Oocysts
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidiosis
Coccidia
Eimeria
Coccidiosis
Giardia
Isospora
Feces
Cyclospora
Eucoccidiida
Water Supply
Water
Water Purification
Eimeriidae
Filtration
Cyclosporiasis
Giardiasis
Disinfection
Potassium Dichromate
Toxoplasma
Sporozoites
Spores, Protozoan
Immunomagnetic Separation
Isosporiasis
Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct
Cattle Diseases
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S
Apicomplexa
Benzophenoneidum
Cattle
Rivers
Unionidae
Propidium
Water Microbiology
Antigens, Protozoan
Design and activity of antimicrobial peptides against sporogonic-stage parasites causing murine malarias. (1/332)
Insects produce several types of peptides to combat a broad spectrum of invasive pathogenic microbes, including protozoans. However, despite this defense response, infections are often established. Our aim was to design novel peptides that produce high rates of mortality among protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, the malaria parasites. Using existing antimicrobial peptide sequences as templates, we designed and synthesized three short novel hybrids, designated Vida1 to Vida3. Each has a slightly different predicted secondary structure. The peptides were tested against sporogonic stages of the rodent malaria parasites Plasmodium berghei (in vitro and in vivo) and P. yoelii nigeriensis (in vitro). The level of activity varied for each peptide and according to the parasite stage targeted. Vida3 (which is predicted to have large numbers of beta sheets and coils but no alpha helices) showed the highest level of activity, killing the early sporogonic stages in culture and causing highly significant reductions in the prevalence and intensity of infection of P. berghei after oral administration or injection in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. The secondary structures of these peptides may play a crucial role in their ability to interact with and kill sporogonic forms of the malaria parasite. (+info)Cyclosporiasis outbreak in Germany associated with the consumption of salad. (2/332)
This outbreak is the first foodborne cyclosporiasis outbreak reported from central Europe. The illness was reported in 34 persons who attended luncheons at a German restaurant. The overall attack rate was 85% (34/40). The only foods associated with significant disease risk were two salad side dishes prepared from lettuce imported from southern Europe and spiced with fresh green leafy herbs (p=0.0025). (+info)Significance of enhanced morphological detection of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts in water concentrates determined by using 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole and immunofluorescence microscopy. (3/332)
Of 2,361 water concentrates analyzed for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts between January 1992 and May 1998, 269 (11.4%) were positive, of which 235 (87.4%) were raw and 34 were final water concentrates. Of 740 oocysts enumerated in positive samples, 656 oocysts (88.7%) were detected in raw and 84 oocysts (11.3%) were detected in final water concentrates by using a commercially available fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled anti-Cryptosporidium sp. monoclonal antibody and the nuclear fluorogen 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Of raw water positive samples, 66.8% had oocysts that contained nuclei, while 58.8% of final water samples had oocysts that contained nuclei. The most frequently identified oocysts had either no DAPI-positive nuclei and no internal morphology according to Nomarski differential interference-contrast microscopy (DIC) or four DAPI-positive nuclei together with internal contents according to DIC (39.5 and 32.8% of raw and 42.9 and 30.9% of final water positives, respectively). By use of the presence of DAPI-stained nuclei to support oocyst identification based upon oocyst wall fluorescence, 56.5% of oocysts were identified when at least one nucleus was present, while increasing the number of nuclei necessary for identification to four reduced the percentage identifiable to 32.8% in raw water concentrates. In final water concentrates, 51% of oocysts were identified using oocyst wall fluorescence and the presence of at least one nucleus, while increasing the number of nuclei necessary for identification to four reduced the percentage identifiable to 30.9%. By consolidating our identification criteria from the presence of at least one nucleus to the presence of four nuclei, we excluded approximately 20% of oocysts in either water type. Approximately 40% of oocysts detected in these United Kingdom samples were empty and could not be detected by alternative methods, including the PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization. (+info)The influence of hydrocortisone on cellular defence mechanisms of Biomphalaria glabrata. (4/332)
Since the internal defense system of mollusks consists of cellular and humoral mechanisms, we examined the role of hydrocortisone in mollusks defense cells and the influence of this steroid on the development of Schistosoma mansoni in its intermediary host. Hydrocortisone had an immunosuppressive action in Biomphalaria glabrata, as reflected in the reduced number of defense cells and the altered cell physiology. Histopathological analysis showed that hydrocortisone facilitated the intramolluscan development of S. mansoni, by reducing the extent of the inflammatory response, seen as a greater number of viable sporocysts with no surrounding hemocytes. (+info)Efficacy of UV irradiation in inactivating Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. (5/332)
To evaluate the effectiveness of UV irradiation in inactivating Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, the animal infectivities and excystation abilities of oocysts that had been exposed to various UV doses were determined. Infectivity decreased exponentially as the UV dose increased, and the required dose for a 2-log(10) reduction in infectivity (99% inactivation) was approximately 1.0 mWs/cm(2) at 20 degrees C. However, C. parvum oocysts exhibited high resistance to UV irradiation, requiring an extremely high dose of 230 mWs/cm(2) for a 2-log(10) reduction in excystation, which was used to assess viability. Moreover, the excystation ability exhibited only slight decreases at UV doses below 100 mWs/cm(2). Thus, UV treatment resulted in oocysts that were able to excyst but not infect. The effects of temperature and UV intensity on the UV dose requirement were also studied. The results showed that for every 10 degrees C reduction in water temperature, the increase in the UV irradiation dose required for a 2-log(10) reduction in infectivity was only 7%, and for every 10-fold increase in intensity, the dose increase was only 8%. In addition, the potential of oocysts to recover infectivity and to repair UV-induced injury (pyrimidine dimers) in DNA by photoreactivation and dark repair was investigated. There was no recovery in infectivity following treatment by fluorescent-light irradiation or storage in darkness. In contrast, UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in the DNA were apparently repaired by both photoreactivation and dark repair, as determined by endonuclease-sensitive site assay. However, the recovery rate was different in each process. Given these results, the effects of UV irradiation on C. parvum oocysts as determined by animal infectivity can conclusively be considered irreversible. (+info)Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts through vegetated buffer strips and estimated filtration efficiency. (6/332)
Vegetated buffer strips were evaluated for their ability to remove waterborne Cryptosporidium parvum from surface and shallow subsurface flow during simulated rainfall rates of 15 or 40 mm/h for 4 h. Log(10) reductions for spiked C. parvum oocysts ranged from 1.0 to 3.1 per m of vegetated buffer, with buffers set at 5 to 20% slope, 85 to 99% fescue cover, soil textures of either silty clay (19:47:34 sand-silt-clay), loam (45:37:18), or sandy loam (70:25:5), and bulk densities of between 0.6 to 1.7 g/cm(3). Vegetated buffers constructed with sandy loam or higher soil bulk densities were less effective at removing waterborne C. parvum (1- to 2-log(10) reduction/m) compared to buffers constructed with silty clay or loam or at lower bulk densities (2- to 3-log(10) reduction/m). The effect of slope on filtration efficiency was conditional on soil texture and soil bulk density. Based on these results, a vegetated buffer strip comprised of similar soils at a slope ofCryptosporidium and giardia recoveries in natural waters by using environmental protection agency method 1623. (7/332)
Relatively few studies have examined recoveries from source waters by using Environmental Protection Agency method 1623 with organism spike doses that are environmentally realistic and at turbidity levels commonly found in surface waters. In this study, we evaluated the filtration capacities and recovery efficiencies of the Gelman Envirochek (standard filter) and the Gelman Envirochek high-volume (HV) sampling capsules under environmental conditions. We also examined the performance of method 1623 under ambient conditions with matrix spike experiments using 10 organisms/liter. Under turbid conditions, the HV capsule filtered approximately twice the volume filtered by the standard filter, but neither could filter 10 liters without clogging. In low-turbidity waters, oocyst, but not cyst, recoveries were significantly higher when the HV capsule was used. In turbid waters, organism recoveries were lower than those in nonturbid waters and were not significantly different for the different filters. When the HV capsule was used, Cryptosporidium recoveries ranged from 36 to 75%, and Giardia recoveries ranged from 0.5 to 53%. For both organisms, recoveries varied significantly by site. Turbidity could explain variation in Giardia recoveries (r(2) = 0.80) but not variation in Cryptosporidium recoveries (r(2) = 0.16). The inconsistent recoveries across sites suggested that the background matrix of the ambient water affected recovery by method 1623. A control sample collected at the height of the winter rainy season detected one organism, highlighting the difficulty of using this method to accurately measure pathogen abundance under natural conditions. Our findings support the use of the HV filter under field conditions but suggest that designing a cost-effective and statistically valid monitoring program to evaluate sources and loads of protozoan pathogens may be difficult. (+info)Cutting edge: a new tool to evaluate human pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines: rodent parasites bearing a hybrid Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein. (8/332)
Malaria vaccines containing the Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite protein repeat domain are undergoing human trials. There is no simple method to evaluate the effect of vaccine-induced responses on P. falciparum sporozoite infectivity. Unlike the rodent malaria Plasmodium berghei, P. falciparum sporozoites do not infect common laboratory animals and only develop in vitro in human hepatocyte cultures. We generated a recombinant P. berghei parasite bearing P. falciparum Circumsporozoite protein repeats. These hybrid sporozoites are fully infective in vivo and in vitro. Monoclonal and polyclonal Abs to P. falciparum repeats neutralize hybrid parasite infectivity, and mice immunized with a P. falciparum vaccine are protected against challenge with hybrid sporozoites. (+info)An oocyst is a thick-walled, environmentally resistant spore-like structure produced by some protozoan parasites, such as Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora, during their life cycle. These oocysts can survive for long periods in the environment and can infect a host when ingested, leading to infection and disease. The term "oocyst" is specific to certain groups of protozoan parasites and should not be confused with other types of spores produced by fungi or bacteria.
Cryptosporidium parvum is a species of protozoan parasite that causes the diarrheal disease cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals. It is found worldwide and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water or food. The parasite infects the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to symptoms such as watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, and fever. It is particularly dangerous for people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or receiving immunosuppressive therapy. The parasite is highly resistant to chlorine-based disinfectants, making it difficult to eradicate from water supplies.
Cryptosporidium is a genus of protozoan parasites that can cause the diarrheal disease known as cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals. These microscopic pathogens infect the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily in the small intestine, leading to symptoms such as watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration.
Cryptosporidium parasites have a complex life cycle, including several developmental stages within host cells. They are protected by an outer shell called oocyst, which allows them to survive outside the host's body for extended periods, making them resistant to chlorine-based disinfectants commonly used in water treatment.
Transmission of Cryptosporidium occurs through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated water or food, or direct contact with infected individuals or animals. People at higher risk for severe illness include young children, elderly people, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems due to HIV/AIDS, cancer treatment, or organ transplantation.
Preventive measures include proper hand hygiene, avoiding consumption of untreated water or raw fruits and vegetables likely to be contaminated, and practicing safe sex. For immunocompromised individuals, antiparasitic medications such as nitazoxanide may help reduce the severity and duration of symptoms.
Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease caused by microscopic parasites called Cryptosporidium. The parasites are found in the feces of infected animals and humans. People can become infected with Cryptosporidium by ingesting contaminated water or food, or by coming into contact with infected persons or animals.
The infection can cause a wide range of symptoms, including watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. In people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, the infection can be severe and even life-threatening.
Cryptosporidiosis is typically treated with increased fluid intake to prevent dehydration, and in some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly after using the bathroom or changing diapers, can help prevent the spread of Cryptosporidium.
Coccidia are a group of single-celled, microscopic parasites that belong to the phylum Apicomplexa. They are obligate intracellular parasites, which means they need to infect and live inside the cells of a host organism to survive and multiply. Coccidia are primarily found in animals, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish, but some species can also infect humans.
Coccidia are known to cause coccidiosis, a common intestinal disease that affects various animal species, including poultry, cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and pets such as cats and dogs. The disease is characterized by diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, and sometimes death, particularly in young animals.
In humans, coccidia infection is usually caused by the species Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora. These parasites can infect the small intestine and cause watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and weight loss. In immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those undergoing chemotherapy, coccidia infections can be severe and life-threatening.
Coccidia are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, either by ingesting contaminated food or water or by direct contact with infected animals or their feces. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly after handling animals or using the restroom, avoiding drinking untreated water from sources that may be contaminated with animal feces, and practicing safe food handling and preparation.
'Eimeria' is a genus of protozoan parasites that belong to the phylum Apicomplexa. These microscopic organisms are known to cause a disease called coccidiosis in various animals, including birds, ruminants, and pigs. The life cycle of Eimeria involves both sexual and asexual reproduction, and it typically takes place within the intestinal cells of the host animal.
The infection can lead to a range of symptoms, such as diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, and even death in severe cases, particularly in young animals. Eimeria species are highly host-specific, meaning that each species tends to infect only one type of animal. For example, Eimeria tenella primarily infects chickens, while Eimeria bovis is known to infect cattle.
Prevention and control measures for coccidiosis include good sanitation practices, such as cleaning and disinfecting animal living areas, as well as the use of anticoccidial drugs in feed or water to prevent infection. Additionally, vaccines are available for some Eimeria species to help protect animals from infection and reduce the severity of clinical signs.
Coccidiosis is a parasitic infection caused by protozoa of the Eimeria genus, which typically affects the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. The infection occurs when a person or animal ingests oocysts (the infective stage of the parasite) through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with infected feces.
In humans, coccidiosis is most commonly found in children living in poor sanitary conditions and in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or organ transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy. The infection can cause watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. In severe cases, it may lead to dehydration, weight loss, and even death in individuals with compromised immune systems.
In animals, particularly in poultry, swine, and ruminants, coccidiosis can cause significant economic losses due to decreased growth rates, poor feed conversion, and increased mortality. Preventive measures include improving sanitation, reducing overcrowding, and administering anticoccidial drugs or vaccines.
Giardia is a genus of microscopic parasitic flagellates that cause giardiasis, a type of diarrheal disease. The most common species to infect humans is Giardia intestinalis (also known as Giardia lamblia or Giardia duodenalis). These microscopic parasites are found worldwide, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe water.
Giardia exists in two forms: the trophozoite, which is the actively feeding form that multiplies in the small intestine, and the cyst, which is the infective stage that is passed in feces and can survive outside the body for long periods under appropriate conditions. Infection occurs when a person ingests contaminated water or food, or comes into direct contact with an infected person's feces.
Once inside the body, the cysts transform into trophozoites, which attach to the lining of the small intestine and disrupt the normal function of the digestive system, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, dehydration, and weight loss. In some cases, giardiasis can cause long-term health problems, particularly in children, including malnutrition and developmental delays.
Preventing the spread of Giardia involves maintaining good hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly after using the toilet or changing diapers, avoiding contaminated water sources, and practicing safe food handling and preparation. In cases where infection occurs, medication is usually effective in treating the illness.
Isospora is a genus of protozoan parasites that belong to the phylum Apicomplexa. These parasites are the causative agents of coccidiosis, a type of gastrointestinal infection that primarily affects birds and mammals, including humans. The disease is characterized by watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and weight loss.
Isospora species have a complex life cycle that involves two hosts: an intermediate host, where the parasite reproduces asexually, and a definitive host, where the parasite undergoes sexual reproduction. The infectious stage of the parasite is called an oocyst, which is shed in the feces of the infected host and can survive in the environment for long periods. When ingested by another host, the oocyst releases sporozoites, which invade the intestinal cells and multiply, causing damage to the intestinal lining and leading to the symptoms of coccidiosis.
In humans, Isospora belli is the most common species that causes infection. It is typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, either by ingesting contaminated food or water or by person-to-person contact. Immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS, are at higher risk of developing severe and chronic infections with Isospora. Treatment usually involves the use of antiprotozoal drugs, such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
A "Parasite Egg Count" is a laboratory measurement used to estimate the number of parasitic eggs present in a fecal sample. It is commonly used in veterinary and human medicine to diagnose and monitor parasitic infections, such as those caused by roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, and other intestinal helminths (parasitic worms).
The most common method for measuring parasite egg counts is the McMaster technique. This involves mixing a known volume of feces with a flotation solution, which causes the eggs to float to the top of the mixture. A small sample of this mixture is then placed on a special counting chamber and examined under a microscope. The number of eggs present in the sample is then multiplied by a dilution factor to estimate the total number of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces.
Parasite egg counts can provide valuable information about the severity of an infection, as well as the effectiveness of treatment. However, it is important to note that not all parasitic infections produce visible eggs in the feces, and some parasites may only shed eggs intermittently. Therefore, a negative egg count does not always rule out the presence of a parasitic infection.
Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.
Parasitology is a branch of biology that deals with the study of parasites, their life cycles, the relationship between parasites and their hosts, the transmission of parasitic diseases, and the development of methods for their control and elimination. It involves understanding various types of parasites including protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that can infect humans, animals, and plants. Parasitologists also study the evolution, genetics, biochemistry, and ecology of parasites to develop effective strategies for their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Cyclospora is a single-celled parasite that causes an intestinal infection known as cyclosporiasis. The parasite is primarily transmitted through contaminated food or water. When ingested, Cyclospora infects the small intestine and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, bloating, nausea, and fatigue. In some cases, the infection may be asymptomatic. The treatment for cyclosporiasis typically involves antibiotics such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra). It is important to note that Cyclospora should not be confused with other similar parasites like Cryptosporidium or Giardia.
Eucoccidiida is an order of single-celled, parasitic microorganisms known as protozoa, which belong to the phylum Apicomplexa. These organisms have a complex life cycle that includes both sexual and asexual reproduction stages, and they infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and birds.
Eucoccidiida species are known to cause various diseases, such as coccidiosis in animals and cryptosporidiosis and toxoplasmosis in humans. These diseases can result in a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific Eucoccidiida species and the location of the infection within the host's body.
Some common examples of Eucoccidiida species include Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Eimeria spp. These organisms are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, either through direct contact with infected hosts or through contaminated food or water sources.
Preventing infection with Eucoccidiida species often involves practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands thoroughly after using the bathroom or handling animals, and avoiding consumption of contaminated food or water. In some cases, medications may be used to treat infections caused by these organisms, although resistance to certain drugs has been reported in some Eucoccidiida species.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "water supply" is not a medical term per se. It is a general term used to describe the system or arrangement providing water for consumption or use, such as a public water supply system or a private well. However, in a medical context, it could refer to the source of water used in a healthcare facility for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and patient care, which must meet certain quality standards to prevent infection and ensure safety.
Medical definitions of water generally describe it as a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for all forms of life. It is a universal solvent, making it an excellent medium for transporting nutrients and waste products within the body. Water constitutes about 50-70% of an individual's body weight, depending on factors such as age, sex, and muscle mass.
In medical terms, water has several important functions in the human body:
1. Regulation of body temperature through perspiration and respiration.
2. Acting as a lubricant for joints and tissues.
3. Facilitating digestion by helping to break down food particles.
4. Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
5. Helping to maintain healthy skin and mucous membranes.
6. Assisting in the regulation of various bodily functions, such as blood pressure and heart rate.
Dehydration can occur when an individual does not consume enough water or loses too much fluid due to illness, exercise, or other factors. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening if left untreated.
There doesn't seem to be a specific medical definition for "DNA, protozoan" as it is simply a reference to the DNA found in protozoa. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be found in various environments such as soil, water, and the digestive tracts of animals.
Protozoan DNA refers to the genetic material present in these organisms. It is composed of nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which contain the instructions for the development, growth, and reproduction of the protozoan.
The DNA in protozoa, like in other organisms, is made up of two strands of nucleotides that coil together to form a double helix. The four nucleotide bases that make up protozoan DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). These bases pair with each other to form the rungs of the DNA ladder, with A always pairing with T and G always pairing with C.
The genetic information stored in protozoan DNA is encoded in the sequence of these nucleotide bases. This information is used to synthesize proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of the organism's cells. Protozoan DNA also contains other types of genetic material, such as regulatory sequences that control gene expression and repetitive elements with no known function.
Understanding the DNA of protozoa is important for studying their biology, evolution, and pathogenicity. It can help researchers develop new treatments for protozoan diseases and gain insights into the fundamental principles of genetics and cellular function.
Water purification is the process of removing or reducing contaminants in water to make it safe and suitable for specific uses, such as drinking, cooking, irrigation, or medical purposes. This is typically achieved through physical, chemical, or biological methods, or a combination thereof. The goal is to eliminate or reduce harmful substances like bacteria, viruses, parasites, heavy metals, pesticides, and other pollutants that can cause illness or negatively impact human health, aquatic life, or the environment.
The specific purification methods used may vary depending on the nature of the contaminants and the desired level of purity for the intended use. Common techniques include filtration (using various types of filters like activated carbon, ceramic, or reverse osmosis), disinfection (using chemicals like chlorine or UV light to kill microorganisms), sedimentation (allowing particles to settle and be removed), and distillation (heating water to create steam, which is then condensed back into pure water).
Eimeriidae is a family of protozoan parasites that includes several genera of coccidia, which are intracellular parasites that infect and replicate within the cells of various animals, including humans. The most well-known genus in this family is Eimeria, which contains many species that can cause coccidiosis in a variety of animals, including poultry, cattle, sheep, goats, and rabbits.
Coccidiosis is a disease that affects the intestinal tract and can lead to diarrhea, weight loss, and even death in severe cases. The parasites are typically transmitted through fecal-oral contact, either by ingesting contaminated food or water or by direct contact with infected animals.
Eimeriidae species have complex life cycles that involve several stages of development within the host's body. After ingestion, the parasites infect and replicate within intestinal epithelial cells, eventually leading to the release of new parasites into the environment through feces. These new parasites can then infect other hosts and continue the life cycle.
Prevention and control measures for coccidiosis typically involve good hygiene practices, such as cleaning and disinfecting contaminated surfaces and equipment, as well as the use of anticoccidial drugs to prevent or treat infections. Vaccination is also available for some species of Eimeria, although it may not be effective against all strains.
Filtration in the medical context refers to a process used in various medical treatments and procedures, where a substance is passed through a filter with the purpose of removing impurities or unwanted components. The filter can be made up of different materials such as paper, cloth, or synthetic membranes, and it works by trapping particles or molecules based on their size, shape, or charge.
For example, filtration is commonly used in kidney dialysis to remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood. In this case, the patient's blood is pumped through a special filter called a dialyzer, which separates waste products and excess fluids from the blood based on size differences between these substances and the blood cells. The clean blood is then returned to the patient's body.
Filtration is also used in other medical applications such as water purification, air filtration, and tissue engineering. In each case, the goal is to remove unwanted components or impurities from a substance, making it safer or more effective for use in medical treatments and procedures.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fresh Water" is not a medical term. It is a term used to describe water that contains low concentrations of dissolved salts and other dissolved minerals. It is distinguished from saline water, which includes saltwater found in the ocean and brackish water found in estuaries. Fresh water is essential for many biological processes and is the primary source of water for human consumption, agriculture, and industrial use.
Cyclosporiasis is a gastrointestinal infection caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis. It is typically acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water. The main symptoms include profuse, watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, and fatigue. In some cases, there may also be vomiting, weight loss, and fever. Symptoms can appear anytime from two days to two weeks after exposure and can last for several weeks or longer if not treated. The recommended treatment for cyclosporiasis is typically a course of antibiotics such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra).
'Eimeria tenella' is a species of intracellular parasitic protozoa belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. It is one of the several Eimeria species that cause coccidiosis, a common and economically significant intestinal disease in poultry.
Eimeria tenella primarily infects the caeca (plural of cecum) of chickens, turkeys, and other birds. The life cycle of this parasite involves several stages, including sporulation, ingestion, excystation, merogony, gametogony, and oocyst shedding.
The oocysts are passed in the feces of infected birds and can survive in the environment for long periods. Once ingested by another bird, the oocysts release sporozoites, which invade the epithelial cells lining the caeca. Here, they undergo asexual reproduction (merogony), producing numerous merozoites that infect neighboring cells.
After several rounds of merogony, the parasite enters the sexual phase of its life cycle (gametogony). Male and female gametes fuse to form zygotes, which develop into oocysts and are shed in the feces, completing the life cycle.
Clinical signs of Eimeria tenella infection include diarrhea, bloody droppings, decreased appetite, weight loss, and decreased egg production. Severe infections can lead to death, particularly in young birds. Coccidiosis is typically treated with anticoccidial drugs, which are added to the feed or water of infected birds. Good management practices, such as proper sanitation and biosecurity, can help prevent the spread of Eimeria tenella and other coccidian species.
Water pollution is defined medically as the contamination of water sources by harmful or sufficient amounts of foreign substances (pathogens, chemicals, toxic compounds, etc.) which tend to interfere with its normal functioning and can have negative effects on human health. Such pollutants can find their way into water bodies through various means including industrial waste disposal, agricultural runoff, oil spills, sewage and wastewater discharges, and accidental chemical releases, among others.
Exposure to polluted water can lead to a range of health issues, from minor problems like skin irritation or stomach upset, to severe conditions such as neurological disorders, reproductive issues, cancer, and even death in extreme cases. It also poses significant risks to aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and leading to the decline or extinction of various species. Therefore, maintaining clean and safe water supplies is critical for both human health and environmental preservation.
Giardiasis is a digestive infection caused by the microscopic parasite Giardia intestinalis, also known as Giardia lamblia or Giardia duodenalis. The parasite is found worldwide, especially in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe water.
The infection typically occurs after ingesting contaminated water, food, or surfaces that have been exposed to fecal matter containing the cyst form of the parasite. Once inside the body, the cysts transform into trophozoites, which attach to the lining of the small intestine and cause symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, dehydration, and greasy stools that may float due to excess fat.
In some cases, giardiasis can lead to lactose intolerance and malabsorption of nutrients, resulting in weight loss and vitamin deficiencies. The infection is usually diagnosed through a stool sample test and treated with antibiotics such as metronidazole or tinidazole. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, avoiding contaminated water and food, and washing hands regularly.
Disinfection is the process of eliminating or reducing harmful microorganisms from inanimate objects and surfaces through the use of chemicals, heat, or other methods. The goal of disinfection is to reduce the number of pathogens to a level that is considered safe for human health. Disinfection is an important step in preventing the spread of infectious diseases in healthcare settings, food processing facilities, and other environments where there is a risk of infection transmission.
It's important to note that disinfection is not the same as sterilization, which is the complete elimination of all microorganisms, including spores. Disinfection is generally less effective than sterilization but is often sufficient for most non-critical surfaces and objects. The choice between disinfection and sterilization depends on the level of risk associated with the item or surface being treated and the intended use of that item or surface.
Potassium dichromate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula K2Cr2O7. It is a potassium salt of dichromic acid. In its pure form, potassium dichromate appears as a bright red or deep orange crystalline powder. It is highly soluble in water and has a sweetish, sour taste.
In the medical field, potassium dichromate has been historically used as an antiseptic and astringent, but its use has largely been discontinued due to its high toxicity and potential for causing severe health effects. It can cause skin and eye irritation, respiratory problems, and damage to the kidneys and liver. Long-term exposure has been linked to an increased risk of cancer. Therefore, it is important to handle potassium dichromate with care and use appropriate personal protective equipment when working with this compound.
"Toxoplasma" is a genus of protozoan parasites, and the most well-known species is "Toxoplasma gondii." This particular species is capable of infecting virtually all warm-blooded animals, including humans. It's known for its complex life cycle that involves felines (cats) as the definitive host.
Infection in humans, called toxoplasmosis, often occurs through ingestion of contaminated food or water, or through contact with cat feces that contain T. gondii oocysts. While many people infected with Toxoplasma show no symptoms, it can cause serious health problems in immunocompromised individuals and developing fetuses if a woman becomes infected during pregnancy.
It's important to note that while I strive to provide accurate information, this definition should not be used for self-diagnosis or treatment. Always consult with a healthcare professional for medical advice.
Sporozoites are a stage in the life cycle of certain parasitic protozoans, including Plasmodium species that cause malaria. They are infective forms that result from the sporulation of oocysts, which are produced in the vector's midgut after the ingestion of gametocytes during a blood meal.
Once mature, sporozoites are released from the oocyst and migrate to the salivary glands of the vector, where they get injected into the host during subsequent feedings. In the host, sporozoites infect liver cells, multiply within them, and eventually rupture the cells, releasing merozoites that invade red blood cells and initiate the erythrocytic stage of the parasite's life cycle.
Sporozoites are typically highly motile and possess a unique gliding motility, which enables them to traverse various host tissues during their invasion process. This invasive ability is facilitated by an actin-myosin motor system and secretory organelles called micronemes and rhoptries, which release adhesive proteins that interact with host cell receptors.
In summary, sporozoites are a crucial stage in the life cycle of Plasmodium parasites, serving as the infective forms responsible for transmitting malaria between hosts via an insect vector.
Medical definitions for "spores" and "protozoan" are as follows:
1. Spores: These are typically single-celled reproductive units that are resistant to heat, drying, and chemicals. They are produced by certain bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants. In the context of infectious diseases, spores are particularly relevant in relation to certain types of bacteria such as Clostridium tetani (causes tetanus) and Bacillus anthracis (causes anthrax). These bacterial spores can survive for long periods in harsh environments and can cause illness if they germinate and multiply in a host.
2. Protozoan: This term refers to a diverse group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms, which are typically classified as animals rather than plants or fungi. Some protozoa can exist as free-living organisms, while others are parasites that require a host to complete their life cycle. Protozoa can cause various diseases in humans, such as malaria (caused by Plasmodium spp.), giardiasis (caused by Giardia lamblia), and amoebic dysentery (caused by Entamoeba histolytica).
Therefore, there isn't a specific medical definition for "spores, protozoan" as spores are produced by various organisms, including bacteria and fungi, while protozoa are single-celled organisms that can be free-living or parasitic. However, some protozoa do produce spores as part of their life cycle in certain species.
Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) is a medical diagnostic technique that combines the specificity of antibodies with the magnetic properties of nanoparticles to isolate and concentrate target cells or molecules from a sample. This method is widely used in research and clinical laboratories for the detection and analysis of various biological components, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells.
The process involves the use of magnetic beads coated with specific antibodies that bind to the target cells or molecules. Once bound, an external magnetic field is applied to separate the labeled cells or molecules from the unbound components in the sample. The isolated targets can then be washed, concentrated, and further analyzed using various methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), flow cytometry, or microscopy.
IMS offers several advantages over traditional separation techniques, including high specificity, gentle handling of cells, minimal sample manipulation, and the ability to process large volumes of samples. These features make IMS a valuable tool in various fields, such as immunology, microbiology, hematology, oncology, and molecular biology.
Isosporiasis is a gastrointestinal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Isospora belli. It is characterized by watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and fever. The infection is typically spread through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water. Immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS, are at an increased risk for severe and chronic infections. Diagnosis is made through identification of the parasite's oocysts in stool samples. Treatment typically involves the use of antiprotozoal medications such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).
The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT), Direct is a type of immunofluorescence assay used in laboratory diagnostic tests. It is a method for identifying and locating specific antigens in cells or tissues by using fluorescent-labeled antibodies that directly bind to the target antigen.
In this technique, a sample (such as a tissue section or cell smear) is prepared and then treated with a fluorescently labeled primary antibody that specifically binds to the antigen of interest. After washing away unbound antibodies, the sample is examined under a fluorescence microscope. If the antigen is present in the sample, it will be visible as distinct areas of fluorescence, allowing for the direct visualization and localization of the antigen within the cells or tissues.
Direct FAT is commonly used in diagnostic laboratories to identify and diagnose various infectious diseases, including bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. It can also be used to detect specific proteins or antigens in research and clinical settings.
'Anopheles' is a genus of mosquitoes that are known for their role in transmitting malaria parasites to humans. These mosquitoes have a distinctive resting posture, with their abdomens raised and heads down, and they typically feed on human hosts at night. Only female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit the malaria parasite, as they require blood meals to lay eggs.
There are over 400 species of Anopheles mosquitoes worldwide, but only about 30-40 of these are considered significant vectors of human malaria. The distribution and behavior of these mosquitoes can vary widely depending on the specific species and geographic location.
Preventing and controlling the spread of malaria involves a variety of strategies, including the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, antimalarial drugs, and vaccines. Public health efforts to reduce the burden of malaria have made significant progress in recent decades, but the disease remains a major global health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:
1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.
It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.
Sewage is not typically considered a medical term, but it does have relevance to public health and medicine. Sewage is the wastewater that is produced by households and industries, which contains a variety of contaminants including human waste, chemicals, and other pollutants. It can contain various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can cause diseases in humans if they come into contact with it or consume contaminated food or water. Therefore, the proper treatment and disposal of sewage is essential to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and protect public health.
18S rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is the smaller subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome, which is the cellular organelle responsible for protein synthesis. The "18S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of this rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its rate of sedimentation in a centrifuge and is expressed in Svedberg units (S).
The 18S rRNA is a component of the 40S subunit of the ribosome, and it plays a crucial role in the decoding of messenger RNA (mRNA) during protein synthesis. Specifically, the 18S rRNA helps to form the structure of the ribosome and contains several conserved regions that are involved in binding to mRNA and guiding the movement of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) during translation.
The 18S rRNA is also a commonly used molecular marker for evolutionary studies, as its sequence is highly conserved across different species and can be used to infer phylogenetic relationships between organisms. Additionally, the analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences has been widely used in various fields such as ecology, environmental science, and medicine to study biodiversity, biogeography, and infectious diseases.
Apicomplexa is a phylum of single-celled, parasitic organisms that includes several medically important genera, such as Plasmodium (which causes malaria), Toxoplasma (which causes toxoplasmosis), and Cryptosporidium (which causes cryptosporidiosis). These organisms are characterized by the presence of a unique apical complex, which is a group of specialized structures at one end of the cell that are used during invasion and infection of host cells. They have a complex life cycle involving multiple stages, including sexual and asexual reproduction, often in different hosts. Many Apicomplexa are intracellular parasites, meaning they live and multiply inside the cells of their hosts.
Mineral waters are naturally occurring waters that contain various minerals, including salts and gases. These waters can be still or sparkling, and they can vary in mineral content depending on the source. Some common minerals found in mineral waters include calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, and sulfates.
Mineral waters are often used for therapeutic purposes, as drinking or bathing in them is believed to have various health benefits. For example, some studies suggest that drinking mineral water can help improve digestion, boost the immune system, and reduce inflammation. Bathing in mineral waters, on the other hand, has been shown to help relieve muscle pain, improve circulation, and promote relaxation.
It's important to note that while mineral waters can have potential health benefits, they should not be used as a substitute for medical treatment or advice from a healthcare professional. Additionally, some mineral waters may contain high levels of minerals like sodium, which may not be suitable for everyone, particularly those with certain medical conditions such as hypertension.
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. It is caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite can infect a wide range of warm-blooded animals, including birds and mammals, as intermediate hosts. However, cats are the primary definitive host for this parasite because the sexual stage of the parasite's life cycle occurs in their intestines, leading to the shedding of oocysts (environmentally resistant stages) in their feces.
Animals can become infected with Toxoplasma gondii through several routes:
1. Ingestion of sporulated oocysts from contaminated soil, water, or food.
2. Consumption of tissue cysts present in the tissues of infected animals during predation.
3. Vertical transmission (transplacental) from an infected mother to her offspring.
Clinical signs and symptoms of toxoplasmosis in animals can vary depending on their age, immune status, and the parasite's virulence. In many cases, animals may not show any apparent signs of infection, but some may develop:
1. Generalized illness with fever, lethargy, and loss of appetite.
2. Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes).
3. Neurological symptoms such as tremors, ataxia (lack of coordination), or seizures if the central nervous system is affected.
4. Eye lesions, including inflammation and scarring of the retina, which can lead to vision loss in severe cases.
5. Reproductive issues, such as abortion, stillbirths, or birth defects in offspring when pregnant females are infected.
It is important to note that while toxoplasmosis can cause significant health problems in animals, particularly in immunocompromised individuals and developing fetuses, it is often asymptomatic or mild in healthy adult animals. Nonetheless, the zoonotic potential of Toxoplasma gondii highlights the importance of practicing good hygiene and taking necessary precautions when handling infected animals or their waste to minimize the risk of transmission to humans.
Antibodies, protozoan, refer to the immune system's response to an infection caused by a protozoan organism. Protozoa are single-celled microorganisms that can cause various diseases in humans, such as malaria, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis.
When the body is infected with a protozoan, the immune system responds by producing specific proteins called antibodies. Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell called a B-cell, and they recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the protozoan organism.
There are five main types of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each type of antibody has a different role in the immune response. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody and provides long-term immunity to previously encountered pathogens. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection and is important for activating the complement system, which helps to destroy the protozoan organism.
Overall, the production of antibodies against protozoan organisms is a critical part of the immune response and helps to protect the body from further infection.
I apologize, but I am not able to find a medical definition for "Benzophenoneidum." It is possible that this term may be used in other scientific fields, such as chemistry or materials science, but it does not appear to have a specific meaning within the field of medicine.
Benzophenones are a class of chemical compounds that contain a benzene ring linked to a ketone group through a carbon-carbon bond. They are often used in industrial and consumer products as UV absorbers, fragrances, and photographic developers. Some benzophenones have been studied for their potential toxicity and endocrine-disrupting effects, but they do not have a specific medical definition or application.
If you meant to ask about a different term or if you need information on a related topic, please let me know!
"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.
Chlorine compounds refer to chemical substances that contain chlorine (Cl), which is a member of the halogen group in the periodic table. Chlorine is a highly reactive element that readily forms compounds with many other elements and molecules.
Chlorine compounds can be found in various forms, including inorganic and organic compounds. Inorganic chlorine compounds include salts of hydrochloric acid, such as sodium chloride (table salt), and chlorides of metals, such as copper chloride and silver chloride. Other inorganic chlorine compounds include chlorine gas (Cl2), hypochlorous acid (HClO), and chlorine dioxide (ClO2).
Organic chlorine compounds are those that contain carbon atoms bonded to chlorine atoms. Examples of organic chlorine compounds include chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene, and pesticides, such as DDT and lindane.
Chlorine compounds have a wide range of uses in various industries, including water treatment, disinfection, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and manufacturing. However, some chlorine compounds can be harmful or toxic to humans and the environment, particularly if they are released into the air, water, or soil in large quantities. Therefore, it is essential to handle and dispose of chlorine compounds properly to minimize potential health and environmental risks.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rivers" is not a medical term or concept. It is a geographical term referring to large, flowing bodies of water that usually empty into a sea or an ocean. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!
"Plasmodium berghei" is a species of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium, which are the causative agents of malaria. This particular species primarily infects rodents and is not known to naturally infect humans. However, it is widely used in laboratory settings as a model organism to study malaria and develop potential interventions, such as drugs and vaccines, due to its similarities with human-infecting Plasmodium species.
The life cycle of P. berghei involves two hosts: an Anopheles mosquito vector and a rodent host. The parasite undergoes asexual reproduction in the red blood cells of the rodent host, leading to the symptoms of malaria, such as fever, anemia, and organ damage. When an infected mosquito bites another rodent, the parasites are transmitted through the saliva and infect the new host, continuing the life cycle.
While P. berghei is not a direct threat to human health, studying this species has contributed significantly to our understanding of malaria biology and the development of potential interventions against this devastating disease.
Unionidae is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in the field of biology. It refers to a family of freshwater mussels that are primarily found in North America and Eurasia. These mussels have a unique reproductive strategy where they use fish as hosts for their larvae (glochidia) to develop and grow before settling in the riverbed as juveniles.
While Unionidae may not have a direct connection to medical terminology, it is worth noting that freshwater mussels, including those in Unionidae, play an essential role in maintaining water quality and providing habitat for many aquatic organisms. They can also serve as bioindicators of the health of aquatic ecosystems, which can have implications for public health. For instance, poor water quality can lead to the proliferation of harmful algal blooms or the spread of waterborne diseases, posing risks to human health.
Propidium is not a medical condition or diagnosis, but rather it is a fluorescent dye that is used in medical and scientific research. It is often used in procedures such as flow cytometry and microscopy to stain and label cells or nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). Propidium iodide is the most commonly used form of propidium, which binds to DNA by intercalating between the bases.
Once stained with propidium iodide, cells with damaged membranes will take up the dye and can be detected and analyzed based on their fluorescence intensity. This makes it possible to identify and quantify dead or damaged cells in a population, as well as to analyze DNA content and cell cycle status.
Overall, propidium is an important tool in medical research and diagnostics, providing valuable information about cell health, viability, and genetic material.
Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.
In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.
Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.
Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.
Antigens are substances (usually proteins) found on the surface of cells, or viruses, that can be recognized by the immune system and stimulate an immune response. In the context of protozoa, antigens refer to the specific proteins or other molecules found on the surface of these single-celled organisms that can trigger an immune response in a host organism.
Protozoa are a group of microscopic eukaryotic organisms that include a diverse range of species, some of which can cause diseases in humans and animals. When a protozoan infects a host, the host's immune system recognizes the protozoan antigens as foreign and mounts an immune response to eliminate the infection. This response involves the activation of various types of immune cells, such as T-cells and B-cells, which recognize and target the protozoan antigens.
Understanding the nature of protozoan antigens is important for developing vaccines and other immunotherapies to prevent or treat protozoan infections. For example, researchers have identified specific antigens on the surface of the malaria parasite that are recognized by the human immune system and have used this information to develop vaccine candidates. However, many protozoan infections remain difficult to prevent or treat, and further research is needed to identify new targets for vaccines and therapies.
'Staining and labeling' are techniques commonly used in pathology, histology, cytology, and molecular biology to highlight or identify specific components or structures within tissues, cells, or molecules. These methods enable researchers and medical professionals to visualize and analyze the distribution, localization, and interaction of biological entities, contributing to a better understanding of diseases, cellular processes, and potential therapeutic targets.
Medical definitions for 'staining' and 'labeling' are as follows:
1. Staining: A process that involves applying dyes or stains to tissues, cells, or molecules to enhance their contrast and reveal specific structures or components. Stains can be categorized into basic stains (which highlight acidic structures) and acidic stains (which highlight basic structures). Common staining techniques include Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), which differentiates cell nuclei from the surrounding cytoplasm and extracellular matrix; special stains, such as PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff) for carbohydrates or Masson's trichrome for collagen fibers; and immunostains, which use antibodies to target specific proteins.
2. Labeling: A process that involves attaching a detectable marker or tag to a molecule of interest, allowing its identification, quantification, or tracking within a biological system. Labels can be direct, where the marker is directly conjugated to the targeting molecule, or indirect, where an intermediate linker molecule is used to attach the label to the target. Common labeling techniques include fluorescent labels (such as FITC, TRITC, or Alexa Fluor), enzymatic labels (such as horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase), and radioactive labels (such as ³²P or ¹⁴C). Labeling is often used in conjunction with staining techniques to enhance the specificity and sensitivity of detection.
Together, staining and labeling provide valuable tools for medical research, diagnostics, and therapeutic development, offering insights into cellular and molecular processes that underlie health and disease.
Apicystis
Gibbsia archiuli
Sarcocystis
Pfeifferinella
Hemolivia
Hyaloklossia
Alveocystis
Barrouxia
Filipodium
Coccidia
Pseudoklossia
Aikinetocystidae
Gousseffia
Eimeria stiedae
Octosporella (Apicomplexa)
Mantonella
Plasmodium knowlesi
Lipotrophidae
Orcheobius
Cryptosporidiosis
Leucocytozoon
Polysporella
Toxoplasmosis
Plasmodium gallinaceum
Dorisiella
Cyclosporiasis
Margolisiella
Monocystidae
Gregarinasina
Hammondia hammondi
ISO 15553:2006 - Water quality - Isolation and identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from water
Effects of Radix dichroae extract supplementation on growth performance, oocysts output and gut microbiota in growing lambs...
PRIME PubMed | Determination of the recovery efficiency of cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts from seeded bivalve...
Waterborne Cryptosporidium Oocyst Identification and Genotyping: Use of GIS for Ecosystem Studies in Kenya and Ecuador
Figure 2 - Cryptosporidium Oocysts in a Water Supply Associated with a Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak - Volume 8, Number 6-June...
Unique cultural methods used to detect viable cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in environmental samples | Water Science &...
Toxoplasma gondii Oocyst-specific Antibodies and Source of Infection
Oocyst wall formation and composition in coccidian parasites
Role of wall shear stress on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst attachmen
Anagrams of OOCYST
Evaluation of chemical treatments and ozone on the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in fruit juices
Oocyst wall formation and composition in coccidian parasites. - Radcliffe Department of Medicine
Animal Parasitology
TECHNIQUE FOR OBTAINING THIN-SECTIONS OF COCCIDIAN OOCYSTS - Radcliffe Department of Medicine
Live Action Mafia • View topic - Lag verbalize flexible, oocysts polarized patients.
Image: Sarcocystis spp oocysts and sporocysts observed by sugar flotation - MSD Veterinary Manual
Cryptosporidium Control Equipment | Environmental XPRT
CDC - DPDx - Diagnostic Procedures - Stool Specimens
Apicystis - Wikipedia
Vaccines
Plasmodium DEH is ER-localized and crucial for oocyst mitotic division during malaria transmission.
HatchPak Cocci III for Animal Use - Drugs.com
Niveles de ooquistes de eimeria en cama y su relación con las lesiones intestinales en pollos broiler<...
Food Safety Research Projects Database Search | National Agricultural Library
Publication : USDA ARS
Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua - Universitat de Barcelona
Successful PCR amplification of genomic DNA from Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts extracted from a human faecal sample: a rapid...
2022 #5 DOI CrossRef:10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2022-5-7 Means for disinfection of oocysts of coccidia of birds - Veterinaria i...
Surface area properties of oocysts were investigated through the use of - Antiandrogens and androgen receptor in prostate...
Feces6
- Contamination of certain foods, such as unpasteurized apple cider, with infective oocysts may occur as oocysts are shed in the feces of common ruminants like cattle and deer that graze in and around orchards. (vt.edu)
- Of all the hosts infected, only cats are known to excrete oocysts in feces. (usda.gov)
- Cats are the main reservoir of T. gondii because they are the only hosts that can excrete the resistant stage (oocyst) of the parasite in the feces. (usda.gov)
- Toxoplasma gondii oocysts were not found in feces of 51 cats. (usda.gov)
- Sporozoites become infectious 24 hours or more after the cat sheds the oocyst via feces. (medscape.com)
- However, the oocysts shed in the feces of infected persons must mature ( sporulate ) outside the host, in the environment, to become infective for someone else. (cdc.gov)
Toxoplasma3
- The protozoans Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum are public health priorities and their oocysts can persist in environment for long time. (usda.gov)
- Cats are essential in the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii because they are the only hosts that can excrete the environmentally resistant oocysts in nature. (usda.gov)
- Describe the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii and the importance of the oocyst in transmission. (cdc.gov)
Eimeria3
- The invention discloses an industrialized production method for separating and purifying a chicken eimeria coccidium oocyst. (patsnap.com)
- technical field [0001] The invention relates to an industrial production method for separating and purifying Eimeria gallinarum oocysts. (patsnap.com)
- This vaccine contains the oocysts of Eimeria maxima, Eimeria acervulina , and Eimeria tenella and has shown to aid in the prevention of coccidiosis. (drugs.com)
Sporozoites4
- We are evaluating detection of single foci of infection, indicating that one of the four sporozoites released from the viable oocyst has infected a single cell. (iwaponline.com)
- The oocysts contain two oval sporocysts containing four sporozoites each. (msdvetmanual.com)
- The zygote sporulates and divides to form sporozoites within the oocyst. (medscape.com)
- During the growth of the oocysts (7 to 13 days after the infective feeding) exposure of the mosquito to 37.5°C. for 18 to 24 hours aborted its development, only a very small percentage of these mosquitoes ultimately showing sporozoites in their salivary glands. (ajtmh.org)
Infective3
- Disease occurs after the ingestion of small infective oocysts (4 to 5 mm in size). (vt.edu)
- The reason for continuing parasitism in these units is that transmission is by infective eggs and oocysts, which are difficult to keep out of any environment. (missouri.edu)
- Cyclospora infection is transmitted by ingesting infective Cyclospora oocysts (for example, in contaminated food or water). (cdc.gov)
Parvum oocyst4
- Role of wall shear stress on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst attachment to environmental biofilms. (researcher-app.com)
- This study investigated Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst deposition onto biofilms as a function of shear stress under laminar or turbulent flow. (researcher-app.com)
- These steady-state biofilms were then used to assess the impact of hydrodynamic condition on C. parvum oocyst attachment. (researcher-app.com)
- In this study, alternative treatments to pasteurization were evaluated for their ability to inhibit C. parvum oocyst viability in fruit juices. (vt.edu)
Gondii oocysts4
- DNA detection of T. gondii oocysts was carried out using TaqMan real-time PCR. (usda.gov)
- After 5 days of depuration, T. gondii oocysts were still present in gammarids indicating the integrative nature of G. fossarum. (usda.gov)
- These results show for the first time that a freshwater crustacean is able to bioaccumulate T. gondii oocysts suggesting that Gammarus fossarum is a potential effective bioindicator of protozoan contamination in biomonitoring studies. (usda.gov)
- T gondii oocysts, tachyzoites, and bradyzoites can cause infection in humans. (medscape.com)
Cryptosporidium Oocysts3
- ISO 15553:2006 specifies a method that is applicable for the detection and enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in water. (iso.org)
- Schets FM, van den Berg HH, de Roda Husman AM. Determination of the recovery efficiency of cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts from seeded bivalve mollusks. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Cryptosporidium oocysts can be demonstrated in acid-fast stains. (cdc.gov)
Cyst2
- This method does not allow identification to species level, the host species of origin or the determination of viability or infectivity of any Cryptosporidium oocyst or Giardia cyst which may be present. (iso.org)
- A modified immunomagnetic separation (IMS) procedure was used to determine Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst numbers in individually homogenized oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and mussels (Mytilus edulis). (unboundmedicine.com)
Excrete2
- Cats can excrete millions of oocysts after eating an infected prey, such as a mouse or a bird. (usda.gov)
- During a primary infection, the cat can excrete millions of oocysts daily for 1-3 weeks. (medscape.com)
Coccidia2
Disinfection2
- Purification is an essential barrier in normal water purification, because oocysts are extremely resistant to disinfection with chlorine (25). (healthdisparitiesks.org)
- Bromine and chlorine disinfection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Bacillus atrophaeus spores, and MS2 coliphage in water. (cdc.gov)
Ingestion2
- The ingestion of food and water contaminated with resistant stage of the parasite, the oocyst, is now considered a major mode of transmission of this parasite. (usda.gov)
- Infection can occur by ingestion of oocysts following the handling of contaminated soil or cat litter or through the consumption of contaminated water or food sources (eg, unwashed garden vegetables). (medscape.com)
Viable2
- The percentage of viable oocysts can be estimated by detecting intracellular developmental stages of the parasite using fluorescently labelled antibodies. (iwaponline.com)
- 37) observed that whenever oocysts were kept in fecal matter, the oocyst wall permeability of viable oocysts reduced as time passes potentially. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
Parasite1
- Δdeh mutants showed a small but significant reduction in oocyst size compared with WT controls from day 10 postinfection onwards, and endomitotic cell division and sporogony were completely ablated, blocking parasite transmission from mosquito to vertebrate host. (figshare.com)
Infection4
- Oocyst viability was analyzed with a cell culture infectivity assay, using a human illeocecal cell line (HCT-8) that is most similar to human infection. (vt.edu)
- Infection by treated oocysts was compared to that of control untreated oocysts. (vt.edu)
- It is hypothesized that oocyst wall proteins that are necessary for infection are oxidized by the reactive oxygen species generated from the decomposition of the ozone and hydrogen peroxide treatments. (vt.edu)
- [ 16 ] More recently, it has been recognized that water contaminated with oocysts are an important source of infection. (medscape.com)
Environmentally1
- This gastrointestinal disease is transmitted by an environmentally durable oocyst (15). (healthdisparitiesks.org)
Microscopic examination1
- an object plate is thoroughly subjected to microscopic examination, unsporulated oocysts are also all thoroughly removed, sporulated oocysts are all in the visual field, and the solution background is clear. (patsnap.com)
Coccidiosis1
- The objective of this study were to determine the relationship between oocyst concentration in litter and grade of gut injury, as well as the íncidence of subclinical coccidiosis. (edu.pe)
Environments2
- Adjustments in the oocyst wall structure as they age group may influence the adhesion and transportation properties of oocysts in organic environments. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
- The oocysts are very strong and may remain infectious for more than one year in warm humid environments. (medscape.com)
Mollusks1
- Mollusks can concentrate oocysts in their body and humans and animals can then become infected if they consume raw mollusks. (usda.gov)
Parasites3
- The oocyst wall of coccidian parasites is a robust structure that is resistant to a variety of environmental and chemical insults. (edu.au)
- Bivalves have been proposed as a natural filtration alternative for the detection of oocysts in water as they can and retain parasites, bacteria, and viruses for an extended period of time. (usda.gov)
- Due to presence of sexual process and sporogonic development of Plasmodium parasites in mosquitoes, self and cross-fertilization can occur and be identified during the oocyst stage. (lu.se)
Purification6
- Traditionally used purification techniques for oocysts are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and are not suitable for industrial production. (patsnap.com)
- These outcomes display that adhesion properties governed from the electrophoretic 15291-77-7 IC50 flexibility of purified oocysts could be modified by the technique of purification which hydrophobicity can transform as oocysts age group. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
- 16) claim that significant amounts of oocysts bypassed a purification plant that maintained smaller coliform bacterias, indicating that 15291-77-7 IC50 oocysts might not stick to filtering media as as other microbes readily. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
- Understanding the top charge and hydrophobicity of oocysts will help the introduction 15291-77-7 IC50 of ideal purification mass media and coagulants to eliminate oocysts from normal water and sewage in treatment plant life. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
- 36). Each one of these research used different oocyst resources, purification methods, storage solutions, and suspending media, and the reported results varied widely. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
- Some chemicals used for oocyst purification in these studies may damage the oocysts (9) and change oocyst surface properties, including surface charge. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
Chlorine1
- The relatively thick membrane of the oocysts allows them to be resistant to chlorine and many other environmental pressures, making oocysts difficult to inactivate. (vt.edu)
Organism1
- A significant dose-response relationship was observed and the maximum quantity of oocysts detected in gammarid tissues is obtained after exposure to 20,000 oocysts per organism and per day. (usda.gov)
Humans1
- Humans become infected by eating undercooked meat from infected animals and food and water contaminated with oocysts. (usda.gov)
Survive3
- This resilience allows oocysts to survive for long periods, facilitating transmission from host to host. (edu.au)
- Oocysts can survive outdoors for months. (usda.gov)
- The data presented show that in certain localities the oocyst may survive the winter and complete its development the following spring. (ajtmh.org)
Viability1
- Detection of oocysts in water is very difficult and current methodologies do not determine viability. (iwaponline.com)
Concentrations3
- We developed a method for estimating oocyst hydrophobicity that relied on microscopic direct counting of suspended oocyst concentrations after adhesion to a standard polystyrene surface (40, 45, 46). (healthdisparitiesks.org)
- The fresh water crustacean, Gammarus fossarum, were exposed to different concentrations of oocysts. (usda.gov)
- Between 0 and 14-day, oocyst number detected increased with the exposure time, then a saturation effect was observed between 14 and 21-day for the two highest concentrations. (usda.gov)
Gram2
- Additionally, the Radix dichroae extract and diclazuril had fewer oocysts per gram (OPG) than the control group, showing similar anti-coccidial effects on days 14, 21, 28, 35 and 78, respectively. (springer.com)
- Although the frequency of oocysts per gram of litter was greatest between days 28 and 42, the correlation with incidenceofmacro and microscopic lesions at days 28 (0.748)and 35 (0.432) was only moderate. (edu.pe)
Water1
- In some microscope research, Anguish and Ghiorse (2) reported that oocysts seeded into garden soil examples and suspended in deionized drinking water (DI), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), or 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate didn't closely associate with inorganic or organic earth contaminants. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
Mosquitoes1
- We demonstrate that both pSGS1 and pGRW11 lineages develop in infected mosquitoes in parallel, but also form hybrid oocysts of these two lineages. (lu.se)
Wall9
- The oocyst wall is over 90% protein but few of these proteins have been studied. (edu.au)
- In support of this hypothesis, the oocyst wall has high levels of dityrosine bonds. (edu.au)
- These dityrosine crosslinked proteins may provide a structural matrix for assembly of the oocyst wall and contribute to its resilience. (edu.au)
- The total number of oocysts attached to the biofilm at steady state decreased as the hydrodynamic wall shear stress increased. (researcher-app.com)
- The oocyst deposition rate constant increased with shear stress but decreased at high shear, suggesting that increasing wall shear stress results in faster attachment of Cryptosporidium due to higher mass transport until the shear forces exceed a critical limit that prevents oocyst attachment. (researcher-app.com)
- Note the thin oocyst wall. (msdvetmanual.com)
- The top properties from the oocyst wall structure affect the connections from the oocysts with filtration system mass media and with environmental chemical substances and surfaces. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
- Adjustments in the oocyst wall structure might influence oocyst success. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
- The zygotes then become encapsulated within a rigid wall and are shed as oocysts. (medscape.com)
Sporozoite1
- Ultrastructure analysis confirmed degeneration of Δdeh oocysts, and a complete lack of sporozoite budding. (figshare.com)
Extract1
- Abstract A method to extract genomic DNA from oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum in human faecal material was developed and consisted of a simple alkali wash, freeze/boil technique. (ulster.ac.uk)
Intermediate1
- the oocyst occupied an intermediate position. (ajtmh.org)
Transmission1
- Plasmodium DEH is ER-localized and crucial for oocyst mitotic division during malaria transmission. (figshare.com)
Waters3
- oocysts have been identified in significant amounts in surface waters throughout the United States and Canada (27, 34, 38). (healthdisparitiesks.org)
- Such basic understanding may also help clarify the microscale procedures involved with sorption of oocysts onto particle areas in organic waters. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
- Epidemiological studies that both fresh and marine waters can be contaminated with oocysts. (usda.gov)
Importance1
- higher shear (to a certain limit) may be associated with faster initial oocyst attachment, but lower shear is associated with greater numbers of oocysts attached at equilibrium.Importance. (researcher-app.com)
Study1
- To study putative hybrid oocysts, we used a laser microdissection technique together with PCR-based analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. (lu.se)
High1
- Two-month-old oocysts exhibited high adhesion (60 to 80%) whatsoever ionic advantages. (healthdisparitiesks.org)