Opportunistic Infections
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.
HIV Infections
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.
CD4 Lymphocyte Count
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
Immunocompromised Host
T-Lymphocytopenia, Idiopathic CD4-Positive
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
Anti-HIV Agents
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)
Meningitis, Cryptococcal
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related
B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.
HIV-1
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Histoplasmosis
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)
Pneumocystis Infections
Infections with species in the genus PNEUMOCYSTIS, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS) and other infections in humans and other MAMMALS. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.
Lung Diseases, Parasitic
Candidiasis, Oral
Candidiasis
Pneumocystis
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal
An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)
Namibia
HIV Seropositivity
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Immunosuppressive Agents
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.
Antifungal Agents
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Medicine, African Traditional
Pneumocystis carinii
Tuberculosis
Retroviruses, Simian
Infection
Parasitic Diseases
Viral Load
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.
Organ Transplantation
Thymic Factor, Circulating
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination
Mycobacterium avium Complex
A complex that includes several strains of M. avium. M. intracellulare is not easily distinguished from M. avium and therefore is included in the complex. These organisms are most frequently found in pulmonary secretions from persons with a tuberculous-like mycobacteriosis. Strains of this complex have also been associated with childhood lymphadenitis and AIDS; M. avium alone causes tuberculosis in a variety of birds and other animals, including pigs.
Mucormycosis
Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order Mucorales (e.g., Absidia, Mucor, Rhizopus etc.) There are many clinical types associated with infection of the central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an opportunistic infection in patients with a chronic debilitating disease, particularly uncontrolled diabetes, or who are receiving immunosuppressive agents. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Protozoan Infections
Cryptosporidiosis
Central Nervous System Infections
Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.
Fatal Outcome
Immunosuppression
Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.
Drug Therapy, Combination
Coccidioidomycosis
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.
Cryptococcus
HIV Wasting Syndrome
Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
Microsporida
Incidence
Retrospective Studies
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Treatment Outcome
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)
Coinfection
Encephalitozoonosis
Polymyositis
Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)
Cohort Studies
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Cladribine
Ethnobotany
Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous
Infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (atypical mycobacteria): M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. scrofulaceum, M. flavescens, M. gordonae, M. obuense, M. gilvum, M. duvali, M. szulgai, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX;), M. xenopi (littorale), M. ulcerans, M. buruli, M. terrae, M. fortuitum (minetti, giae), M. chelonae.
Amphotericin B
Anti-Infective Agents
Antibodies, Neoplasm
Leukocyte Count
Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Penicillium
South Africa
Zidovudine
A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.
HIV Seronegativity
France
Simian immunodeficiency virus
Immune System
Risk Factors
Hematologic Neoplasms
T-Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Prevalence
Toxoplasma
Graft Rejection
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.
Antitubercular Agents
Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: "first-line" agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and "second-line" drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy.
Hemophilia A
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)
Nervous System Diseases
AIDS-Related Complex
A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.
Macaca mulatta
Cryptococcus neoformans
Health Planning Guidelines
Prospective Studies
Thailand
Fluconazole
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Transfer of HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS from BONE MARROW or BLOOD between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms.
Lung Diseases, Fungal
Antiviral Agents
Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.
CD4-CD8 Ratio
Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
Immunologic Factors
Causality
The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors.
Transplantation, Homologous
Drug Administration Schedule
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab.
Disease Progression
Lymphocyte Depletion
Lymphocyte Subsets
Treatment Failure
Ganciclovir
Virus Replication
Survival Analysis
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
Deltaretrovirus
A genus in the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of exogenous horizontally-transmitted viruses found in a few groups of mammals. Infections caused by these viruses include human B- or adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED), and bovine leukemia (ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS). The type species is LEUKEMIA VIRUS, BOVINE.
Immunocompetence
Vidarabine
A nucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus. It has some antineoplastic properties and has broad spectrum activity against DNA viruses in cell cultures and significant antiviral activity against infections caused by a variety of viruses such as the herpes viruses, the VACCINIA VIRUS and varicella zoster virus.
Killer Cells, Natural
Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.
Lymphocyte Activation
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
Disease Susceptibility
Candida
A genus of yeast-like mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. It is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including CANDIDIASIS; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; vulvovaginal candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL), and thrush (see CANDIDIASIS, ORAL). (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Gastrointestinal Agents
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Drug Interactions
Cytokines
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
Immunity, Cellular
AIDS Vaccines
Mycobacterium avium
Diarrhea
Lung
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
Radiography, Thoracic
Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
Liver Transplantation
Antilymphocyte Serum
Prednisone
Postoperative Complications
Candida albicans
Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating
A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. Among their common properties are a requirement for metabolic activation to intermediates with antitumor efficacy and the presence in their chemical structures of N-methyl groups, that after metabolism, can covalently modify cellular DNA. The precise mechanisms by which each of these drugs acts to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2026)
Follow-Up Studies
Cyclophosphamide
Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.
Mycobacterium
Case-Control Studies
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Bone Marrow Transplantation
DNA, Ribosomal Spacer
Macrophages
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)
Developing Countries
Survival Rate
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.
Virus Activation
The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.
Interferon-gamma
The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Interferon Type I
T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer
Subpopulation of CD4+ lymphocytes that cooperate with other lymphocytes (either T or B) to initiate a variety of immune functions. For example, helper-inducer T-cells cooperate with B-cells to produce antibodies to thymus-dependent antigens and with other subpopulations of T-cells to initiate a variety of cell-mediated immune functions.
Opportunistic Pneumocystis carinii infection in red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus). (1/1200)
P. carinii infection in red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus), born and maintained in a laboratory breeding colony, was examined by histopathologic examination postmortem. P. carinii cysts were detected in 6 of 10 red-bellied tamarins examined, by using Grocott's, toluidine blue O and immunostaining with avidin-biotin complex using antisera for rat-, simian-, and human-P. carinii. The results obtained from the present studies imply that P. carinii may be an important pathogen in this species. (+info)Comparison of isolation media for recovery of Burkholderia cepacia complex from respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis. (2/1200)
Burkholderia cepacia selective agar (BCSA) has previously been devised for isolation of B. cepacia from respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis and tested under research laboratory conditions. Here we describe a study in which BCSA, oxidation-fermentation polymyxin bacitracin lactose agar (OFPBL), and Pseudomonas cepacia agar (PCA) were compared in routine culture procedures for the ability to grow B. cepacia and inhibit other organisms. Three hundred twenty-eight specimens from 209 patients at two pediatric centers and 328 specimens from 109 adults were tested. Plates were inoculated, incubated, and read for quality and quantity of growth at 24, 48, and 72 h. Five (1.5%) specimens from 4 (1.9%) children and 75 (22.9%) specimens from 16 (14.7%) adults grew B. cepacia complex. At 24, 48, and 72 h, BCSA achieved 43, 93, and 100% detection, respectively; OFPBL achieved 26, 84, and 96%, respectively; and PCA achieved 33, 74, and 84% detection, respectively. Quality was assessed as pinpoint or good growth. At 24 h, most cultures growing B. cepacia complex had pinpoint colonies. By 48 and 72 h, 48 and 69% of B. cepacia complex cultures, respectively, had good growth on BCSA, while on OFPBL 19 and 30%, respectively, had good growth and on PCA 11 and 18%, respectively, had good growth. BCSA was superior to OFPBL and PCA in suppressing organisms other than B. cepacia complex; 40 non-B. cepacia complex organisms were isolated from BCSA, 263 were isolated from OFPBL, and 116 were isolated from PCA. We conclude that BCSA is superior to OFPBL and PCA in its ability to support the growth of B. cepacia complex and to suppress other respiratory organisms. (+info)Fatal disseminated Trichoderma longibrachiatum infection in an adult bone marrow transplant patient: species identification and review of the literature. (3/1200)
Trichoderma longibrachiatum was recovered from stool surveillance cultures and a perirectal ulcer biopsy specimen from a 29-year-old male who had received an allogeneic bone marrow transplant for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The amphotericin B (2.0 microgram/ml) and itraconazole (1.0 microgram/ml) MICs for the organism were elevated. Therapy with these agents was unsuccessful, and the patient died on day 58 posttransplantation. At autopsy, histologic sections from the lungs, liver, brain, and intestinal wall showed infiltration by branching septate hyphae. Cultures were positive for Trichoderma longibrachiatum. While Trichoderma species have been recognized to be pathogenic in profoundly immunosuppressed hosts with increasing frequency, this is the first report of probable acquisition through the gastrointestinal tract. Salient features regarding the identification of molds in the Trichoderma longibrachiatum species aggregate are presented. (+info)Central line sepsis in a child due to a previously unidentified mycobacterium. (4/1200)
A rapidly growing mycobacterium similar to strains in the present Mycobacterium fortuitum complex (M. fortuitum, M. peregrinum, and M. fortuitum third biovariant complex [sorbitol positive and sorbitol negative]) was isolated from a surgically placed central venous catheter tip and three cultures of blood from a 2-year-old child diagnosed with metastatic hepatoblastoma. The organism's unique phenotypic profile and ribotype patterns differed from those of the type and reference strains of the M. fortuitum complex and indicate that this organism may represent a new pathogenic taxon. (+info)Candidemia at selected Canadian sites: results from the Fungal Disease Registry, 1992-1994. Fungal Disease Registry of the Canadian Infectious Disease Society. (5/1200)
BACKGROUND: Candida species are important bloodstream pathogens that are being isolated with increasing frequency. Despite the availability of effective antifungal therapy, the mortality rate associated with Candida infection remains high. With the objective of describing the epidemiology of candidemia, the Canadian Infectious Disease Society conducted a study of candidemia in Canada. METHODS: Fourteen medical centres across Canada identified all patients with candidemia from March 1992 to February 1994 through blood culture surveillance for Candida spp. Patient-related data for invasive fungal infection were compiled retrospectively by chart review using a standardized data-recording form developed for the Fungal Disease Registry of the Canadian Infectious Disease Society. Cases of Candidemia were studied in relation to underlying medical conditions, predisposing factors, concurrent infection, antimicrobial agents, antifungal treatment and deaths. RESULTS: In total, 415 cases of candidemia were identified, 48 (11.6%) in children and 367 (88.4%) in adults. The causative pathogens were C. albicans in 286 cases (68.9%), C. parapsilosis in 43 (10.4%), C. glabrata in 34 (8.2%), C. tropicalis in 27 (6.5%) and other Candida species in 18 (4.3%); polymicrobial candidemia occurred in 7 cases (1.7%). The overall mortality rate was 46%, and the rate of deaths clinically related to candidemia was 19%. However, only 13 (27%) of the children died. A univariate analysis indicated that significant risk factors for death were age greater than 60 years, therapy for concomitant bacterial infection, stay in an intensive care unit, concurrent malignant disease, cytotoxic chemotherapy and granulocytopenia, although only age and stay in an intensive care unit emerged as significant risk factors in the multivariate analysis. After adjustment for other predictors of death, only infection with C. parapsilosis was associated with a lower mortality rate than infection with C. albicans. Treatment was given in 352 (84.8%) of cases. Amphotericin B was the preferred agent in 244 cases (69.3% of those treated); fluconazole was used in 101 cases (28.7%) and ketoconazole in 5 cases (1.4%). INTERPRETATION: Candidemia in Canada is caused predominantly by C. albicans. The mortality rate associated with candidemia is high, but it varies with the species of Candida and is lower in children than in adults. Age greater than 60 years and stay in an intensive care unit were the most significant risk factors for overall mortality. (+info)Candida dubliniensis candidemia in patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and bone marrow transplantation. (6/1200)
The recently described species Candida dubliniensis has been recovered primarily from superficial oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. No clinically documented invasive infections were reported until now in this patient group or in other immunocompromised patients. We report three cases of candidemia due to this newly emerging Candida species in HIV-negative patients with chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression and bone marrow transplantation. (+info)Fungal prophylaxis by reduction of fungal colonization by oral administration of bovine anti-Candida antibodies in bone marrow transplant recipients. (7/1200)
Candida overgrowth and invasion constitute a serious threat with a high mortality in BMT recipients. Currently available topical antifungal prophylaxis is largely ineffective, and as resistance to existing, absorbable drugs for systemic use is rapidly developing, new forms of therapy are needed. We investigated the effect of oral treatment of BMT recipients with a bovine immunoglobulin product derived from animals immunized against several Candida species. The natural Candida colonization was first followed in 19 patients to establish the colonization pattern. Half of the patients were found to be colonized prior to transplantation and altogether 72% were colonized at some point during follow-up. Those with a high pre-transplant concentration of Candida in saliva (>100 CFU/ml) remained colonized throughout the BMT treatment period. The therapeutic effect was monitored in two other patient groups. The first group consisted of nine patients, where, due to a low number of primary colonized patients, response in colonized patients was suggestive of a therapeutic effect. In the second group, 10 patients with a high level of colonization (>100 CFU/ml) were given 10 g daily of the product in three divided doses. The results suggest a treatment-related reduction in Candida colonization in a majority (7/10) of patients and one patient became completely negative. As no adverse effects were noted, our findings encourage additional studies in immunocompromised, transplant patients. (+info)Improvement of nebulised antibiotic delivery in cystic fibrosis. (8/1200)
AIM: To investigate deposition patterns and to assess the delivery rate of two nebuliser systems in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS: Thirty three children with CF on regular treatment with nebulised antibiotics had radioisotope scans performed using technetium-99m labelled aerosol antibiotic generated by a Ventstream nebuliser (median mass diameter (MMD), 3.3 microm; delivery rate, 0. 075 ml/min) under conditions similar to their routine home practice. The inhomogeneity of the images was scored on a 1-10 rating scale (a low score indicating even distribution of the antibiotic), and stomach deposition was measured as a percentage of overall deposition. Twenty patients had a repeat scan using an Optimist nebuliser (MMD, 1.8 microm; delivery rate, 0.02 ml/min). RESULTS: The mean inhomogeneity scores were 5.4 in the Ventstream group and 3. 5 in the Optimist group. Mean stomach deposition was 17.3% in the 33 patients using the Ventstream nebuliser. There was an inverse relation between height and stomach deposition (r = 0.69). In the 20 patients who had both nebulisers, the mean percentages of stomach deposition for the Ventstream and Optimist nebulisers were 11.8% and 1.6%, respectively. The Ventstream nebuliser delivered antibiotic at an average 2.8 times faster rate than the Optimist nebuliser. IMPLICATIONS: A smaller particle size results in a more homogenous distribution of the antibiotic in the lungs with decreased stomach deposition. This should not be seen as a recommendation to use the Optimist nebuliser because more antibiotic was delivered to most parts of the lung with the Ventstream because of its increased delivery rate. (+info)
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No data available that match "opportunistic infections"
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PathogensCommon opportunistic infectionsConference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic InfectionsDiseasesIncidence of opportunistic infectionsCytomegalovirusCenters for DiseasTuberculosisAntiretroviralMixed-pathogenOccurHigher risk of opportunistic infectionsPreventionPatientsClinicalAIDS and Opportunistic InfectionsOverview of opportunistic infectionsPrevent opportunistic infectionsCandidiasisType of opportunistic infectionIllnessesFungal infectionMortalityDevelopment of opportunisticSymptomsImpact of opportunisticAcuteToxoplasmosisImmune systemDiagnosisFungiMycobacterium Avium CFrequencyHAARTBacteriaProphylaxisAmong HIV-ExposedDefinitionEmerged as an important complicationSignificantlySystemicTreatmentAntibioticReconstitutionHerpesPulmonaryRiskBody'sBacterial infectionAcquired Immunode
Pathogens24
- An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, fungi, parasites or viruses) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available. (wikipedia.org)
- Opportunistic infections can also be attributed to pathogens that cause mild illness in healthy individuals but lead to more serious illness when given the opportunity to take advantage of an immunocompromised host. (wikipedia.org)
- A wide variety of pathogens are involved in opportunistic infection and can cause a similarly wide range in pathologies. (wikipedia.org)
- A partial list of opportunistic pathogens and their associated presentations includes: Clostridioides difficile (formerly known as Clostridium difficile) is a species of bacteria that is known to cause gastrointestinal infection and is typically associated with the hospital setting. (wikipedia.org)
- 1 Many microsporidia have been reported as pathogens in humans, but Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis are the most common microsporidia that cause infection in HIV-infected patients. (nih.gov)
- An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacterial, viral, fungal or protozoan) that usually do not cause disease in a healthy host, i.e. one with a healthy immune system. (thefullwiki.org)
- They cover preventing exposure to opportunistic pathogens, using chemoprophylaxis or vaccination to prevent the first episode of disease, and preventing recurrence for 17 opportunistic infections or groups of opportunistic infections. (cdc.gov)
- Prophylactic regimens against opportunistic pathogens and more potent antiretroviral drugs appear to be important factors influencing this decline in incidence. (cdc.gov)
- Fecal sampling was done to evaluate changes in the microbiome of the gut and to detect colonization of opportunistic pathogens. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
- Ribaxamase can be administered to degrade antibiotics, potentially preventing disruption of the gut microbiome from CDI, antibiotic resistance, and colonization of the intestines by opportunistic pathogens. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
- Secondary end points included non-CDI antibiotic-associated diarrhea, changes in the gut microbiome, antibiotic resistance rates, and colonization by opportunistic pathogens. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
- In addition, there was a 71% risk reduction in CDI ( P =.045) and a 44% relative risk reduction in new colonization by opportunistic pathogens, specifically vancomycin-resistant enterococci ( P =.0002). (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
- In this context several opportunistic pathogens have emerged as causes of clinically important disease. (ucl.ac.uk)
- Clinicians should be aware of these opportunistic pathogens in order that a timely diagnosis may be made and appropriate therapy given. (ucl.ac.uk)
- Here, we review major opportunistic pathogens of the CNS seen in transplant patients, highlighting distinguishing epidemiologic and clinical features. (northwestern.edu)
- One major factor that may have led to substantially higher infection rates among polymyositis/dermatomyositis patients than those with lupus in this study was interstitial lung disease, which has been detected in up to two-thirds of polymyositis/dermatomyositis patients and may increase susceptibility to pulmonary infections with Aspergillus and Mycobacterium pathogens. (rheumatologynetwork.com)
- The guidelines discuss opportunistic pathogens that occur in the United States, including one that might be acquired during international travel. (cdc.gov)
- These minimum screenings will help to pick up early Tuberculosis , CMV / Toxoplasmosis retinitis, opportunistic pathogens causing diarrhea and even viral infection. (hivinchildren.org)
- Opportunistic pathogens are a worldwide cause of mortality and morbidity, and infections with intrinsically antibiotic-resistant pathogens have a large clinical, social and economic impact. (microbialcell.com)
- Bacteria belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), ubiquitous in natural and industrial environments, are notorious pathogens for individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). In addition, Burkholderia cenocepacia is emerging as the culprit of non-CF related, sometimes fatal infections. (microbialcell.com)
- Knowledge of the underlying infection mechanism of these pathogens is important for efficient treatment, however, to date not much is known about the lifestyle of Bcc bacteria during infection. (microbialcell.com)
- In our recent study published in PLoS Pathogens, we provide experimental evidence that macrophages are critically important for proliferation of B. cenocepacia , and are major drivers of fatal pro-inflammatory infections in zebrafish larvae. (microbialcell.com)
- Our finding that macrophages are essential for proliferation of B. cenocepacia in the host suggests a new paradigm for Bcc infections and urges the development of novel anti-infectious therapies to efficiently disarm these intrinsically antibiotic resistant facultative intracellular pathogens. (microbialcell.com)
- They can cause disease in plants and animals and are opportunistic pathogens for humans. (microbialcell.com)
Common opportunistic infections3
- The most common opportunistic infections that an HIV-infected person get are Candidiasis or Thrush, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus, Mycobacterium avium complex, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Toxoplasmosis, and Tuberculosis. (faqs.org)
- Description of the most common opportunistic infections with links to more detailed information. (aidsinfonet.org)
- and opportunities to improve treatment for two common opportunistic infections: cryptococcal meningitis and Kaposi's sarcoma. (msfaccess.org)
Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections8
- CDC scientists will present nearly 30 abstracts at the 2021 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI). (cdc.gov)
- More gay and bisexual men at high risk for HIV are using pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), according to a new CDC study presented today at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. (cdc.gov)
- This coverage is not sanctioned by, nor a part of, the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections . (medscape.com)
- The Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) is an annual event which brings together top basic, translational, and clinical researchers from around the world. (pharmaccess.org)
- The Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) is a scientifically focused meeting of the world's leading researchers working to understand, prevent, and treat HIV/AIDS and its complications. (flsida.org)
- The Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) conference is probably the most important annual scientific HIV meeting and it is also one of the most accessible for people who are unable to attend the meeting. (i-base.info)
- We continue our reports from the 21st Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections held in Boston from 3-6 March 2014. (i-base.info)
- Report from San Francisco: The 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI). (elsevier.com)
Diseases27
- An infection by a microorganism that normally does not cause disease but becomes pathogenic when the body's immune system is impaired and unable to fight off infection, as in AIDS and certain other diseases. (dictionary.com)
- The report contains revised guidelines -- developed with the NIH and the Infectious Diseases Society of America -- for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. (medpagetoday.com)
- This means that there are still large numbers of children with HIV, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, who are vulnerable to opportunistic and other infections diseases such as TB, bacterial pneumonia and diarrhea. (news-medical.net)
- This issue of MMWR Recommendations and Reports (Vol. 44, No. RR-8) is excerpted from the USPHS/IDSA Guidelines for the Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in Persons Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, to be published in a supplement to Clinical Infectious Diseases in August 1995. (cdc.gov)
- Opportunistic infections and diseases occur in people whose immune systems have been weakened. (wellspan.org)
- When the immune system is weakened by a disease such as HIV infection, opportunistic diseases may cause serious, even life-threatening, illnesses. (wellspan.org)
- In the context of emerging infectious diseases, opportunistic infections (OIs) have assumed importance because of immunocompromised populations that are either new or have increased over the past two decades. (asmscience.org)
- PA-98-100 P.T. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Cancer Institute Application Receipt Date: January 20, 1999 PURPOSE PA-98-100, NATIONAL COOPERATIVE DRUG DISCOVERY RESEARCH ON OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS, appeared in the NIH Guide on August 25, 1998 . (nih.gov)
- Therefore, members of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group formed a consensus committee to develop standard definitions for IFIs for clinical research. (nih.gov)
- There are more than 20 serious diseases that can become opportunistic infections if you have HIV/AIDS. (ahealthyme.com)
- The 1997 U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)/Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report June 27, 1997 , (Vol. 46, No. RR-12) and will appear in other publications within the next few months. (cdc.gov)
- In 1994, the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recognized that, although strategies were available to reduce the frequency of opportunistic infections in patients who have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, information regarding prevention of both exposure and disease often was published in journals not regularly reviewed by health-care providers. (cdc.gov)
- Opportunistic diseases often seen with aids include which diseases? (healthtap.com)
- To assess the impact of opportunistic diseases on survival in patients with HIV disease. (nih.gov)
- Time-dependent Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed using incident opportunistic diseases and CD4 cell counts as independent variables. (nih.gov)
- Most opportunistic diseases increase the risk of death independently of CD4 cell count. (nih.gov)
- These data support the hypothesis that opportunistic diseases enhance HIV pathogenesis and further underscore the importance of prophylaxis. (nih.gov)
- Over the past two decades, symptomatic deterioration in patients initiating HAART has been described in relation to a number of pre-existing subclinical infections, inflammatory disorders, and autoimmune diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
- These guidelines are developed by a panel of specialists in pediatric HIV infection and infectious diseases (the Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children) from the U.S. government and academic institutions. (hiv.gov)
- To estimate and compare the burdens of opportunistic infections and herpes zoster in real-world practice among patients with various systemic rheumatic diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
- This 13-year cohort study used national health insurance data to compare the incidence rates (IRs) of nine opportunistic infections among patients with five rheumatic diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
- The risk of opportunistic infections was highest during the first year after the diagnosis of all five rheumatic diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
- Moreover, the development of infection in patients with rheumatic diseases leads to a much poorer prognosis relative to that of patients without infectious diseases [ 2 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Among patients with systemic rheumatic diseases, the risk of opportunistic infections was highest in those with polymyositis/dermatomyositis, say researchers writing in Arthritis Research & Therapy this month. (rheumatologynetwork.com)
- Animals may carry diseases that if passed to a person with HIV can result in diarrhea, brain infections, and skin lesions. (cdc.gov)
- HIV is a virus that targets and alters the immune system, increasing the risk and impact of other infections and diseases. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In doing so, it destroys the cells and reduces the body's ability to combat other infections and diseases. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Incidence of opportunistic infections3
- Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has reduced the incidence of opportunistic infections (OIs) among HIV-infected patients with access to adequate medical care. (drugtopics.com)
- However, surveillance data indicate that the incidence of opportunistic infections has been changing in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- The incidence of opportunistic infections was highest during the first year after diagnosis of the rheumatic disease, diminishing thereafter. (rheumatologynetwork.com)
Cytomegalovirus6
- Cytomegalovirus is a family of opportunistic viruses, most frequently associated with respiratory infection. (wikipedia.org)
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a viral infection that causes eye disease that can lead to blindness. (aidsinfonet.org)
- A description of the opportunistic infection cytomegalovirus (CMV), including symptoms, prevention and treatment. (aidsinfonet.org)
- Tuberculosis, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, candidiasis, cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, and Mycobacterium avium complex infections are among the HIV-related OIs often encountered in clinical practice and are covered in this topic. (bmj.com)
- Most attention was focused on recent data related to chemoprophylaxis against disseminated MAC disease, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and fungal infections and to immunization against Streptococcus pneumoniae. (cdc.gov)
- Moreover, among patients with PM/DM or SLE, there are no large-scale studies regarding the incidences of other OIs (e.g. aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, non-tuberculous mycobacteria, and cytomegalovirus infection). (biomedcentral.com)
Centers for Diseas1
- Clinicians may consider continuing treatment for microsporidiosis until improvement in severe immunosuppression is sustained (more than 6 months at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention immunologic category 1 or 2) and clinical signs and symptoms of infection are resolved (weak, very low) . (nih.gov)
Tuberculosis9
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a species of bacteria that causes tuberculosis, a respiratory infection. (wikipedia.org)
- Tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial infection that attacks your lungs. (webmd.com)
- Worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is the most common co-infection among people living with HIV . (avert.org)
- Your healthcare professional should test you for tuberculosis and if you have got it, you should receive treatment which cures the infection. (avert.org)
- Summary data on the incidence density (ie, incidence per person-year [PY]) of serious infection, opportunistic infection, and tuberculosis associated with each of the nine biologic therapies currently indicated in rheumatoid arthritis patients are not available. (dovepress.com)
- Additional calculation of the incidence density was performed in 12 studies for serious infection and in 13 studies for opportunistic infection or tuberculosis. (dovepress.com)
- Fewer incidence data were available for opportunistic infection and tuberculosis. (dovepress.com)
- The incidence of opportunistic infection and tuberculosis ranged widely, from 0.01 to 3.0/100 PY and 0.01 to 2.6/100 PY, respectively. (dovepress.com)
- Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that attacks the lungs, and can cause meningitis. (aids.org)
Antiretroviral17
- ATLANTA, March 25 -- For treatment-naive HIV patients with an opportunistic infection, the benefits of immediate antiretroviral therapy outweigh the risks, according to new guidelines from the CDC. (medpagetoday.com)
- Evidence is mounting that for most such infections -- especially if there is no specific treatment -- early antiretroviral therapy will contribute to faster resolution, the agency said in an early release of Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . (medpagetoday.com)
- People often learn they have HIV only when they seek treatment for an opportunistic infection, the guidelines note, and physicians face the question of when to start antiretroviral therapy. (medpagetoday.com)
- And, the guidelines say, starting effective antiretroviral therapy in the setting of an acute opportunistic infection also has a preventive effect -- a second opportunistic infection is less likely to occur. (medpagetoday.com)
- Nevertheless, the guidelines say, for many opportunistic infections "the early benefits of [antiretroviral therapy] outweigh increased risk related to these other factors and [antiretroviral therapy] should be started as soon as possible. (medpagetoday.com)
- Since combination antiretroviral treatment for HIV became available, the number of people living with HIV who have had opportunistic infections has gone down drastically. (thewellproject.org)
- These illnesses tend to occur most often in patients who have untreated HIV infection or who fail to benefit from antiretroviral treatment. (bmj.com)
- The authors state that in HIV-infected patients who are HAART-naïve and require antiretroviral therapy, lamivudine (Epivir, GlaxoSmithKline) 150-mg tablets taken twice daily are commonly used to treat HBV infection. (drugtopics.com)
- For those who are lamivudine-experienced and require HAART, the authors said that tenofovir (Viread, Gilead) 300-mg tablets taken once daily in conjunction with a fully suppressive antiretroviral regimen are considered by certain specialists to be the optimal choice for the treatment of HIV and HBV infection. (drugtopics.com)
- After more than a decade of establishing and expanding access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), empirical evidence on its impact on trends of opportunistic infections (OIs) associated with the deadly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in resource poor settings is scarce. (biomedcentral.com)
- Objectives To determine the effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy in reducing opportunistic infections (OI) as both a presenting event and subsequent to an AIDS-defining event. (ovid.com)
- Predicting future prevalence of any opportunistic infection (OI) among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in resource poor settings is important for proper planning, advocacy and resource allocation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) restores inflammatory immune responses in AIDS patients which may unmask previous subclinical infections or paradoxically exacerbate symptoms of opportunistic infections. (biomedcentral.com)
- Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has transformed HIV-induced disease from a fatal infection to a chronic yet manageable condition. (biomedcentral.com)
- HIV-related immunodeficiency is a major risk factor for most of the infections that are discussed in this document, and the prevention or reversal of HIV-related immunodeficiency with antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a key part of prevention and management of OIs in general. (hiv.gov)
- Certain prices of HIV drugs may be high and difficult to afford due to patent barriers on antiretroviral drugs and slow regulatory approval for drugs, which may lead to indirect consequences such as greater HIV drug resistance and an increased number of opportunistic infections. (wikipedia.org)
- The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), a US government initiative concentrated on curbing HIV infections in low-income, developing nations, estimated that first-line antiretroviral drug prices were reduced by 15% from 2004 to 2009 for their programs. (wikipedia.org)
Mixed-pathogen1
- In a mixed-pathogen lung infection model, we find that the Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor α toxin potentiates Gram-negative bacterial proliferation, systemic spread, and lethality by preventing acidification of bacteria-containing macrophage phagosomes, thereby reducing effective killing of both S. aureus and Gram-negative bacteria. (sciencemag.org)
Occur8
- Opportunistic infections occur when the body's immune system is weakened by disease or malnutrition . (dictionary.com)
- Infection with Giardia can occur directly by the fecal-oral route or indirectly via ingestion of contaminated water or food, but water contaminated with cysts appears to be the major reservoir and vehicle for spread of the parasite. (nih.gov)
- Opportunistic infections are infections that occur more often and are more severe in people with weakened immune systems than in people with healthy immune systems 1).People with weakened immune systems include people living … In the modern world, there is a dire need for people who can communicate in different languages. (morewoodbikes.com)
- The Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV document is published in an electronic format that can be easily updated as relevant changes in prevention and treatment recommendations occur. (morewoodbikes.com)
- Opportunistic infections only occur when HIV has progressed to stage 3. (morewoodbikes.com)
- Opportunistic infections (OIs) are illnesses that occur more frequently and are more severe in people with HIV. (morewoodbikes.com)
- Any infection that creates condition and does occur only if the number's immunity system is weakened. (azdictionary.com)
- The guidelines discuss opportunistic infections that occur in the United States and ones that might be acquired during international travel, such as malaria. (hiv.gov)
Higher risk of opportunistic infections3
- Multivariable Cox analysis revealed that, relative to SLE, PM/DM was associated with a significantly higher risk of opportunistic infections (hazard ratio 1.18, 95% CI 1.08-1.29). (biomedcentral.com)
- It is important to note that RA patients receiving anti-TNF therapy or other biological agents may experience a higher risk of opportunistic infections, relative to their apparent risk," wrote the authors, led by Chun-Yu Lin, M.D., of National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan. (rheumatologynetwork.com)
- Compared to SLE, polymyositis/dermatomyositis was associated with a significantly higher risk of opportunistic infections (hazard ratio 1.18, 95% CI 1.08-1.29). (rheumatologynetwork.com)
Prevention21
- A description of the opportunistic infection cryptosporidiosis, including symptoms, prevention and treatment. (aidsinfonet.org)
- A description of the opportunistic infection Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma (NHL), including symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. (aidsinfonet.org)
- A description of the opportunistic infection molluscum contagiosum, including symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. (aidsinfonet.org)
- A description of the opportunistic infection Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC), including symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. (aidsinfonet.org)
- A description of the opportunistic infection pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP), including symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. (aidsinfonet.org)
- Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. (bmj.com)
- In response, USPHS/IDSA developed comprehensive guidelines for health-care providers and patients that consolidated information pertaining to the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with HIV. (cdc.gov)
- The response to the 1995 guidelines (e.g., the many requests for reprints and observations from health-care providers) suggests that they have served as a valuable reference against which local policies regarding prevention of opportunistic infections could be compared. (cdc.gov)
- Because much new data concerning the prevention of opportunistic disease have emerged since 1994, the USPHS and the IDSA reconvened a working group on November 7-8, 1996, to determine which recommendations needed to be changed. (cdc.gov)
- This guide for people with HIV infection provides information about the prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis (crypto). (ahrq.gov)
- This guide provides information about the prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in children with HIV infection. (ahrq.gov)
- This guide for people with HIV infection provides information about the prevention and treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex disease (MAC). (ahrq.gov)
- 1999 USPHS/IDSA Guidelines for the Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in Persons Infected with HIV: Part III. (aafp.org)
- This third part of the "Guidelines for the Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in Persons with Human Immunodeficiency Virus" gives recommendations for the prevention of recurrence of opportunistic disease, after chemotherapy for acute disease. (aafp.org)
- There is therefore need for continued efforts in prevention and control of opportunistic infections in all HIV/AIDS care programmes in these settings. (biomedcentral.com)
- Effective strategies for prevention of opportunistic infections and mortality associated with HIV/AIDS is of great importance given the high cost and uncertainty surrounding sustainability of lifelong ART in resource poor settings. (biomedcentral.com)
- This report updates the last version of the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections (OIs) in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children , published in 2013. (hiv.gov)
- A separate document providing recommendations for prevention and treatment of OIs among adults and post-pubertal adolescents living with HIV ( Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents ) was prepared by a panel of adult HIV and infectious disease specialists (see /guidelines ). (hiv.gov)
- This poster summarizes the guidelines for prevention and treatment of selected opportunistic infections (OIs). (cdc.gov)
- This brochure provides information on the prevention of infections from pets for persons with HIV. (cdc.gov)
- This guideline lists each opportunistic infection and provides information on primary and secondary infection, prevention of exposure, and treatment recommendations as well as criteria for discontinuation of treatment. (cdc.gov)
Patients26
- Which opportunistic infections and conditions are seen in patients with AIDS? (medscape.com)
- Explain to interested patients that many new HIV patients only learn of their infection when they seek treatment for an opportunistic disease. (medpagetoday.com)
- The guidelines note that all HIV patients should be tested for latent TB infection, either with the traditional tuberculin skin test or the new interferon-gamma release assay. (medpagetoday.com)
- The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of starting anti-HIV drugs in HIV infected patients who are being treated for opportunistic infections (OIs). (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Correlates of quantitative measurement of BK polyomavirus (BKV) DNA with clinical course of BKV infection in renal transplant patients. (nature.com)
- These studies suggest that some pathogen-specific, antibody-based approaches may also work to reduce infection risk in patients colonized or co-infected with S. aureus and disparate drug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial opportunists. (sciencemag.org)
- Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: an internation. (nih.gov)
- During the past several decades, there has been a steady increase in the frequency of opportunistic invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in immunocompromised patients. (nih.gov)
- Patients in whom thymopoiesis did not recover were at significantly higher risk of severe infections according to multivariable analysis. (haematologica.org)
- Conclusions These results indicate that patients who fail to recover thymopoiesis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are at very high risk of severe infections and adverse clinical outcome. (haematologica.org)
- It has been shown that recovery of thymopoiesis after allogeneic HSCT is compromised in older patients, in recipients with reduced pre-transplant thymic function, and in patients suffering from acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD).5-13 However, it is unclear to what extent lack of recovery of thymopoiesis itself predicts for subsequent opportunistic infections and overall non-relapse mortality. (haematologica.org)
- We, therefore, prospectively monitored recovery of thymopoiesis following allogeneic HSCT, recording all post-engraftment opportunistic infections during follow-up, and addressed the question of whether and, if so, to what extent patients without sufficient thymic recovery are at higher risk of infections and adverse outcome. (haematologica.org)
- Patients without recovery of thymopoiesis were at significantly higher risk for severe infections following multivariable analysis. (haematologica.org)
- A total of 412 patients in the modified intention-to-treat population who received IV ceftriaxone for the management of a lower respiratory tract infection were included. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
- Three patients with opportunistic infection preceding adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) are presented: a 66-year-old woman with cryptococcosis and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a 46-year-old man with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and a 55-year-old woman with cryptococcosis. (semanticscholar.org)
- The Spectrum of Serious Infections Among Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Blockade for the Treatment of Melanoma. (pneumotox.com)
- Previous research has yielded conflicting results regarding the frequency and severity of opportunistic infections in patients treated with anti-TNF α compared to other IBD treatment modalities. (ecco-ibd.eu)
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of opportunistic infections in patients treated with anti-TNF α compared to those treated with thiopurine and to identify risk factors for opportunistic infection. (ecco-ibd.eu)
- 39 patients were identified taking thiopurine in addition to anti-TNF α which yielded 13 infections (34.2%) which was not significantly significant. (ecco-ibd.eu)
- Opportunistic infections are more common in anti-TNF α treated patients than those on thiopurine alone. (ecco-ibd.eu)
- Experimental immune reconstitution disease of the CNS using T-cell repopulation of lymphopenic murine hosts harboring opportunistic brain infections may help elucidate neuroimmunoregulatory networks that produce CNS-IRIS in patients initiating HAART. (biomedcentral.com)
- As patients eventually lose their ability to ward off attacks, they become vulnerable to a wide variety of " opportunistic infections " that a healthy immune system would easily deflect. (rogerleishman.com)
- Careful observation and preventive therapy for opportunistic infections may be warranted in selected PM/DM patients, especially during the first year after the diagnosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- The estimated rates of infectious complications ranges from 26 percent to 50 percent among patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis or systemic lupus erythematosus, with immune abnormalities, and frequent use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents making such patients more susceptible to infections. (rheumatologynetwork.com)
- The incidence rate of opportunistic infection for patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis was 5.4 times higher during the first year compared with after five years, which the researchers suggested may be due to the use of lower steroid doses later in disease and higher disease activity soon after onset. (rheumatologynetwork.com)
- If patients develop complications or resistance to first line therapy drugs, they may need to proceed to second-line or third-line therapy to successfully limit the HIV infection. (wikipedia.org)
Clinical6
- Published rather than proposed definitions for invasive fungal infection must be applied to allow standardization in clinical trials. (nih.gov)
- HIV-related opportunistic infections (OIs) are clinical syndromes that arise as a consequence of impaired immunity in advanced stages of HIV infection. (bmj.com)
- Clinical meaning - Can refer to persons with asymptomatic infection or symptomatic disease. (powershow.com)
- To date, there is no inclusion statement in the package insert stating the possibility of increased opportunistic infection while on the drug based on the Psoriatic Arthritis Long Term Assessment of the Clinical Efficacy (PALACE) study. (foma.org)
- Their clinical presentation frequently mimics other (non) opportunistic infections with which they may co-exist. (ucl.ac.uk)
- In clinical microbiology, bacterial biofilms are usually correlated with persistent and chronic infections, and cause major problems through colonized implants. (microbialcell.com)
AIDS and Opportunistic Infections1
- Can you tell me more about aids and opportunistic infections? (healthtap.com)
Overview of opportunistic infections1
- This video is an overview of opportunistic infections, or OIs. (morewoodbikes.com)
Prevent opportunistic infections1
- The most important way to prevent opportunistic infections is to take your HIV medicines and keep your CD4 count from becoming low. (webmd.com)
Candidiasis1
- This review discusses the epidemiology of the most clinically relevant opportunistic fungal infections in Latin America, including candidiasis, cryptococcosis, trichosporonosis, aspergillosis, and fusariosis. (oup.com)
Type of opportunistic infection2
- Treatment depends on the type of opportunistic infection, but usually involves different antibiotics . (thefullwiki.org)
- which of the following is not a type of opportunistic infection common to hiv/aids positive people? (quilt2012.org)
Illnesses2
- Without enough CD4 cells to fight them off, infections can lead to illnesses, cancers, and brain and nerve problems. (webmd.com)
- When your immune system loses too many CD4 cells, you are less able to fight off infection and can develop serious illnesses, cancers [4] , and neurological (nerve system) problems. (thewellproject.org)
Fungal infection4
- Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a fungal infection that can cause a fatal pneumonia. (aidsinfonet.org)
- A fungal infection you can get in your mouth, throat, digestive system, or vagina. (ahealthyme.com)
- A fungal infection that can cause a severe type of pneumonia. (ahealthyme.com)
- I'm itchy…nothing like the thought of a fungal infection to make a person itch all over! (coilingforlyme.com)
Mortality8
- Because of the AIDS epidemic and the mortality associated with it, a lot of money and effort has been expended in the past decade on research aimed at theprevention and treatment of opportunistic infections. (faqs.org)
- roviral therapy (ART), opportunistic infections (OIs), which have been defined as infections that are more frequent or more severe because of immunosuppression in HIV-infected persons, were the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. (morewoodbikes.com)
- Treating Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-infected Adults and Adolescents' was published in the Dec. 17, 2004, issue of Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report ( MMWR ). (drugtopics.com)
- In the United States, opportunistic infections continue to produce morbidity and mortality among the estimated 650,000-900,000 persons who are infected with HIV, especially among the estimated 200,000-250,000 persons who are severely immunosuppressed (i.e., persons who have a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count of less than 200 cells/uL) (6-10). (cdc.gov)
- However, it is still unclear to what extent insufficient recovery of thymopoiesis predicts for subsequent opportunistic infections and non-relapse mortality. (haematologica.org)
- Research shows that about 90% of HIV-related morbidity and mortality are caused by opportunistic infections compared to 7% due to opportunistic cancers and 3% due to other causes [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Interestingly, while opportunistic herpes virus brain infection of C57BL/6 MAIDS mice was not itself lethal, when T-cell immunity was reconstituted through adoptive transfer of virus-specific CD3 + T-cells, it resulted in significant mortality among recipients. (biomedcentral.com)
- CNS infections present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for clinicians involved in the care of the transplant patient, with a propensity to result in profound morbidity and often high mortality in this patient population. (northwestern.edu)
Development of opportunistic1
- HIV is a virus that targets T cells of the immune system and, as a result, HIV infection can lead to progressively worsening immunodeficiency, a condition ideal for the development of opportunistic infection. (wikipedia.org)
Symptoms5
- Histoplasma capsulatum is a species of fungus known to cause histoplasmosis, which can present with an array of symptoms, but often involves respiratory infection. (wikipedia.org)
- Following initial infection a person may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness. (morewoodbikes.com)
- Not only does this make it more difficult to fight the infection, it may mean that a level of infection that would normally produce symptoms is instead undetected (subclinical infection). (morewoodbikes.com)
- Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. (healthtap.com)
- For the most part, other infections - with bacteria, other viruses, fungi, or parasites - cause the more pronounced symptoms of HIV. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Impact of opportunistic1
- This increases the risk and impact of opportunistic infections and some types of cancer . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Acute5
- In the early 1990s, the use of chemoprophylaxis, immunization, and better strategies for managing acute OIs contributed to … Opportunistic infections can attack all areas of the body including the mouth and the throat. (morewoodbikes.com)
- Opportunistic infections and retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency: studies of acute and chronic infections with Toxoplasma gondii in mice infected with LP-BM5 murine leukemia viruses. (asm.org)
- Virus-infected mice were examined for the ability to resist acute infection and to control chronic infection with the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, a major opportunistic pathogen of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. (asm.org)
- Mice infected with the retroviruses for 2 or 4 weeks responded normally to challenge with the parasite, but mice inoculated with the protozoan 8 or 12 weeks after viral infection died with acute disease due to T. gondii. (asm.org)
- Increased sensitivity to acute infection was associated with a reduced ability to produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and with established changes in CD4+ T-cell function. (asm.org)
Toxoplasmosis1
- Toxoplasmosis (Toxo) is a protozoal infection of the brain. (aidsinfonet.org)
Immune system21
- Many researchers are also of the opinionthat if a person's damaged immune system can be rebuilt, he will be better protected against opportunistic infections. (faqs.org)
- When people use the newest drugs that fight HIV, its possible that their immune system can repair some of the damage done by HIV, and can do a better job of fighting opportunistic infections. (faqs.org)
- OIs are serious infections that take advantage of your weak immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
- But untreated HIV, over the course of years, will harm your immune system and can lead to opportunistic infections. (webmd.com)
- Opportunistic" means they take advantage of the weaker immune system of someone with HIV. (webmd.com)
- Almost any disease can become an opportunistic infection when your immune system is weak. (webmd.com)
- It will help you avoid the serious consequences of infection as well as preserve your immune system. (webmd.com)
- Your doctor might also prescribe medication to prevent the infection from coming back, and if your immune system recovers, you may be able to stop taking that. (webmd.com)
- An infection by a microorganism that normally does not cause disease but does so when lowered resistance to infection is caused by the impairment of the body's immune system. (dictionary.com)
- If your HIV treatment isn't working, your immune system will get weaker and you may be at risk of opportunistic infections. (avert.org)
- You may have been immunized against the infection, or your immune system may have "cleared" the infection, or you may be infected. (aidsinfonet.org)
- HIV weakens the immune system so that opportunistic infections can develop. (aidsinfonet.org)
- This allows the immune system to do its job of controlling infections. (thewellproject.org)
- Opportunistic infection: An infection that occurs because of a weakened immune system. (morewoodbikes.com)
- Opportunistic infections are a special category of infections that affects those individuals more who have weaker or degrading immune system. (morewoodbikes.com)
- But if your immune system is compromised it may be harder to fight these infections. (ahealthyme.com)
- As the immune system wanes, the person has an increasingly difficult time fighting off infections from which a person with a 'normal' immune system would typically not suffer, a.K.A. 'opportunistic' infections. (healthtap.com)
- I know my immune system is running over capacity in order to keep the tick-borne infections in check. (coilingforlyme.com)
- I arguably have an altered, if not outright compromised immune system, between everything that I've been dealing with, including chronic infections, too many antibiotics, and for the past year fludrocortisone for my blood pressure which is a mild immune suppressant. (coilingforlyme.com)
- I wonder if the food allergy hypothesis is out the window or if the food sensitivities throw my immune system more out of whack giving the infection more opportunity to torment me. (coilingforlyme.com)
- When germs take advantage of your weakened immune system, they are called opportunistic infections (OI). (uchealth.com)
Diagnosis1
- Hence, the physician has to order blood culture and other laboratory tests to make a definitive diagnosis.Even if an immuno-compromised person gets an opportunistic infection, there are medications that will prevent active disease. (faqs.org)
Fungi4
- The organisms that cause opportunistic infections are categorized as protozoa, fungi, viruses and bacteria. (faqs.org)
- Over the last 20 years our laboratory and other research groups determined the glycan and ceramide structures of more than 20 GSLs from several pathogenic/opportunistic fungi, using a combination of gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance as well as other immunochemical and biochemical techniques. (frontiersin.org)
- This review focuses on glycan structures carried on sphingolipids of pathogenic/opportunistic fungi, and aspects of their biological significance are discussed. (frontiersin.org)
- In general, an infectious disease can be caused by a pathogenic organism (viruses, bacteria, fungi, worms, parasites) that can invade the body and cause infection. (rightdiagnosis.com)
Mycobacterium Avium C4
- Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of two bacteria, M. avium and M. intracellulare, that typically co-infect, leading to a lung infection called mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection. (wikipedia.org)
- Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC or MAI) is a bacterial infection that can cause recurring fevers, general sick feelings, problems with digestion, and serious weight loss. (aidsinfonet.org)
- IRIS has been observed most commonly with mycobacterial infections (TB and disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex ), but may also develop with other OIs. (bmj.com)
- In HIV-infected men who have sex with men, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), toxoplasmic encephalitis, fungal infections, and disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease have decreased in incidence (9). (cdc.gov)
Frequency1
- The addition of thiopurine to anti-TNF α therapy did not increase the frequency of infection. (ecco-ibd.eu)
HAART2
- Could be 'final stage' if no longer responding to haart (anti-viral treatments) which should help prevent most opportunistic infections once the HIV viral load is suppressed. (healthtap.com)
- How long do people live after they acquire HIV infection, without HAART? (powershow.com)
Bacteria6
- Salmonella is a genus of bacteria, known to cause gastrointestinal infections. (wikipedia.org)
- They found that α toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus can worsen lung co-infection by Gram-negative bacteria by preventing acidification of bacteria-containing phagosomes, increasing proliferation, spread, and lethality. (sciencemag.org)
- Although alternative pathogen-specific approaches are rationally justified, a major concern for this precision medicine strategy is that co-colonizing or co-infecting opportunistic bacteria may still cause serious disease. (sciencemag.org)
- From the advent of the antibiotic era, the empiric use of broad-spectrum antibiotics has resulted in the emergence and cross-species spread of antibiotic resistance in many opportunistic bacteria ( 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
- These bacteria are associated with infections in immunocompromised hosts and are widely reported in shower systems and as causes of water-acquired infection. (environmental-expert.com)
- Opportunistic: an infection that occurs in a compromised host by an organism (bacteria, fungus, parasite or virus), which does not usually infect a "normal" host. (brainscape.com)
Prophylaxis1
- However, these decreases have not been observed among HIV-infected injecting-drug users, suggesting that more emphasis should be placed on providing currently recommended chemoprophylactic agents to all persons who have HIV infection and who meet appropriate criteria for prophylaxis for opportunistic infections. (cdc.gov)
Among HIV-Exposed1
- This report updates and combines earlier versions of guidelines for preventing and treating opportunistic infections (OIs) among HIV-exposed and infected children. (cdc.gov)
Definition8
- 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. (medscape.com)
- opportunistic infection synonyms, opportunistic infection pronunciation, opportunistic infection translation, English dictionary definition of opportunistic infection. (morewoodbikes.com)
- The page not only provides Urdu meaning of Opportunistic but also gives extensive definition in English language. (morewoodbikes.com)
- The definition of Opportunistic is followed by practically usable example sentences which allow you to construct your own sentences based on it. (morewoodbikes.com)
- opportunistic definition: 1. (morewoodbikes.com)
- The limited data on opportunistic infection and the lack of a consistent definition of opportunistic infection invite caution for a benchmark rate for opportunistic infection as a composite category. (dovepress.com)
- A definition of opportunistic infections. (aidsinfonet.org)
- What is the definition or description of: Opportunistic infections in AIDS? (healthtap.com)
Emerged as an important complication2
- In addition to common infections, opportunistic infection (OI) has emerged as an important complication in developed countries [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition to common infections, opportunistic infection has emerged as an important complication, but most studies examining opportunistic infections have been single center in design and focused on SLE. (rheumatologynetwork.com)
Significantly2
- Although malaria is not typically considered an opportunistic infection, its incidence was found to be significantly higher among children in Tanzania that were perinatally infected with HIV than those without HIV infection. (medscape.com)
- Resistance to S. pneumoniae was significantly reduced by retroviral infection, but not by short-term, binge, exposure to dietary ethanol. (openrepository.com)
Systemic2
- The incidence rate of opportunistic infections was highest for polymyositis/dermatomyositis (61.3/1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval [CI] 56.6-66.2), followed by SLE (43.1/1000 person-years, 95% CI 41.7-44.5), systemic sclerosis (31.6/1000 person-years, 95% CI 28.3-35.1), rheumatoid arthritis (25.0/1000 person-years, 95% CI 24.4-25.7), and primary Sjogren's syndrome (24.1/1000 person-years, 95% CI 23.1-25.2). (rheumatologynetwork.com)
- Previous studies that focused on bacterial or opportunistic infections in systemic lupus erythematosus implicated multiple factors, including complement deficiency, low production of interleukin 8, and inadequate chemotaxis and phagocytosis, along with the use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents. (rheumatologynetwork.com)
Treatment9
- Because the HIV virus makes copies of itself more quickly when you have an opportunistic infection, early treatment is important. (webmd.com)
- aids the treatment of infection by enhancing white blood cell action and potentiating germ-killing antibiotics. (slideserve.com)
- The data on serious infection may be used to evaluate the public health risk and benefit of biologic treatment. (dovepress.com)
- Introduction Anti-TNF agents are highly effective for treatment of IBD but are associated with an increased risk of infection. (bmj.com)
- If otherwise stable most of these infections have specific treatment options. (healthtap.com)
- Nevertheless, we still do not have either a curative treatment or a preventive vaccine, without which most of those presently infected will die of AIDS, and new infections will continue unabated. (flsida.org)
- There was significant changes due to virus infection with and without alcohol treatment in T-subsets, B-cells and macrophages. (openrepository.com)
- Without treatment, the infection might progress to an advanced stage called AIDS. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A predominant intramacrophage stage and a host-detrimental role for macrophages have major implications for treatment strategies of both CF and non-CF infections. (microbialcell.com)
Antibiotic3
- Dr. MacFabe presents his current research examining the ability of a panel of gut bacterial metabolic products (i.e., short chain fatty acids) associated with antibiotic induced clostridial infections, and their ability to produce brain neuroinflammatory, metabolic, epigenetic and behavioral changes closely resembling those found in ASDs. (autismone.org)
- It discusses the hypothesis that ASDs are produced by pre- or post-natal antibiotic resistant clostridial infections in sensitive subpopulations. (autismone.org)
- During the 1990s, Bactrim was the go-to antibiotic for many of these opportunistic infections. (rogerleishman.com)
Reconstitution2
- Utilizing our HSV brain infection model and mice with MAIDS, we investigated the effect of immune reconstitution on MAIDS mice harboring opportunistic viral brain infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- Immune reconstitution and the risk of opportunistic infections after unrelated cord blood transplantation. (duke.edu)
Herpes2
- A description of herpes simplex virus that causes cold sores or genital herpes, and its interactions with HIV infection. (aidsinfonet.org)
- Infection with the LP-BM5 retroviral mixture was found to confer susceptibility to herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 brain infection to normally-resistant C57BL/6 mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Pulmonary1
- Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus that causes cryptococcosis, which can lead to pulmonary infection as well as nervous system infections, like meningitis. (wikipedia.org)
Risk9
- One can reduce the risk of infection by keeping clean, having hygienic practices,and avoiding known sources of infection. (faqs.org)
- This puts you at risk for opportunistic infections (OIs). (medlineplus.gov)
- As part of the initiative to end the HIV epidemic, CDC will expand efforts to increase PrEP awareness, access, and use, particularly among those at highest risk for HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
- You can reduce the risk of new infections by keeping clean and avoiding known sources of the germs that cause OIs. (aids.org)
- The risk of HIV-related opportunistic infections (OIs) in HIV-infected people increases as the CD4+ count declines. (bmj.com)
- Although no increased risk of opportunistic infections was identified, alterations in inflammatory cytokine levels were observed. (foma.org)
- The analyses were stratified according to follow-up duration using Poisson regression, and Cox models were used to compare the risk of first opportunistic infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- If you are at high risk for an OI, your healthcare provider may be able to prescribe antibiotics to prevent certain infections. (uchealth.com)
- Polymyositis/dermatomyositis are strongly associated with a broad range of malignancies, which could contribute to the increased risk of opportunistic infections through the use of cytotoxic anti-cancer therapies. (rheumatologynetwork.com)
Body's1
- These are called opportunistic infections (OIs), because they take advantage of the body's weakened defenses. (thewellproject.org)
Bacterial infection2
- Transferring normal spleen cells from healthy, unimmunized mice also enabled the retrovirally infected mice to survive the bacterial infection longer than unimmunized, but retrovirally infected mice. (openrepository.com)
- The doctor at the walk-in clinic who diagnosed my nasty bacterial infection warned me there was a 50/50 chance fluid would collect under the skin, requiring me to come back and have it lanced. (rogerleishman.com)
Acquired Immunode1
- Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (morewoodbikes.com)