Opium
Tyrosine Decarboxylase
Thebaine
Peronospora
Recent progress in the neurotoxicology of natural drugs associated with dependence or addiction, their endogenous agonists and receptors. (1/85)
Nicotine in tobacco, tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) in marijuana and morphine in opium are well known as drugs associated with dependence or addiction. Endogenous active substances that mimic the effects of the natural drugs and their respective receptors have been found in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Such active substances and receptors include acetylcholine (ACh) and the nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) for nicotine, anandamide and CB1 for delta 9-THC, and endomorphins (1 and 2) and the mu (OP3) opioid receptor for morphine, respectively. Considerable progress has been made in studies on neurotoxicity, in terms of the habituation, dependence and withdrawal phenomena associated with these drugs and with respect to correlations with endogenous active substances and their receptors. In this article we shall review recent findings related to the neurotoxicity of tobacco, marijuana and opium, and their toxic ingredients, nicotine, delta 9-THC and morphine in relation to their respective endogenous agents and receptors in the CNS. (+info)Use of illicit drugs among high-school students in Jamaica. (2/85)
Reported are the results of a survey to assess the prevalence of illicit drug use among high-school students in Jamaica. A total of 2417 high-school students in 26 schools were covered: 1063 boys and 1354 girls of whom 1317 were grade-10 students (mean age 15.7 years) and 1100 were grade-11 students (mean age 16.8 years). Of the students, 1072 and 1345 were from rural and urban schools, respectively, while 1126 and 1291 were children of parents who were professionals and nonprofessionals, respectively. The following drugs were used by the students: marijuana (10.2%), cocaine (2.2%), heroin (1.5%) and opium (1.2%). Illicit drug use among males, urban students and children of professionals was higher than that among females, rural students and children of nonprofessionals, respectively. (+info)Isolation and structure of an untriakontapeptide with opiate activity from camel pituitary glands. (3/85)
The isolation of an untriakontapeptide from camel pituitary extracts has been described. Its structure has been determined and shown to be identical to the sequence of carboxyl-terminal 31 amino acids of ovine beta-lipotropin. The peptide possesses very low lipotropic activity but significant opiate activity. (+info)A four year survey of neonatal narcotic withdrawal: evaluation and treatment. (4/85)
BACKGROUND: Narcotic abuse has steadily become more prevalent in Israel and may result in an increasing number of children exposed prenatally to narcotics, with a consequent increase in the number of infants born with neonatal abstinence syndrome. OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with infants born to narcotic-addicted women between the years 1995 and 1998 at the Soroka University Medical Center. METHODS: The medical records of 24 newborns and their drug-addicted mothers admitted to our Medical Center for parturition were analyzed retrospectively. A diagnosis of NAS was established on the basis of the clinical presentation and anamnesis. The Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Scoring System was used to assess drug withdrawal. Urine toxicological analysis for narcotics was done only for the year 1998. RESULTS: Of the 24 newborn infants exposed prenatally to narcotics 23 (96%) developed NAS, and 78% (18 of the 23) had a Finnegan score of 8 or more. These 18 infants were treated pharmacologically (tincture of opium and/or phenobarbital) until the score was reduced to less than 8, after which they received supportive treatment. In one child who became lethargic after the first dose of tincture of opium, the medication was stopped and supportive treatment alone was given. Four of the five neonates with scores of 7 and less were given supportive treatment. One of five infants who had a low Finnegan score at birth nevertheless received pharmacological therapy to prevent further deterioration of his physical state since he was born with severe dyspnea. Ten of the 24 children (42%) were followed for lengths of time ranging from 6 to 22 months after discharge, all of whom showed normal development. CONCLUSIONS: About three-quarters of newborns exhibiting withdrawal syndrome required pharmacological therapy. Previous information on maternal drug abuse is a crucial criterion for early detection and treatment. (+info)Molecular characterization of the salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase involved in morphine biosynthesis in opium poppy Papaver somniferum. (5/85)
Salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase (EC ) catalyzes the conversion of the phenanthrene alkaloid salutaridinol to salutaridinol-7-O-acetate, the immediate precursor of thebaine along the morphine biosynthetic pathway. We have isolated a cDNA clone that corresponds to the internal amino acid sequences of the native enzyme purified from a cell suspension culture of opium poppy Papaver somniferum. The recombinant enzyme acetylated the 7-hydroxyl moiety of salutaridinol in the presence of acetyl-CoA. The apparent K(m) value for salutaridinol was determined to be 9 microm and 54 microm for acetyl-CoA. The gene transcript was detected in extracts from Papaver orientale and Papaver bracteatum in addition to P. somniferum. Genomic DNA gel blot analysis indicated that there is likely a single copy of this gene in the P. somniferum genome. The amino acid sequence of salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase is most similar (37% identity) to that of deacetylvindoline acetyltransferase of Catharanthus roseus. Salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase is the second enzyme specific to morphine biosynthesis for which we have isolated a cDNA. Taken together with the other cDNAs cloned encoding norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase, (S)-N-methylcoclaurine 3'-hydroxylase, the cytochrome P-450 reductase, and codeinone reductase, significant progress has been made toward accumulating genes of this pathway to enable the end goal of a biotechnological production of morphinan alkaloids. (+info)Co-existence of HIV-1 subtypes B' and E infections among Thai injecting drug users. (6/85)
Subtypes B' and E are the two major subtypes of HIV-1 among injecting drug users (IDU) in Thailand. However, there are not many reports on subtype distribution during the early epidemic. Random blood specimens collected during 1994-2000 from 3,286 IDU at the Thanyarak Hospital were tested for HIV antibody and subtyped by using peptide binding enzyme immunoassay. The prevalence rate of HIV infection was 36.8%. All HIV-seropositive IDU were ascertained for "year of first HIV seropositivity" from their medical records. Of 1,512 HIV-seropositive samples, 1,408 (93.1%) were typeable. During 1987-1988, the proportion of subtype B' was as high as 80% but decreased rapidly to 27.6% during 1999-2000. At the same time, the proportions of subtype E increased correspondingly (Chi-square test for the trend, p < 0.05). The relatively high proportion of subtype E among IDU since an early stage of the epidemic suggests early co-existence of both subtypes and needs further investigation. (+info)Dietary factors and esophageal cancer in the Caspian Littoral of Iran. (7/85)
A study was undertaken to attempt to relate the distribution of exogenous factors to the varying incidences of esophageal cancer in the Caspian Littoral of Iran. For the study, 38 villages were chosen by random sampling in 14 regions defined by their esophageal cancer incidence and environmental characteristics. Information was obtained on the dietary, social, and cultural features of each village. In addition, an extensive 5-day study of 6 randomly selected households in each of the 38 villages was conducted. The study consisted of measured dietary intake, a historical food consumption questionnaire, and clinical examinations of adult occupants. Preliminary results show no single factor responsible for the etiology of esophageal cancer. However, there were some major dietary differences between the regions of different esophageal cancer risk. Bread was the chief staple food in high-incidence areas; rice, in low-incidence areas. In high-incidence areas, there was a low intake of vitamins A and C, riboflavin, animal protein, and fresh vegetables and fruit, but a greater consumption of sheeps and goat's milk. Analyses of food samples for aflatoxins, polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrosamines showed low levels of these carcinogens in areas of high and low incidences. The use of tobacco and alcohol was not found to be of significance. (+info)Safety of early pain relief for acute abdominal pain. (8/85)
OBJECTIVES: (a) to determine the efficacy of papaveretum in treating pain when administered early to patients presenting with acute abdominal pain and (b) to assess its effect on subsequent diagnosis and management. DESIGN: Prospective, randomised, placebo controlled study. SETTING: Walsgrave Hospital, Coventry. SUBJECTS: 100 consecutive patients with clinically significant abdominal pain who were admitted as emergencies to a surgical firm. INTERVENTIONS: Intramuscular injection of up to 20 mg papaveretum or an equivalent volume of saline. OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain and tenderness scores, assessment of patient comfort, accuracy of diagnosis, and management decisions. RESULTS: Median pain and tenderness scores were lower after papaveretum (pain score 8.3 in control group and 3.1 in treatment group, p < 0.0001; tenderness score 8.1 in control group and 5.1 in treatment group, p < 0.0001). Forty eight patients were deemed to be comfortable after papaveretum compared with nine after saline. Incorrect diagnoses and management decisions applied to two patients after papaveretum compared with nine patients after saline. CONCLUSION: Early administration of opiate analgesia to patients with acute abdominal pain can greatly reduce their pain. This does not interfere with diagnosis, which may even be facilitated despite a reduction in the severity of physical signs. These patients should not be denied effective treatment. (+info)Opium is defined as the dried latex obtained from incisions made in the unripe seedpods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). It contains a number of alkaloids, including morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Opium has been used for its pain-relieving, euphoric, and sedative effects since ancient times. However, its use is highly regulated due to the risk of addiction and other serious side effects.
Noscapine is a natural alkaloid compound found in the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and some other plants. It has been used medically as a cough suppressant and antitussive agent, acting on the cough center in the brain to reduce the cough reflex. Noscapine is not habit-forming and does not have the same addictive properties as other opium derivatives like morphine or codeine. It also has some anti-inflammatory and mild pain-relieving effects, although it is not typically used for pain management. In addition, noscapine has been studied for its potential anticancer properties, particularly in relation to its ability to inhibit the formation of blood vessels that feed tumors (angiogenesis).
Tyrosine decarboxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of the amino acid tyrosine to form the biogenic amine tyramine. The reaction occurs in the absence of molecular oxygen and requires pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor. Tyrosine decarboxylase is found in various bacteria, fungi, and plants, and it plays a role in the biosynthesis of alkaloids and other natural products. In humans, tyrosine decarboxylase is not normally present, but its activity has been detected in some tumors and is associated with the production of neurotransmitters in neuronal cells.
Thebaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and is defined medically as follows:
A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, Thebaine is a potent opioid agonist with complex pharmacology. It acts as an antagonist at mu and delta receptors while exhibiting agonist activity at kappa receptors. Due to its strong physiological effects and potential for abuse, thebaine has limited therapeutic use. However, it serves as a crucial intermediate in the semi-synthesis of various opioid analgesics, such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, and nalbuphine.
Please note that this definition is intended for informational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
Opioid-related disorders is a term that encompasses a range of conditions related to the use of opioids, which are a class of drugs that include prescription painkillers such as oxycodone and hydrocodone, as well as illegal drugs like heroin. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) identifies the following opioid-related disorders:
1. Opioid Use Disorder: This disorder is characterized by a problematic pattern of opioid use that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. The symptoms may include a strong desire to use opioids, increased tolerance, withdrawal symptoms when not using opioids, and unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control opioid use.
2. Opioid Intoxication: This disorder occurs when an individual uses opioids and experiences significant problematic behavioral or psychological changes, such as marked sedation, small pupils, or respiratory depression.
3. Opioid Withdrawal: This disorder is characterized by the development of a substance-specific withdrawal syndrome following cessation or reduction of opioid use. The symptoms may include anxiety, irritability, dysphoria, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle aches.
4. Other Opioid-Induced Disorders: This category includes disorders that are caused by the direct physiological effects of opioids, such as opioid-induced sexual dysfunction or opioid-induced sleep disorder.
It is important to note that opioid use disorder is a chronic and often relapsing condition that can cause significant harm to an individual's health, relationships, and overall quality of life. If you or someone you know is struggling with opioid use, it is essential to seek professional help from a healthcare provider or addiction specialist.
"Peronospora" is a genus of oomycetes, which are organisms that were once classified as fungi but are now known to be more closely related to brown algae and diatoms. These microorganisms are commonly known as downy mildews and can cause significant damage to crops and plants.
Peronospora species are obligate parasites, meaning they require a living host to complete their life cycle. They infect plant tissues through the production of spores that are disseminated by wind or water. Once inside the plant, the spores germinate and produce feeding structures called haustoria that penetrate the plant cells and absorb nutrients.
Peronospora infections can cause a range of symptoms in plants, including leaf spots, stem lesions, and stunted growth. In severe cases, the entire plant may be killed. Some Peronospora species are also known to produce toxins that can further damage the plant.
In medical terms, Peronospora infections are not typically considered a direct threat to human health. However, they can have significant economic impacts on agriculture and food production, which can indirectly affect human health by reducing the availability and increasing the cost of fresh produce. Additionally, some Peronospora species are known to infect medical plants, which could potentially lead to contamination of medical products.
Benzylisoquinolines are a type of naturally occurring organic compounds found in various plants. These compounds are derived from the combination of a benzyl group and an isoquinoline ring, hence the name "benzylisoquinolines." They are known to have diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and antimicrobial properties. Some well-known examples of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids include papaverine, found in the opium poppy, and berberine, found in various medicinal plants such as goldenseal and barberry. These compounds have been used in traditional medicine for centuries and continue to be studied for their potential therapeutic uses.
Opium
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Chandu (opium)
Opium lettuce
Opium Nation
Opium Magazine
Opium licensing
Opium (perfume)
Raw Opium
Opium Season
Opium den
Opium replacement
Opium (disambiguation)
Opium lamp
Opium Wars
Opium Moon
Opium pipe
Opium (Serebro song)
The Opium Smugglers
Opium in Iran
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1967 Opium War
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Manchuria Opium Squad
First Opium War
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Opium War (disambiguation)
International Opium Convention
Opium Den (band)
Opium - Wikipedia
Opium (Serebro song) - Wikipedia
Opium Articles - Breitbart
Urban Dictionary: Opium Den
UN: Afghan opium production spreading like cancer
Putting the opium in poppy to sleep | Nature Biotechnology
Chocolate Gorging Linked To Opium Chemical In Brain
Opium and Heroin Production in Afghanistan Has Increased
THE OPIUM CHIANG MAI SERVICED APARTMENT - Updated 2023 (Thailand)
Browse subject: Opium | The Online Books Page
Metroactive Stage | Opium: Diary of a Cure
Notes from the Field: Lead Contamination of Opium - Iran, 2016 | MMWR
permalink
Imperial Twilight by Stephen Platt: dismantling the myths of the Opium War
opium poppies - VICE
OPIUM - ABC Homeopathy Forum
Pressured On Opium Crops, Many Afghan Farmers Switch To Cannabis
Opium - Erowid Exp - 'Best Sleep of My Life'
Cannabis & Opium - Erowid Exp - 'A Red Rock Blunt Session'
Black Opium Eau de Parfum - Yves Saint Laurent | Sephora
On Drug Wars and Opium Fueled Insurgencies | Dissident Voice
Opium - AmeliasMagazine
Deadly Farming: Afghanistan's Opium Acres - The Globalist
Belladonna-Opium Rectal: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD
UNODC assists Lao PDR farmers to find alternatives to opium poppy cultivation
Opium Magazine - Fictionaut
Opium - Outré Gallery
Opium, Denarcotized | National Museum of American History
Cultivation of opium poppies3
- Ian McCary, the U.S. Charge d'Affaires for Afghanistan, on Monday praised the Taliban regime for supposedly banning the cultivation of opium poppies. (breitbart.com)
- The UNODC's latest assessment on the Afghan narcotics trade, released in February, says cultivation of opium poppies in Afghanistan is likely to fall this year compared to the record crops of previous years. (rferl.org)
- 1. In 2014, 224,000 hectares (865 sq. miles) - or about 0.3% of Afghanistan's landmass - was used for the cultivation of opium poppies. (theglobalist.com)
Afghan11
- Afghan farmers claim to have "no other choice" but to illegally grow poppies - a lucrative opium crop that fuels the country's Taliban terror group - amid the economic downturn caused by the Chinese coronavirus pandemic, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) reported on Friday. (breitbart.com)
- Afghan children gather raw opium on a poppy field on the outskirts of Jalalabad, April 28, 2015. (businessinsider.com)
- As much as 90% of the world's heroin has come from Afghan opium, and the UN Office on Drug and Crime reported that the country "accounted for almost two-thirds of the total area under illicit opium cultivation" in 2015. (businessinsider.com)
- It also says seven other Afghan provinces are likely to reduce opium-poppy cultivation this year -- including the biggest opium-producing province, Helmand, in the volatile south. (rferl.org)
- But officials in neighboring countries say the size and frequency of drug seizures from smugglers near the Afghan border continues to increase -- highlighting the fact that many Afghan farmers who have stopped growing opium poppies are now growing cannabis crops instead. (rferl.org)
- Security experts say local Afghan militia commanders who once funded their private armies with profits from the illegal opium and heroin trades still have their smuggling networks in place. (rferl.org)
- A recent attack on Tajik counternarcotics officers near Afghanistan's northern border has raised concerns in Dushanbe about the power and boldness of traffickers with ties to Afghan drug lords in the so-called opium-free provinces. (rferl.org)
- 5. Afghan land devoted to growing opium in 2014 was equal to more than four-fifths the land area of Rhode Island, the smallest U.S. state. (theglobalist.com)
- Afghan call these girls ''loan brides'' and their number is increasing since the opium eradication programme began. (rawa.org)
- In late August, shortly after overthrowing the U.S.-backed Afghan republic, the Taliban promised that they would eradicate the country's multibillion-dollar drug industry, which accounts for 85% of world-wide opium production. (livemint.com)
- In light of the opium ban, Deputy Prime Minister Abdul Salam Hanafi has asked international donors for their cooperation to help find alternative businesses for farmers, Afghan media outlet TOLO news reported. (dw.com)
Poppies4
- The word meconium (derived from the Greek for "opium-like", but now used to refer to newborn stools) historically referred to related, weaker preparations made from other parts of the opium poppy or different species of poppies. (wikipedia.org)
- A figure of the Minoan "goddess of the narcotics", wearing a crown of three opium poppies, c. 1300 BCE, was recovered from the Sanctuary of Gazi, Crete, together with a simple smoking apparatus. (wikipedia.org)
- As a result, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) says, Afghanistan is now the world's largest producer of two illegal drugs -- heroin from opium poppies and cannabis. (rferl.org)
- Reports from RFE/RL correspondents in northern Afghanistan suggest that many farmers who used to grow opium poppies have responded to the pressure of poppy eradication programs by growing cannabis instead. (rferl.org)
Afghanistan's7
- Residents in the opium-rich Taliban stronghold Helmand, Afghanistan's largest province, reportedly expressed outrage at the arrest of two female al-Qaeda jihadis by local authorities and demanded their immediate release, Khaama Press (KP) reported Tuesday. (breitbart.com)
- High prices for opium have lured poor farmers away from conventional farming, spreading poppy cultivation to 28 of Afghanistan's 32 provinces from 18 provinces four years ago. (chinadaily.com.cn)
- If traffickers' profits are also taken into account, the study values Afghanistan's opium economy at about $2.3 billion in 2003, roughly half of its official gross domestic product. (chinadaily.com.cn)
- Opium-poppy eradication has been hailed as a success in much of Afghanistan's north and east, allowing counternarcotics officials to declare 18 provinces there as 'poppy-free' despite record opium cultivation in the south and southwest. (rferl.org)
- These days the amount ranges from US$3000 or so in poorer places like Laghman and Nangarhar to US$8000 or more in Helmand, Afghanistan's No 1 opium-growing province. (rawa.org)
- Afghanistan's opium industry-the main source of heroin sold in the West-is revving back up. (livemint.com)
- The Taliban are taking steps to halt Afghanistan's opium trade even as the country's economy crumbles. (dw.com)
Black Opium2
- This professional campaign titled 'Black Opium' was published in France in September, 2014. (adsoftheworld.com)
- Yves Saint Laurent Black Opium TVC starring Zoe Kravitz. (cookeoptics.com)
Afghanistan26
- The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) revealed in a report on Tuesday that prices in Afghanistan for opium products "soared" in the past year and 32 percent more territory nationwide has been dedicated to cultivating the narcotic - statistics that reveal a booming industry under Taliban rule. (breitbart.com)
- Fully integrating Afghanistan into China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) will require the construction of rail lines through the southern part of the South Asian country, home to the Taliban's primary stronghold and the nation's top opium-producing region. (breitbart.com)
- Drought in Afghanistan last year decimated the cultivation and production of opium, but the deadly drug remains a threat to peace and security, the United Nations says in a report released Tuesday. (breitbart.com)
- The United States must tackle the Taliban's top source of funding in Afghanistan - deadly opium and its heroin derivative - whether there is a peace agreement or not, U.S. Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) John Sopko told Breitbart News on Thursday. (breitbart.com)
- Opium cultivation is spreading like a cancer in Afghanistan and risks transforming the world's leading supplier into a state of narco-terrorists and drug cartels, a U.N. survey said Wednesday. (chinadaily.com.cn)
- Opium poppy cultivation is fanning out to areas it has never been seen in before, the Vienna-based U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) said in its Afghanistan Opium survey for 2003 -- the first conducted in cooperation with the national government. (chinadaily.com.cn)
- The ODC started annual opium poppy surveys in Afghanistan in 1994, collecting details of cultivation, production and prices, and tracking the manifold increase in production since 1979, the year of the Soviet invasion. (chinadaily.com.cn)
- Opium production in Afghanistan has spiked to one of the highest levels registered since the UN began keeping track in 1994, the international body said earlier this month. (businessinsider.com)
- The UNODC will issue its latest annual report on opium-poppy cultivation in Afghanistan later this month, but "Unfortunately, preliminary results suggest that illicit cultivation has increased well above 200,000 hectares (494,000 acres)," UNODC Executive Director Yury Fedotov said in the prepared text of a speech on Afghanistan. (businessinsider.com)
- Fedotov did not offer a reason for the resurgence of opium production in Afghanistan, but the UNODC did report in 2015 that there was a " high correlation " between the country's security situation and opium production. (businessinsider.com)
- Iran is one of the main pathways for opium trafficking from Afghanistan to the rest of the world. (cdc.gov)
- Although opium production in Afghanistan declined by 48% in 2015 ( 7 ), Afghanistan still accounted for two thirds of the global fields of illicit opium poppy production, and it has been estimated that the 2015 decline will not affect global heroin markets. (cdc.gov)
- That means opium cultivation in Afghanistan is now overwhelmingly concentrated within the seven most unstable provinces in the south and southwest. (rferl.org)
- In Afghanistan, most of the attention is on opium,' Kemp says. (rferl.org)
- But now, instead of sneaking relatively small packages of opium or heroin out of Afghanistan, drug traffickers increasingly smuggle larger shipments of hashish, made from cannabis. (rferl.org)
- 2. This land area within Afghanistan dropped by nearly a fifth in 2015 due to a one-year blight in opium growing areas of the south. (theglobalist.com)
- 6. Even in a bad year of growth, such as 2015, some two-thirds of all worldwide land area under cultivation for opium is located in Afghanistan. (theglobalist.com)
- 7. Those 865 sq. miles of production also easily allow Afghanistan to be the world's largest producer of illicit opium by volume. (theglobalist.com)
- Two-thirds of all worldwide land area under cultivation for opium is located in Afghanistan. (theglobalist.com)
- It was not the US invasion that reduced opium land area in Afghanistan in 2001. (theglobalist.com)
- While law enforcers predict yet another record opium harvest in Afghanistan this spring, the magazine says most farmers are struggling to survive. (rawa.org)
- Afghanistan is the world's top cultivator of the poppy, from which opium and heroin are produced. (livemint.com)
- The ban comes during opium harvesting season in southern Afghanistan, and a Taliban spokesman said that farmers could be jailed and their crops burned if they harvested poppy. (dw.com)
- Opium poppy is an important source of employment and income in Afghanistan, with millions of farmers relying on harvesting opium to survive. (dw.com)
- Afghanistan is the world's top source of opium, accounting for more than 80% of the world's supply of opium products, according to the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. (dw.com)
- Afghanistan generates annual revenue of at least $1.8 billion (€1.6 billion) from producing opium products, according to UN data. (dw.com)
Taliban6
- Conditions on the ground there suggest that efforts by the US and its allies to oust the Taliban and eliminate opium production have been ineffective. (businessinsider.com)
- The Taliban Said It Banned Opium. (vice.com)
- When a Taliban intelligence official arrived at the Talukan opium market on Wednesday, his only interest was in demanding that visiting foreign journalists leave. (livemint.com)
- Less than an hour's driving away, farmer Salih Mohammad, no relation, set about sowing his first opium crop since the Taliban takeover. (livemint.com)
- The Taliban said Sunday that they are banning the cultivation of opium poppy , which is used as a raw material to produce illicit drugs like heroin. (dw.com)
- The Taliban had imposed a similar ban on trade of opium in late 1994 and early 1995. (dw.com)
Poppy production1
- A new UN report says opium poppy production in parts of Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand has tripled since 2006, and addiction to heroin and other drugs is also on the rise. (vice.com)
Illicit opium poppy1
- As recently as 1998, Lao PDR was the third-largest illicit opium poppy producer in the world and had one of the highest opium addiction rates. (unodc.org)
Eradication2
- Eradication of opium rose 40%, to 9,291 acres, last year, according to UNODC data cited by Reuters. (businessinsider.com)
- There's been a lot of focus on the opium cultivation -- and therefore opium eradication or finding alternatives to opium,' Kemp says. (rferl.org)
Consumption10
- with the present practice of distillation in all its varieties: together with an extensive illustration of the consumption and effects of opium, and other stimulants used in the East, as substitutes for wine and spirits. (upenn.edu)
- Breaking my heart this morning is news from Boulder that last month's death of 20-year-old CU student, Alexander McGuiggan, was from consumption of "opium tea. (scienceblogs.com)
- The project in Oudomxay Province takes a holistic approach and has been designed to increase the production of legal crops, create income generating activities, develop small farmer associations and cooperatives and prevent opium production and consumption. (unodc.org)
- This fuelled the consumption of opium by the middle class and the masses. (jamaica-gleaner.com)
- Unlike restaurants, another arena of tourist consumption, in which visitors frequently recoiled-at least initially-at the food proffered, in opium dens it was the smokers who were disgusting, not the opium itself. (foundsf.org)
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is pleased to announce that the IARC Monographs volume on opium consumption is now available online. (who.int)
- The Working Group evaluated opium consumption as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) on the basis of sufficient evidence of cancer in humans. (who.int)
- Opium consumption causes cancers of the larynx, lung, and urinary bladder. (who.int)
- There is also limited evidence that opium consumption causes cancers of the oesophagus, pancreas, pharynx, and stomach. (who.int)
- The Group 1 classification applies to all types of opium preparation and methods of consumption, but not to opium derivatives and opioids, which were not evaluated by the Working Group. (who.int)
Morphine5
- Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for the illegal drug trade. (wikipedia.org)
- Widespread medical use of unprocessed opium continued through the American Civil War before giving way to morphine and its successors, which could be injected at a precisely controlled dosage. (wikipedia.org)
- Opium is an alcoholic tincture of the pod latex and is comprised of approximately 10% morphine, 0.5% codeine, and other lesser naturally-occurring opioids (the plant synthesizes these opiates of the "benzomorphan" class in a biosythetic pathway beginning with the amino acid, L-tyrosine. (scienceblogs.com)
- As a result, he first isolated morphine from opium in 1806, deriving the name from the Greek god of sleep, Morpheus, and the suffix, -ine, to indicate the alkaloid quality of the compound. (scienceblogs.com)
- This company produced morphine, codeine, synthetic and semisynthetic narcotics from the raw materials gum opium and poppy straw concentrate. (cdc.gov)
Prevalence of opium4
- Opium is an important cause of lead poisoning in countries with a high prevalence of opium addiction ( 4 , 6 ), and lead-contaminated opium has previously been reported in Iran ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- Background and objectives: We undertook this study to estimate the number of cancer cases that could be prevented through decreasing the prevalence of opium use by 2035 in Iran, where 40% of the world opium is consumed. (who.int)
- Methods: The projection of the population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancers due to opium use was calculated using four data sources including (i) national cancer incidence, (ii) age- and gender-specific prevalence of opium use, (iii) relative risk of cancers associated with opium use, and (iv) annual percentage change in the incidence rates of cancers in Iran. (who.int)
- The number of potentially preventable cancer cases in each opium prevalence scenario was calculated by subtracting the numbers of attributable cancers in each year of the study period based on current prevalence of opium use from the number of attributable cancers in the alternative scenarios in that specific year. (who.int)
Farmers8
- The study said that while only one percent of all arable land was used for poppy cultivation, farmers' revenues from opium in 2003 were around $1.02 billion, or $3,900 per family, in a country where the average daily wage is around $2. (chinadaily.com.cn)
- But UN officials tell RFE/RL that many former opium farmers in those poppy-free areas have switched to another lucrative and illegal drug crop: cannabis. (rferl.org)
- 2 August 2012 - It is a challenge to wean farmers off opium poppy cultivation in Lao People's Democratic Republic, once part of the Golden Triangle of South-East Asia. (unodc.org)
- In 2005, it became illegal to cultivate opium poppy in the country, and while this was a move to reduce the production of opium, it left many farmers without the means to make a living. (unodc.org)
- Without an alternative source of income, many of these farmers were at high risk of reverting to opium poppy cultivation. (unodc.org)
- To help farmers pursue alternative sustainable livelihoods projects as opposed to opium poppy cultivation, UNODC is working in six South Asia countries, including Lao, PDR. (unodc.org)
- Termed as "opium brides", the daughters of poor poppy farmers are often given to drug traffickers if their fathers are unable to pay the loan taken for growing the illicit crop because of the official action. (rawa.org)
- In interviews with drug-war figures ranging from opium farmers to U.S. officials, Cowell unravels the complex political, economic and diplomatic web that surrounds the heroin business. (wgbh.org)
Pods2
- By 1100 BCE, opium was cultivated on Cyprus, where surgical-quality knives were used to score the poppy pods, and opium was cultivated, traded, and smoked. (wikipedia.org)
- Opium pods. (shroomery.org)
Former opium1
- This will be our darkest year since 2000," says Baz Mohammad, 65-year old former opium farmer in Nangarhar was quoted as saying. (rawa.org)
Belladonna2
China's2
- At the same time we have focused too much on the Opium War as the beginning of a story - of China's decline, of Western domination. (telegraph.co.uk)
- During this period opium was consumed primarily by China's elite and was not available to the masses. (jamaica-gleaner.com)
Addiction3
- A carnival of occurrences unfold within the single setting of a sanitarium room where the French poet/artist/filmmaker Jean Cocteau ( Beauty and the Beast ) is undergoing the eighth and final day of his treatment for opium addiction. (metroactive.com)
- To these ends, Fitzmaurice mirrors Cocteau's opium addiction with characters who are defined by obsessions of co-dependent love and maniacal professionalism. (metroactive.com)
- From 1998 to 2005, opium poppy cultivation in the country was reduced by 93 per cent and opium addiction by 68 per cent, thanks to the Government's strong commitment. (unodc.org)
19TH2
- By the turn of the 19th century, fuelled by the smuggling of opium, the balance of trade started to shift in Britain's favour. (jamaica-gleaner.com)
- The drug of choice for most of the world in the 19th century was Opium. (bookpatrol.net)
Hemlock2
- Evidence from ancient Greece indicates that opium was consumed in several ways, including inhalation of vapors, suppositories, medical poultices, and as a combination with hemlock for suicide. (wikipedia.org)
- Opium was used with poison hemlock to put people quickly and painlessly to death. (wikipedia.org)
3,0001
- Over the next 8 months, approximately 3,000 oral opium users were evaluated at LHHPC, and found to have elevated BLLs (range = 47-1,124 μ g/dL). (cdc.gov)
Nangarhar1
- The top opium producing province is now Nangarhar. (chinadaily.com.cn)
Resurgence1
- Although Lao PDR had significantly eliminated opium poppy cultivation by 2007, the country has seen a recent resurgence in opium poppy cultivation, endangering the progress made. (unodc.org)
Production3
- Tablets found at Nippur, a Sumerian spiritual center south of Baghdad, described the collection of poppy juice in the morning and its use in production of opium. (wikipedia.org)
- Opium production continued under the Babylonians and Egyptians. (wikipedia.org)
- Poppy cultivation had risen eight percent to 80,000 hectares and opium production six percent to 3,600 tons since 2002 in a country which already accounted for 75 percent of global supply. (chinadaily.com.cn)
20001
- In a report in its upcoming issue, Newsweek takes the case of an illiterate poor farmer in Laghman Province who borrowed US$ 2000 from a local traffickers promising to pay back with 24 kilos of opium at harvest time. (rawa.org)
Addicts1
- The Western powers cultivated it, created demand for it in the East and then went to war to suppress it leaving a trail of carnage and opium addicts in their wake. (bookpatrol.net)
Pipe1
- Opium pipe made of a wide piece of bamboo with decorated white metal fixing on one side and a small carved section of bamboo. (horniman.ac.uk)
Cannabis1
- So we do have concerns that although some provinces are becoming opium free, they are not completely drug-free because they are growing cannabis. (rferl.org)
Analgesic1
- Sertürner's place in pharmaceutical history comes from his realization that while opium extract was a superb analgesic, the dose could not be controlled well. (scienceblogs.com)
Addictive1
- Opium, an addictive narcotic drug, is produced from the poppy plant ( Papaver somniferum) and can be consumed as a variety of preparations, either by smoking or by ingestion. (who.int)
Getting high1
- I spent most of my time in Viet Nam in an Opium Den getting high smoking lots of Opium. (urbandictionary.com)
Advertisement1
- not so much the advert but the name (the controversial adverts would follow, with Sophie Dahl naked and spread eagle for Opium and the first ever fully naked man in a print advertisement for M7 ). (ameliasmagazine.com)
Drug6
- From the earliest finds, opium has appeared to have ritual significance, and anthropologists have speculated ancient priests may have used the drug as a proof of healing power. (wikipedia.org)
- Patrons recline in order to hold the long opium pipes over oil lamps that heat the drug until it vaporizes and the smoker will inhale the intoxicating vapors . (urbandictionary.com)
- The recently adopted National Drug Control Strategy was designed to oversee rural development and law enforcement initiatives, while a new drug control law aims to thwart opium trafficking and money laundering, reduce abuse and promote international cooperation. (chinadaily.com.cn)
- Have dangerous is Opium, I have not been able to get any in the usa.Does it paralize the intestines.Need more information on this drug. (abchomeopathy.com)
- Britain discovered that there was a demand among the masses for this drug and began smuggling opium into China. (jamaica-gleaner.com)
- Yet while the idea that opium use set the Chinese apart was pervasive, on another level the tourist literature also revealed that it actually brought whites and Chinese together, both through the tourist enterprise and in their shared used of the drug. (foundsf.org)
Iran3
- however, the high levels of lead that might be ingested through opium use have the potential to cause substantial lead toxicity, as is currently being reported in Iran ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- Clinicians should be aware that persons using opium products that appear to have been smuggled through Iran could be at risk for lead poisoning. (cdc.gov)
- Results: We estimated until 2035 a total of 3,001,421 new cancer cases will be diagnosed in Iran, with 905,207 (30.1%) of these being opium-related cancers. (who.int)
Writes1
- The Opium War", he writes, "was not part of some long-term British imperial plan for China but rather a sudden departure from decades, if not centuries, of generally peaceful and respectful precedent. (telegraph.co.uk)
Provinces2
Gram2
- If, as in this analysis, contaminated opium contains 3.55 mg lead per gram, a user consuming 10 g of opium per day could be ingesting approximately 0.036 g of lead per day, approximately 20% more than that consumed by the Ayurvedic medicine users who experienced lead toxicity. (cdc.gov)
- So we where breaking our shit up and smoking the 2 bowls when this dude 'A' said he had about a gram or two of opium, so the first blunt we rolled up was like 4 grams of weed and 1 1/2 grams of opium, but before we got to smoking we rolled another blunt which was about the same amount of weed without any opium. (erowid.org)
Trade4
- When China attempted to curtail the trade, it resulted in two armed conflicts known as the Opium Wars. (jamaica-gleaner.com)
- China was reduced to near bankruptcy as opium was being forced and silver and gold was being force out by the trade. (jamaica-gleaner.com)
- Here in Talukan, dozens of merchants openly trade different grades of opium in a busy new market that has sprung up since the Taliban's Aug. 15 victory. (livemint.com)
- Calls for legal opium trade grow, citing the benefits of a regulated supply for youth and communities. (idpc.net)
Ritual1
- He not only observed the method and ritual of opium smoking but also, in vivid detail, recorded the process for his readers. (foundsf.org)
Latex1
- Opium (or poppy tears, scientific name: Lachryma papaveris) is dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. (wikipedia.org)
Punjab2
- Should Punjab government legalise opium? (druglawreform.info)
- Consuming opium and poppy husk is not considered bad in Punjab. (druglawreform.info)
Myanmar1
- What's the role and position of women in opium cultivation areas in Myanmar? (druglawreform.info)
Conquest1
- Opium was also mentioned after the Persian conquest of Assyria and Babylonian lands in the 6th century BC. (wikipedia.org)
Examination1
- being the Gulstonian Lectures of 1868, extended and including a complete examination of the active constituents of opium. (upenn.edu)
World3
- Opium is mentioned in the most important medical texts of the ancient and medieval world, including the Ebers Papyrus and the writings of Dioscorides, Galen, and Avicenna. (wikipedia.org)
- The result of these wars and the legalisation of opium was a catastrophe for China and ushered its decline and humiliation as an Asian and world power. (jamaica-gleaner.com)
- Opium Den' pushes the boundaries of this theme by exploring the opioid epidemic gripping the world today. (thegauntlet.com)
Laid2
- The first was a prayer of apology to the god of the sea, for its imminent pollution by a million kilograms of mainly British opium: carried, ball by ball, out onto planks laid across deep pools, stomped into chalky powder, then kicked into the water. (telegraph.co.uk)
- If you recall, the Opium Group laid a major egg at Mansion, a colossal failure of an attempt to bring the Miami-style nightclub scene to W. 27th Street. (eater.com)
Greek1
- Dioscorides, Introduction to The Herbal of Dioscorides the Greek Opium has been actively collected since approximately 3400 BCE. (wikipedia.org)