes of orbital inflammation, such as ... Orbital MRI pre- and post-vemurafenib therapy for Erdheim-Chester disease. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015; 31(6):e169. ...
Chronic orbital inflammatory disease: parasitisation of orbital leucocytes by mollicute-like organisms. | British Journal of...
Chronic orbital inflammatory disease: parasitisation of orbital leucocytes by mollicute-like organisms. ... Chronic orbital inflammatory disease: parasitisation of orbital leucocytes by mollicute-like organisms. ... Chronic orbital inflammatory disease (COID) is usually considered non-infectious and idiopathic. Treatment is empirical, ... Inoculation of these MLO into mouse eyelids produced chronic uveitis and exophthalmic orbital inflammatory disease. Mollicutes ...
Imaging of Pediatric Orbital Diseases | Radiology Key
The orbital roof is formed by the orbital plate of the frontal bone. The lateral wall is formed by the orbital surface of the ... Imaging of Pediatric Orbital Diseases. This article reviews a variety of congenital and developmental disorders of the ... Orbital diseases in children differ from those found in adults in terms of histopathologic and imaging characteristics. ... Mar 13, 2017 , Posted by drzezo in NEUROLOGICAL IMAGING , Comments Off on Imaging of Pediatric Orbital Diseases ...
Orbital Disorders
Graves Disease. Graves disease is an auto-immune disorder that may affect the thyroid gland, eye socket, and skin in the shin ... I had terrible uneven eyes because of Graves and Thyroid Eye disease. No one could figure out how he did it. I am so happy with ... Surgical correction may include orbital decompression, strabismus surgery, and eyelid retraction repair. Some patients require ...
Eye Health Conditions | Case Definitions and Data Indicators | Project Description | Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System ...
Orbital and External Disease. VEHSS includes indicators of Orbital and External Disease from claims databases and IRIS Registry ... Other/unspecified orbital or external disease. Other/unspecified orbital or external disease includes diagnosis codes ... All orbital and external disease includes diagnosis codes indicating congenital abnormalities of the eye, orbital and external ... Diagnosed or Treated Orbital and External Disease Indicator Data Sources. Dataset. Years analyzed. Measure type. ...
Feline orbital disease | BSAVA Library
IMSEAR at SEARO: Case report of orbital lymphoma associated with polycystic disease: a coincidence?
Case report of orbital lymphoma associated with polycystic disease: a coincidence?. Authors: Varghese, Renu Gboy. Ramdas, ... Case report of orbital lymphoma associated with polycystic disease: a coincidence? Indian Journal of Pathology & Microbiology. ... Here we report a case of orbital lymphoma in a patient with PKD. This might just be a co-incidence or there might be some ... The most common known extra renal malignancy associated with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is of pancreatic origin. ...
Imaging for neuro-ophthalmic and orbital disease<...
Lee AG, Brazis PW, Garrity JA, White M. Imaging for neuro-ophthalmic and orbital disease. American Journal of Ophthalmology. ... Lee, A. G., Brazis, P. W., Garrity, J. A., & White, M. (2004). Imaging for neuro-ophthalmic and orbital disease. American ... Lee, AG, Brazis, PW, Garrity, JA & White, M 2004, Imaging for neuro-ophthalmic and orbital disease, American Journal of ... Imaging for neuro-ophthalmic and orbital disease. / Lee, Andrew G.; Brazis, Paul W.; Garrity, James A. et al. ...
Orbital Decompression for Graves' Disease - The Caribbean Association of Otolaryngologists
Lacrimal gland tumor: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Orbital diseases. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, eds. Ophthalmology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 12.10. ... Diseases of the visual system. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; ... Diseases and Disorders of the Orbit and Ocular Adnexa. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 17. ...
Neuro-Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Multiple Sclerosis: Practice Essentials, Multiple Sclerosis, Afferent Visual Pathway...
Orbital disease. Alemtuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets cells expressing CD52. As a disease-modifying ... Approved disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis. Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) used to treat multiple ... Affected patients may have mild to severe manifestations of Graves disease-related eye disease/orbitopathy characterized by ... Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein IgG-associated disease. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease ( ...
What Is an Orbital Fracture? - American Academy of Ophthalmology
An orbital fracture is when there is a break in one of the bones surrounding the eyeball. Usually this kind of injury is caused ... Eye Disease Statistics. *About the Hoskins Center. *Video and Image Library *Browse All Videos ... Orbital floor fracture. This is when a blow or trauma to the orbital rim pushes the bones back, causing the bones of the eye ... What Are Orbital Fracture Symptoms?. Symptoms of an orbital fracture will depend on what kind of fracture it is and how severe ...
Figure 1 - Acute Chagas Disease Manifesting as Orbital Cellulitis, Texas, USA - Volume 27, Number 11-November 2021 - Emerging...
Acute Chagas Disease Manifesting as Orbital Cellulitis, Texas, USA F. Parker Hudson. , Natalie Homer, Aliza Epstein, and ... Patient with acute Chagas disease manifesting as orbital cellulitis, Texas, USA, on the day he first accessed care. A) Left ... Acute Chagas Disease Manifesting as Orbital Cellulitis, Texas, USA. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ...
Orbital Infections Medication: Antibiotics, Nasal decongestants, Antifungals, Anticoagulants, Low Molecular Weight Heparin
Diagnostic dilemmas in orbital inflammatory disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2003 Mar. 11(1):3-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Botting AM, McIntosh D, Mahadevan M. Paediatric pre- and post-septal peri-orbital infections are different diseases. A ... MRI of orbital cellulitis and orbital abscess: the role of diffusion-weighted imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 Sep. 193(3): ... Complications of orbital infections. Brain abscess in a young man secondary to an orbital infection from Mucor species. ...
Proptosis
Graves Disease (autoimmune Thyroiditis). *Unilateral Proptosis. *Orbital Tumor or Neoplasm. *Orbital pseudotumor (autoimmune ... Abnormal protrusion of one or both eyes from the socket; causes include hyperthyroidism (particularly Graves disease); bleeding ... Disease/Finding], bulging eye, bulging eyes, exophthalmia, Eye bulging, Prolapsed globe, Eye displaced forwards, Exophthalmia, ...
EULAR/ERA-EDTA recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
Patients with refractory renal disease have the greatest chance of improvement, while those with retro-orbital disease pose a ... for MPO negative disease, 100% for PR3 persistent disease and 92% for PR3 negative disease. ... Refractory disease is defined by EULAR as:111 *. Unchanged or increased disease activity in acute AAV after 4 weeks of ... Chronic, persistent disease defined as presence of at least one major or three minor items on the disease activity score after ...
Tumors of the Orbit - Eye Disorders - Merck Manuals Professional Edition
Leukemic disease is usually managed by orbital radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or both. ... Metastatic disease is usually treated with radiation therapy. Metastatic disease involving the orbit is usually an unfavorable ... Orbital tumors can be benign or malignant and arise primarily within the orbit or secondarily from an adjacent source, such as ... Some types of orbital tumors usually cause proptosis and displacement of the globe in a direction opposite the tumor. Pain, ...
Efficacy and safety of teprotumumab in thyroid eye disease | TCRM
Reviewing the efficacy and safety of teprotumumab in thyroid eye disease ... Orbital decompression for thyroid eye disease. Semin Plast Surg. 2017;31(1):40-45. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1598192 ... Teprotumumab may reactivate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in those patients with a history of the disease. IGF-I has been ... Thus, it is conceivable that patients may have early, mildly active disease rather than chronic, inactive disease. This issue ...
Magnetic resonance imaging - nytimes
Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Fellowship | Casey Eye Institute | OHSU
We are involved in clinical trials for Thyroid Eye Disease, Orbital Tumors and Inflammatory Diseases. Financing for research is ... Fellows have also attended the Orbital Dissection Course at UCLA and other national meetings and courses. The fellow provides ... Chief of the Division of Oculofacial Plastics, Orbital and Reconstructive Surgery * Ophthalmology, Oculofacial Plastic Surgery ... orbital and facial tumors, fractures, decompression, reconstruction, implants, fillers, and neuromodulators. It is anticipated ...
Abstract Search
Orbital inflammatory disease following mrna sars-cov-2 vaccine: a case report. Solange Grunenwald , Lethellier Gabriel , Imbert ... peri-orbital swelling, spontaneous hematoma of the right lower eyelid, right greater than left proptosis, with a spontaneous ... but auto-immune/inflammatory diseases have been reported following Covid-19 vaccines. A 65-year-old woman reported two days ... is a classic and sometimes severe complication of autoimmune process associated with thyroid diseases, more common in Graves ...
Multicenter Epidemiologic Study of Coronavirus Disease-Associated Mucormycosis, India - Volume 27, Number 9-September 2021 -...
Radiographic images and surgical specimens demonstrating rhino-orbital-cerebral coronavirus disease-associated mucormycosis in ... Radiographic images and surgical specimens demonstrating rhino-orbital-cerebral coronavirus disease-associated mucormycosis in ... Patel is an infectious disease specialist at the Sterling Hospital, Ahmedabad, India, and a fellow of the Infectious Disease ... Multicenter Epidemiologic Study of Coronavirus Disease-Associated Mucormycosis, India. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021;27(9 ...
Tuberculosis (TB): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Although TB rates are decreasing in the United States, the disease is becoming more common in many parts of the world. ... is the most common cause of infectious disease-related mortality worldwide. ... a multisystemic disease with myriad presentations and manifestations, ... Adnexal or orbital disease may be seen with preauricular lymphadenopathy. Because of the wide variability in the disease ...
Carisa Petris, MD - MU Health Care
Graves Disease, Botox Therapy, Blepharoplasty (Eye/Eyebrow/Forehead Lift), Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery ... 2013-2015: Research and travel award from the Orbital Disease Education and Research Foundation Inc. ... In addition to surgery, Petris conducts research related to thyroid eye disease. This disease occurs when the immune system ... Low-Cost 3D printing orbital implant templates in secondary orbital reconstructions. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. Epub ahead of ...
Search Clinical Trials | Froedtert & MCW
Clinical features and long-term treatment outcome of posterior scleritis - Lee
- Annals of Translational Medicine
Orbital inflammatory disease: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Eye (Lond) 2006;20:1196-206. [Crossref] [PubMed] ... One patient in her 50s received intravenous steroid pulse therapy due to idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease, posterior ... If there are concomitant systemic or orbital diseases, aggressive treatment using immunosuppressants or biological therapeutics ... idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease (n=2, 14.3%), uveal effusion (n=1, 7.1%), and non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy ( ...