Optic nerve. Medical search

The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. These may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. Clinical manifestations may include visual loss, PAPILLEDEMA, and an afferent pupillary defect.

The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve.

Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.

Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).

The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes.

Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.

Benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from the optic nerve or its sheath. OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA is the most common histologic type. Optic nerve neoplasms tend to cause unilateral visual loss and an afferent pupillary defect and may spread via neural pathways to the brain.

Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.

Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.

Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.

Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.

Glial cell derived tumors arising from the optic nerve, usually presenting in childhood.

The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.

Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.

The pressure of the fluids in the eye.

An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)

In invertebrate zoology, a lateral lobe of the FOREBRAIN in certain ARTHROPODS. In vertebrate zoology, either of the corpora bigemina of non-mammalian VERTEBRATES. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1329)

Hereditary conditions that feature progressive visual loss in association with optic atrophy. Relatively common forms include autosomal dominant optic atrophy (OPTIC ATROPHY, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT) and Leber hereditary optic atrophy (OPTIC ATROPHY, HEREDITARY, LEBER).

The continuous visual field seen by a subject through space and time.

Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.

The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.

Benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from one or more of the twelve cranial nerves.

Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.

A maternally linked genetic disorder that presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. The disease has been associated with missense mutations in the mtDNA, in genes for Complex I, III, and IV polypeptides, that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/, MIM#535000 (April 17, 2001))

A specialized field of physics and engineering involved in studying the behavior and properties of light and the technology of analyzing, generating, transmitting, and manipulating ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION in the visible, infrared, and ultraviolet range.

A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot.

A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand.

Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.

The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.

Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.

Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.

Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.

Optic disk bodies composed primarily of acid mucopolysaccharides that may produce pseudopapilledema (elevation of the optic disk without associated INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION) and visual field deficits. Drusen may also occur in the retina (see RETINAL DRUSEN). (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p355)

The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)

The lipid-rich sheath surrounding AXONS in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.

The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.

Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.

A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm.

Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.

The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.

Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.

Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).

The anterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which coordinate the general behavioral orienting responses to visual stimuli, such as whole-body turning, and reaching.

Dominant optic atrophy is a hereditary optic neuropathy causing decreased visual acuity, color vision deficits, a centrocecal scotoma, and optic nerve pallor (Hum. Genet. 1998; 102: 79-86). Mutations leading to this condition have been mapped to the OPA1 gene at chromosome 3q28-q29. OPA1 codes for a dynamin-related GTPase that localizes to mitochondria.

A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.

A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.

Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease.

Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation.

The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.

Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.

NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.

Common name for Carassius auratus, a type of carp (CARPS).

The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways.

Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.

The white, opaque, fibrous, outer tunic of the eyeball, covering it entirely excepting the segment covered anteriorly by the cornea. It is essentially avascular but contains apertures for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It receives the tendons of insertion of the extraocular muscles and at the corneoscleral junction contains the canal of Schlemm. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.

Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.

The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.

Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA; OPTIC NERVE; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract.

Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.

The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.

A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans the fibers of the radial nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C5 to T1), travel via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and supply motor innervation to extensor muscles of the arm and cutaneous sensory fibers to extensor regions of the arm and hand.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.

Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.

An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The blood vessels which supply and drain the RETINA.

Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina.

The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.

A sensory branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The ophthalmic nerve carries general afferents from the superficial division of the face including the eyeball, conjunctiva, upper eyelid, upper nose, nasal mucosa, and scalp.

Differentiated tissue of the central nervous system composed of NERVE CELLS, fibers, DENDRITES, and specialized supporting cells.

Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane.

A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.

Method of measuring and mapping the scope of vision, from central to peripheral of each eye.

An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.

The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.

STILBENES with AMIDINES attached.

Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.

A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

Three groups of arteries found in the eye which supply the iris, pupil, sclera, conjunctiva, and the muscles of the iris.

Measurement of ocular tension (INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE) with a tonometer. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM. They mediate the sense of hearing.

The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as SATELLITE CELLS, PERINEURONAL of GANGLIA) according to their location. They form the insulating MYELIN SHEATH of axons in the central nervous system.

Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.

The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen. The greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses. The lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia.

A method of non-invasive, continuous measurement of MICROCIRCULATION. The technique is based on the values of the DOPPLER EFFECT of low-power laser light scattered randomly by static structures and moving tissue particulates.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.

The surgical removal of the eyeball leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.

The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS of the carotid sinus.

An optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) is brought about using devices that transform light of varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation. Lasers operate in the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or X-ray regions of the spectrum.

The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.

The dorsal portion or roof of the midbrain which is composed of two pairs of bumps, the INFERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPERIOR COLLICULI. These four colliculi are also called the quadrigeminal bodies (TECTUM MESENCEPHALI). They are centers for visual sensorimotor integration.

Processes and properties of the EYE as a whole or of any of its parts.

A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.

Type III intermediate filament proteins that assemble into neurofilaments, the major cytoskeletal element in nerve axons and dendrites. They consist of three distinct polypeptides, the neurofilament triplet. Types I, II, and IV intermediate filament proteins form other cytoskeletal elements such as keratins and lamins. It appears that the metabolism of neurofilaments is disturbed in Alzheimer's disease, as indicated by the presence of neurofilament epitopes in the neurofibrillary tangles, as well as by the severe reduction of the expression of the gene for the light neurofilament subunit of the neurofilament triplet in brains of Alzheimer's patients. (Can J Neurol Sci 1990 Aug;17(3):302)

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

A paired box transcription factor that is essential for ORGANOGENESIS of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and KIDNEY.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven INTERCOSTAL NERVES and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls.

The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain.

The 11th cranial nerve which originates from NEURONS in the MEDULLA and in the CERVICAL SPINAL CORD. It has a cranial root, which joins the VAGUS NERVE (10th cranial) and sends motor fibers to the muscles of the LARYNX, and a spinal root, which sends motor fibers to the TRAPEZIUS and the sternocleidomastoid muscles.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Constriction of the pupil in response to light stimulation of the retina. It refers also to any reflex involving the iris, with resultant alteration of the diameter of the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

The technology of transmitting light over long distances through strands of glass or other transparent material.

Traumatic injuries to the facial nerve. This may result in FACIAL PARALYSIS, decreased lacrimation and salivation, and loss of taste sensation in the anterior tongue. The nerve may regenerate and reform its original pattern of innervation, or regenerate aberrantly, resulting in inappropriate lacrimation in response to gustatory stimuli (e.g., "crocodile tears") and other syndromes.

A tissue preparation technique that involves the injecting of plastic (acrylates) into blood vessels or other hollow viscera and treating the tissue with a caustic substance. This results in a negative copy or a solid replica of the enclosed space of the tissue that is ready for viewing under a scanning electron microscope.

The 6th cranial nerve which originates in the ABDUCENS NUCLEUS of the PONS and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the EYE. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control.

Diseases affecting the eye.

Tumors or cancer of the RETINA.

Devices for examining the interior of the eye, permitting the clear visualization of the structures of the eye at any depth. (UMDNS, 1999)

A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation.

Artery originating from the internal carotid artery and distributing to the eye, orbit and adjacent facial structures.

Branches of the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerves originate more caudally than the superior laryngeal nerves and follow different paths on the right and left sides. They carry efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid and carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.

A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the RETINA. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion.

Pathologic changes that occur in the axon and cell body of a neuron proximal to an axonal lesion. The process is characterized by central chromatolysis which features flattening and displacement of the nucleus, loss of Nissl bodies, and cellular edema. Central chromatolysis primarily occurs in lower motor neurons.

The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.

A sensory branch of the MANDIBULAR NERVE, which is part of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The lingual nerve carries general afferent fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the mandibular gingivae.

Nerve cells of the RETINA in the pathway of transmitting light signals to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They include the outer layer of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS, the intermediate layer of RETINAL BIPOLAR CELLS and AMACRINE CELLS, and the internal layer of RETINAL GANGLION CELLS.

Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.

The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB.

A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)

Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.

The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).

An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles.

A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)

A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.

The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the unmyelinated nerve fibers are small in diameter and usually several are surrounded by a single MYELIN SHEATH. They conduct low-velocity impulses, and represent the majority of peripheral sensory and autonomic fibers, but are also found in the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

Cell surface receptors that bind NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; (NGF) and a NGF-related family of neurotrophic factors that includes neurotrophins, BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR and CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR.

A nervous tissue specific protein which is highly expressed in NEURONS during development and NERVE REGENERATION. It has been implicated in neurite outgrowth, long-term potentiation, SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, and NEUROTRANSMITTER release. (From Neurotoxicology 1994;15(1):41-7) It is also a substrate of PROTEIN KINASE C.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.

Diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in the pons. The nerve may be injured along its course in the pons, intracranially as it travels along the base of the brain, in the cavernous sinus, or at the level of superior orbital fissure or orbit. Dysfunction of the nerve causes lateral rectus muscle weakness, resulting in horizontal diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is abducted and ESOTROPIA. Common conditions associated with nerve injury include INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ISCHEMIA; and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.

Congenital or developmental anomaly in which the eyeballs are abnormally small.

Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.

Diseases of the oculomotor nerve or nucleus that result in weakness or paralysis of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, or levator palpebrae muscles, or impaired parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. With a complete oculomotor palsy, the eyelid will be paralyzed, the eye will be in an abducted and inferior position, and the pupil will be markedly dilated. Commonly associated conditions include neoplasms, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, ischemia (especially in association with DIABETES MELLITUS), and aneurysmal compression. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p270)

A condition resulting from congenital malformations involving the brain. The syndrome of septo-optic dysplasia combines hypoplasia or agenesis of the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM and the OPTIC NERVE. The extent of the abnormalities can vary. Septo-optic dysplasia is often associated with abnormalities of the hypothalamic and other diencephalic structures, and HYPOPITUITARISM.

The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura.

A light and spongy (pneumatized) bone that lies between the orbital part of FRONTAL BONE and the anterior of SPHENOID BONE. Ethmoid bone separates the ORBIT from the ETHMOID SINUS. It consists of a horizontal plate, a perpendicular plate, and two lateral labyrinths.

Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

An irregular unpaired bone situated at the SKULL BASE and wedged between the frontal, temporal, and occipital bones (FRONTAL BONE; TEMPORAL BONE; OCCIPITAL BONE). Sphenoid bone consists of a median body and three pairs of processes resembling a bat with spread wings. The body is hollowed out in its inferior to form two large cavities (SPHENOID SINUS).

Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Neoplasms which arise from nerve sheaths formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM or by OLIGODENDROCYTES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, NEUROFIBROMA, and NEURILEMMOMA are relatively common tumors in this category.

A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)

Partial or complete loss of vision in one half of the visual field(s) of one or both eyes. Subtypes include altitudinal hemianopsia, characterized by a visual defect above or below the horizontal meridian of the visual field. Homonymous hemianopsia refers to a visual defect that affects both eyes equally, and occurs either to the left or right of the midline of the visual field. Binasal hemianopsia consists of loss of vision in the nasal hemifields of both eyes. Bitemporal hemianopsia is the bilateral loss of vision in the temporal fields. Quadrantanopsia refers to loss of vision in one quarter of the visual field in one or both eyes.

Aquaporin 4 is the major water-selective channel in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM of mammals.

Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS embedded in a large amount of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.

Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.

Part of the DIENCEPHALON inferior to the caudal end of the dorsal THALAMUS. Includes the lateral geniculate body which relays visual impulses from the OPTIC TRACT to the calcarine cortex, and the medial geniculate body which relays auditory impulses from the lateral lemniscus to the AUDITORY CORTEX.

Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.

MYELIN-specific proteins that play a structural or regulatory role in the genesis and maintenance of the lamellar MYELIN SHEATH structure.

Surgery performed on the eye or any of its parts.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

Vision considered to be inferior to normal vision as represented by accepted standards of acuity, field of vision, or motility. Low vision generally refers to visual disorders that are caused by diseases that cannot be corrected by refraction (e.g., MACULAR DEGENERATION; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, etc.).

The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.

A porelike structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates to the canal of Schlemm.

PDGF (alpha)-receptor is unresponsive to PDGF-AA in aortic smooth muscle cells from the NG2 knockout mouse. (1/1964)

A line of null mice has been produced which fails to express the transmembrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2. Homozygous NG2 null mice do not exhibit gross phenotypic differences from wild-type mice, suggesting that detailed analyses are required to detect subtle alterations caused by the absence of NG2. Accordingly, dissociated cultures of aortic smooth muscle cells from null mice were compared to parallel cultures from wild-type mice for their ability to proliferate and migrate in response to specific growth factors. Both null and wild-type smooth muscle cells exhibited identical abilities to proliferate and migrate in response to PDGF-BB. In contrast, only the wild-type cells responded to PDGF-AA in both types of assays. NG2 null cells failed to proliferate or migrate in response to PDGF-AA, implying a defect in the signaling cascade normally initiated by activation of the PDGF (alpha)-receptor. In agreement with this idea, activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in response to PDGF-AA treatment occured only in wild-type cells. Failure to observe autophosphorylation of the PDGF (alpha)-receptor in PDGF-AA-treated null cells indicates that the absence of NG2 causes a defect in signal transduction at the level of (alpha)-receptor activation. (+info)

Why is the retention of gonadotrophin secretion common in children with panhypopituitarism due to septo-optic dysplasia? (2/1964)

Septo-optic dysplasia (De Morsier syndrome) is a developmental anomaly of mid-line brain structures and includes optic nerve hypoplasia, absence of the septum pellucidum and hypothalamo-pituitary abnormalities. We describe seven patients (four female, three male) who had at least two out of the three features necessary for the diagnosis of septo-optic dysplasia. Four patients had hypopituitarism and yet normal gonadotrophin secretion: one of these also had anti-diuretic hormone insufficiency; three had isolated GH deficiency and yet had premature puberty, with the onset of puberty at least a year earlier than would have been expected for their bone age. In any progressive and evolving anterior pituitary lesion it is extremely unusual to lose corticotrophin-releasing hormone/ACTH and TRH/TSH secretion and yet to retain gonadotrophin secretion. GnRH neurons develop in the nasal mucosa and migrate to the hypothalamus in early fetal life. We hypothesise that the arrival of GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus after the development of a midline hypothalamic defect may explain these phenomena. Progress in spontaneous/premature puberty in children with De Morsier syndrome may have important implications for management. The combination of GH deficiency and premature puberty may allow an apparently normal growth rate but with an inappropriately advanced bone age resulting in impaired final stature. GnRH analogues may be a therapeutic option. In conclusion, some patients with De Morsier syndrome appear to retain the ability to secrete gonadotrophins in the face of loss of other hypothalamic releasing factors. The migration of GnRH neurons after the development of the midline defect may be an explanation. (+info)

Injury-induced gelatinase and thrombin-like activities in regenerating and nonregenerating nervous systems. (3/1964)

It is now widely accepted that injured nerves, like any other injured tissue, need assistance from their extracellular milieu in order to heal. We compared the postinjury activities of thrombin and gelatinases, two types of proteolytic activities known to be critically involved in tissue healing, in nonregenerative (rat optic nerve) and regenerative (fish optic nerve and rat sciatic nerve) neural tissue. Unlike gelatinases, whose induction pattern was comparable in all three nerves, thrombin-like activity differed clearly between regenerating and nonregenerating nervous systems. Postinjury levels of this latter activity seem to dictate whether it will display beneficial or detrimental effects on the capacity of the tissue for repair. The results of this study further highlight the fact that tissue repair and nerve regeneration are closely linked and that substances that are not unique to the nervous system, but participate in wound healing in general, are also crucial for regeneration or its failure in the nervous system. (+info)

Directional and spectral reflectance of the rat retinal nerve fiber layer. (4/1964)

PURPOSE: To measure and describe the reflectance properties of a mammalian retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and to determine the mechanisms responsible for the RNFL reflectance. METHODS: An isolated rat retina suspended across a slit in a black membrane and mounted in a black perfusion chamber provided high quality images of the RNFL. Imaging microreflectometry was used to measure RNFL reflectance at wavelengths from 400 nm to 830 nm and as a function of illumination angle. RESULTS: The directional reflectance of rat RNFL at all wavelengths was consistent with the theory of light scattering by cylinders; each nerve fiber bundle scattered light into a conical sheet coaxial with the bundle. There was no evidence of a noncylindrical component at any wavelength. Measured reflectance spectra were consistent between animals, similar to ones previously measured in macaque, and varied with scattering angle. All spectra could be described by a two-mechanism cylindrical scattering model with three free parameters. CONCLUSIONS: At all wavelengths the reflectance of rat RNFL arises from light scattering by cylindrical structures. The highly directional nature of this reflectance can be an important source of measurement variability in clinical assessment of the RNFL. The reflectance spectra reveal a combination of mechanisms: At wavelengths shorter than approximately 570 nm the reflectance comes from cylinders with diameters much smaller than the wavelength, but at wavelengths longer than approximately 680 nm the reflectance comes from cylinders with effective diameters of 350 nm to 900 nm. (+info)

Test-retest variability of frequency-doubling perimetry and conventional perimetry in glaucoma patients and normal subjects. (5/1964)

PURPOSE: To compare the test-retest variability characteristics of frequency-doubling perimetry, a new perimetric test, with those of conventional perimetry in glaucoma patients and normal control subjects. METHODS: The study sample contained 64 patients and 47 normal subjects aged 66.16+/-11.86 and 64.26+/-7.99 years (mean +/- SD), respectively. All subjects underwent frequency-doubling perimetry (using the threshold mode) and conventional perimetry (using program 30-2 of the Humphrey Field Analyzer; Humphrey Instruments, San Leandro, CA) in one randomly selected eye. Each test was repeated at 1-week intervals for five tests with each technique over 4 weeks. Empirical 5th and 95th percentiles of the distribution of threshold deviations at retest were determined for all combinations of single tests and mean of two tests, stratified by threshold deviation. The influence of visual field eccentricity and overall visual field loss on variability also were examined. RESULTS: Mean test time with frequency-doubling perimetry in patients and normal control subjects was 5.90 and 5.25 minutes, respectively, and with conventional perimetry was 17.20 and 14.01 minutes, respectively. In patients, there was a significant correlation between the results of the two techniques, in the full field and in quadrants, whereas in normal subjects there was no such correlation. In patients, the retest variability of conventional perimetry in locations with 20-dB loss was 120% (single tests) and 127% (mean tests) higher compared with that in locations with 0-dB loss. Comparative figures for frequency-doubling perimetry were 40% and 47%, respectively. Variability also increased more with threshold deviation in normal subjects tested with conventional perimetry. In both patients and normal subjects, variability increased with visual field eccentricity in conventional perimetry, but not in frequency-doubling perimetry. Both techniques showed an increase in variability with overall visual field damage. CONCLUSIONS: Frequency-doubling perimetry has different test-retest variability characteristics than conventional perimetry and may have potential for monitoring glaucomatous field damage. (+info)

CNTF, not other trophic factors, promotes axonal regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult hamsters. (6/1964)

PURPOSE: To investigate the in vivo effects of trophic factors on the axonal regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult hamsters. METHODS: The left optic nerve was transected intracranially or intraorbitally, and a peripheral nerve graft was apposed or sutured to the axotomized optic nerve to enhance regeneration. Trophic factors were applied intravitreally every 5 days. Animals were allowed to survive for 3 or 4 weeks. Regenerating retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were labeled by applying the dye Fluoro-Gold to the distal end of the peripheral nerve graft 3 days before the animals were killed. RESULTS: Intravitreal application of ciliary neurotrophic factor substantially enhanced the regeneration of damaged axons into a sciatic nerve graft in both experimental conditions (intracranial and intraorbital optic nerve transections) but did not increase the survival of distally axotomized RGCs. Basic fibroblast growth factor and neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4/5 failed to enhance axonal regeneration of distally axotomized RGCs. CONCLUSIONS: Neurons of the adult central nervous system can regenerate in response to trophic supply after injury, and ciliary neurotrophic factor is at least one of the trophic factors that can promote axonal regeneration of axotomized RGCs. (+info)

Evaluation of focal defects of the nerve fiber layer using optical coherence tomography. (7/1964)

OBJECTIVE: To analyze glaucomatous eyes with known focal defects of the nerve fiber layer (NFL), relating optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings to clinical examination, NFL and stereoscopic optic nerve head (ONH) photography, and Humphrey 24-2 visual fields. DESIGN: Cross-sectional prevalence study. PARTICIPANTS: The authors followed 19 patients in the study group and 14 patients in the control group. INTERVENTION: Imaging with OCT was performed circumferentially around the ONH with a circle diameter of 3.4 mm using an internal fixation technique. One hundred OCT scan points taken within 2.5 seconds were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurements of NFL thickness using OCT were performed. RESULTS: In most eyes with focal NFL defects, OCTs showed significant thinning of the NFL in areas closely corresponding to focal defects visible on clinical examination, to red-free photographs, and to defects on the Humphrey visual fields. Optical coherence tomography enabled the detection of focal defects in the NFL with a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 81%. CONCLUSION: Analysis of NFL thickness in eyes with focal defects showed good structural and functional correlation with clinical parameters. Optical coherence tomography contributes to the identification of focal defects in the NFL that occur in early stages of glaucoma. (+info)

The optic disc in glaucoma. I: Classification. (8/1964)

Five different descriptive types of glaucomatous optic discs are described, based on the examination of X2 magnification stereophotographs of 252 patients from the files of the Glaucoma Service at Wills Eye Hospital. The method of analysis is described in detail. These types include: overpass cupping, cupping without pallor of the neuroretinal rim, cupping with pallor of the neuroretinal rim, focal notching of the neuroretinal rim, and bean-pot cupping. These morphological types may be caused by variations in factors contributing to the pathogenesis of glaucomatous eyes. Recognition of these differing types may help in determining the factors in each case. (+info)

Look up optic nerve in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Optic Nerve may refer to: Optic nerve, the anatomical structure Optic ... a comic book series Optic Nerve (CD-ROM), a Red Hot Benefit Series tribute to David Wojnarowicz Optic Nerve Studios, a special ... Nerve (GCHQ), a mass surveillance program run by the British intelligence agency GCHQ Optic Nerve (comics), ... make-up effects studio run by Glenn Hetrick This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Optic Nerve. If ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_Nerve

... (or optic glioma), a form of glioma which affects the optic nerve, is often one of the central nervous ... and can involve the optic nerve or optic chiasm. Optic gliomas are usually associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 in 30% of ... Enlargement of the optic nerve along with a downward kink in the mid-orbit is usually observed. While CT scans allow for optic ... Optic nerve gliomas are diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT scans. The tumor adopts a fusiform appearance, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_nerve_glioma

... (ONH) is a medical condition arising from the underdevelopment of the optic nerve(s). This condition is ... Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) is a congenital condition in which the optic nerve is underdeveloped (small). Many times, de ... Patients with ONH exhibit an optic nerve that appears smaller than normal and different in appearance from small optic nerves ... The visual prognosis in optic nerve hypoplasia is quite variable. Occasionally, optic nerve hypoplasia may be compatible with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_nerve_hypoplasia

Most optic nerve melanocytomas are small, black, and do not grow. Most optic nerve tumors (65 percent) are gliomas that occur ... extraocular motility Optic nerve melanocytoma does not usually produce symptoms or grow. If they slowly grow, optic nerve ... If the tumor is next to the optic nerve, growth can compress the nerve and cause gradual loss of vision and unilateral ... An optic nerve melanocytoma is a tumor made up of melanocytes and melanin. Melanocytomas are typically a benign meaning they ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_nerve_tumor

... collects Optic Nerve #1-4, ISBN 1-896597-12-2) Summer Blonde (2002, collects Optic Nerve #5-8, SC: ISBN 1-896597-57-2, HC: ISBN ... collects Optic Nerve #9-11, HC: ISBN 1-897299-16-8) Killing and Dying (2015, collects Optic Nerve #12-14, HC: ISBN 1-770462-09- ... Optic Nerve is a comic book series by cartoonist Adrian Tomine. Originally self-published by Tomine in 1991 as a series of mini ... "Summer Blonde", the title story, was first seen in Optic Nerve #7, and is centered on a beautiful young woman named Vanessa who ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_Nerve_(comics)

Optic Nerve as described in the documents collected one still image every 5 minutes per user, attempting to comply with human ... Optic Nerve is a mass surveillance programme run by the British signals intelligence agency Government Communications ... Optic Nerve worked by collecting the information from GCHQ's large network of Internet cable taps, feeding into systems ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_Nerve_(GCHQ)

... s (ONSM) are rare benign tumors of the optic nerve. 60-70% of cases occur in middle age females, ... The tumors grow from cells that surround the optic nerve, and as the tumor grows, it compresses the optic nerve. This causes ... Dutton JJ (1992). "Optic nerve sheath meningiomas". Surv Ophthalmol. 37 (3): 167-83. doi:10.1016/0039-6257(92)90135-G. PMID ... About 1-2% of all meningiomas are optic nerve sheath meningiomas. Meningiomas have an incidence of ~4.18/100,000 persons each ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_nerve_sheath_meningioma

Optic Nerve is an interactive CD-ROM showcasing the life and work of multimedia artist David Wojnarowicz. The disc includes ... Optic Nerve was originally available from New York City's New Museum bookstore. At that time, four dollars received from the ... Information page on Optic Nerve at the Red Hot Organization website Fever: The Art of David Wojnarowicz (Articles with short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_Nerve_(CD-ROM)

... is a rare defect of the optic nerve that causes moderate to severe visual field defects. Coloboma of ... the optic nerve is a congenital anomaly of the optic disc in which there is a defect of the inferior aspect of the optic nerve ... a diagnosis of optic nerve coloboma precludes a person from certain occupations. Although both optic nerve colobomas and ... An optic nerve coloboma is easily differentiated from morning glory anomaly. Colobomas affect only the inferior aspect of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloboma_of_optic_nerve

Human brainstem anterior view Optic tract and optic nerve Optic tract Cerebrum. Deep dissection. Inferior dissection. Cerebral ... The neural circuitry of the pupillary light reflex includes the optic tract which joins the optic nerve to the brachium of the ... It is a continuation of the optic nerve that relays information from the optic chiasm to the ipsilateral lateral geniculate ... Similarly, the neural circuitry of the pupillary dark reflex includes the optic tract which joins the optic nerve to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_tract

"UbuWeb Film & Video: Barbara Hammer - Optic Nerve (1985)". ubu.com. Retrieved December 4, 2021. "OPTIC NERVE". Barbara Hammer. ... Optic Nerve, First Prize, Ann Arbor Film Festival (1986) First Prize, Onion City Film Festival (1986) Optic Nerve, Cineprobe, ... She was chosen by the Whitney Biennial in 1985, 1989, and 1993, for her films Optic Nerve, Endangered, and Nitrate Kisses, ... Optic Nerve (1985) Hot Flash (1985) Would You Like to Meet Your Neighbor? A New York Subway Tape (1985) Bedtime Stories (1986) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Hammer

Her work has also been included in other Op Art shows such as Optic Nerve: Perceptual Art of the 1960s, at the Columbus Museum ... Optic Nerve. Perceptual Art of the 1960s, Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus; Bit International [Nove] tendencije: Computer und ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Apollonio

ISBN 978-1597112949 - (July 20, 2015). "Optic nerve". Goings On About Town. Art. The New Yorker. 91 (20): 9. Reviews the 'Sarah ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Aletti

"Optic Nerve". 6 October 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2017. Panero, James, Gallery Chronicle, The New Criterion, April, 2015 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Melini

"I Am a Wallet". Optic Nerve. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2015. (Use dmy dates from April ... the album was remastered and re-released with a bonus LP of tracks taken from the first four singles by Optic Nerve Recordings ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_a_Wallet

... , optic nerve pit, or optic disc pit (ODP) is rare a congenital excavation (or regional depression) of the optic disc ... Optic pits are associated with other abnormalities of the optic nerve including large optic nerve size, large inferior ... "Optic Nerve Pit". American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. March 2014. "Optic Pits". EyeWiki. American ... The optic disc originates from the optic cup when the optic vesicle invaginates and forms an embryonic fissure (or groove). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_pit

Optic Nerve Films". Business in Vancouver. Marke Andrews (2016-04-19). "Profile: Kevin Eastwood, founder, Optic Nerve Films". ... Optic Nerve Films". Business in Vancouver. "About Kevin Eastwood". OpticNerveFilms.ca. Optic Nerve Films. Retrieved 10 July ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Eastwood

... optic nerve coloboma; and The development in infancy of seizures that are called infantile spasms. Other types of defects of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aicardi_syndrome

"Optic Nerve Recordings". Party Day - Sorted!. Optic Nerve Recordings. Retrieved 16 March 2021. Party Day - official website ... and released by Optic Nerve Recordings. "Row The Boat Ashore" c/w "Poison" (1983, Party Day Records) "Spider" c/w "Flies" (1984 ... Optic Nerve Recordings) "Party Day" on Real Time 5 (1983, Unlikely Records [cassette]) "Rabbit Pie" on Giraffe in Flames (1984 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Day

Stop The Rain was re-released on Optic Nerve Recordings in April 2022, entering in at 39 in the singles chart. Billy Sloan (18 ... "Optic Nerve Recordings". Retrieved 13 December 2021. Ann Fotheringham (23 September 2021). "'The 'weegies are a lively crowd ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suede_Crocodiles

The optic nerve head, or optic disc is the anterior end of the nerve that is in the eye and hence is visible with an ... "Optic nerve axons and acquired alterations in the appearance of the optic disc". Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 81: 1034-91. PMC ... "Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy secondary to optic nerve head drusen - A case report and review of literature". Indian ... The optic nerve is a cable connection that transmits images from the retina to the brain. It consists of over one million ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_disc_drusen

... optic disc drusen, which is present on the optic nerve head. Both age-related drusen and optic disc drusen can be observed by ... Optical coherence tomography scans of the orbits or head, calcification at the head of the optic nerve without change in size ... Davis PL, Jay WM (December 2003). "Optic nerve head drusen". Semin Ophthalmol. 18 (4): 222-42. doi:10.1080/08820530390895244. ... Optic disc drusen Silvestri G, Williams MA, McAuley C, Oakes K, Sillery E, Henderson DC, Ferguson S, Silvestri V, Muldrew KA ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusen

In 2017 Optic nerve records re-released "What Went Wrong This Time" in a limited edition single, on colored vinyl. "What Went ... Optic Nerve Recordings. Retrieved 29 April 2021. Official site Details of the band's John Peel sessions The Siddeleys on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Siddeleys

Miami's Optic Nerve Video Festival, now in its 15th prestigious year at the Museum of Contemporary Art, caters to the latter ... MOCA's Optic Nerve was recognized as an important forum for emerging artists working in film. Over 220 artists have been ... "Optic Nerve Film Screening". North Miami Museum of Contemporary Art. 21 August 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2014. Thomason, John ... "Optic Nerve Video Festival at Museum of Contemporary Art". Boco Ratan Magazine. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_North_Miami

Optic Nerve (Director) (1972). Project One (Motion picture). San Francisco. Event occurs at 4:10 minutes in. Felsenstein, Lee ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Hardt-English

OPA1 Optic atrophy-7; 612989; TMEM126A Optic nerve coloboma with renal disease; 120330; PAX2 Optic nerve hypoplasia and ... CYP2C Optic atrophy 1; 165500; OPA1 Optic atrophy and cataract; 165300; OPA3 Optic atrophy and deafness; 125250; ... CRLF1 Coloboma of optic nerve; 120430; PAX6 Coloboma, ocular; 120200; PAX6 Coloboma, ocular; 120200; SHH Colon cancer, somatic ... SOX2 Optic nerve hypoplasia; 165550; PAX6 Oral-facial-digital syndrome 1; 311200; OFD1 Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

Optic Nerve (Spanish: El nervio óptico, published in 2014 by Editorial Mansalva), her first foray into narrative, has been ... An extract from Optic Nerve. Books in Anagrama editorial Articles in Artforum magazine (CS1 Spanish-language sources (es), CS1 ... Williams, John (April 18, 2019). "In 'Optic Nerve,' a Woman Trains a Sharp Eye on Art and Her Life". The New York Times. p. 25 ... In 2019 she received Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Prize for "La luz negra". The Optic Nerve (Catapult Press, 2022, trans. by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Gainza

"Optic Nerve Structure and Pathologies". Pathobiology of Human Disease - A Dynamic Encyclopedia of Disease Mechanisms. Academic ... Peripheral nerve studies have shown that even a 0.5 °C increase in body temperature can slow or block the conduction of nerve ... With an increased body temperature, nerve impulses are either blocked or slowed in a damaged nerve. Once the body temperature ... fatigue pain concentration difficulties urinary urgency worsen of existing optic neuropathy (although optic neuropathy may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhthoff's_phenomenon

"The Optic Nerve - Human Anatomy". Photius Coutsoukis. Dehaene S, Spelke E, Pinel P, Stanescu R, Tsivkin S (May 1999). "Sources ... In vision, about half the neurons of the optic nerve from each eye cross to project to the opposite hemisphere, and about half ... In hearing, about 90% of the neurons of the auditory nerve from one ear cross to project to the auditory cortex of the opposite ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_function

... monesi probably had a constricted optic canal, which contains the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery, corresponding to vision. ... Eumegamyines additionally typically have a well developed stylomastoid foramen, which funnels the facial nerve, and a short ear ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephoartigasia

... and less commonly there may be twisted retinal blood vessels or optic nerve hypoplasia. The eye anomalies can result in an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strømme_syndrome

... near the optic nerves and optic chiasm. Thus, tumor growth can impinge nerve function and result in vision loss and diplopia. ... Craniofacial resection can help preserve the optic nerves and brain while removing the cribriform plate, olfactory bulb, dura ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthesioneuroblastoma

Coloboma of lens ala nasi Coloboma of macula type B brachydactyly Coloboma of macula Coloboma of optic nerve Coloboma of optic ... Ceramidase deficiency Ceramide trihexosidosis Ceraunophobia Cerebellar agenesis Cerebellar ataxia areflexia pes cavus optic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diseases_(C)

Thus, the general hypothesis was for long that the arrangement of nerve fibres in the optic chiasm in primates and humans has ... Isaac Newton proposed that the optic nerve of humans and other primates has a specific architecture on its way from the eye to ... that the degree of optic fibre decussation in the optic chiasm is contrariwise related to the degree of frontal orientation of ... The evolution has resulted in small, and gradual fluctuations to the direction of the nerve pathways in the OC. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_perception

In the biological mechanism, taste signals are transduced by nerves in the brain into electric signals. E-tongue sensors ... "Highly sensitive and wide-dynamic-range side-polished fiber-optic taste sensor". Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. doi:10.1016 ... Taste quality perception and recognition are based on the building or recognition of activated sensory nerve patterns by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_perception

In the posterior segment of the eye, typically diagnosed at the region of the optic nerve or macula, deforming the eye in a way ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphyloma

REL had proven up to the task in the optics field, but when they expanded into electronics, trouble began. The first order for ... He noted in his diary that Philips stated: ...and said there was a general deterioration of the nerves these days, people were ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GL_Mk._III_radar

... which contain the axons of the optic nerve) The Classical Rod Pathway described the role of AII amacrine cells in the mammalian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AII_amacrine_cells

70% type 1, 30% type 2) Optic disc edema (unilateral in 60% cases) Only mild optic nerve dysfunction Disc edema is diagnosed by ... into and surrounding the optic nerve and disruption of axoplasmic flow resulting from microvascular disease of the optic nerve ... is an ocular complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by optic disc swelling and edema of optic nerve head. The ... Edema is seen in and around the optic nerve head also. Intraretinal hemorrhages and hard exudates may also be seen. Currently ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_papillopathy

The vitreous chamber is the largest of the three chambers and is located behind the lens and in front of the optic nerve. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_chamber

Hernandez MR, Igoe F, Neufeld AH (1986). "Extracellular matrix of the human optic nerve head". Am. J. Ophthalmol. 102 (2): 139- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_IV,_alpha_2

For example, when N < 3, nerves cannot cross without intersecting. Hence anthropic and other arguments rule out all cases ... Stachel, John (2005). "Fresnel's (Dragging) Coefficient as a Challenge to 19th Century Optics of Moving Bodies." (PDF). In Kox ... ISBN 978-0-521-87622-3. Rose, H. H. (21 April 2008). "Optics of high-performance electron microscopes". Science and Technology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime

A highly sensitive optic nerve has been shown to have visual discrimination and spatial memory comparable to those of a rat. ... These nerves protrude through microscopic holes at the end of the snout, which also has mucus glands on the end that act as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-beaked_echidna

... appear as a single color to the human eye because of blurring by the optics and spatial integration by nerve cells in the eye. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpixel_rendering

A shield is applied to cover the eye until anesthesia has worn off (that also anesthetizes the optic nerve) and vision resumes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabeculectomy

... she has also investigated the role of ephrins in axon growth and the formation of the optic chiasm. In addition, her studies ... Her research provides leads for future therapies for nerve damage and neurodevelopmental disorders. In 1977, Holt received her ... "Ephrin-B2 and EphB1 Mediate Retinal Axon Divergence at the Optic Chiasm, Neuron". Neuron. 39 (6): 919-935. doi:10.1016/j.neuron ... "for pioneering understanding of the key molecular mechanisms involved in nerve growth, guidance and targeting which has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Holt

... electro-optics, and materials engineering. Around forty percent (by award value) of Georgia Tech's research, especially ... in Higgins boats crossing the English Channel on the morning of D-Day leading their men in the song to calm their nerves. It is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech

... a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN ... but it ordinarily receives input from the optic nerves, through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), that allows daily light- ... The optic tectum allows actions to be directed toward points in space, most commonly in response to visual input. In mammals, ... Most of the space in the brain is taken up by axons, which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts. A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain

Damage to peripheral nerves may impair sensation, movement, gland, or organ function depending on which nerves are affected; in ... V. Hypertensive optic neuropathy". Ophthalmology. 93 (1): 74-87. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33773-4. PMID 3951818./ Kawana T, ... These nerves are not under a person's conscious control and function automatically. Autonomic nerve fibers form large ... In cases of polyneuropathy, many nerve cells in various parts of the body are affected, without regard to the nerve through ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy

... this being due to pulling on the posterior pole by the optic nerve. Among his numerous publications is Klinische Vorträge über ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hasner

Optic disc drusen - globules progressively calcify in the optic disc, compressing the vascularization and optic nerve fibers ( ... a disconnection between the optic nerve and the brain and/or spinal cord (H57.9) Red eye - conjunctiva appears red typically ... Dysthyroid exophthalmos it is shown that if your eye comes out that it will shrink because the optic fluids drain out (H10.0) ... Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy - genetic disorder; loss of central vision,. (H47.3) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_disease

Morrison JC (2006). "Integrins in the optic nerve head: potential roles in glaucomatous optic neuropathy (an American ... the optic nerve) is a hallmark of glaucoma. The inconsistent relationship of glaucomatous optic neuropathy with increased ... Often, the optic nerve shows an abnormal amount of cupping. If treated early, it is possible to slow or stop the progression of ... Conversely, optic nerve damage may occur with normal pressure, known as normal-tension glaucoma. The mechanism of open-angle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma

This is generally thought to be due to an optic form of ataxia since it is facilitated by the visual presence of an object with ... Lay summary in: "Alien Hand Syndrome: Nerve Impulses Can Cause Movement Even When Person Is Unaware". ScienceDaily. July 17, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_hand_syndrome

"It was a huge auditory nerve and a very large cortex. The optic nerve," he said, "was smaller than the auditory nerve, just the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby_Doll's_impact_in_scientific_research

... he obtained the first record of the electrical impulses sent by a single optic nerve fibre when the receptors connected to it ... Hartline thus built up a detailed understanding of the workings of individual photoreceptors and nerve fibres in the retina, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline

Optic Nerve: Perceptual Art of the 1960s, Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, Ohio, February 16-June 17, 2007. CLE OP: Cleveland ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op_art

I consider it not so much the optic, as the motor and sympathetic nerves, and the mind, through which the impression is made. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Braid_(surgeon)

2006). "Proteomics implicates peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 and optic nerve citrullination in glaucoma pathogenesis". Invest. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PADI2

The medical officer hesitantly diagnosed a failure of his optic nerve, and he was told he would never be allowed to fly again. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lee

Learn about optic nerve disorders and how they affect your vision. ... Your optic nerves carries visual images from the back of your eye to your brain. ... ClinicalTrials.gov: Optic Nerve Diseases (National Institutes of Health) * ClinicalTrials.gov: Optic Nerve Injuries (National ... Optic Nerve Atrophy (American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus) * Optic Nerve Drusen (American ...

https://medlineplus.gov/opticnervedisorders.html

... interventions resulting in optic nerve regeneration restored some components of vision, suggesting possible strategies through ... future research for patients with optic nerve damage. ... Optic Nerve Regeneration in Mice Linked to Improved Vision. ... an optic nerve crush model in mice treated with 3 interventions shown to act synergistically to stimulate growth of optic nerve ... Untreated mice with optic nerve injury lost synchrony with the rooms day/night light cycle, whereas treated mice had restored ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/764360

Our requirements are stated in our rapid response terms and conditions and must be read. These include ensuring that: i) you do not include any illustrative content including tables and graphs, ii) you do not include any information that includes specifics about any patients,iii) you do not include any original data, unless it has already been published in a peer reviewed journal and you have included a reference, iv) your response is lawful, not defamatory, original and accurate, v) you declare any competing interests, vi) you understand that your name and other personal details set out in our rapid response terms and conditions will be published with any responses we publish and vii) you understand that once a response is published, we may continue to publish your response and/or edit or remove it in the future ...

https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/45/1/7.responses

... lead to changes in the intrapapillary and parapapillary region of the optic nerve head. These changes can be described by the ... following variables: size and shape of the optic disk; size, shape, and pallor of the neuroretinal rim; size of the optic cup ... Optic nerve diseases, such as the glaucomas, lead to changes in the intrapapillary and parapapillary region of the optic nerve ... Ophthalmoscopic evaluation of the optic nerve head Surv Ophthalmol. 1999 Jan-Feb;43(4):293-320. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6257(98) ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10025513/

encoded search term (Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma) and Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma What to Read Next on Medscape ... Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma Follow-up. Updated: May 11, 2021 * Author: Mitchell V Gossman, MD; Chief Editor: Edsel B Ing, MD ... Optic nerve sheath meningiomas--non-surgical treatment. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2009 Feb. 21(1):8-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Meningioma of the optic nerve sheath. Coronal section of T1-weighted MRI of the orbits that shows a left orbital mass lesion ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1217466-followup

... optic nerve inflammation) from Cleveland Clinic, including symptoms, tests to diagnose optic neuritis and treatment options. ... What is optic neuritis?. Optic neuritis (ON) is a condition in which the nerve to the eye (the optic nerve) becomes inflamed or ... Optic Neuritis Optic neuritis (ON) is a condition in which the nerve to the eye becomes inflamed or irritated. ON is a ... What causes optic neuritis (ON)?. The most common cause for ON is inflammatory demyelination of the optic nerve. Demyelination ...

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14256-optic-neuritis

Optic nerve disorders. Optic nerve disorders include diagnosis codes indicating optic neuritis and other disorders of the optic ... Disorders of the optic nerve and visual pathways, any stage. Category total - includes any clinical stage below.. ... VEHSS identifies the annual prevalence of diagnosed Disorders of the Optic Nerve and Visual Pathways based on the presence of ... Diagnosed disorders of the optic nerve and visual pathways include a patient having one or more diagnosis codes indicating one ...

https://www.cdc.gov/visionhealth/vehss/project/case-definitions-data/optic-nerve-disorder.html

NMOSD is a rare autoimmune disease that attacks the optic nerves and spinal cord. Uplizna is the second approved treatment for ... most often those in the optic nerves and spinal cord. Individuals with NMOSD typically have attacks of optic neuritis, which ... FDA Approves New Therapy for Rare Disease Affecting Optic Nerve, Spinal Cord. Second FDA Approved Therapy for Neuromyelitis ... FDA Approves New Therapy for Rare Disease Affecting Optic Nerve, Spinal Cord ...

https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-therapy-rare-disease-affecting-optic-nerve-spinal-cord

Hints: Click on a [map] link to show a map of that region. Click on a [studies] link to search within your current results for studies in that region. Use the back button to return to this list and try another region. Studies with no locations are not included in the counts or on the map. Studies with multiple locations are included in each region containing locations ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results/map?recrs=e&cond=Optic+Nerve+Injuries&map=

Optic nerve hypoplasia is characterized by decreased number of optic nerve axons. ... Optic nerve hypoplasia, bilateral H47.033. Disease. Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) is characterized by decreased number of optic ... High-Resolution Imaging of the Optic Nerve and Retina in Optic Nerve Hypoplasia. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:1330-1339. ... The differential diagnoses include optic nerve atrophy, optic nerve coloboma, peripapillary staphyloma, morning glory disc ...

https://eyewiki.aao.org/Optic_nerve_hypoplasia

Decrease quantity for Optic Nerve Pizmo Sunglasses Increase quantity for Optic Nerve Pizmo Sunglasses ...

https://www.outdoorsinc.com/products/pizmo

Weve put together the ten most essential nutrients for the health of our optic nerve, all found in Viteyes® Optic Nerve ... Optic Nerve Support supplement to help maintain your optic nerve health long-term. ... Calcium is essential in the proper functioning of all our nerve cells. This is especially important to our optic nerve, as ... Certain vitamins and minerals are essential in maintaining the cells and nerve fibers that comprise our optic nerve. ...

https://www.viteyes.com/top-10-nutrients-essential-for-your-optic-nerve-health

Part of The Optic Sevens Reissue Series Tracks: A1: THE SUN, A SMALL STAR A2: MEREDITH B1: IT TAKES NO GENTLEMAN B2: FUNNY ...

https://www.deejay.de/The_Servants_The_Sun_A_Small_Star_ON8_Vinyl__931371

Optic Nerve Head (ONH) detection is a crucial step in retinal image analysis algorithms. The goal of ONH detection is to find ... and Matched filter edge detector are applied for detection of the Optic Nerve Head either in the normal fundus images or in the ... Automated optic nerve head detection in fluorescein angiography fundus images. *M. Tavakoli, M. H. Bahreini Toosi, R. Pourreza ... Effect of two different preprocessing steps in detection of optic nerve head in fundus images. *M. Tavakoli, M. Nazar, A. ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Automated-Optic-Nerve-Head-Detection-Based-on-and-Tavakoli-Nazar/36abe5afdf2ff7cedb7f4cd158d04dc536a04ac7

A 36 year old man developed slowly progressive unilateral visual loss due to a cystic lesion of the intraorbital optic nerve. ... Pathologically the lesion was an epithelium lined cyst entirely within the atrophic nerve. The cyst lining consisted of ...

https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/55/12/1197

Certain conditions will affect the optic nerve, and some may damage these fibers. ... Your optic nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers located at the back of your eye. These fibers send information to your brain to ... A number of eye diseases or conditions may cause damage to your optic nerve. These conditions include optic neuritis and optic ... Your optic nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers located at the back of your eye. These fibers send information to your brain to ...

https://www.leaf.tv/6729779/are-there-natural-herbs-to-help-restore-optic-nerve-damage/

The relationship between arachnoid hyperplasia in optic nerve glioma and meningioma of the optic nerve sheath in childhood is ... reported of an optic nerve glioma with a marked degree of arachnoid hyperplasia which was initially diagnosed as an optic nerve ... Hyperplasia of the arachnoid was also the underlying cause for expansion of the optic canal. ...

https://bjo.bmj.com/content/63/9/596

This option has been removed due to spambot activity ...

https://v2.nl/files/1991/events/static-transit-optic-nerves/1991_Optic_Nerves_03.jpg/sendto_form

Optic nerve meningiomas are benign tumors arising from the arachnoid cap cells of the optic nerve sheath and represent ~20% of ... Optic nerve meningiomas account for approximately a third of all optic nerve neoplasms; optic nerve gliomas are the most common ... Optic nerve meningiomas arise from the arachnoid cap cells of the optic nerve sheath, and as such are on the inside of the dura ... Optic nerve meningiomas are benign tumors arising from the arachnoid cap cells of the optic nerve sheath and represent ~20% of ...

https://radiopaedia.org/articles/optic-nerve-sheath-meningioma?lang=us

Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of ciliochoroidal melanoma with tumour extension into the optic nerve ... poor vision and high intraocular pressure are clinical indicators of optic nerve tumour invasion. ...

https://casereports.bmj.com/content/13/6/e234610.full

Activation of the BMP canonical signaling pathway in human optic nerve head tissue and isolated optic nerve head astrocytes and ... Optic nerve head extracellular matrix in primary optic atrophy and experimental glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990; 108:1020-4. [ ... The optic nerve head in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997; 115:389-95. [PMID: 9076213] ... Optic nerve head astrocytes (n=3) and LC cells (n=3) were treated with various concentrations of recombinant TGF-β2 (1.25, 2.5 ...

http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v17/a192/

MRI of the optic nerve sheath and globe in cats with and without presumed intracranial hypertension. ... Dive into the research topics of MRI of the optic nerve sheath and globe in cats with and without presumed intracranial ...

https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/mri-of-the-optic-nerve-sheath-and-globe-in-cats-with-and-without-/fingerprints/

Astrocytes abundant in the optic nerve were distinct from pOPCs and had a greater number of processes and more complicated ... examined the three-dimensional ultrastructure of OPCs in comparison with other glial cells in the early postnatal optic nerve ... I upload the SBF-SEM images of newborn mouse optic nerve with 13 separate folders that are grouped into 4 datasets. I used ... I upload the SBF-SEM images of newborn mouse optic nerve with 13 separate folders that are grouped into 4 datasets. I used ...

https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/wbbk78nc7f

"This piece entitled "optic nerve" is a simple but effective pitch shifter, granular shifter and vocoder...It has controls for ...

https://folktek.com/instruments/telecom/optic-nerve

The sections of the optic nerve heads were examined after immunostaining with antibodies to MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-3), TNF ... Conclusion: There is increased immunostaining for MMPs, TNF-α and TNF-α receptor i in the glaucomatous optic nerve head, which ... The sections of the optic nerve heads were examined after immunostaining with antibodies to MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-3), TNF ... Conclusion: There is increased immunostaining for MMPs, TNF-α and TNF-α receptor i in the glaucomatous optic nerve head, which ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/matrix-metalloproteinases-and-tumor-necrosis-factor-%CE%B1-in-glaucoma-4

Tagged Nerve, Optic How To Repair Optic Nerve Damage. For people having optic nerve atrophy, at the moment no proven treatment ... Optic Nerve Disorders Healing Optic Nerve Damage Repair Healing from www.youtube.com. How to fix optic nerve damage eye drops ... These conditions include optic neuritis and optic nerve atrophy. This pressure limits or cuts off blood flow to the optic nerve ... Optic nerve damage affects your vision quite severely. The optic nerve is composed of approximately 1.5 million nerve fibers at ...

https://www.vetiversolutions.info/2022/03/how-to-repair-optic-nerve-damage/lop/

The average number of mitochondria per unit area of axon within axons of normal cat optic nerve and optic nerve in which ... The average number of mitochondria per unit area of axon within axons of normal cat optic nerve and optic nerve in which ... The average number of mitochondria per unit area of axon within axons of normal cat optic nerve and optic nerve in which ... The average number of mitochondria per unit area of axon within axons of normal cat optic nerve and optic nerve in which ...

https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/focal-accumulation-of-intra-axonal-mitochondria-in-demyelination-

... are clinically relevant parameters for glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Although these measures have a high heritability, little ... The size of the optic nerve head, referred to as disc area (DA), and the vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR), ... PURPOSE: The size of the optic nerve head, referred to as disc area (DA), and the vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR), are ... A genetic epidemiologic study of candidate genes involved in the optic nerve head morphology. ...

https://www.ndph.ox.ac.uk/publications/914379

... the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) can be used to estimate intracranial pressure (ICP). However, it remains unclear whether ... the primary injury or surgical craniectomy may alter the dynamics of the CSF circulation or structure of the optical nerve ... From: Diagnostic and prognostic value of the optic nerve sheath diameter with respect to the intracranial pressure and ... ONSD optic nerve sheath diameter, GOS glasgow outcome score, GOS 1 dead, GOS 2 vegetative state, GOS 3 severe disability, GOS 4 ...

https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-018-1202-5/tables/1

Small areas with unduly low attenuation coefficients were found in one or both optic nerves in 52% of patients in whom the ... 1978) Computerized tomography of brain and optic nerve in multiple sclerosis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 36 (3). pp ... The optic nerves were also examined in 53 of these patients. Areas compatible with demyelinating lesions were found in the ... optic nerves were examined. While these areas may represent demyelinating lesions their significance remains uncertain in view ...

https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/26080/

Optic nerve atrophy is damage to the optic nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
These conditions include optic neuritis and optic nerve atrophy. (leaf.tv)
For people having optic nerve atrophy, at the moment no proven treatment reverses the damage incurred. (vetiversolutions.info)
Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy (PEHO) syndrome is a distinct neurodevelopmental disorder. (nih.gov)
Patients without optic nerve atrophy and brain imaging abnormalities but fulfilling other PEHO criteria are often described as a PEHO-like syndrome. (nih.gov)
One patient with PEHO syndrome and a de novoGNAO1 mutation was found to have an additional de novo mutation in HESX1 that is associated with optic atrophy. (nih.gov)

Glaucoma usually happens when the fluid pressure inside the eyes slowly rises and damages the optic nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
If these findings are confirmed and extended to other models, they may ultimately offer promise to patients with glaucoma or optic nerve damage. (medscape.com)
This effect helps to both ward off and slow the progress of glaucoma - a disease characterized by damage to the optic nerve. (viteyes.com)
Ginkgo may also help improve blood flow, which could have some effect on improving blood flow to the optic nerve in people with glaucoma. (leaf.tv)
Results: The intensity of the immunostaining and the number of stained cells for MMPs, TNF-α, or TNF-α receptor 1 were greater in the glaucomatous optic nerve heads, particularly in eyes with normal-pressure glaucoma compared with age- matched controls. (elsevier.com)
Conclusion: There is increased immunostaining for MMPs, TNF-α and TNF-α receptor i in the glaucomatous optic nerve head, which suggests increased expression of these proteins in glaucoma and thereby implies a role in the tissue remodeling and degenerative changes seen in glaucomatous optic nerve heads. (elsevier.com)
In glaucoma, the most common optic neuropathy, sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP) challenges RGC axons early, including degradation of anterograde transport to the superior colliculus (SC). (biomedcentral.com)
Here we developed a novel metric to quantify organization of astrocyte processes in the optic nerve relative to axon degeneration in the DBA/2 J hereditary mouse model of glaucoma. (biomedcentral.com)
Glaucomatous optic neuropathy (or simply glaucoma), a neurodegenerative disease projected to affect some 11 million people by 2020 [ 37 ], selectively targets RGCs and their axons. (biomedcentral.com)
Can Automated Imaging for Optic Disc and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Analysis Aid Glaucoma Detection? (researcher-app.com)
Glaucoma in general is more than a single disease entity: it is a group of conditions characterized by progressive optic nerve degeneration (detectable by pathological cupping of the optic disc) and loss of visual function, ultimately resulting in total blindness. (europa.eu)
In the early 1970s researchers found marijuana had the ability to lower the elevated eye pressures that damage the optic nerve and cause blindness from glaucoma. (mapinc.org)
Imagine a future in which it is possible to: protect nerve cells from damage, regenerate eyesight lost from glaucoma, predict one's risk for glaucoma before the disease appears and prevent glaucoma from developing at all. (fldoe.org)

The optic nerve is a bundle of more than 1 million nerve fibers that carry visual messages. (medlineplus.gov)
This study used an optic nerve crush model in mice treated with 3 interventions shown to act synergistically to stimulate growth of optic nerve fibers. (medscape.com)
Certain vitamins and minerals are essential in maintaining the cells and nerve fibers that comprise our optic nerve. (viteyes.com)
Your optic nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers located at the back of your eye. (leaf.tv)
Certain conditions will affect the optic nerve, and some may damage these fibers. (leaf.tv)
This pressure limits or cuts off blood flow to the optic nerve, damaging the nerve fibers. (leaf.tv)
The optic nerve is composed of approximately 1.5 million nerve fibers at the back of the eye that carry visual messages from the retina to the brain. (vetiversolutions.info)
Thus, when there is damage to the middle of the optic chiasm (point B in the figure above), it causes the fibers that are crossing over (from the nasal side of each retina) to be damaged. (neuroscientificallychallenged.com)
The temporal fibers aren't damaged since they don't cross over in the optic chiasm. (neuroscientificallychallenged.com)
At that point, the right optic tract carries information from the temporal fibers of the right retina and the nasal fibers from the left retina-both of which deal only with the left visual field. (neuroscientificallychallenged.com)
Structures located within the cone (after passing through the annulus of Zinn) include the motor innervations to the rectus muscles (cranial nerves III and VI) and the afferent sensory fibers from the globe, which are carried by the short and long posterior ciliary nerves before joining the nasociliary nerve (a branch of cranial nerve V1). (medscape.com)
Afferent fibers from the globe travel via the long and short posterior ciliary nerves. (medscape.com)
The fibers then join the nasociliary nerve, which is a branch of the superior division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V1). (medscape.com)
It occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly targets the fatty substance that protects the nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. (prevention.com)

Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD, de Morsier syndrome) is used to describe the association between ONH and the absence of septum pellucidum, deficiency of pituitary hormones and agenesis of corpus callosum. (aao.org)
Clinical manifestations of septo-optic dysplasia include visual impairment, hypopituitarism, and developmental delays. (aao.org)
Dr. Hoyt attributed the discovery of the association of optic nerve hypoplasia with septum pellucidum agenesis to de Morsier, and resurrected the term septo-optic dysplasia syndrome. (aao.org)
ONH/SOD Optic Nerve Hypoplasia/Septo Optic Dysplasia Parent Support- MAGIC -Facebook support group operated by the MAGIC Foundation for families of children with Optic Nerve Hypoplasia, Septo Optic Dysplasia and related conditions. (onhconsulting.com)

Arachnoid hyperplasia in optic nerve glioma: confusion with orbital meningioma. (bmj.com)
A case is reported of an optic nerve glioma with a marked degree of arachnoid hyperplasia which was initially diagnosed as an optic nerve meningioma. (bmj.com)
The relationship between arachnoid hyperplasia in optic nerve glioma and meningioma of the optic nerve sheath in childhood is discussed. (bmj.com)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Large optic nerve glioma. (who.int)
Large optic nerve glioma. (who.int)
Twelve cases of optic nerve glioma seen over a 28 year period are analysed herein in this autopsy study. (who.int)
Two child ren had a diagnosis of astrocytoma, two a diagnosis of medulloblastoma, one a diagnosis of optic nerve glioma, and one a diagnosis of ependymoma. (cdc.gov)

The ophthalmologic exam may help in showing abnormalities at the back of the eye in the optic disc, which is the part of the optic nerve visible using an instrument called an ophthalmoscope. (clevelandclinic.org)
To establish the correlation between clinical grading of papilloedema and diffusion abnormalities of optic nerve head (ONH) on diffusion -weighted imaging (DWI). (bvsalud.org)

en 2022, et a reçu la prestigieuse note de 5 étoiles dans le CRN Partner Program Guide , une liste finale des programmes les plus importants des fournisseurs de technologies de pointe offrant des produits innovants et des services flexibles à travers le réseau informatique. (wn.com)

Outpatient follow-up care of patients with optic nerve sheath meningioma (ONSM) includes visual acuity testing and field testing, in addition to an imaging study in the form of MRI with gadolinium, preferably every year to check for recurrent disease. (medscape.com)
Miller NR. New concepts in the diagnosis and management of optic nerve sheath meningioma. (medscape.com)
Visual Outcome and Tumor Control After Conformal Radiotherapy for Patients With Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma. (medscape.com)
Results of fractionated targeted proton beam therapy in the treatment of primary optic nerve sheath meningioma. (medscape.com)

Milker-Zabel S, Huber P, Schlegel W, Debus J, Zabel-du Bois A. Fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy in the management of primary optic nerve sheath meningiomas. (medscape.com)
Is primary optic nerve sheath schwannoma a misnomer? (bvsalud.org)

We present three cases of congenital optic disc anomalies in one family who underwent an extensive diagnostic workup to exclude any intracranial pathology. (utah.edu)

This injection provides akinesia of the extraocular muscles by blocking cranial nerves II, III, and VI, which prevents movement of the globe. (medscape.com)
Cranial nerve VI (abducens) innervates the lateral rectus muscle. (medscape.com)
Cranial nerve IV (trochlear) innervates the superior oblique muscle. (medscape.com)
Cranial nerve III (oculomotor) innervates all other extraocular muscles. (medscape.com)
While cranial nerves III and VI pass within the cone, cranial nerve IV travels outside of the muscle cone to innervate the superior oblique muscle. (medscape.com)
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. (bvsalud.org)
Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM . (bvsalud.org)

Optic nerve diseases, such as the glaucomas, lead to changes in the intrapapillary and parapapillary region of the optic nerve head. (nih.gov)
VEHSS identifies the annual prevalence of diagnosed Disorders of the Optic Nerve and Visual Pathways based on the presence of International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 codes in patient claims or electronic health record (EHR) systems. (cdc.gov)
A number of eye diseases or conditions may cause damage to your optic nerve. (leaf.tv)
BACKGROUND: Non-invasive tool of community diagnosis for onchocercal endemicity needs to be identified and ascertained for their utility and effectivity in order to facilitate the control of onchocerciacis in sub-Saharan Africa OBJECTIVE: To determine the utility and effectiveness of the Wu-Jones Motion Sensitivity Screening Test (MSST) in detecting optic nerve diseases in onchocercal-endemic rural Africa. (bvsalud.org)

The concentration of mitochondria within non-myelinated axons of cat retina (0.55+/-0.18) was also determined and shown to be comparable to the values for the demyelinated optic axons (0.66+/-0.06). (edu.au)
In the distal nerve, increased Cx43 also indicated with a higher level of intact anterograde transport from retina to SC. (biomedcentral.com)
B-scan ultrasound can reveal an ovoid echogenic lesion at the junction of the retina and optic nerve. (eyewiki.org)
The direct ophthalmoscope allows you to look into the back of the eye to look at the health of the retina, optic nerve, vasculature and vitreous humor . (moviecultists.com)
With it, they can see the retina (which senses light and images), the optic disk (where the optic nerve takes the information to the brain), and blood vessels. (moviecultists.com)
Nerves at the back of your eye (retina) send messages to your brain through the optic nerve. (alberta.ca)
Transporta los axones desde las CÉLULAS GANGLIONARES DE LA RETINA que se organizan en el QUIASMA ÓPTICO y continúan a través del TRACTO ÓPTICO hacia el cerebro. (bvsalud.org)

Transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) is associated with glaucomatous neuropathy, primarily via the increased synthesis and secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and remodeling of the optic nerve head (ONH). (molvis.org)

An intracanalicular lesion may cause marked visual loss with a very small tumor and clinical presentation may be similar to optic neuritis. (radiopaedia.org)
Even in a case of non-juxtapapillary uveal melanoma, poor vision and high intraocular pressure are clinical indicators of optic nerve tumour invasion. (bmj.com)
Clinical Relevance: The MMPs and TNF-α may be components of astroglial activation that occurs in glaucomatous optic nerve heads. (elsevier.com)
While these areas may represent demyelinating lesions their significance remains uncertain in view of poor correlation with clinical and electrophysiological parameters of optic nerve damage. (edu.au)

Lumbar puncture is usually not necessary for isolated optic neuritis, but is sometimes used in assisting with the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. (clevelandclinic.org)

The biological alterations in the expression of these proteins may pay a role in the progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. (elsevier.com)
PURPOSE: The size of the optic nerve head, referred to as disc area (DA), and the vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR), are clinically relevant parameters for glaucomatous optic neuropathy. (ox.ac.uk)

Magnesium is paramount in improving blood flow to the optic nerve, with studies showing how the mineral enhanced ocular circulation . (viteyes.com)

This is necessary when there is a serious compromise in visual acuity due to the optic nerve. (imo.es)

This imaging method is advantageous because it can scan the entire area of the optic disc to show posterior borders of deep, calcified drusen. (eyewiki.org)

Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) is characterized by decreased number of optic nerve axons. (aao.org)
ONH that only involves the superior segment is termed Superior Segmental Optic Nerve Hypoplasia (SSONH) . (aao.org)
ONH that only involves the nasal quadrant is termed nasal optic disc hypoplasia. (aao.org)
Optic nerve hypoplasia was identified in 12% of blind infants in Harris County in Texas in early 1980s. (aao.org)
The following is a sampling of resources to information and supports concerning the various aspects of life with Optic Nerve Hypoplasia (ONH). (onhconsulting.com)
One Small Voice Foundation - Organization that funds research on Optic Nerve Hypoplasia and Hydrocephalus operated by the family of a child with both conditions. (onhconsulting.com)

Field loss may be related to direct compression of the optic nerve and its vascular supply, predisposing the nerve to disc hemorrhages and ischemic optic neuropathy. (eyewiki.org)
This is due to thickening of the extraocular muscles, as well as a significant loss of vision due to compression of the optic nerve. (imo.es)

Myelin wraps around the axons of many nerves. (clevelandclinic.org)
The average number of mitochondria per unit area of axon within axons of normal cat optic nerve and optic nerve in which demyelination had been induced with anti-galactocerebroside (GC) was determined using transmission electron microscopy. (edu.au)
In early progression, as axons expand prior to loss, astrocyte processes become more parallel with migration to the nerve's edge without a change in overall coverage of the nerve. (biomedcentral.com)
As axons degenerate, astrocyte parallelism diminishes with increased glial coverage and reinvasion of the nerve. (biomedcentral.com)
The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. (bvsalud.org)

This plant-derived compound facilitates a steady supply of blood and nutrients to the optic nerve - this is important as fluctuations in blood supply and pressure can damage the optic nerve. (viteyes.com)

Studies have shown that this neuroprotective vitamin is essential to allow the optic nerve to function properly and reduces the degeneration of optic nerve cells. (viteyes.com)
loss of pupillary reflex, retinal and optic nerve degeneration, and the role of light toxicity. (carleton.ca)

Tests for optic nerve disorders may include eye exams, ophthalmoscopy (an examination of the back of your eye), and imaging tests . (medlineplus.gov)

Optic neuritis usually occurs in one eye, though occasionally both eyes are affected (about one in 10 times). (clevelandclinic.org)
Optic neuritis usually improves on its own. (vetiversolutions.info)

Nerve Sheath Diameter (ONSD). (who.int)

For the early detection of glaucomatous optic nerve damage in ocular hypertensive eyes before the development of visual field loss, the most important variables are neuroretinal rim shape, optic cup size in relation to optic disk size, diffusely or segmentally decreased visibility of the RNFL, occurrence of localized RNFL defects, and presence of disk hemorrhages. (nih.gov)

As the link between your eyes and brain, maintaining optic nerve health is essential in protecting your eyesight, warding off optic concerns and boosting your overall eye health. (viteyes.com)

Occasionally a unilateral tumor will grow posteriorly, across the chiasm and along the contralateral nerve. (radiopaedia.org)

The disease may be very serious, since the orbit is a non-extensible osseous cavity, in which an inflammatory process such as this can compress the optic nerve and cause blindness. (imo.es)

Optic neuritis is an inflammation of the optic nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
Gadolinium helps to indicate inflammation in the brain and optic nerve. (clevelandclinic.org)
Another powerful antioxidant, studies have shown that grape seed extract has a neuroprotective effect that extends especially to our optic nerve, in addition to being beneficial for general circulation, reducing inflammation as well as promoting wound healing. (viteyes.com)
In Some Cases, Steroid Medications Are Used To Reduce Inflammation In The Optic Nerve. (vetiversolutions.info)

Though it's not totally clear why folate and vitamin B12 are so important for the health of the optic nerve, studies have shown that deficiencies in these essential nutrients can lead to serious eye problems such as optic neuropathy and can even result in blindness. (viteyes.com)

NMOSD is a rare autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that mainly affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. (fda.gov)
In patients with NMOSD, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and proteins in the body, most often those in the optic nerves and spinal cord. (fda.gov)

A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the brain and orbits (the eye sockets) with gadolinium contrast may confirm the diagnosis of acute demyelinating optic neuritis. (clevelandclinic.org)
Computerized tomography (CT) of the brain was carried out in 100 patients with established or suspected multiple sclerosis (MS). The optic nerves were also examined in 53 of these patients. (edu.au)
Lazy Eye Syndrome, or amblyopia , a disorder in the optic nerve connecting the eye and the brain. (wn.com)

A person who has optic neuritis might go on to develop multiple sclerosis. (clevelandclinic.org)

Optic neuritis is a condition that can happen because of a disease or without any specific known cause. (clevelandclinic.org)
Red-dot card test of the paracentral field as a screening test for optic nerve disease in onchocerciasis. (who.int)
But in some cases it could be a sign of MS, since the disease can cause the optic nerve in the eye to become inflamed. (prevention.com)

This is the point where the retinal arterioles and optic nerve entered the rear of the eyeball. (cdc.gov)

Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of ciliochoroidal melanoma with tumour extension into the optic nerve posteriorly and the extrascleral tissues anteriorly. (bmj.com)

I have students really look at things to stimulate the optic nerves," she says. (dance-teacher.com)

Left untreated, it can compress your optic nerve, permanently affecting your eyesight. (healthline.com)

The most common cause for ON is inflammatory demyelination of the optic nerve. (clevelandclinic.org)

Astrocytes abundant in the optic nerve were distinct from pOPCs and had a greater number of processes and more complicated Golgi apparatus morphology. (mendeley.com)

A 36 year old man developed slowly progressive unilateral visual loss due to a cystic lesion of the intraorbital optic nerve. (bmj.com)
With papilledema, the intraorbital portion of the optic nerve is typically widened and will not decrease in width with prolonged lateral gaze (30 degree test). (eyewiki.org)
Drusen do not produce widening of the intraorbital nerve. (eyewiki.org)

El uso de ecografía ha entrado en el campo de la medicina del dolor, anestesia regional y del bibliographic search, data intervencionismo analgésico durante la última década, e incluso es el estándar de la práctica, por tanto, la capacitación y analysis, writing, revision and un adecuado aprendizaje en la ecografía deben ser parte del plan de estudios de cualquier programa de anestesiología. (bvsalud.org)

In addition, nerve fiber bundle defects involving the inferior field can be encountered, and these defects do not necessarily correspond to the position of the drusen on the optic disc. (eyewiki.org)

Delayed optic nerve complications after proton beam irradiation. (medscape.com)

But most of all, it means that you will not see any difference between Optic Nerve and other eyewear brands with a much higher price tag. (purplecoyote.store)

Hyperplasia of the arachnoid was also the underlying cause for expansion of the optic canal. (bmj.com)
Optic nerve meningiomas are benign tumors arising from the arachnoid cap cells of the optic nerve sheath and represent ~20% of all orbital meningiomas , the majority of which are direct extensions from intracranial meningiomas . (radiopaedia.org)
Optic nerve meningiomas arise from the arachnoid cap cells of the optic nerve sheath, and as such are on the inside of the dura (remember that the arachnoid layer is immediately deep to the inner layer of the dura mater ). (radiopaedia.org)

and visibility of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). (nih.gov)
Newer disc and/or nerve fiber layer imaging techniques (e.g. (columbia.edu)
Heidelberg Engineering) retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) classification. (researcher-app.com)
Once ONHD become clinically visible, thinning of the nerve fiber layer (NFL) can be observed through several modalities. (eyewiki.org)
Alterations in the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer may include varying degrees of regional thinning, especially nasally, or diffuse loss of NFL. (eyewiki.org)

Optic Nerve Head (ONH) detection is a crucial step in retinal image analysis algorithms. (semanticscholar.org)
A genetic epidemiologic study of candidate genes involved in the optic nerve head morphology. (ox.ac.uk)
Optic nerve head drusen (ONHD) are globular, often calcified, hyaline bodies located within the optic nerve head. (eyewiki.org)
The optic nerve head is often elevated with blurred and/or irregular disc margins, giving the appearance of pseudopapilledema. (eyewiki.org)
Buried ONHD produce elevation of the disc and blurring of its margin, mimicking optic nerve head edema. (eyewiki.org)
If, like me, you can still remember the thrill of buying, say, the Mighty Lemon Drops' single 'Into The Heart Of Love' in a box with three badges and a postcard, or 'Head Gone Astray' by the Soup Dragons with a huge poster enclosed, then Optic Nerve Recordings might just find a place in your heart. (everythingindieover40.com)
A, Fluorescein angiogram demonstrates late pooling of dye in a petaloid pattern in the macula and staining of the optic nerve head. (aao.org)
Papilloedema: diffusion-weighted imaging of optic nerve head. (bvsalud.org)
Other wires don't go into his head, but hang limp on the zip ties, weighted down by clusters of eyeballs whose optic nerves look like they've been melted onto the exposed wires. (collegian.com)

Retrobulbar block is type of regional anesthetic nerve block used in intraocular surgery. (medscape.com)

We are able to regenerate nerve cells in the eye which normally cannot regenerate, as is true for all central nervous system cells," senior author Larry Benowitz, PhD, from the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center and Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery at Boston Children's Hospital, told Medscape Medical News in a telephone interview. (medscape.com)

Anatomy71

Organisms9

Diseases50

Chemicals and Drugs14

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes16

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

PDGF (alpha)-receptor is unresponsive to PDGF-AA in aortic smooth muscle cells from the NG2 knockout mouse. (1/1964)

Why is the retention of gonadotrophin secretion common in children with panhypopituitarism due to septo-optic dysplasia? (2/1964)

Injury-induced gelatinase and thrombin-like activities in regenerating and nonregenerating nervous systems. (3/1964)

Directional and spectral reflectance of the rat retinal nerve fiber layer. (4/1964)

Test-retest variability of frequency-doubling perimetry and conventional perimetry in glaucoma patients and normal subjects. (5/1964)

CNTF, not other trophic factors, promotes axonal regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult hamsters. (6/1964)

Evaluation of focal defects of the nerve fiber layer using optical coherence tomography. (7/1964)

The optic disc in glaucoma. I: Classification. (8/1964)

Optic Nerve

Optic Nerve Injuries

Optic Disk

Optic Nerve Diseases

Optic Neuritis

Optic Chiasm

Optic Atrophy

Optic Nerve Neoplasms

Retinal Ganglion Cells

Nerve Fibers

Sciatic Nerve

Nerve Crush

Nerve Regeneration

Optic Nerve Glioma

Peripheral Nerves

Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic

Axons

Retina

Intraocular Pressure

Glaucoma

Papilledema

Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian

Optic Atrophies, Hereditary

Optic Flow

Nerve Block

Eye

Cranial Nerve Neoplasms

Nerve Endings

Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber

Optics and Photonics

Sural Nerve

Median Nerve

Glaucoma, Open-Angle

Facial Nerve

Peripheral Nerve Injuries

Ophthalmoscopy

Nerve Compression Syndromes

Optic Disk Drusen

Axonal Transport

Myelin Sheath

Tibial Nerve

Nerve Degeneration

Ulnar Nerve

Orbit

Visual Fields

Nerve Growth Factors

Vision Disorders

Superior Colliculi

Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant

Ocular Hypertension

Femoral Nerve

Axotomy

Coloboma

Spinal Nerves

Cranial Nerves

Nerve Growth Factor

Goldfish

Evoked Potentials, Visual

Visual Acuity

Sclera

Nerve Fibers, Myelinated

Photography

Trigeminal Nerve

Visual Pathways

Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological

Phrenic Nerve

Radial Nerve

Cell Count

Retinal Diseases

Astrocytes

Spinal Nerve Roots

Tomography, Optical Coherence

Neuroglia

Retinal Vein

Disease Models, Animal

Retinal Vessels

Retinal Artery

Neural Conduction

Ophthalmic Nerve

Nerve Tissue Proteins