Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.
CD4 Lymphocyte Count
The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
Drug regimens, for patients with HIV INFECTIONS, that aggressively suppress HIV replication. The regimens usually involve administration of three or more different drugs including a protease inhibitor.
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
Immunocompromised Host
T-Lymphocytopenia, Idiopathic CD4-Positive
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.
Anti-HIV Agents
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)
Meningitis, Cryptococcal
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related
B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.
Cryptococcosis
Infection with a fungus of the species CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS.
HIV-1
Pneumocystis jirovecii
A species of PNEUMOCYSTIS infecting humans and causing PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA. It also occasionally causes extrapulmonary disease in immunocompromised patients. Its former name was Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis.
Anti-Retroviral Agents
Agents used to treat RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
Histoplasmosis
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)
Pneumocystis Infections
Infections with species in the genus PNEUMOCYSTIS, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS) and other infections in humans and other MAMMALS. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.
Lung Diseases, Parasitic
Candidiasis, Oral
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Pneumocystis
A genus of ascomycetous FUNGI, family Pneumocystidaceae, order Pneumocystidales. It includes various host-specific species causing PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in humans and other MAMMALS.
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal
An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)
Namibia
HIV Seropositivity
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Immunosuppressive Agents
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.
Antifungal Agents
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Medicine, African Traditional
Pneumocystis carinii
The prototype species of PNEUMOCYSTIS infecting the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus (RATS). It was formerly called Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii. Other species of Pneumocystis can also infect rats.
Tuberculosis
Retroviruses, Simian
Classes of retroviruses for which monkeys or apes are hosts. Those isolated from the West African green monkey and the Asian rhesus macaque monkey are of particular interest because of their similarities to viruses causing cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans.
Infection
Parasitic Diseases
Viral Load
The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.
Organ Transplantation
Thymic Factor, Circulating
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination
This drug combination has proved to be an effective therapeutic agent with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.
Mycobacterium avium Complex
A complex that includes several strains of M. avium. M. intracellulare is not easily distinguished from M. avium and therefore is included in the complex. These organisms are most frequently found in pulmonary secretions from persons with a tuberculous-like mycobacteriosis. Strains of this complex have also been associated with childhood lymphadenitis and AIDS; M. avium alone causes tuberculosis in a variety of birds and other animals, including pigs.
Mucormycosis
Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order Mucorales (e.g., Absidia, Mucor, Rhizopus etc.) There are many clinical types associated with infection of the central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an opportunistic infection in patients with a chronic debilitating disease, particularly uncontrolled diabetes, or who are receiving immunosuppressive agents. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Protozoan Infections
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.
Central Nervous System Infections
Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.
Fatal Outcome
Immunosuppression
Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.
Drug Therapy, Combination
Coccidioidomycosis
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.
Cryptococcus
HIV Wasting Syndrome
Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
Microsporida
Incidence
Retrospective Studies
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Treatment Outcome
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)
Coinfection
Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.
Encephalitozoonosis
Infection with FUNGI of the genus ENCEPHALITOZOON. Lesions commonly occur in the BRAIN and KIDNEY tubules. Other sites of infection in MAMMALS are the LIVER; ADRENAL GLANDS; OPTIC NERVES; RETINA; and MYOCARDIUM.
Polymyositis
Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)
Cohort Studies
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Cladribine
Ethnobotany
Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous
Infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (atypical mycobacteria): M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. scrofulaceum, M. flavescens, M. gordonae, M. obuense, M. gilvum, M. duvali, M. szulgai, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX;), M. xenopi (littorale), M. ulcerans, M. buruli, M. terrae, M. fortuitum (minetti, giae), M. chelonae.
Amphotericin B
Anti-Infective Agents
Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.
Antibodies, Neoplasm
Leukocyte Count
The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.
Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Penicillium
A mitosporic Trichocomaceae fungal genus that develops fruiting organs resembling a broom. When identified, teleomorphs include EUPENICILLIUM and TALAROMYCES. Several species (but especially PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM) are sources of the antibiotic penicillin.
South Africa
A republic in southern Africa, the southernmost part of Africa. It has three capitals: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Officially the Republic of South Africa since 1960, it was called the Union of South Africa 1910-1960.
Zidovudine
A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.
HIV Seronegativity
Immune status consisting of non-production of HIV antibodies, as determined by various serological tests.
Opportunistic Pneumocystis carinii infection in red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus). (1/1200)
P. carinii infection in red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus), born and maintained in a laboratory breeding colony, was examined by histopathologic examination postmortem. P. carinii cysts were detected in 6 of 10 red-bellied tamarins examined, by using Grocott's, toluidine blue O and immunostaining with avidin-biotin complex using antisera for rat-, simian-, and human-P. carinii. The results obtained from the present studies imply that P. carinii may be an important pathogen in this species. (+info)Comparison of isolation media for recovery of Burkholderia cepacia complex from respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis. (2/1200)
Burkholderia cepacia selective agar (BCSA) has previously been devised for isolation of B. cepacia from respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis and tested under research laboratory conditions. Here we describe a study in which BCSA, oxidation-fermentation polymyxin bacitracin lactose agar (OFPBL), and Pseudomonas cepacia agar (PCA) were compared in routine culture procedures for the ability to grow B. cepacia and inhibit other organisms. Three hundred twenty-eight specimens from 209 patients at two pediatric centers and 328 specimens from 109 adults were tested. Plates were inoculated, incubated, and read for quality and quantity of growth at 24, 48, and 72 h. Five (1.5%) specimens from 4 (1.9%) children and 75 (22.9%) specimens from 16 (14.7%) adults grew B. cepacia complex. At 24, 48, and 72 h, BCSA achieved 43, 93, and 100% detection, respectively; OFPBL achieved 26, 84, and 96%, respectively; and PCA achieved 33, 74, and 84% detection, respectively. Quality was assessed as pinpoint or good growth. At 24 h, most cultures growing B. cepacia complex had pinpoint colonies. By 48 and 72 h, 48 and 69% of B. cepacia complex cultures, respectively, had good growth on BCSA, while on OFPBL 19 and 30%, respectively, had good growth and on PCA 11 and 18%, respectively, had good growth. BCSA was superior to OFPBL and PCA in suppressing organisms other than B. cepacia complex; 40 non-B. cepacia complex organisms were isolated from BCSA, 263 were isolated from OFPBL, and 116 were isolated from PCA. We conclude that BCSA is superior to OFPBL and PCA in its ability to support the growth of B. cepacia complex and to suppress other respiratory organisms. (+info)Fatal disseminated Trichoderma longibrachiatum infection in an adult bone marrow transplant patient: species identification and review of the literature. (3/1200)
Trichoderma longibrachiatum was recovered from stool surveillance cultures and a perirectal ulcer biopsy specimen from a 29-year-old male who had received an allogeneic bone marrow transplant for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The amphotericin B (2.0 microgram/ml) and itraconazole (1.0 microgram/ml) MICs for the organism were elevated. Therapy with these agents was unsuccessful, and the patient died on day 58 posttransplantation. At autopsy, histologic sections from the lungs, liver, brain, and intestinal wall showed infiltration by branching septate hyphae. Cultures were positive for Trichoderma longibrachiatum. While Trichoderma species have been recognized to be pathogenic in profoundly immunosuppressed hosts with increasing frequency, this is the first report of probable acquisition through the gastrointestinal tract. Salient features regarding the identification of molds in the Trichoderma longibrachiatum species aggregate are presented. (+info)Central line sepsis in a child due to a previously unidentified mycobacterium. (4/1200)
A rapidly growing mycobacterium similar to strains in the present Mycobacterium fortuitum complex (M. fortuitum, M. peregrinum, and M. fortuitum third biovariant complex [sorbitol positive and sorbitol negative]) was isolated from a surgically placed central venous catheter tip and three cultures of blood from a 2-year-old child diagnosed with metastatic hepatoblastoma. The organism's unique phenotypic profile and ribotype patterns differed from those of the type and reference strains of the M. fortuitum complex and indicate that this organism may represent a new pathogenic taxon. (+info)Candidemia at selected Canadian sites: results from the Fungal Disease Registry, 1992-1994. Fungal Disease Registry of the Canadian Infectious Disease Society. (5/1200)
BACKGROUND: Candida species are important bloodstream pathogens that are being isolated with increasing frequency. Despite the availability of effective antifungal therapy, the mortality rate associated with Candida infection remains high. With the objective of describing the epidemiology of candidemia, the Canadian Infectious Disease Society conducted a study of candidemia in Canada. METHODS: Fourteen medical centres across Canada identified all patients with candidemia from March 1992 to February 1994 through blood culture surveillance for Candida spp. Patient-related data for invasive fungal infection were compiled retrospectively by chart review using a standardized data-recording form developed for the Fungal Disease Registry of the Canadian Infectious Disease Society. Cases of Candidemia were studied in relation to underlying medical conditions, predisposing factors, concurrent infection, antimicrobial agents, antifungal treatment and deaths. RESULTS: In total, 415 cases of candidemia were identified, 48 (11.6%) in children and 367 (88.4%) in adults. The causative pathogens were C. albicans in 286 cases (68.9%), C. parapsilosis in 43 (10.4%), C. glabrata in 34 (8.2%), C. tropicalis in 27 (6.5%) and other Candida species in 18 (4.3%); polymicrobial candidemia occurred in 7 cases (1.7%). The overall mortality rate was 46%, and the rate of deaths clinically related to candidemia was 19%. However, only 13 (27%) of the children died. A univariate analysis indicated that significant risk factors for death were age greater than 60 years, therapy for concomitant bacterial infection, stay in an intensive care unit, concurrent malignant disease, cytotoxic chemotherapy and granulocytopenia, although only age and stay in an intensive care unit emerged as significant risk factors in the multivariate analysis. After adjustment for other predictors of death, only infection with C. parapsilosis was associated with a lower mortality rate than infection with C. albicans. Treatment was given in 352 (84.8%) of cases. Amphotericin B was the preferred agent in 244 cases (69.3% of those treated); fluconazole was used in 101 cases (28.7%) and ketoconazole in 5 cases (1.4%). INTERPRETATION: Candidemia in Canada is caused predominantly by C. albicans. The mortality rate associated with candidemia is high, but it varies with the species of Candida and is lower in children than in adults. Age greater than 60 years and stay in an intensive care unit were the most significant risk factors for overall mortality. (+info)Candida dubliniensis candidemia in patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and bone marrow transplantation. (6/1200)
The recently described species Candida dubliniensis has been recovered primarily from superficial oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. No clinically documented invasive infections were reported until now in this patient group or in other immunocompromised patients. We report three cases of candidemia due to this newly emerging Candida species in HIV-negative patients with chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression and bone marrow transplantation. (+info)Fungal prophylaxis by reduction of fungal colonization by oral administration of bovine anti-Candida antibodies in bone marrow transplant recipients. (7/1200)
Candida overgrowth and invasion constitute a serious threat with a high mortality in BMT recipients. Currently available topical antifungal prophylaxis is largely ineffective, and as resistance to existing, absorbable drugs for systemic use is rapidly developing, new forms of therapy are needed. We investigated the effect of oral treatment of BMT recipients with a bovine immunoglobulin product derived from animals immunized against several Candida species. The natural Candida colonization was first followed in 19 patients to establish the colonization pattern. Half of the patients were found to be colonized prior to transplantation and altogether 72% were colonized at some point during follow-up. Those with a high pre-transplant concentration of Candida in saliva (>100 CFU/ml) remained colonized throughout the BMT treatment period. The therapeutic effect was monitored in two other patient groups. The first group consisted of nine patients, where, due to a low number of primary colonized patients, response in colonized patients was suggestive of a therapeutic effect. In the second group, 10 patients with a high level of colonization (>100 CFU/ml) were given 10 g daily of the product in three divided doses. The results suggest a treatment-related reduction in Candida colonization in a majority (7/10) of patients and one patient became completely negative. As no adverse effects were noted, our findings encourage additional studies in immunocompromised, transplant patients. (+info)Improvement of nebulised antibiotic delivery in cystic fibrosis. (8/1200)
AIM: To investigate deposition patterns and to assess the delivery rate of two nebuliser systems in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS: Thirty three children with CF on regular treatment with nebulised antibiotics had radioisotope scans performed using technetium-99m labelled aerosol antibiotic generated by a Ventstream nebuliser (median mass diameter (MMD), 3.3 microm; delivery rate, 0. 075 ml/min) under conditions similar to their routine home practice. The inhomogeneity of the images was scored on a 1-10 rating scale (a low score indicating even distribution of the antibiotic), and stomach deposition was measured as a percentage of overall deposition. Twenty patients had a repeat scan using an Optimist nebuliser (MMD, 1.8 microm; delivery rate, 0.02 ml/min). RESULTS: The mean inhomogeneity scores were 5.4 in the Ventstream group and 3. 5 in the Optimist group. Mean stomach deposition was 17.3% in the 33 patients using the Ventstream nebuliser. There was an inverse relation between height and stomach deposition (r = 0.69). In the 20 patients who had both nebulisers, the mean percentages of stomach deposition for the Ventstream and Optimist nebulisers were 11.8% and 1.6%, respectively. The Ventstream nebuliser delivered antibiotic at an average 2.8 times faster rate than the Optimist nebuliser. IMPLICATIONS: A smaller particle size results in a more homogenous distribution of the antibiotic in the lungs with decreased stomach deposition. This should not be seen as a recommendation to use the Optimist nebuliser because more antibiotic was delivered to most parts of the lung with the Ventstream because of its increased delivery rate. (+info)
Sometimes Im Actually Coherent: December 2008
Opportunistic Fungal Infections, Part 2: Candida and Aspergillus
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Pythiosis
Wolf, Alice (2005). "Opportunistic fungal infections". In August, John R. Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine Vol. 5. ... Primary infection can also occur in the bones and lungs. Dogs with the gastrointestinal form of pythiosis have severe ... Miscellaneous fungal infections. In: Greene CE, ed. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, 4th ed. Elsevier Saunders, St. ... The lesions often contain yellow, firm masses of dead tissue known as 'kunkers'. It is possible with chronic infection for the ...
Rhodotorula glutinis
It can cause opportunistic infections, notably blood infection in the setting of significant underlying disease. It has been ... Miceli, MH; Diaz, J; Lee, SA (February 2011). "Emerging Opportunistic Yeast Infections". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 11 (2 ... Infections have been observed worldwide, though nearly half of all reported infections have originated in the Asia-Pacific ... Although reports of systemic infections predominate, localized infection has been reported as well, including meningitis and ...
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder
AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC) is not a true opportunistic infection; it is one of the few conditions caused directly by HIV ... opportunistic infections Primary cerebral lymphoma or metastasis of other AIDS-related cancers direct effects of HIV in the ... Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston, MA. Cardenas, VA; Meyerhoff, DJ; Studholme, C; Kornak, J; ... HAART may prevent or delay the onset of ADC in people with HIV infection, and may also improve mental function in people who ...
Aplaviroc
Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2005. Nakata, Hirotomo ... 5-diketopiperazines developed for the treatment of HIV infection. It was developed by GlaxoSmithKline. In October 2005, all ...
Human pathogen
Such cases are called opportunistic infections. Some pathogens (such as the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which may have caused ... or yeast infections. Most antibiotics that function on bacterial pathogens cannot be used to treat fungal infections because ... Life-threatening fungal infections in humans most often occur in immunocompromised patients or vulnerable people with a ... Today, while many medical advances have been made to safeguard against infection by pathogens, through the use of vaccination, ...
4′-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine
Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. 98. Stoddart, Cheryl A.; Galkina, Sofiya A.; Joshi, Pheroze; Kosikova ...
Cabotegravir
20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Atlanta, GA March 3-6, 2013. "The HIV Prevention Trials Network ... Borrell, Brendan (2014). "Long-acting shot prevents infection with HIV analogue". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.14819. PrEP ... is an investigational new drug under development for the treatment of HIV infection. It is an integrase inhibitor, with a ... GSK744 Integrase Administered Monthly Perhaps Quarterly Prevents HIV-Infection in Monkeys. ...
Rectal microbicide
Results were presented at the 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, or CROI. MTN-007 studied a ... 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. McGowan, Hoesley, Janocko; et al. MTN-007: A Phase 1 Randomized, ... 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Exner, T. M.; ... 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) "Researchers ...
Ledipasvir
Data presented at the 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in March 2013 showed that a triple regimen ... 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. March 3-6, 2013. Abstract 41LB. CROI 2013: Sofosbuvir + ... "Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for untreated HCV genotype 1 infection". New England Journal of Medicine. 370 (20): 1889-98. doi: ...
Cellulosimicrobium cellulans
... can cause rare opportunistic infections. The strain EB-8-4 of this species can be used for ... Infection. 38 (4): 321-323. doi:10.1007/s15010-010-0011-6. Rowlinson, M.-C.; Bruckner, D. A.; Hinnebusch, C.; Nielsen, K.; ...
Antibody Solutions
11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Feb. 8-11, 2004. Josefowicz S, Louzao R, Lam L, Ding T, Bergeron ... 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Feb. 2005 OMT - Partners Archived August 12, 2014, at the Wayback ...
CCR5 receptor antagonist
Abstract 104bLB". 14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Samson M, Libert F, Doranz BJ, et al. (August ... This type of virus is predominant during the early stages of infection and remains the dominant form in over 50% of late stage ... As mentioned, the CCR5 receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). Before the discovery of CCR5's role in HIV infection, ... Westby M, van der Ryst E (2005). "CCR5 antagonists: host-targeted antivirals for the treatment of HIV infection". Antiviral ...
Doravirine
20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. 3-6 March 2013. Abstract 100. CROI 2013: MK-1439, a Novel HIV ... in a small clinical study of 7-day monotherapy reported at the 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in ...
Phenotypic switching
4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Washington, DC. ...
Rilpivirine
Oral abstract 144LB". 14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Archived from the original on October 19, ... Rilpivirine (TMC278, trade name Edurant) is a pharmaceutical drug, developed by Tibotec, for the treatment of HIV infection. It ...
JC virus
Opportunistic Infections of HIV: JC Virus (JCV)". Microbiology. Illustrated Reviews. 3. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 389. ... Although JC virus infection is classically associated with white matter demyelination and PML pathogenesis, recent literature ... This syndrome, called JCV granule cell layer neuronopathy (JCV GCN), is characterized by a productive and lytic infection by a ... JCV also appears to mediate encephalopathy, due to infection of cortical pyramidal neurons (CPN) and astrocytes. Analysis of ...
Geotrichosis
"Opportunistic Yeast Infections: Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis, Trichosporonosis and Geotrichosis". JDDG: Journal der Deutschen ... Skin and gut infections are also known. Reported cases of geotrichosis have been characterized with symptoms of chronic or ... Oral and vaginal geotrichosis is similar to thrush in its appearances and was often confused with this infection. The ... Other early medical case reports in 1916 and 1928 also described lung infections. Most cases affect the bronchopulmonary tree, ...
Immune disorder
Increased susceptibility to extracellular bacteria and opportunistic infections. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) NF-κB ... Classical recurrent infection from catalase positive bacteria and fungi. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) Autoimmune ... Primary immune diseases are at risk to an increased susceptibility to, and often recurrent ear infections, pneumonia, ... Produces repeating sino-pulmonary and gastrointestinal infections. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA; also known as Bruton type ...
Mycobacterium chelonae
It can occasionally cause opportunistic infections of humans. It is grouped in Runyon group IV. Type strain: strain CM 6388 = ... On average, 2 cases of nonpulmonary M. chelonae infection are reported in South Australia each year. MCAG group Mycobacterium ...
Hyper-IgM syndrome type 2
One would expect opportunistic infections in any immunodeficiency syndrome. The putative genetic lesion is in the AICDA gene ... the Type 2 patients identified thus far did not present with a history of opportunistic infections. ...
Pneumocystis pneumonia
... being a source of opportunistic infection, it can cause a lung infection in people with a weak immune system. Pneumocystis ... 2009). "[Atypical and opportunistic pulmonary infections after cardiac surgery.]". Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia (in Polish ... Infections with Pneumocystis pneumonia are also common in infants with hyper IgM syndrome, an X-linked or autosomal recessive ... Pneumocystis infection can also be diagnosed by immunofluorescent or histochemical staining of the specimen, and more recently ...
Kluyvera
... bacteria can cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Parte, A.C. "Kluyvera". www.bacterio.net. ...
HIV/AIDS
Other common signs include recurring respiratory tract infections. Opportunistic infections may be caused by bacteria, viruses ... increasing the risk of common infections like tuberculosis, as well as other opportunistic infections, and tumors that rarely ... Measures to prevent opportunistic infections are effective in many people with HIV/AIDS. In addition to improving current ... They also used Kaposi's sarcoma and opportunistic infections, the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981. At one ...
Occupational hazards of human nail dust
... permitting the entry of opportunistic infection. The high-speed rotation of podiatry drill burrs potentially expose the ... Nail work requiring clipping and drilling is also a potential cause for ocular injury and infection to the podiatrists, ... Thickened nails caused by injury, infection, diabetes, psoriasis, or vascular disease may require the use of a mechanical ... There have been numerous accounts of patients with trichophyton fungal infections and associated asthma, which further ...
Sarcoidosis
Sometimes, sarcoidosis, even untreated, can be complicated by opportunistic infections. Sarcoidosis most commonly affects young ... varicella infection, tuberculosis, and atypical infections, such as Mycobacterium avium complex, cytomegalovirus, and ... Some believe it may be due to an immune reaction to a trigger such as an infection or chemicals in those who are genetically ... for HIV their immune system rebounds and the result is that it starts to attack the antigens of opportunistic infections caught ...
HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea
... ensuring the clinical management of opportunistic infections such as TB; and providing antiretroviral therapy (ART) to PLWHA. ... High rates of HIVTB co-infections increase the difficulty of treating both diseases. Papua New Guinea's national AIDS response ... In the years after 2002, approximately 2,000 new infections were reported annually, leading to a belief that there was ... increasing trend in the projected number of new infections, particularly in rural areas. The National AIDS Council (NAC) and ...
Tenofovir alafenamide
18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2 Mar 2011. Paper # 152LB "Gilead Initiates Phase 3 Clinical ... It was developed by Gilead Sciences for use in the treatment of HIV infection and chronic hepatitis B, and is applied in the ... for Treatment of HIV-1 Infection". Gilead. 5 November 2015. "Odefsey (emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir alafenamide) ...
Joseph Sonnabend
... ; Steven S Witkin; David T Purtilo (6 May 1983). "Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, opportunistic infections ... In 1978 he started a private clinic for sexually transmitted infections in Greenwich Village, for which he was renowned. ... the propagation of safe sex to prevent infection, and an early multifactorial model of AIDS. As one of the first physicians to ... a common AIDS-related infection. Sonnabend served as Medical Director of CRI/CRIA until 1996. Sonnabend was particularly ...
Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia
People with ICL have a weakened immune system and are susceptible to opportunistic infections, although the rate of infections ... Smith D, Neal J, Holmberg S (1993). "Unexplained opportunistic infections and CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia without HIV infection. An ... four patients with opportunistic infections and no evidence of HIV infection". N. Engl. J. Med. 328 (6): 393-8. doi:10.1056/ ... Luo L, Li T (December 2008). "Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia and opportunistic infection--an update". FEMS Immunol. Med. ...
Roseomonas
... cervicalis were first isolated from blood and human infections, and were likely opportunistic infections. Further discoveries ... Certain species are known to be opportunistic infections for humans. The first species isolated had pink colonies when grown on ... While uncommon, the reported rate of Roseomonas infection may be lower due to difficulty in detection of the bacteria in ... Roseomonas, a new genus associated with bacteremia and other human infections. Journal of clinical microbiology. 1993 Dec 1;31( ...
Indinavir
The end point of the study was death or development of opportunistic infections.[13] ... September 1997). "Treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection ... "A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 ...
Oral candidiasis
... by far the most common fungal infection of the mouth, and it also represents the most common opportunistic oral infection in ... The host defenses against opportunistic infection of candida species are The oral epithelium, which acts both as a physical ... This change usually constitutes an opportunistic infection by normally harmless micro-organisms because of local (i.e., mucosal ... Unusually for candidal infections, there is an absence of predisposing factors such as immunosuppression, and it occurs in ...
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
... immuno-suppressive treatments and the spectrum of opportunistic infections can be survived.[21][22] In recent years, survival ... Infection[edit]. Bone marrow transplantation usually requires that the recipient's own bone marrow be destroyed (myeloablation ... This puts a patient at high risk of infections, sepsis and septic shock, despite prophylactic antibiotics. However, antiviral ... Infection and graft-versus-host disease are major complications of allogeneic HSCT.[2] ...
Bengal famine of 1943
... and reduced resistance to disease led to death by opportunistic infections.[233] Second, the social disruption and dismal ...
Index of HIV/AIDS-related articles
ocular - off-label use - oncology - open-label trial - opportunistic infections - oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) - organelle - ... acute HIV infection - Acute HIV Infection and Early Diseases Research Program (AIEDRP) - ADAP - ADC - adenopathy - adherence - ... breakthrough infection - Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS - bronchoscopy - budding - buffalo hump - bugchasing and giftgiving ... infection - infectious - informed consent - infusion - inoculation - institutional review board (IRB) - integrase - integrase ...
Gas gangrene
These microorganisms are opportunistic and, in general, enter the body through significant skin breakage. Gangrenous infection ... Unlike other anaerobic infections, discharge in these infections is often not purulent (filled with pus). Instead, the ... Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis[1] and myonecrosis[2]) is a bacterial infection that produces gas in ... Bratton SL, Krane EJ, Park JR, Burchette S (1992). "Clostridium septicum infections in children". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 11 (7 ...
Zoonosis
Unidentified infection of the pigs amplified the force of infection, eventually transmitting the virus to farmers and causing ... and is an important opportunistic pathogen in people immunocompromised by HIV/AIDS, organ transplantation, or CD4+ T-lymphocyte ... Close contact with cattle can lead to cutaneous anthrax infection, whereas inhalation anthrax infection is more common for ... Taenia crassiceps infection Taenia crassiceps wolves, coyotes, jackals, foxes contact with soil contaminated with feces ...
Innate immune system
... fragilis for example are opportunistic pathogens, causing infections of the peritoneal cavity inhibit phagocytosis by affecting ... In addition, in case of infection, parts of some plants are treated as disposable and replaceable, in ways that very few ... Pathogens also stimulate the macrophage to produce chemokines, which summon other cells to the site of infection.[1] ... Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection or irritation. Inflammation is stimulated by ...
Mold health issues
Opportunistic infection by molds[25] such as Penicillium marneffei and Aspergillus fumigatus is a common cause of illness and ... Sinuses and digestive tract infections are most common; lung and skin infections are also possible. Mycotoxins may or may not ... Fungal infectionEdit. Further information: Mycosis. A serious health threat from mold exposure for immunocompromised ... For example, residents of homes with mold are at an elevated risk for both respiratory infections and bronchitis.[19] When mold ...
எயிட்சு - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா
"Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes ... Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1982). "Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians in the United States". ... "Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in sub-Saharan Africa". Clin. Infect. Dis. 36 (5 ... Evan Secor Acute Schistosoma mansoni Infection Increases Susceptibility to Systemic SHIV Clade C Infection in Rhesus Macaques ...
SIDA, a enciclopedia libre
"Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes ... Lawn SD (2004). "AIDS in Africa: the impact of co-infections on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection". J. Infect. Dis. 48 (1): 1 ... "Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians in the United States". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 31 (26): 353-354 ... "Population-based biomedical sexually transmitted infection control interventions for reducing HIV infection". Cochrane database ...
2011-2013 Russian protests
Russia's chief public health official, Gennady Onishchenko, warned on Friday that protesters risked respiratory infections such ... to Putin the legitimate grievances of this young and active element of Russian society are being exploited by opportunistic ...
Streptococcus dysgalactiae
People with chronic maladies, including cancer and diabetes, are also especially susceptible to infection. These opportunistic ... Less commonly it can present as pneumonia, endocarditis, genital or intraabdominal infections. Primary bacteraemia, infection ... "M proteins of group G streptococci isolated from bacteremic human infections". Infection and Immunity. 55 (3): 753-757. ISSN ... In order to establish infection, the bacteria need to escape the host immune response, and in streptococci, a varied arsenal of ...
आइसीडी-१० अध्याय ब - विकिपीडिया
A31.) Infection due to other mycobacteria *(A31.0) Pulmonary mycobacterial infection *Infection due to Mycobacterium avium ... A80-B34 - Viral infections[संपादित करें]. (A80-A89) Viral infections of the central nervous system[संपादित करें]. *(A80.) Acute ... B34.) Viral infection of unspecified site. B35-B89 - Infections caused by fungi, protozoans, worms, and infestations[संपादित ... A54.) Gonococcal infection *(A54.0) Gonococcal infection of lower genitourinary tract without periurethral or accessory gland ...
Arabian horse
... and thus generally dies of an opportunistic infection, usually before the age of three months.[45] There is a DNA test that can ...
Primary central nervous system lymphoma
Untreated, median survival is only 2.5 months, sometimes due to concurrent opportunistic infections rather than the lymphoma ... in a subgroup of AIDS patients with CD4 counts of more than 200 and no concurrent opportunistic infections, who can tolerate ... infection (, 90%) in immunodeficient patients (such as those with AIDS and those immunosuppressed),[2] and does not have a ... of all cases of lymphomas in HIV infections (other types are Burkitt's lymphomas and immunoblastic lymphomas). Primary CNS ...
Campylobacter
The symptoms of Campylobacter infections were described in 1886 in infants by Theodor Escherich.[10] These infections were ... as well as an opportunistic pathogen in humans.[6] This genus has been found to be part of the salivary microbiome.[7] ... "Infection and Immunity. 61 (5): 1764-71. PMC 280763. PMID 8478066.. *^ Firehammer, BD; Border, M (1968). "Isolation of ... "Campylobacter Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology".. *^ a b Ryan, Kenneth James; Ray, C. George, eds. (2004 ...
Providencia (bacterium)
Some strains (P. stuartii, for example) are opportunistic pathogens in humans and can cause urinary tract infections, ...
Infection
Primary pathogens often cause primary infection and also often cause secondary infection. Usually opportunistic infections are ... Primary infection versus secondary infection. A primary infection is infection that is, or can practically be viewed as, the ... An infection that is inactive or dormant is called a latent infection.[10] An example of a latent bacterial infection is latent ... Viral infection Bacterial infection Typical symptoms In general, viral infections are systemic. This means they involve many ...
Microbiota
Surprisingly, however, after 2003, O. patagonica in the eastern Mediterranean has been resistant to V. shiloi infection, ... patagonica was simply that of opportunistic colonization.[46] If this is true, the basic observation leading to the theory ... the bleaching of Oculina patagonica was first described in 1994 and shortly determined to be due to infection by Vibrio shiloi ... which in others can cause a deadly infection Chytridiomycosis depending on their microbiome, resisting pathogen colonization or ...
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Seattle. US PEPFAR abstinence and faithfulness funding had no ... In addition to providing antiretroviral therapy (ART), PEPFAR supports prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections, as ... Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Lo N, Lowe A, Bendavid E. Seattle, abstract 160, 2015. ... According to a study presented at the 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in 2015, the $1.3 billion ...
Pathophysiology
... characterized by deficiency in cell-mediated immunity and the resulting increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections ... In the 1950s, researches on rheumatic fever, a complication of streptococcal infections, revealed it was mediated by the host's ... discovering details of cell physiology by tracking changes to bacteria upon infection with their viruses, the process ... "Dissecting How CD4 T Cells Are Lost During HIV Infection". Cell Host Microbe. 19: 280-91. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.02.012. PMC ...
Agrobacterium
Although generally seen as an infection in plants, Agrobacterium can be responsible for opportunistic infections in humans with ... Cain JR (March 1988). "A case of septicaemia caused by Agrobacterium radiobacter". The Journal of Infection. 16 (2): 205-6. doi ... Hulse M, Johnson S, Ferrieri P (January 1993). "Agrobacterium infections in humans: experience at one hospital and review". ...
Fungemia
New emerging pathogen: Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant (MDR) yeast that can cause invasive infections and is ... and opportunistic. Ascomycota. Dimorphic. (yeast+mold). Onygenales. *Coccidioides immitis/Coccidioides posadasii * ... the frequency of infection by C. glabrata, Saccharomyces boulardii, Candida tropicalis, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis is ... Skin infections can include persistent or non-healing wounds and lesions, sweating, itching, and unusual discharge or drainage. ...
Onychectomy
"Guidelines for Preventing Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-Infected Persons - 2002". Cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-05-22.. ... or infection between the two groups.[63] A 2005 study found no evidence that tendonectomy is less painful than onychectomy.[64] ... persistent and severe infections and gangrene that are limited to the distal phalanx. The procedure is usually limited to the ... infection, abscess, tissue necrosis, wound dehiscence, incomplete healing, protrusion of 2nd (middle) phalanx, claw regrowth, ...
Aphthous stomatitis
Opportunistic infections commonly occur and aphthous-like ulceration is worst during this time. Hematinic deficiencies (vitamin ... Aphthous stomatitis was once thought to be a form of recurrent herpes simplex virus infection, and some clinicians still refer ... Good oral hygiene is important to prevent secondary infection of the ulcers. Occasionally, in females where ulceration is ... caused by a reduction in numbers of CD4+ T cells may be implicated in RAS-type ulceration in HIV infection. The thickness of ...
Bacterial phyla
Some species are opportunistic pathogens, while other are the most common human gut commensal bacteria. Gained notoriety in the ... Species include Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia infection). Chlorobi[edit]. Main article: Chlorobi. Chlorobi is a member of ...
Cyclophosphamide
... fungal and opportunistic infections.[24] No published guidelines cover PCP prophylaxis for people with rheumatological diseases ... InfectionEdit. Neutropenia or lymphoma arising secondary to cyclophosphamide usage can predispose people to a variety of ... Pryor BD, Bologna SG, Kahl LE (September 1996). "Risk factors for serious infection during treatment with cyclophosphamide and ... Additional relative contraindications to the use of cyclophosphamide include lactation, active infection, neutropenia or ...
Opportunistic Infections, Information about Opportunistic Infections
Most of the germs that cause opportunistic infections are quite common. One can reduce the risk of infection by keeping clean, ... having hygienic practices,and avoiding known sources of infection. Diagnosing an opportunistic infection can be very tricky. ... Opportunistic infections are so named because they occur in people whose immune systems are not working properly; they are " ... A person infected with HIV can get an opportunistic infection, when the counts of a particular immune cell (T cell) in the ...
HIV, other health conditions and opportunistic infections | Avert
... opportunistic infections which is when infections take the opportunity of the immune system being weak. ... HIV and opportunistic infections. When someone living with HIV has a weakened immune system (shown by a low CD4 count), they ... If your HIV treatment isnt working, your immune system will get weaker and you may be at risk of opportunistic infections. ... Common co-infections. Tuberculosis (TB) Worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is the most common co-infection among people living with ...
ART could help reduce opportunistic infections and save lives of HIV-infected children
150,000 children with HIV under 15 years of age died of opportunistic infections in low-to-middle income countries in 2014 ... ART could help reduce opportunistic infections and save lives of HIV-infected children. *Download PDF Copy ... Reducing opportunistic infections such as TB in children with HIV could save both lives and money ... 150,000 children with HIV under 15 years of age died of opportunistic infections in low-to-middle income countries in 2014 ...
Opportunistic Infections
- Opportunistic Infection
Summary Report | CureHunter
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. ... Opportunistic Infections (Opportunistic Infection). Subscribe to New Research on Opportunistic Infections An infection caused ... Bacterial Infections and Mycoses*Infection: 328407*Opportunistic Infections: 3009*Superinfection: 1501. *AIDS-Related ... 3 had opportunistic infections. ". 08/15/2001 - "Use of protease inhibitors and history of other opportunistic infections did ...
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS - AIDS Information, Education, Action, AwarenessAIDS Information, Education, Action, Awareness
PREVENTING OIs TREATING OIs WHAT ARE OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS? In our bodies, we carry many ... ... WHAT ARE OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS? TESTING FOR OIs OIs AND AIDS WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON OIs? ... Infections that take advantage of weakness in the immune defenses are called "opportunistic". The phrase "opportunistic ... HIV weakens the immune system so that opportunistic infections can develop. If you are HIV-infected and develop opportunistic ...
Category:Opportunistic infections - Wikimedia Commons
Category:Opportunistic infections. Opportunistic infections are infections caused by organisms that usually do not cause ... Pages in category "Opportunistic infections". The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. ... Media in category "Opportunistic infections". The following 27 files are in this category, out of 27 total. ... Retrieved from "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Opportunistic_infections&oldid=257564138" ...
Preventing Opportunistic Infections in HIV/AIDS
Getting one or more of these opportunistic infections could mean that your HIV has advanced to AIDS. ... Opportunistic infections that other people might fight off easily could make you really sick if you have HIV. ... Opportunistic infections you need to know about. There are more than 20 serious diseases that can become OIs if you have HIV/ ... Preventing Opportunistic Infections in HIV/AIDS. HIV attacks the cells of your bodys immune system. You need a strong immune ...
Preventing Opportunistic Infections in HIV/AIDS
Definition of Opportunistic Infections in Immunocompromised
P>Opportunistic Infections (OIs) still remain a major cause of morbidity and death in children with either malignant or ... Opportunistic Infections (OIs) still remain a major cause of morbidity and death in children with either malignant or ... Definition of Opportunistic Infections in Immunocompromised Children on the Basis of Etiologies and Clinical Features: A ... Opportunistic infections, children, immunocompromised host, etiology, pathogenic, immune-deficit, malignant. Affiliation:. ...
Opportunistic Fungal Infections, Part 2: Candida and Aspergillus
... of infections caused by Candida and Aspergillus are discussed in this second installment of a 3-partseries on opportunistic ... Opportunistic Fungal Infections, Part 2: Candida and Aspergillus. November 1, 2008. Michelle A. Barron, MD, Nancy E. Madinger, ... Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes ... Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients [published correction ...
CDC: CFS not subject to opportunistic infections?! | Phoenix Rising ME / CFS Forums
... susceptible to opportunistic infections.. The dictionary defines opportunistic infections as:. An infection by a microorganism ... And many HIV patients die of pneumonia as an opportunistic infection.. Here is a list of common opportunistic infections that ... And many HIV patients die of pneumonia as an opportunistic infection.. Here is a list of common opportunistic infections that ... However, I would not have thought that these can be classed as opportunistic infections. In HIV/AIDS, opportunistic infections ...
Chandrav De | OMICS International
Her rsearch interest is based on HIV; CD4 counts; Opportunistic infections; CMV; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; HAART. She has ... Super and Co-Infections. STD-HIV AIDS 2018 (Switzerland) *Diagnostic Tools for Immunological and Virological Monitoring of HIV ... Diagnostic Tools for Immunological and Virological Monitoring of HIV Infection. STD-HIV AIDS 2018 (Switzerland) ... Cytomegalovirus Retinitis with Multiple Co Infections in a HIV/AIDS Patient having Extreme Low CD4 Count: A Case Report and ...
How long does it take for benicar hct to work
foods to avoid when taking minocycline It works via the heart disease include opportunistic infections, oral agents. This forms ... Interleukin-3 previously abnormal sensitivity to opportunistic fungal infections. There is inversely correlated with food ... Interleukin-3 previously abnormal sensitivity to opportunistic fungal infections 5-1. Glucocorticosteroids are gastro- ...
Opportunistic infection - Wikipedia
Treatment depends on the type of opportunistic infection, but usually involves different antibiotics. Opportunistic infections ... An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa) that take advantage of ... A patients risk level for developing an opportunistic infection is approximated using the patients CD4 T-cell count and ... Check date values in: ,date= (help) "AIDSinfo: Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV- ...
Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections - Wikipedia
HIV Opportunistic Infections |Health24
HIV Opportunistic Infections If a person is diagnosed & treated for mulluscum contagiousum (an HIV opportunistic infection) ...
2019 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) | CDC
March 7, 2019 - 2019 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infection. PrEP use has increased among gay and bisexual men ... according to a new CDC study presented today at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Between 2014 and ... an HHS-wide initiative that will work to reduce new infections by 75 percent in the next five years and by 90 percent in the ... particularly among those at highest risk for HIV infection. Current efforts include:. *CDC funds state and local health ...
19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI)
... : Read clinically focused news coverage of key developments ... This coverage is not sanctioned by, nor a part of, the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. ... 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) March 05 - 08, 2012; Seattle, Washington ... 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections ...
What Opportunistic Infections Do You Get With HIV?
Find out which infections are more common and how you can try to prevent them. ... Immune systems weakened by HIV are targets for opportunistic infections. ... Certain opportunistic infections are signs that your HIV has become AIDS.. If your CD4 count stays up, opportunistic infections ... Common Opportunistic Infections. Almost any disease can become an opportunistic infection when your immune system is weak. Some ...
Opportunistic infection | Definition of Opportunistic infection at Dictionary.com
Opportunistic infection definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. ... opportunistic infection. opponent, opportune, opportunism, opportunist, opportunistic, opportunistic infection, opportunity, ... An infection caused by a microorganism that under normal conditions would not bring about disease. Opportunistic infections ... An infection by a microorganism that normally does not cause disease but does so when lowered resistance to infection is caused ...
Scared - Forum on Opportunistic Infections - TheBody.com
Ask the Experts > Forum on Opportunistic Infections > Q & A Scared. May 3, 2000 Dr., My 25 yr-old son was diagnosed with HIV in ... No opportunistic infection has been identified so no specific tx. identified. I am scared, confused, and on top of that, Im an ... and antifungals can fight what ever infection he has with such a compromised immune system? PCP, Histoplasmosis, Mac have all ...
Guidelines for Preventing Opportunistic Infections Among
HIV-Infected Persons -- 2002
USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. 1997 USPHS/IDSA report on the prevention of opportunistic ... Reducing the impact of opportunistic infections in patients with HIV infection: new guidelines [Editorial]. JAMA 1995;274:347-- ... USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic ... USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic ...
Giardiasis | Pediatric Opportunistic Infection | AIDSinfo
Epidemiology of opportunistic infections and its correlation with CD4 T-lymphocyte counts and plasma viral load among HIV- ... Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children. *Home ... Updates to the Pediatric Opportunistic Infections Guidelines. On December 15, 2016 Human Herpesvirus 8 and Microsporidiosis ... Table 4. Common Drugs Used for Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Children: Preparations and Major ...
Microsporidiosis | Pediatric Opportunistic Infection | AIDSinfo
Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children. *Home ... Disseminated, Non-Ocular Infection or GI Infection Caused by Microsporidia Other Than E. Bieneusi or V. Corneae:. *Albendazole ... Updates to the Pediatric Opportunistic Infections Guidelines. On December 15, 2016 Human Herpesvirus 8 and Microsporidiosis ... Table 4. Common Drugs Used for Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Children: Preparations and Major ...
parvovirus infection - Forum on Opportunistic Infections - TheBody.com
Immune globulin is the only recognized treatment for parvovirus infection. I use it on a daily basis for 10 days in a row, not ... Forum on Opportunistic Infections > Q & A parvovirus infection. Jun 4, 2000 I have been diagnosed with parvo virus infection ... Immune globulin is the only recognized treatment for parvovirus infection. I use it on a daily basis for 10 days in a row, not ... Is there any other treatment that could be added or changed? I also understand that this infection is very rare and theres not ...
Which opportunistic infections and conditions are seen in patients with AIDS?
Opportunistic infections and conditions include the following ( * added in the 1993 AIDS surveillance case definition): ... Drugs & Diseases , Infectious Diseases , HIV Infection and AIDS Q&A Which opportunistic infections and conditions are seen in ... Trends in opportunistic infections in the pre- and post-highly active antiretroviral therapy eras among HIV-infected children ... Opportunistic infections and conditions include the following ( * added in the 1993 AIDS surveillance case definition): ...
Patent US5965590 - Method for treatment of opportunistic infections with pharmaceutical ... - Google Patents
PCP is the most common serious opportunistic infection in children with HIV infection; the incidence of PCP among HIV-infected ... The present invention relates to a method for treatment or prevention of infections, and particularly opportunistic infections ... Method for treatment of opportunistic infections with pharmaceutical compositions of tizoxanide and nitazoxanide. US 5965590 A ... Oocysts shedding appeared in feces 2 days after the oral infection of the animals. On the third day following infection of the ...
Early Anti-HIV Therapy Shows Benefit in Opportunistic Infections | Medpage Today
For treatment-naive HIV patients with an opportunistic infection, the benefits of immediate antiretroviral therapy outweigh the ... Consideration of other geographic opportunistic infections *Special considerations during pregnancy * Reviewed by Zalman S. ... People often learn they have HIV only when they seek treatment for an opportunistic infection, the guidelines note, and ... And, the guidelines say, starting effective antiretroviral therapy in the setting of an acute opportunistic infection also has ...
Opportunistic Infections | aidsinfonet.org | The AIDS InfoNet
Opportunistic Infections WHAT ARE OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS?. TESTING FOR OIs. OIs AND AIDS. WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON OIs?. ... Infections that take advantage of weakness in the immune defenses are called "opportunistic." The phrase "opportunistic ... HIV weakens the immune system so that opportunistic infections can develop. If you are HIV-infected and develop opportunistic ... WHAT ARE OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS?. In our bodies, we carry many germs - bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. When our ...
HIV/AIDS and Infections | Opportunistic Infection | MedlinePlus
This can lead to serious infections that are called opportunistic infections (OIs). Read more. ... It destroys the white blood cells that fight infection. This puts you at risk for opportunistic infections (OIs). OIs are ... Viral infections, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and hepatitis C. *Fungal infections, like yeast infections, cryptococcal ... What is an Opportunistic Infection? (National Institutes of Health, Office of AIDS Research) Also in Spanish ...
Unprotected Gay Sex One Week Ago - Forum on Opportunistic Infections - TheBody.com
Laboratory manual for diagnosis of fungal opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients
People with HIV can get many infections (known as opportunistic infections, or OIs). Many of these illnesses are very serious ... 2009). Laboratory manual for diagnosis of fungal opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients. WHO Regional Office for South- ... Laboratory manual for diagnosis of fungal opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients. ... Infections which are rarely seen in those with normal immune systems can be deadly to those with HIV. ...
Laboratory manual for diagnosis of fungal opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients
People with HIV can get many infections (known as opportunistic infections, or OIs). Many of these illnesses are very serious ... Laboratory manual for diagnosis of fungal opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients. dc.contributor.author. World Health ... Laboratory manual for diagnosis of fungal opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients. en_US. ... Infections which are rarely seen in those with normal immune systems can be deadly to those with HIV. ...
Opportunistic infection : Wikis (The Full Wiki)
An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacterial, viral, fungal or protozoan) that usually do not ... Opportunistic infections caused by Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline immunodeficiency virus retroviral infections can be treated ... Treatment depends on the type of opportunistic infection, but usually involves different antibiotics. ... Including Monitoring for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. ...
Gdlns. Prev. Opportunistic Infections in Persons Infected w/ HIV
USPHS/IDSA Guidelines for the Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in Persons Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A ... These recommendations address 17 opportunistic infections or groups of opportunistic infections by providing guidelines on a) ... These recommendations address 17 opportunistic infections or groups of opportunistic infections and cover prevention of ... The approach to preventing opportunistic infections and other infections commonly encountered in HIV-infected persons, as ...
What Are Opportunistic Infections?
Some of the most common opportunistic infections in people living with HIV include:. Opportunistic Infection. Cause. Location. ... Some opportunistic infections occur differently in women than in men:. *Men are eight times more likely than women to develop ... www.thewellproject.org/tags/hiv-opportunistic-infection. [23] http://www.thewellproject.org/tags/opportunistic-infection. [24] ... The CDC has developed a list of more than 20 opportunistic infections that are considered AIDS-defining conditions [5]. ...
When to Start Anti-HIV Drugs in Patients With Opportunistic Infections - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
HIV Infections. Opportunistic Infections. AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections. Lentivirus Infections. Retroviridae Infections ... HIV Infections AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Drug: Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Drug: Lopinavir/ ... When to Start Anti-HIV Drugs in Patients With Opportunistic Infections. This study has been completed. ... deferred ART during an opportunistic infection. PLoS One. 2010 Jul 1;5(7):e11416. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011416. ...
When to Start Anti-HIV Drugs in Patients With Opportunistic Infections - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Opportunistic Infections. AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections. HIV Infections. Lentivirus Infections. Retroviridae Infections ... HIV Infections AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Drug: Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Drug: Lopinavir/ ... When to Start Anti-HIV Drugs in Patients With Opportunistic Infections. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the ... deferred ART during an opportunistic infection. PLoS One. 2010 Jul 1;5(7):e11416. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011416. ...
A CRISPR-based assay for the detection of opportunistic infections post-transplantation and for the monitoring of transplant...
... enables-via simple visualization-the post-transplantation monitoring of common opportunistic viral infections and of graft ... A fast and inexpensive point-of-care assay based on CRISPR-Cas13 accurately detects the DNA of opportunistic viruses in blood ... infection and rejection are major causes of graft loss. They are linked by the net state of immunosuppression. To diagnose and ... Kaminski, M.M., Alcantar, M.A., Lape, I.T. et al. A CRISPR-based assay for the detection of opportunistic infections post- ...
Staphylococcus aureus α toxin potentiates opportunistic bacterial lung infections | Science Translational Medicine
This sequence of infections suggests that S. aureus colonization and co-infection may promote infection by other bacterial ... Staphylococcus aureus α toxin potentiates opportunistic bacterial lung infections. By Taylor S. Cohen, Jamese J. Hilliard, ... Staphylococcus aureus α toxin potentiates opportunistic bacterial lung infections. By Taylor S. Cohen, Jamese J. Hilliard, ... Staphylococcus aureus α toxin potentiates opportunistic bacterial lung infections Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a ...
PPT - Opportunistic infection PowerPoint Presentation - ID:2087401
What is it?. An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by: pathogens , particularly opportunistic pathogens (bacterial ... drugs for hiv infection and related opportunistic infections. drugs for hiv infection and related opportunistic infections. ... Opportunistic infection. Bryan Smith & Imani Pyles. What is it?. An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by: ... An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by:. *pathogens, particularly opportunistic pathogens (bacterial, viral, ...
OrganismsOccurPneumoniaImmuneMorbidityCandidaTuberculosisCandidiasisSTIsCommonRiskChildrenDiseasePathogensCommon opportunisticIncidencePrevent opportunistic infectionsAntiretroviralCytomegalovirusDefinition of OpportunisticHigher risk of opportunistic infectionsClinicalViralType of opportunistic infectionIllnessesSymptomsImpact of opportunisticFrequencyImmune systemMortalityDiagnosisHepatitisMalignanciesCryptosporidiosisMycobacterium Avium CPneumocystis carinii pProphylaxisCryptococcosisEmerged as an important complicationSignificantlyCryptococcusHAARTTreatmentCancers
Organisms1
- Opportunistic infections are infections caused by organisms that usually do not cause disease in a person with a healthy immune system, but can affect people with a poorly functioning or suppressed immune system. (wikimedia.org)
Occur4
- These types of candidiasis are seen most commonly in patients with CD4 + T-lymphocyte counts of less than 200/?L. 2 Other types of infections with Candida can certainly occur in this population but are usually associated with other concurrent risk factors. (patientcareonline.com)
- Although oral and esophageal infections occur, fungemia is the most serious clinical syndrome observed. (patientcareonline.com)
- Reports suggest that Aspergillus infections occur in 4% to 20% of bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients, with neutropenia being the most important risk factor for infection. (patientcareonline.com)
- 9 More than half of the Aspergillus infections in liver transplant recipients occur in the first 3 months after transplant. (patientcareonline.com)
Pneumonia1
- This means that there are still large numbers of children with HIV, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, who are vulnerable to opportunistic and other infections diseases such as TB, bacterial pneumonia and diarrhea. (news-medical.net)
Immune1
Morbidity1
- Morbidity and mortality attributed to Candida and Aspergillusinfections can be quite high in immunocompromised hosts.The epidemiology and clinical manifestations as well as clinicalpearls on prevention of infections caused by Candida and Aspergillus are discussed in this second installment of a 3-partseries on opportunistic infections in immunosuppressedpatients. (patientcareonline.com)
Candida3
- It is noteworthy that Candida is the fourth leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections in hospitalized patients. (patientcareonline.com)
- 3 In addition, although C albicans still accounts for most invasive Candida infections, non- albicans Candida species have emerged with increasing frequency, particularly C glabrata and C krusei . (patientcareonline.com)
- Most invasive fungal infections following organ transplant are also due to Candida species. (patientcareonline.com)
Tuberculosis2
- Worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is the most common co-infection among people living with HIV . (avert.org)
- Your healthcare professional should test you for tuberculosis and if you have got it, you should receive treatment which cures the infection. (avert.org)
Candidiasis1
- Candidiasis and aspergillosis are the most common fungal infections in immunocompromised hosts. (patientcareonline.com)
STIs1
Common2
- As well as staying healthy and looking after your mental health , we can avoid some other infections by having vaccinations where available, or using an insecticide-treated bed net in areas where malaria is common for example. (avert.org)
- Cervical cancer is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is the most common sexually transmitted infection. (avert.org)
Risk1
- 1 Immunocompromised patients are at high risk for the development of any of these infections. (patientcareonline.com)
Children1
- According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 150,000 children with HIV under 15 years of age died of opportunistic infections in low-to-middle income countries in 2014 alone. (news-medical.net)
Disease1
- The spectrum of disease ranges from superficial and mucosal infections to invasive tissue infections. (patientcareonline.com)
Pathogens13
- An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available, such as a host with a weakened immune system, an altered microbiota (such as a disrupted gut flora), or breached integumentary barriers. (wikipedia.org)
- 1 Many microsporidia have been reported as pathogens in humans, but Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis are the most common microsporidia that cause infection in HIV-infected patients. (nih.gov)
- An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacterial, viral, fungal or protozoan) that usually do not cause disease in a healthy host, i.e. one with a healthy immune system. (thefullwiki.org)
- They cover preventing exposure to opportunistic pathogens, using chemoprophylaxis or vaccination to prevent the first episode of disease, and preventing recurrence for 17 opportunistic infections or groups of opportunistic infections. (cdc.gov)
- Prophylactic regimens against opportunistic pathogens and more potent antiretroviral drugs appear to be important factors influencing this decline in incidence. (cdc.gov)
- Fecal sampling was done to evaluate changes in the microbiome of the gut and to detect colonization of opportunistic pathogens. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
- Ribaxamase can be administered to degrade antibiotics, potentially preventing disruption of the gut microbiome from CDI, antibiotic resistance, and colonization of the intestines by opportunistic pathogens. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
- Secondary end points included non-CDI antibiotic-associated diarrhea, changes in the gut microbiome, antibiotic resistance rates, and colonization by opportunistic pathogens. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
- In addition, there was a 71% risk reduction in CDI ( P =.045) and a 44% relative risk reduction in new colonization by opportunistic pathogens, specifically vancomycin-resistant enterococci ( P =.0002). (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
- In this context several opportunistic pathogens have emerged as causes of clinically important disease. (ucl.ac.uk)
- Clinicians should be aware of these opportunistic pathogens in order that a timely diagnosis may be made and appropriate therapy given. (ucl.ac.uk)
- One major factor that may have led to substantially higher infection rates among polymyositis/dermatomyositis patients than those with lupus in this study was interstitial lung disease, which has been detected in up to two-thirds of polymyositis/dermatomyositis patients and may increase susceptibility to pulmonary infections with Aspergillus and Mycobacterium pathogens. (rheumatologynetwork.com)
- These minimum screenings will help to pick up early Tuberculosis , CMV / Toxoplasmosis retinitis, opportunistic pathogens causing diarrhea and even viral infection. (hivinchildren.org)
Common opportunistic4
- The most common opportunistic infections that an HIV-infected person get are Candidiasis or Thrush, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus, Mycobacterium avium complex, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Toxoplasmosis, and Tuberculosis. (faqs.org)
- The assay, which we adapted for lateral-flow readout, enables-via simple visualization-the post-transplantation monitoring of common opportunistic viral infections and of graft rejection, and should facilitate point-of-care post-transplantation monitoring. (nature.com)
- Description of the most common opportunistic infections with links to more detailed information. (aidsinfonet.org)
- and opportunities to improve treatment for two common opportunistic infections: cryptococcal meningitis and Kaposi's sarcoma. (msfaccess.org)
Incidence19
- In patients with HIV, starting antiretroviral therapy is especially important for restoration of the immune system and reduces the incidence of opportunistic infections In patients undergoing chemotherapy, completion of and recovery from treatment is the primary method for immune system restoration. (wikipedia.org)
- Although malaria is not typically considered an opportunistic infection, its incidence was found to be significantly higher among children in Tanzania that were perinatally infected with HIV than those without HIV infection. (medscape.com)
- Summary data on the incidence density (ie, incidence per person-year [PY]) of serious infection, opportunistic infection, and tuberculosis associated with each of the nine biologic therapies currently indicated in rheumatoid arthritis patients are not available. (dovepress.com)
- Additional calculation of the incidence density was performed in 12 studies for serious infection and in 13 studies for opportunistic infection or tuberculosis. (dovepress.com)
- The incidence of serious infection was consistent across studies and biologic therapies, ranging from 0 to 11/100 PY but mainly clustered from 2 to 6/100 PY. (dovepress.com)
- Fewer incidence data were available for opportunistic infection and tuberculosis. (dovepress.com)
- The incidence of opportunistic infection and tuberculosis ranged widely, from 0.01 to 3.0/100 PY and 0.01 to 2.6/100 PY, respectively. (dovepress.com)
- Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has reduced the incidence of opportunistic infections (OIs) among HIV-infected patients with access to adequate medical care. (drugtopics.com)
- However, surveillance data indicate that the incidence of opportunistic infections has been changing in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- In HIV-infected men who have sex with men, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), toxoplasmic encephalitis, fungal infections, and disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease have decreased in incidence (9). (cdc.gov)
- The surveillance data also indicate that the incidence of some opportunistic infections is not decreasing among either men who have sex with men or injecting-drug users, indicating that preventive strategies need to be developed and applied to a wider spectrum of opportunistic infections. (cdc.gov)
- Results The cumulative incidence of severe infections at 12 months after transplantation was 66% with a median number of 1.64 severe infectious episodes per patient. (haematologica.org)
- Analysis of the incidence of opportunistic infections in relation with the change of CD_4~+ lymphocyte count in people living with HIV/AIDS. (cnki.com.cn)
- The PALACE study demonstrates a non-significant, 0.6 and 0.0 exposure-adjusted incidence rate/100 patient years of opportunistic infection in placebo vs Otezla, respectively. (foma.org)
- This 13-year cohort study used national health insurance data to compare the incidence rates (IRs) of nine opportunistic infections among patients with five rheumatic diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
- The incidence rate of opportunistic infections was highest for polymyositis/dermatomyositis (61.3/1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval [CI] 56.6-66.2), followed by SLE (43.1/1000 person-years, 95% CI 41.7-44.5), systemic sclerosis (31.6/1000 person-years, 95% CI 28.3-35.1), rheumatoid arthritis (25.0/1000 person-years, 95% CI 24.4-25.7), and primary Sjogren's syndrome (24.1/1000 person-years, 95% CI 23.1-25.2). (rheumatologynetwork.com)
- The incidence of opportunistic infections was highest during the first year after diagnosis of the rheumatic disease, diminishing thereafter. (rheumatologynetwork.com)
- The incidence rate of opportunistic infection for patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis was 5.4 times higher during the first year compared with after five years, which the researchers suggested may be due to the use of lower steroid doses later in disease and higher disease activity soon after onset. (rheumatologynetwork.com)
- The authors suggested that the more intensive immunosuppression required in polymyositis/dermatomyositis than in SLE may also explain the difference in the incidence rate of opportunistic infections. (rheumatologynetwork.com)
Prevent opportunistic infections2
Antiretroviral15
- ATLANTA, March 25 -- For treatment-naive HIV patients with an opportunistic infection, the benefits of immediate antiretroviral therapy outweigh the risks, according to new guidelines from the CDC. (medpagetoday.com)
- Evidence is mounting that for most such infections -- especially if there is no specific treatment -- early antiretroviral therapy will contribute to faster resolution, the agency said in an early release of Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . (medpagetoday.com)
- People often learn they have HIV only when they seek treatment for an opportunistic infection, the guidelines note, and physicians face the question of when to start antiretroviral therapy. (medpagetoday.com)
- And, the guidelines say, starting effective antiretroviral therapy in the setting of an acute opportunistic infection also has a preventive effect -- a second opportunistic infection is less likely to occur. (medpagetoday.com)
- Nevertheless, the guidelines say, for many opportunistic infections "the early benefits of [antiretroviral therapy] outweigh increased risk related to these other factors and [antiretroviral therapy] should be started as soon as possible. (medpagetoday.com)
- Since combination antiretroviral treatment for HIV became available, the number of people living with HIV who have had opportunistic infections has gone down drastically. (thewellproject.org)
- These illnesses tend to occur most often in patients who have untreated HIV infection or who fail to benefit from antiretroviral treatment. (bmj.com)
- The authors state that in HIV-infected patients who are HAART-naïve and require antiretroviral therapy, lamivudine (Epivir, GlaxoSmithKline) 150-mg tablets taken twice daily are commonly used to treat HBV infection. (drugtopics.com)
- For those who are lamivudine-experienced and require HAART, the authors said that tenofovir (Viread, Gilead) 300-mg tablets taken once daily in conjunction with a fully suppressive antiretroviral regimen are considered by certain specialists to be the optimal choice for the treatment of HIV and HBV infection. (drugtopics.com)
- After more than a decade of establishing and expanding access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), empirical evidence on its impact on trends of opportunistic infections (OIs) associated with the deadly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in resource poor settings is scarce. (biomedcentral.com)
- Objectives To determine the effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy in reducing opportunistic infections (OI) as both a presenting event and subsequent to an AIDS-defining event. (ovid.com)
- Predicting future prevalence of any opportunistic infection (OI) among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in resource poor settings is important for proper planning, advocacy and resource allocation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) restores inflammatory immune responses in AIDS patients which may unmask previous subclinical infections or paradoxically exacerbate symptoms of opportunistic infections. (biomedcentral.com)
- Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has transformed HIV-induced disease from a fatal infection to a chronic yet manageable condition. (biomedcentral.com)
- HIV-related immunodeficiency is a major risk factor for most of the infections that are discussed in this document, and the prevention or reversal of HIV-related immunodeficiency with antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a key part of prevention and management of OIs in general. (hiv.gov)
Cytomegalovirus5
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a viral infection that causes eye disease that can lead to blindness. (aidsinfonet.org)
- A description of the opportunistic infection cytomegalovirus (CMV), including symptoms, prevention and treatment. (aidsinfonet.org)
- Tuberculosis, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, candidiasis, cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, and Mycobacterium avium complex infections are among the HIV-related OIs often encountered in clinical practice and are covered in this topic. (bmj.com)
- Most attention was focused on recent data related to chemoprophylaxis against disseminated MAC disease, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and fungal infections and to immunization against Streptococcus pneumoniae. (cdc.gov)
- Moreover, among patients with PM/DM or SLE, there are no large-scale studies regarding the incidences of other OIs (e.g. aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, non-tuberculous mycobacteria, and cytomegalovirus infection). (biomedcentral.com)
Definition of Opportunistic2
- The limited data on opportunistic infection and the lack of a consistent definition of opportunistic infection invite caution for a benchmark rate for opportunistic infection as a composite category. (dovepress.com)
- A definition of opportunistic infections. (aidsinfonet.org)
Higher risk of opportunistic infections3
- Multivariable Cox analysis revealed that, relative to SLE, PM/DM was associated with a significantly higher risk of opportunistic infections (hazard ratio 1.18, 95% CI 1.08-1.29). (biomedcentral.com)
- It is important to note that RA patients receiving anti-TNF therapy or other biological agents may experience a higher risk of opportunistic infections, relative to their apparent risk," wrote the authors, led by Chun-Yu Lin, M.D., of National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan. (rheumatologynetwork.com)
- Compared to SLE, polymyositis/dermatomyositis was associated with a significantly higher risk of opportunistic infections (hazard ratio 1.18, 95% CI 1.08-1.29). (rheumatologynetwork.com)
Clinical6
- Clinicians may consider continuing treatment for microsporidiosis until improvement in severe immunosuppression is sustained (more than 6 months at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention immunologic category 1 or 2) and clinical signs and symptoms of infection are resolved (weak, very low) . (nih.gov)
- Published rather than proposed definitions for invasive fungal infection must be applied to allow standardization in clinical trials. (nih.gov)
- HIV-related opportunistic infections (OIs) are clinical syndromes that arise as a consequence of impaired immunity in advanced stages of HIV infection. (bmj.com)
- Clinical meaning - Can refer to persons with asymptomatic infection or symptomatic disease. (powershow.com)
- To date, there is no inclusion statement in the package insert stating the possibility of increased opportunistic infection while on the drug based on the Psoriatic Arthritis Long Term Assessment of the Clinical Efficacy (PALACE) study. (foma.org)
- Their clinical presentation frequently mimics other (non) opportunistic infections with which they may co-exist. (ucl.ac.uk)
Viral4
- A viral infection that can cause pneumonia or blindness. (ahealthyme.com)
- Mice infected with the retroviruses for 2 or 4 weeks responded normally to challenge with the parasite, but mice inoculated with the protozoan 8 or 12 weeks after viral infection died with acute disease due to T. gondii. (asm.org)
- Mice latently infected with T. gondii and then inoculated with the retrovirus mixture were found to reactivate the parasite infection, with 30 to 40% of dually infected animals dying between 5 and 16 weeks after viral infection. (asm.org)
- Utilizing our HSV brain infection model and mice with MAIDS, we investigated the effect of immune reconstitution on MAIDS mice harboring opportunistic viral brain infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Type of opportunistic infection3
- Common prophylaxis treatments include the following: Treatment depends on the type of opportunistic infection, but usually involves different antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
- Treatment depends on the type of opportunistic infection, but usually involves different antibiotics . (thefullwiki.org)
- which of the following is not a type of opportunistic infection common to hiv/aids positive people? (quilt2012.org)
Illnesses3
- Without enough CD4 cells to fight them off, infections can lead to illnesses, cancers, and brain and nerve problems. (webmd.com)
- They get an increasing number of severe illnesses, called opportunistic infections (OIs). (cdc.gov)
- When your immune system loses too many CD4 cells, you are less able to fight off infection and can develop serious illnesses, cancers [4] , and neurological (nerve system) problems. (thewellproject.org)
Symptoms8
- A description of the opportunistic infection cryptosporidiosis, including symptoms, prevention and treatment. (aidsinfonet.org)
- A description of the opportunistic infection Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma (NHL), including symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. (aidsinfonet.org)
- A description of the opportunistic infection molluscum contagiosum, including symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. (aidsinfonet.org)
- A description of the opportunistic infection Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC), including symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. (aidsinfonet.org)
- A description of the opportunistic infection pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP), including symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. (aidsinfonet.org)
- For the most part, infections by other bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites cause the more severe symptoms of HIV. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Neutropenia has no specific symptoms except the severity of the patient's current infection. (encyclopedia.com)
- Flu-like symptoms may appear within the first 2-6 weeks of an HIV infection as the immune system fights the infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Impact of opportunistic1
- This increases the risk and impact of opportunistic infections and cancers . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Frequency1
- The addition of thiopurine to anti-TNF α therapy did not increase the frequency of infection. (ecco-ibd.eu)
Immune system24
- Such a strategy usually includes restoration of the immune system as soon as possible, avoiding exposures to infectious agents, and using antimicrobial medications ("prophylactic medications") directed against specific infections. (wikipedia.org)
- Many researchers are also of the opinionthat if a person's damaged immune system can be rebuilt, he will be better protected against opportunistic infections. (faqs.org)
- When people use the newest drugs that fight HIV, its possible that their immune system can repair some of the damage done by HIV, and can do a better job of fighting opportunistic infections. (faqs.org)
- But untreated HIV, over the course of years, will harm your immune system and can lead to opportunistic infections. (webmd.com)
- Opportunistic" means they take advantage of the weaker immune system of someone with HIV. (webmd.com)
- Almost any disease can become an opportunistic infection when your immune system is weak. (webmd.com)
- It will help you avoid the serious consequences of infection as well as preserve your immune system. (webmd.com)
- Your doctor might also prescribe medication to prevent the infection from coming back, and if your immune system recovers, you may be able to stop taking that. (webmd.com)
- An infection by a microorganism that normally does not cause disease but does so when lowered resistance to infection is caused by the impairment of the body's immune system. (dictionary.com)
- If your HIV treatment isn't working, your immune system will get weaker and you may be at risk of opportunistic infections. (avert.org)
- You may have been immunized against the infection, or your immune system may have "cleared" the infection, or you may be infected. (aidsinfonet.org)
- HIV weakens the immune system so that opportunistic infections can develop. (aidsinfonet.org)
- OIs are serious infections that take advantage of your weak immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
- This allows the immune system to do its job of controlling infections. (thewellproject.org)
- But if your immune system is compromised it may be harder to fight these infections. (ahealthyme.com)
- Without treatment, HIV infection is likely to develop into AIDS as the immune system gradually wears down. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A correctly functioning immune system would protect the body against the more advanced effects of infections, and HIV disrupts this process. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- I know my immune system is running over capacity in order to keep the tick-borne infections in check. (coilingforlyme.com)
- I arguably have an altered, if not outright compromised immune system, between everything that I've been dealing with, including chronic infections, too many antibiotics, and for the past year fludrocortisone for my blood pressure which is a mild immune suppressant. (coilingforlyme.com)
- I wonder if the food allergy hypothesis is out the window or if the food sensitivities throw my immune system more out of whack giving the infection more opportunity to torment me. (coilingforlyme.com)
- When germs take advantage of your weakened immune system, they are called opportunistic infections (OI). (uchealth.com)
- Seroconversion is the stage when a person's body is producing antibodies to HIV, which means that their immune system is fighting the infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- They are called opportunistic because they take advantage of the weakened immune system. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Opportunistic infections are usually caused by ordinary, harmless viruses, bacteria, and fungi, which only provoke disease when the immune system is compromised. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Mortality7
- Because of the AIDS epidemic and the mortality associated with it, a lot of money and effort has been expended in the past decade on research aimed at theprevention and treatment of opportunistic infections. (faqs.org)
- Treating Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-infected Adults and Adolescents' was published in the Dec. 17, 2004, issue of Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report ( MMWR ). (drugtopics.com)
- In the United States, opportunistic infections continue to produce morbidity and mortality among the estimated 650,000-900,000 persons who are infected with HIV, especially among the estimated 200,000-250,000 persons who are severely immunosuppressed (i.e., persons who have a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count of less than 200 cells/uL) (6-10). (cdc.gov)
- However, it is still unclear to what extent insufficient recovery of thymopoiesis predicts for subsequent opportunistic infections and non-relapse mortality. (haematologica.org)
- Research shows that about 90% of HIV-related morbidity and mortality are caused by opportunistic infections compared to 7% due to opportunistic cancers and 3% due to other causes [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Effective strategies for prevention of opportunistic infections and mortality associated with HIV/AIDS is of great importance given the high cost and uncertainty surrounding sustainability of lifelong ART in resource poor settings. (biomedcentral.com)
- Interestingly, while opportunistic herpes virus brain infection of C57BL/6 MAIDS mice was not itself lethal, when T-cell immunity was reconstituted through adoptive transfer of virus-specific CD3 + T-cells, it resulted in significant mortality among recipients. (biomedcentral.com)
Diagnosis1
Hepatitis4
- Discussion of co-infection with both HIV and hepatitis C. (aidsinfonet.org)
- Both she and Pau cited hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as an example. (drugtopics.com)
- Fatal reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection in a patient with adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma receiving the anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 antibody mogamulizumab. (semanticscholar.org)
- Medical screening includes obtaining a general medical history and physical examination, screening for infections (e.g., intestinal parasites and hepatitis B), and provision of preventive services (e.g., vaccinations) and counseling [ 3 ]. (mdpi.com)
Malignancies2
- Opportunistic infections of the central nervous system are classically associated with immunosuppression arising from infection with human immunodeficiency virus and with various hematologic malignancies. (meta.org)
- Polymyositis/dermatomyositis are strongly associated with a broad range of malignancies, which could contribute to the increased risk of opportunistic infections through the use of cytotoxic anti-cancer therapies. (rheumatologynetwork.com)
Cryptosporidiosis1
- This guide for people with HIV infection provides information about the prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis (crypto). (ahrq.gov)
Mycobacterium Avium C2
- IRIS has been observed most commonly with mycobacterial infections (TB and disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex ), but may also develop with other OIs. (bmj.com)
- This guide for people with HIV infection provides information about the prevention and treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex disease (MAC). (ahrq.gov)
Pneumocystis carinii p1
- This guide provides information about the prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in children with HIV infection. (ahrq.gov)
Prophylaxis1
- However, these decreases have not been observed among HIV-infected injecting-drug users, suggesting that more emphasis should be placed on providing currently recommended chemoprophylactic agents to all persons who have HIV infection and who meet appropriate criteria for prophylaxis for opportunistic infections. (cdc.gov)
Cryptococcosis1
- Invasive fungal infections, including cryptococcosis and pneumocystosis. (rxlist.com)
Emerged as an important complication2
- In addition to common infections, opportunistic infection (OI) has emerged as an important complication in developed countries [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition to common infections, opportunistic infection has emerged as an important complication, but most studies examining opportunistic infections have been single center in design and focused on SLE. (rheumatologynetwork.com)
Significantly1
- Resistance to S. pneumoniae was significantly reduced by retroviral infection, but not by short-term, binge, exposure to dietary ethanol. (openrepository.com)
Cryptococcus2
- This illness is caused by infection with the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans . (cdc.gov)
- Cryptococcus neoformans infection in malignancy. (semanticscholar.org)
HAART1
- How long do people live after they acquire HIV infection, without HAART? (powershow.com)
Treatment9
- Because the HIV virus makes copies of itself more quickly when you have an opportunistic infection, early treatment is important. (webmd.com)
- aids the treatment of infection by enhancing white blood cell action and potentiating germ-killing antibiotics. (slideserve.com)
- Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. (bmj.com)
- Nevertheless, we still do not have either a curative treatment or a preventive vaccine, without which most of those presently infected will die of AIDS, and new infections will continue unabated. (flsida.org)
- This report updates the last version of the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections (OIs) in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children , published in 2013. (hiv.gov)
- This poster summarizes the guidelines for prevention and treatment of selected opportunistic infections (OIs). (cdc.gov)
- This guideline lists each opportunistic infection and provides information on primary and secondary infection, prevention of exposure, and treatment recommendations as well as criteria for discontinuation of treatment. (cdc.gov)
- There was significant changes due to virus infection with and without alcohol treatment in T-subsets, B-cells and macrophages. (openrepository.com)
- Treatment for latent infection should be initiated prior to XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR use. (rxlist.com)
