Oligonucleotide array sequence analysis. Medical search

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.

A method for comparing two sets of chromosomal DNA by analyzing differences in the copy number and location of specific sequences. It is used to look for large sequence changes such as deletions, duplications, amplifications, or translocations.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

The intergenic DNA segments that are between the ribosomal RNA genes (internal transcribed spacers) and between the tandemly repeated units of rDNA (external transcribed spacers and nontranscribed spacers).

The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. An increase in gene dosage (by GENE DUPLICATION for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. GENE DOSAGE COMPENSATION mechanisms result in adjustments to the level GENE EXPRESSION when there are changes or differences in gene dosage.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Short fragments of DNA or RNA that are used to alter the function of target RNAs or DNAs to which they hybridize.

The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, a REPLICATION ORIGIN, for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance as an extra chromosome in bacteria. In addition, they can carry large amounts (about 200 kilobases) of other sequence for a variety of bioengineering purposes.

A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.

Synthetic transcripts of a specific DNA molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. This cRNA can be labeled with radioactive uracil and then used as a probe. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

Hard, amorphous, brittle, inorganic, usually transparent, polymerous silicate of basic oxides, usually potassium or sodium. It is used in the form of hard sheets, vessels, tubing, fibers, ceramics, beads, etc.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The simultaneous analysis, on a microchip, of multiple samples or targets arranged in an array format.

Agents employed in the preparation of histologic or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all of the constituent elements. Great numbers of different agents are used; some are also decalcifying and hardening agents. They must quickly kill and coagulate living tissue.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Stretches of genomic DNA that exist in different multiples between individuals. Many copy number variations have been associated with susceptibility or resistance to disease.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.

DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.

The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of DNA or RNA from one original template.

Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.

Application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

RNA present in neoplastic tissue.

Genes whose abnormal expression, or MUTATION are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS.

Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

A basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.

A group of ribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.

A system for verifying and maintaining a desired level of quality in a product or process by careful planning, use of proper equipment, continued inspection, and corrective action as required. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.

Processes occurring in various organisms by which new genes are copied. Gene duplication may result in a MULTIGENE FAMILY; supergenes or PSEUDOGENES.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

Modified oligonucleotides in which one of the oxygens of the phosphate group is replaced with a sulfur atom.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

Short fragments of DNA that are used to alter the function of target RNAs or DNAs to which they hybridize.

Ligand-binding assays that measure protein-protein, protein-small molecule, or protein-nucleic acid interactions using a very large set of capturing molecules, i.e., those attached separately on a solid support, to measure the presence or interaction of target molecules in the sample.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Nucleotides in which the base moiety is substituted with one or more sulfur atoms.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Short fragments of RNA that are used to alter the function of target RNAs or DNAs to which they hybridize.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The use of devices which use detector molecules to detect, investigate, or analyze other molecules, macromolecules, molecular aggregates, or organisms.

Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

A novel method for determining linkage between DNA sequences: hybridization to paired probe arrays. (1/28523)

Cooperative hybridization has been used to establish physical linkage between two loci on a DNA strand. Linkage was detected by hybridization to a new type of high-density oligonucleotide array. Each synthesis location on the array contains a mixture of two different probe sequences. Each of the two probes can hybridize independently to a different target sequence, but if the two target sequences are physically linked there is a cooperative increase in hybridization yield. The ability to create and control non-linear effects raises a host of possibilities for applications of oligonucleotide array hybridization. The method has been used to assign linkage in 50:50 mixtures of DNA containing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) separated by 17, 693, 1350 and 2038 bp and to reconstruct haplotypes. Other potential uses include increasing the specificity of hybridization in mutation detection and gene expression monitoring applications, determining SNP haplotypes, characterizing repetitive sequences, such as short tandem repeats, and aiding contig assembly in sequen-cing by hybridization. (+info)

Smoothing of the thermal stability of DNA duplexes by using modified nucleosides and chaotropic agents. (2/28523)

The effect of alkyltrimethylammonium ions on the thermostability of natural and modified DNA duplexes has been investigated. We have shown that the use of tetramethylammonium ions TMA+along with the chemical modification of duplexes allow the fine adjustment of T m and the possibility of obtaining several duplex systems with varied isostabilizedtemperatures, some of which show greater stability than those of natural DNA. This approach could be very useful for DNA sequencing by hybridization. (+info)

Combining SSH and cDNA microarrays for rapid identification of differentially expressed genes. (3/28523)

Comparing patterns of gene expression in cell lines and tissues has important applications in a variety of biological systems. In this study we have examined whether the emerging technology of cDNA microarrays will allow a high throughput analysis of expression of cDNA clones generated by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). A set of cDNA clones including 332 SSH inserts amplified by PCR was arrayed using robotic printing. The cDNA arrays were hybridized with fluorescent labeled probes prepared from RNA from ER-positive (MCF7 and T47D) and ER-negative (MDA-MB-231 and HBL-100) breast cancer cell lines. Ten clones were identified that were over-expressed by at least a factor of five in the ER-positive cell lines. Northern blot analysis confirmed over-expression of these 10 cDNAs. Sequence analysis identified four of these clones as cytokeratin 19, GATA-3, CD24 and glutathione-S-transferase mu-3. Of the remaining six cDNA clones, four clones matched EST sequences from two different genes and two clones were novel sequences. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence confirmed that CD24 protein was over-expressed in the ER-positive cell lines. We conclude that SSH and microarray technology can be successfully applied to identify differentially expressed genes. This approach allowed the identification of differentially expressed genes without the need to obtain previously cloned cDNAs. (+info)

Identification of the genes responsive to etoposide-induced apoptosis: application of DNA chip technology. (4/28523)

DNA chip technology was used in an attempt to identify target genes responsible for apoptosis induced by etoposide, a p53 activating topoisomerase II inhibitor used clinically as an antitumor agent. 62 Individual mRNAs whose mass changed significantly were identified after screening oligonucleotide arrays capable of detecting 6591 unique human mRNA species. 12 (Nine induced and three repressed) of the etoposide-responsive genes were further studied by Northern analysis and an agreement rate of 92%, was reached. Among the 12 genes studied, two (WAF1/p21 and PCNA) are known p53 regulatory genes, two (glutathione peroxidase and S100A2 calcium-binding protein) appear to be the novel p53 target genes and the others appear to be p53-independent. Based upon these findings, the signalling pathways that possibly mediate etoposide-induced apoptosis are proposed. (+info)

Development of an oligonucleotide-specific capture plate hybridization assay for detection of Haemophilus parasuis. (5/28523)

An oligonucleotide-specific capture plate hybridization assay has been developed to rapidly, specifically, and sensitively detect Haemophilus parasuis from nasal swabs. Several in vitro studies have been performed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the test, and in vivo studies have validated this technique in pigs. Results suggest that the assay detects <100 colony-forming units/ml in a pure culture and gives a positive result when H. parasuis is present in a ratio of 1:10(3)-10(4) in a mixed culture, and the probe does not hybridize with other related species found in the upper respiratory tract. This assay is more sensitive than culture for detection of the microorganism from nasal swabs and lesions. (+info)

Versatile derivatisation of solid support media for covalent bonding on DNA-microchips. (6/28523)

A chemistry was developed that permits on DNA-arrays both the covalent immobilisation of pre-fabricated nucleic acids-such as oligonucleotides, PCR-products or peptide nucleic acid oligomers-and the in situ synthesis of such compounds on either glass or polypropylene surfaces. Bonding was found to be stable even after some 30 cycles of stripping. Due to a dendrimeric structure of the linker molecule, the loading can be modified in a controlled manner and increased beyond the capacity of glass without negative effects on hybridisation efficiency. Also, the chemistry warrants the modulation of other surface properties such as charge or hydrophobicity. Preferentially, attachment of nucleic acids takes place only via the terminal amino-group of amino-modified oligonucleotides or the terminal hydroxyl-group of unmodified molecules so that the entire molecule is accessible to probe hybridisation. This derivatisation represents a support chemistry versatile enough to serve nearly all current forms of DNA-arrays or microchips. (+info)

Timely toxicology. (7/28523)

The ToxChip, a DNA microarray chip, allows the monitoring of the expression levels of thousands of different genes at a time, thereby condensing months of painstaking laboratory tasks into a day's work. For toxicology researchers in particular, this tool is important because it promises a more effective way to identify environmental hazards and their effects on DNA. The ToxChip, developed by NIEHS scientists J. Carl Barrett, Cynthia Afshari, and Emile F. Nuwaysir, could transform the way toxicologists approach environmental problems. (+info)

DNA microarray technology: the anticipated impact on the study of human disease. (8/28523)

One can imagine that, one day, there will be a general requirement that relevant array data be deposited, at the time of publication of manuscripts in which they are described, into a single site made available for the storage and analysis of array data (modeled after the GenBank submission requirements for DNA sequence information). With this system in place, one can anticipate a time when data from thousands of gene expression experiments will be available for meta-analysis, which has the potential to balance out artifacts from many individual studies, thus leading to more robust results and subtle conclusions. This will require that data adhere to some type of uniform structure and format that would ideally be independent of the particular expression technology used to generate it. The pros and cons of various publication modalities for these large electronic data sets have been discussed elsewhere [12], but, practical difficulties aside, general depositing must occur for this technology to reach the broadest range of investigators. Finally, as mentioned at the beginning of this review, it is unfortunate that this important research tool remains largely restricted to a few laboratories that have developed expertise in this area and to a growing number of commercial interests. Ultimately the real value of microarray technology will only be realized when this approach is generally available. It is hoped that issues including platforms, instrumentation, clone availability, and patents [20] will be resolved shortly, making this technology accessible to the broadest range of scientists at the earliest possible moment. (+info)

"Light-generated oligonucleotide arrays for rapid DNA sequence analysis". PNAS. 91 (11): 5022-5026. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.5022P ... Oligonucleotide arrays are produced by printing short oligonucleotide sequences designed to represent a single gene or family ... In oligonucleotide microarrays, the probes are short sequences designed to match parts of the sequence of known or predicted ... Although oligonucleotide probes are often used in "spotted" microarrays, the term "oligonucleotide array" most often refers to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_microarray

... oligonucleotide array sequence analysis MeSH E05.393.760.640 - oligonucleotide array sequence analysis MeSH E05.393.760.700 - ... oligonucleotide array sequence analysis MeSH E05.588.570.700 - protein array analysis MeSH E05.588.570.850 - tissue array ... oligonucleotide array sequence analysis MeSH E05.196.630.570.700 - protein array analysis MeSH E05.196.630.570.850 - tissue ... oligonucleotide array sequence analysis MeSH E05.393.525.680 - protein array analysis MeSH E05.393.525.700 - random amplified ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(E05)

"Light-generated oligonucleotide arrays for rapid DNA sequence analysis," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91, pp. 5022-5026, 1994 F. J. ... launched Evidence, the first protein Biochip Array Technology analyzer in 2003. In protein Biochip Array Technology, the ... "Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis," Nature 321, pp. 61-67, 1986 P. Fortina, D. Graves, C. Stoeckert, Jr ... These arrays must be made using a serial process (i.e. requiring multiple, sequential steps) to ensure that each sensor is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochip

"Light-generated oligonucleotide arrays for rapid DNA sequence analysis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (11): 5022-5026. ... one oligonucleotide sequence occupies a square 25×25 μm) and the requirement of high fidelity of oligonucleotide synthesis ... They are most commonly used as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, primers for DNA sequencing and amplification ... Willems, A.; Deforce, D. L.; Van Bocxlaer, J. (2008). "Analysis of oligonucleotides using capillary zone electrophoresis and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligonucleotide_synthesis

"Light-generated oligonucleotide arrays for rapid DNA sequence analysis," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91, lk 5022-5026, 1994 ( ... "Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis," Nature 321, lk 61-67, 1986 (vaadatud 30.01.17) ... A. M. Maxam and W. Gilbert, "A new method for sequencing DNA," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 74, lk 560-564, 1977 (vaadatud 30.01.17) ... K. L. Michael, L. C. Taylor, S. L. Schultz, and D. R. Walt, "Randomly ordered addressable high-density optical sensor arrays," ...

https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokiip

It can be applied to large datasets generated using either oligonucleotide arrays (MeDIP-chip) or next-generation sequencing ( ... running Batman on a set of 100 Agilent Human DNA Methylation Arrays (about 250,000 probes per array) took less than an hour to ... or sequenced by next-generation sequencing (MeDIP-seq). While this tells you what areas of the genome are methylated, it does ... Bayesian tool for methylation analysis, also known as BATMAN, is a statistical tool for analysing methylated DNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_tool_for_methylation_analysis

Assessing DNA Sequence Variations in Human ESTs in a Phylogenetic Context Using High-Density Oligonucleotide Arrays - Jian-Bing ... Large-scale SNP analysis reveals clustered and continuous patterns of human genetic variation - Mark D. Shriver,et al. ... Understanding Human DNA Sequence Variation - K. K. KIDD,et al.. * ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neighbor-joining_Tree.svg

... are arrayed; each spot contains a known DNA sequence. When performing microarray analyses, mRNA is collected from a control and ... The cDNA is spread onto the surface of the microarray where it hybridizes with oligonucleotides on the chip and a laser is used ... Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a recently developed technique that allows the analysis of the transcriptome of ... RNA sequencing is a next-generation sequencing technology; as such it requires only a small amount of RNA and no previous ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptome

Protein/Peptide Chemistry: amino acid analysis, N- and C-terminal sequencing, peptide synthesis, peptide/protein arrays. ... Mass Spectrometry: qualitative, quantitative, and structural analysis of proteins, carbohydrates, oligonucleotides, and lipids ... ABRF Next Generation Sequencing Group (ABRF-NGS) Antibody Technology Research Group (ARG) Biomedical 'Omics Research Group ( ... 2017 Sir Shankar Balasubramanian and David Klenerman for the invention of a method of next-generation DNA sequencing which is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Biomolecular_Resource_Facilities

Templates are sequenced base-by-base during each read. Then, the data collection and analysis software aligns sample sequences ... This introduces some bias, as an array is restricted to a fixed number of probes. Sequencing, by contrast, is thought to have ... or ChIP sequencing. Oligonucleotide adaptors are then added to the small stretches of DNA that were bound to the protein of ... Massively parallel sequence analyses are used in conjunction with whole-genome sequence databases to analyze the interaction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChIP_sequencing

Techniques include DNA microarray technology or sequenced-based techniques such as serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). ... makes use primarily of DNA microarrays in which an arrayed series of microscopic spots of pre-defined DNA oligonucleotides ... Survival analyses are often shown as Kaplan-Meier survival plots, an example of which is shown to the right. In addition to ... DNA microarrays evolved from Southern blotting which allows for detection of a specific DNA sequence in a sample of DNA. Due to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression_profiling_in_cancer

The FlexArrayer is also applicable for array based re-sequencing. The FlexArrayer provides microarray and oligopool synthesis ... Analysis of custom genomic regions of interest (e.g. specific genes, multiple variants and/or complete pathways). Analysis of ... Thus, the maximum length of any oligonucleotide produced on this platform is 60mer in length. The microarray is now ready to be ... Two European Labs Turn to Next-Gen Sequencing for BRCA1/2 Testing, INsequence, October 26, 2010. SM Carr et al., DNA "Re- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlexGen_B.V.

... (RDA) is a technique used in biological research to find sequence differences in two ... This technology has been further enhanced through the development of representation oligonucleotide microarray analysis (ROMA ... which uses array technology to perform such analyses. This method may also be adapted to detect DNA methylation differences, as ... Genomes or cDNA sequences from two samples (i.e. cancer sample and a normal sample) are PCR amplified and differences analyzed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_difference_analysis

Genome-Wide Oligonucleotide-Based Array Comparative Genome Hybridization Analysis of Non-Isolated Congenital Diaphragmatic ... Sequencing and in vitro Amplification of DNA; Nucleic Acids Research 17, 8543-8551. Wojciech Rychlik, William J. Spencer, and ... oligonucleotide-based array hybridization studies, degenerate primer studies, microsatellite analysis, DNA microarray detection ... OLIGO Primer Analysis Software was the first publicly available software for DNA primer design. The first papers describing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLIGO_Primer_Analysis_Software

... heteroduplex analysis (HDA) by multi-capillary electrophoresis or also dedicated oligonucleotides array based on comparative ... When this happens, it is difficult for the repair mechanism to "know" how to replace the correct DNA sequence, and there are ... "High-resolution oligonucleotide array-CGH applied to the detection and characterization of large rearrangements in the ... "Mutational analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 and clinicopathologic analysis of ovarian cancer in 82 ovarian cancer families: two ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA1

Arrays can also be made with molecules other than DNA. Allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) is a technique that allows ... The membrane is then exposed to a labeled DNA probe that has a complement base sequence to the sequence on the DNA of interest ... Tarca AL, Romero R, Draghici S (August 2006). "Analysis of microarray experiments of gene expression profiling". American ... custom arrays, and arrays with larger spots on porous membranes (macroarrays). There can be anywhere from 100 spots to more ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology

June 2003). "End-sequence profiling: sequence-based analysis of aberrant genomes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (13): 7696 ... October 2003). "Representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis: a high-resolution method to detect genome copy number ... "1-Mb resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization using a BAC clone set optimized for cancer gene analysis". Genome ... This analysis validated the approach of whole cancer genome sequencing in identifying somatic mutations and the importance of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenomics

"Nucleotide sequence analysis of DNA. IX. Use of oligonucleotides of defined sequence as primers in DNA sequence analysis". ... Strong hybridization signals from a given spot on the array identifies its sequence in the DNA being sequenced. This method of ... Shotgun sequencing is a sequencing method designed for analysis of DNA sequences longer than 1000 base pairs, up to and ... Wu R, Tu CD, Padmanabhan R (1973). "Nucleotide sequence analysis of DNA. XII. The chemical synthesis and sequence analysis of a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing

... next-generation sequencing) lead to variations in DNA sequencing that allowed for high-throughput analyses of many genomic ... Unlike microarrays, RNA sequencing is not constrained by factors such as oligonucleotide generation, and the number of probes ... Micro RNA arrays have been used in exRNA studies to generate miRNA profiles of bodily fluids. The advent of massively parallel ... Among these DNA sequencing-derived methods is RNA sequencing. The main advantage of RNA sequencing over other methods for exRNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_RNA

However, northern blot analysis of this 477bp sequence yielded no results. A subsequent tiling array analysis sequencing Hfq- ... "Transcriptome analysis of Escherichia coli using high-density oligonucleotide probe arrays". Nucleic Acids Res. 30 (17): 3732- ... "Inverse regulation in the metabolic genes pckA and metE revealed by proteomic analysis of the Salmonella RcsCDB regulon". J ... "A computational approach to identify genes for functional RNAs in genomic sequences". Nucleic Acids Res. 29 (19): 3928-3938. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FnrS_RNA

SOAPdenovo is part of "Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package" (SOAP), a suite of tools developed by BGI for de novo assembly ... "BGI Offers Next-Gen Sequencing Service, Kicks Off 100-Genome Sequencing Project , In Sequence , Sequencing , GenomeWeb". ... The algorithm, called SOAPdenovo, can assemble a genome in two days and has been used to assemble an array of plant and animal ... "BGI to Sequence Tiger, Lion, and Leopard Species This Year , In Sequence , Sequencing , GenomeWeb". Archived from the original ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGI_Group

... which is affected by length and sequence of the oligonucleotide probe. Therefore, for every experiment, only one possible ... Thus, the measurement by flow cytometry represents a replicate analysis of each array element. Effective gathering of ... For example, the commercially available microsphere arrays from Luminex xMAP technology uses a 10X10 element array. This array ... The direct DNA hybridization approach is the simplest suspension array assay whereby 15 to 20 bp DNA oligonucleotides attached ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_array_technology

2004). "Optimization of oligonucleotide arrays and RNA amplification protocols for analysis of transcript structure and ... 2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ... Structural analysis of the protein suggests that Annexin VII is a membrane binding protein with diverse properties including ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexin_A7

... are covalently attached to the oligonucleotide primer for the enzymatic DNA sequence analysis. During the analysis, fragments ... Array analysis has become a standard technique for molecular biologists who wish to monitor gene expression. DNA ink-jet ... A series of analysis cycles is performed to identify a sequence, one cycle for each amino acid, and the cycle times were ... 30 March 2006). "Analysis of the DNA sequence and duplication history of human chromosome 15". Nature. 440 (7084): 671-675. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Hood

"Transcriptome analysis of Escherichia coli using high-density oligonucleotide probe arrays". Nucleic Acids Research. 30 (17): ... Esr41 sequence is not present in nonpathogenic E. coli K12, but the sRNA can induce cell motility in K12 as well, suggesting ... Deep sequencing of RNA expressed during chemical stress and high cell density fermentation discovered 253 novel intergenic ... A computational screen based on promoter sequences recognised by the sigma factor sigma 70 and on Rho-independent terminators ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli_sRNA

"Gene expression analysis by massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) on microbead arrays". Nature Biotechnology. 18 (6): ... Both spotted oligonucleotide arrays and Affymetrix high-density arrays were the method of choice for transcriptional profiling ... Sequence reads are not perfect, so the accuracy of each base in the sequence needs to be estimated for downstream analyses. Raw ... Fluorescence intensities directly indicate the abundance of each sequence, since the sequence of each probe on the array is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptomics_technologies

... expressed cDNA sequence tag (EST) sequencing, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) tag sequencing, massively parallel ... of the functional elements of the human genome that uses next-generation DNA-sequencing technologies and genomic tiling arrays ... New physical detection technologies are employed, such as oligonucleotide microarrays to identify chromosomal gains and losses ... Used in biological sequence analysis: Genbank, UniProt Used in structure analysis: Protein Data Bank (PDB) Used in finding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics

An array containing immobilized allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes. Fragmented nucleic acid sequences of target, ... and Oligonucleotide Microarrays: A Platform Comparison based on Statistical Power Analysis". DNA Research. 14 (1): 1-11. doi: ... For example, SNP arrays can be used to study loss of heterozygosity (LOH). LOH occurs when one allele of a gene is mutated in a ... A SNP array is a useful tool for studying slight variations between whole genomes. The most important clinical applications of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNP_array

The analysis of molecular interaction patterns is done by using specialized software. The array of gel elements on a glass ... Customized oligonucleotide biochips are designed to interrogate test samples of known nucleotide sequences. For example, known ... Andrei Mirzabekov initiated the development of the DNA sequencing by hybridization with oligonucleotides: a novel method in ... A set of potential hybridization probes are created for each DNA sequence that form perfect duplexes with that sequence. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAGIChip

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) such as RNA-Seq is another approach, producing vast quantities of sequence data that can be ... "The first comprehensive and quantitative analysis of human platelet protein composition allows the comparative analysis of ... A single array or "chip" may contain probes to determine transcript levels for every known gene in the genome of one or more ... fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes are more expensive than non-specific intercalating fluorescent dyes. For ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression

RNA probes can be designed for any gene or any sequence within a gene for visualization of mRNA,[3][4][5] lncRNA[6][7][8] and ... In the eventual analysis, these fragments were put into order by digesting a copy of each fragment into still smaller fragments ... Then an oligonucleotide complementary to the suspected pathogen's genetic code is synthesized and chemically tagged with a ... on microhole-array chips". 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization

Oligonucleotide targeting[edit]. SERS can be used to target specific DNA and RNA sequences using a combination of gold and ... food quality analysis,[46] and single algal cell detection.[47][48][49] SERS combined with plasmonic sensing can be used for ... "Batch fabrication of disposable screen printed SERS arrays". Lab Chip. 12 (5): 876-881. doi:10.1039/C2LC20926H. ISSN 1473-0189 ... report that gene sequences for HIV, Ebola, Hepatitis, and Bacillus Anthracis can be uniquely identified using this technique. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_enhanced_Raman_spectroscopy

DNA sequencing is used to directly analyze the genomic DNA sequence of a particular gene. In general, only the parts of the ... A large number of different methods have been developed for chromosome analysis:. *Chromosome analysis using a karyotype ... Array comparative genomic hybridization is a new molecular technique that involves hybridization of an individual DNA sample to ... 200kb bacterial artificial chromosomes to small oligonucleotides) that represent unique regions of the genome. This method is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Genetics

"Global single-cell cDNA amplification to provide a template for representative high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis ... and other types of microbiomes in order to address a wide array of questions related to microbial ecology, evolution, public ... Single cell sequencing examines the sequence information from individual cells with optimized next-generation sequencing (NGS) ... sequencing library preparation, sequencing and bioinformatic data analysis. It is more challenging to perform single cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_cell_sequencing?source=post_page---------------------------

"Nucleotide sequence analysis of DNA. IX. Use of oligonucleotides of defined sequence as primers in DNA sequence analysis". ... Strong hybridization signals from a given spot on the array identifies its sequence in the DNA being sequenced.[106] ... Shotgun sequencing[edit]. Main article: Shotgun sequencing. Shotgun sequencing is a sequencing method designed for analysis of ... Wu R, Tu CD, Padmanabhan R (1973). "Nucleotide sequence analysis of DNA. XII. The chemical synthesis and sequence analysis of a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing_technology

Oligonucleotide Synthesis. See also Oligonucleotide synthesis. Carbohydrate Synthesis. See also Carbohydrate synthesis. Small ... Elemental analysis: A destructive method used to determine the elemental composition of a molecule. See also mass spectrometry ... Each reaction has a stepwise reaction mechanism that explains how it happens in sequence-although the detailed description of ... as well as various structures with delocalized electrons-make the array of organic compounds structurally diverse, and their ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry

... the direct use of 26-base-pair transcript tags in oligonucleotide arrays". Nature Methods. 3 (6): 469-74. doi:10.1038/nmeth882 ... Analysis[edit]. The output of SAGE is a list of short sequence tags and the number of times it is observed. Using sequence ... 3'end mRNA sequencing, massive analysis of cDNA ends[edit]. In the mid 2010s several techniques combined with Next Generation ... By direct sequencing with high-throughput sequencing techniques (next-generation sequencing, i.e. pyrosequencing), hundred ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_analysis_of_gene_expression

Main article: Shotgun sequencing. Shotgun sequencing is a sequencing method designed for analysis of DNA sequences longer than ... allowing for very large arrays of DNA colonies to be captured by sequential images taken from a single camera. Decoupling the ... This involved two closely related methods that generated short oligonucleotides with defined 3' termini. These could be ... SequencingEdit. Main article: DNA Sequencing. Historically, sequencing was done in sequencing centers, centralized facilities ( ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics

displaystyle {\begin{array}{lll}\Delta G_{\text{bind}}=-RT\ln K_{\text{d}}\\[1.3ex]K_{\text{d}}={\dfrac {[{\text{Ligand}}][{\ ... Cluster analysis[33][34]*Represent and cluster candidates according to protein-ligand 3D information ... Scomparin A, Polyak D, Krivitsky A, Satchi-Fainaro R (Apr 2015). "Achieving successful delivery of oligonucleotides - From ... closely related targets identified through sequence homology have the highest chance of cross reactivity and hence highest side ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_design

Mount DM (2004). Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis (2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory ... Verma S, Eckstein F (1998). "Modified oligonucleotides: synthesis and strategy for users". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 67: ... These proteins are important in bending arrays of nucleosomes and arranging them into the larger structures that make up ... The DNA sequence may be aligned with other DNA sequences to identify homologous sequences and locate the specific mutations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dna

Oligonucleotide chips are microarrays of oligonucleotides. They can be used for detection of mutations and expression ... For cell analysis, cells can be studied intact or after lysis. A lytic buffer stream can be introduced alongside a stream ... Reverse-phase protein arrays test replicates of cell lysates and serum samples with different antibodies to study the changes ... The reaction involves thermal cycling of the DNA sequence and DNA polymerase through three different temperatures. Heating up ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-MEMS

"Cell-free bacteriophage genome synthesis using low cost sequence-verified array-synthesized oligonucleotides", ACS Synthetic ... Reactive to Homologous Epitopes on Human and Mouse Hepatocyte Growth Factors by Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Analysis of ... H. Lee, H. Kim, S. Kim, T. Ryu, H. Kim, D. Bang, S. Kwon "A high -throughput optomechanical retrieval method for sequence- ... H. Lee, H. Kim, S. Kim, T. Ryu, H. Kim, D. Bang, S. Kwon "A high-throughput optomechanical retrieval method for sequence- ...

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/권성훈

"Screening and Molecular Analysis of Single Circulating Tumor Cells Using Micromagnet Array". Scientific Reports. 5: 16047. ... cell on a slide to be known so that a single cell can be retrieved from the slide for analysis using next-generation sequencing ... A target-specific probe set containing 20 oligonucleotide pairs hybridizes to the target RNA. An oligo pair hybridization event ... By contrast, analysis of solid tumors necessitates invasive procedures that might limit patient compliance. The ability to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulating_tumor_cell

"A verification protocol for the probe sequences of Affymetrix genome arrays reveals high probe accuracy for studies in mouse, ... Statistical analysis[edit]. Data analysis of microarrays has become an area of intense research.[11] Simply stating that a ... "A comparison of statistical tests for detecting differential expression using Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays". OMICS. ... Therefore, gene set analysis is considered a knowledge based analysis approach.[17] Commonly used gene sets include those ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression_profiling

"Genomic analysis using high density single nucleotide polymorphism-based oligonucleotide arrays and multiplex ligation- ... When indicated, molecular analysis of INI1 using MLPA and direct sequencing may then be employed. Once the tumor-associated ... Many copy number analysis software programs used to generate array-based karyotypes will falter with less than 25-30% tumor/ ... The probe types used for non-polymorphic arrays include cDNA, BAC clones (e.g., BlueGnome), and oligonucleotides (e.g., Agilent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_karyotype

... end of an oligonucleotide. With Scorpions, however, the 3' end also contains sequence that is complementary to the extension ... but the real-time RT-PCR has become the gold standard method for validating quantitative results obtained from array analyses ... oligonucleotides, 7) protocol, 8) validation, and 9) data analysis. Specific items within each element carry a label of either ... it is also the preferred method of obtaining results from array analyses and gene expressions on a global scale. Currently, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction

In transcription factors these domains are often found in arrays (usually separated by short linker sequences) and adjacent ... The OB-fold is a small structural motif originally named for its oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding properties. OB-fold ... Malhotra S, Sowdhamini R (August 2013). "Genome-wide survey of DNA-binding proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana: analysis of ... The DBD interacts with the nucleotides of DNA in a DNA sequence-specific or non-sequence-specific manner, but even non-sequence ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-binding_domain

"Global identification of human transcribed sequences with genome tiling arrays". Science. 306 (5705): 2242-6. Bibcode:2004Sci ... For example, an analysis of the miRNAs highly conserved in vertebrates shows that each has, on average, roughly 400 conserved ... Biology portal Anti-miRNA oligonucleotides Gene expression List of miRNA gene prediction tools List of miRNA target prediction ... microRNAs can be both discovered and profiled by high-throughput sequencing methods (microRNA sequencing). The activity of an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA

"Single molecule arrays for genetic and chemical analysis", published 2013-05-21 P. Mayer et al., presented at the Fifth ... The surface of the beads contains oligonucleotide probes with sequences that are complementary to the adaptors binding the DNA ... Massive parallel sequencing or massively parallel sequencing is any of several high-throughput approaches to DNA sequencing ... This design is very different from that of Sanger sequencing-also known as capillary sequencing or first-generation sequencing- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_parallel_sequencing

... this is not sufficient for modern techniques which use sequencing-based DNA analysis. Therefore, a more efficient non-sequence- ... Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based DNA amplification methods require sequence-specific oligonucleotide primers ... The MDA products from a single cell have also been successfully used in array-comparative genomic hybridization experiments, ... Many biological and forensic cases involving genetic analysis require sequencing of DNA from minute amounts of sample, such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_displacement_amplification

Southern has devised valuable methods for DNA analysis. His 'blot' technique, for the identification of specific sequences ... Milner, N.; Mir, K. U.; Southern, E. M. (1997). "Selecting effective antisense reagents on combinatorial oligonucleotide arrays ... Maskos, U.; Southern, E. M. (1992). "Oligonucleotide hybridisations on glass supports: A novel linker for oligonucleotide ... The Southern blot is used for DNA analysis and was routinely used for genetic fingerprinting and paternity testing prior to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Southern

... exome sequencing may be the most valuable. The statistical analysis of the large quantity of data generated from sequencing ... They developed the Sequence Capture Human Exome 2.1M Array to capture ~180,000 coding exons. This method is both time-saving ... Microarrays contain single-stranded oligonucleotides with sequences from the human genome to tile the region of interest fixed ... Exome sequencing, also known as whole exome sequencing (WES), is a genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exome_sequencing

Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, RNA Virus Infections, T-Lymphocyte Subsets ...

https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/publications/575121

Mutant Strains Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis Pregnancy Presenilin-1 Transcription, Genetic Connections (1). This ...

https://labnodes.vanderbilt.edu/publication/view/pmid/14515137

In situ oligonucleotide synthesis on carbon materials: stable substrates for microarray fabrication. Nucleic Acids Research. 36 ... Multiplexed Sequence-Specific Capture of Chromatin and Mass Spectrometric Discovery of Associated Proteins. Analytical ... Carbon-on-metal films for surface plasmon resonance detection of DNA arrays. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130:8611 ... Parallel Detection of Intrinsic Fluorescence from Peptides and Proteins for Quantification during Mass Spectrometric Analysis. ...

https://smith.chem.wisc.edu/publications?page=2&%3Bf%5Bauthor%5D=491&f%5Bauthor%5D=315&s=year&o=asc

Most experimental analyses of transcriptional regulation in C. elegans have been performed using these arrays; the general ... AGATAA sequences do not obey the relative transcript level versus Krel relation defined for TGATAA sequences. We are now in a ... into a solution of 250 µM FAM-labelled hairpin oligonucleotide, variable amounts of unlabelled competitor hairpin ... Mapping and analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans transcription factor sequence specificities. eLife. 4, e06967 ...

https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/147/14/dev190330/224368/How-affinity-of-the-ELT-2-GATA-factor-binding-to

Home , Life Science Research , Products , PCR Amplification , PrimePCR™ PCR Primers, Assays, and Arrays , Gene: ALB3, ... This is the amplicon context sequence in accordance with the minimum information for the publication of real-time quantitative ... Real-time PCR primer assay designed for SYBR® Green gene expression analysis. ... primers for the unbiased preamplification of small quantities of cDNA for subsequent use in downstream gene expression analysis ...

https://www.bio-rad.com/en-us/prime-pcr-assays/assay/qathced0051824-primepcr-sybr-green-assay-alb3-arabidopsis

Home , Life Science Research , Products , PCR Amplification , PrimePCR™ PCR Primers, Assays, and Arrays , Gene: CTIF, Human , ... This is the amplicon context sequence in accordance with the minimum information for the publication of real-time quantitative ... Real-time PCR primer assay designed for SYBR® Green gene expression analysis. ... primers for the unbiased preamplification of small quantities of cDNA for subsequent use in downstream gene expression analysis ...

https://www.bio-rad.com/en-us/prime-pcr-assays/assay/qhsaced0044525-primepcr-sybr-green-assay-ctif-human

Home , Life Science Research , Products , PCR Amplification , PrimePCR™ PCR Primers, Assays, and Arrays , Gene: PGAP2, Human , ... This is the amplicon context sequence in accordance with the minimum information for the publication of real-time quantitative ... Real-time PCR primer assay designed for SYBR® Green gene expression analysis. ... primers for the unbiased preamplification of small quantities of cDNA for subsequent use in downstream gene expression analysis ...

https://www.bio-rad.com/en-us/prime-pcr-assays/assay/qhsaced0045432-primepcr-sybr-green-assay-pgap2-human

Home , Life Science Research , Products , PCR Amplification , PrimePCR™ PCR Primers, Assays, and Arrays , Gene: No symbol ... Real-time PCR probe assay designed for gene expression analysis. Probe assays consist of unlabeled PCR primers and a dual ... This is the amplicon context sequence in accordance with the minimum information for the publication of real-time quantitative ... primers for the unbiased preamplification of small quantities of cDNA for subsequent use in downstream gene expression analysis ...

https://www.bio-rad.com/en-us/prime-pcr-assays/assay/qmcccep0031532-primepcr-probe-assay-no-symbol-available-for-ensmmug00000007407-rhesus-monkey

Home , Life Science Research , Products , PCR Amplification , PrimePCR™ PCR Primers, Assays, and Arrays , Gene: SHROOM1, Rhesus ... Real-time PCR probe assay designed for gene expression analysis. Probe assays consist of unlabeled PCR primers and a dual ... This is the amplicon context sequence in accordance with the minimum information for the publication of real-time quantitative ... primers for the unbiased preamplification of small quantities of cDNA for subsequent use in downstream gene expression analysis ...

https://www.bio-rad.com/en-us/prime-pcr-assays/assay/qmcccep0030762-primepcr-probe-assay-shroom1-rhesus-monkey

Home , Life Science Research , Products , PCR Amplification , PrimePCR™ PCR Primers, Assays, and Arrays , Gene: POU4F2, Human , ... This is the amplicon context sequence in accordance with the minimum information for the publication of real-time quantitative ... Real-time PCR primer assay designed for SYBR® Green gene expression analysis. ... primers for the unbiased preamplification of small quantities of cDNA for subsequent use in downstream gene expression analysis ...

https://www.bio-rad.com/en-us/prime-pcr-assays/assay/qhsaced0045527-primepcr-sybr-green-assay-pou4f2-human

Rapid adoption of sequencing technologies in clinical diagnostics, increasing investment in genomics research, and rising R&D ... and antisense oligonucleotides. Development of these products require pure nucleic acid samples, and this is expected to drive ... and cells from a vast array of samples. The instrument is user-friendly, time-efficient, and offers consistent results. ... 3.7 BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS. 3.7.1 Nucleic Acid Isolation & Purification Market - SWOT Analysis, by Factor (Political & ...

https://www.reportsanddata.com/report-detail/nucleic-acid-isolation-and-purification-market

... where several grams of sediment are mixed for the analysis. The bulk analysis of microbial distributions and mineralogy does ... Microbial distributions detected by an oligonucleotide microarray across geochemical zones associated with methane in marine ... 150ng of bacterial and 50ng of archaeal amplicons were hybridized to the PhyloChip array. ... samples that were typically closer to layers that contained higher hydrate saturation had indicator sequences related to Vibrio ...

https://www.darkenergybiosphere.org/?s=&person_id=4810

Example applications De novo sequencing Re-sequencing of genomes Transcriptome sequencing and analysis (of both eukaryotic and ... Metagenome sequencing and analysis Analysis of:amplicons (e.g. 16S rDNA) Genotyping in Thousands by sequencing (GT Seq) ... Resources Sequencing services brochure (incl. NGS) Comprehensive sample submission guide Consultation and the delivery of ... LGC, Biosearch Technologies offers a broad range of next generation sequencing services using state of the art platforms and ...

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Endotoxin Analysis Bacterial endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) generally found in the outer membrane of gram-negative ... They form a circular DNA molecule with the help of a connector oligonucleotide, which can be detected by rolling circle ... Investigating the structure, function, and typing of the highly diverse array of microorganisms spans heterogeneous ... are based on the amplification of a DNA sequence, which is dependent on the proximity of two antibodies labeled with different ...

https://www.biotekchina.com.cn/zh-CN/resources/application-notes/detection-of-human-igg-using-a-luminescence-based-proximity-assay/

Oligonucleotide capture sequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 genome and subgenomic fragments from COVID-19 individuals. microbiology ... Integrated Sequencing & Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization in Familial Parkinsons Disease. genetics more details view ... Rare coding variants in 35 genes associate with circulating lipid levels: a multi-ancestry analysis of 170,000 exomes. genetics ... Exome sequencing of 457 autism families recruited online provides evidence for novel ASD genes. genetics more details view ...

https://rxivist.org/authors/218570

Oligonucleotides Hold Promise… *• Voyager Therapeutics Announce… *• Safety, pharmacodynamics, and… *• Plasma Markers of ... Analysis of Putative Epigenet… *• Making iron-sulfur cluster: s… *• Neurofilament Light Chain as … ... Deep sequencing of mitochondr… *• Crystal Structure of Bacillus… *• Downregulation of GSTK1 Is a … ... Reverse phase protein array r… *• Larimar Therapeutics Reports … *• Drp1-dependent peptide revers… ...

https://mail.curefa.org/scientific-news/agilis-biotherapeutics-updates-on-progress-in-cns-gene-therapy-programs

Tumor tissue is also evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction to confirm drug effects on expected targets and on EGFR expression, activity, and affected signaling pathways in the disease state and by microarray analysis to define expression phenotypes correlating with outcome, distinguish responders from nonresponders, and determine effects of drug treatment on gene expression in disease. (bioportfolio.com)
Molecular characterization of schizophrenia viewed by microarray analysis of gene expression in prefrontal cortex. (curehunter.com)
This study demonstrates a method by which CD4 + lymphocytes can be extracted from blood for the purpose of microarray analysis. (elsevier.com)
We conducted a microarray analysis of the larval zebrafish response to two models of RNA virus infections with very different outcomes. (zfin.org)
Through DNA microarray analysis and quantitative PCR verification, we have identified additional IL-17A-inducible genes-IL-19, CXCL-1, -2, -3, -5, and -6 - in well-differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells. (elsevier.com)
One of the key technical platforms that has been developed to achieve this is microarray analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we utilize fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) of cells from transgenic zebrafish coupled with microarray analysis to globally analyze expression of cell type specific genes. (umassmed.edu)
Microarray analysis of GFP+ versus GFP- cells isolated from Tg(fli1:egfp)(y1) embryos identifies genes expressed in hematopoietic, vascular and pharyngeal arch tissue, consistent with the expression of the fli1:egfp transgene in these cell types. (umassmed.edu)
Microarray analysis reveals a mechanism of phenolic polybrominated diphenylether toxicity in zebrafish. (diva-portal.org)
To identify possible mechanisms of toxicity, we used microarray analysis as a diagnostic tool. (diva-portal.org)
The laboratories followed a common protocol for all steps of tissue processing, RNA extraction, and microarray analysis using Affymetrix Human Genome U133A arrays. (elsevier.com)
The findings indicate that under properly controlled conditions it is feasible to perform complete tumor microarray analysis, from tissue processing to hybridization and scanning, at multiple independent laboratories for a single study. (elsevier.com)
This approach was first used to investigate levels of expression of a candidate gene (MAO), and later employed to verify gene expression differences detected by cDNA microarray analysis. (diva-portal.org)
Examination of oral cancer biomarkers by tissue microarray analysis. (fredhutch.org)

Dos genes mais expressos nos tumores dos indivíduos portadores de diabetes melito, três deles, FAM3D, do inglês Family with Sequence Similarity number 3 member D, neuropeptídeo Y (NPY), e proteína de ligação do cálcio S100A8, foram estudados por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real. (usp.br)
Three genes were chosen for RT-qPCR: Family with Sequence Similarity number 3 member D (FAM3D), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and calcium-binding protein S100A8. (usp.br)
The analysis also showed that genes differentiated patients with advanced heart failure in the course of coronary disease and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 20% and patients from the group with 40% LVEF were MMP-9 and TIMP-1 . (minervamedica.it)
This analysis unravels six clusters of genes showing no significant variation in mRNA expression levels whereas they are submitted to translational regulation. (cnrs.fr)
Fine-scale analysis of rare variants in XLID families leads us to propose four additional genes, PTCHD1, WDR13, FAAH2, and GSPT2, as candidates for XLID causation and the identification of further deletions and duplications affecting X chromosome genes but without apparent disease consequences. (edu.au)
High frequency genes were subjected to survival analyses. (springer.com)
Accumulated data from high-throughput analyses by cDNA microarray provide an accurate landscape of gene expression in HCC, and revealed a lot of pathogenic and prognostic genes for HCCs, thus enabled us to delineate some of the key events that might dominate tumor development and progression. (springer.com)
Functional genomics, broadly defined as the comprehensive analysis of genes and their products, have become a recent focus of the life sciences ( 1 ). (mcponline.org)
DNA microarrays (cDNA and oligonucleotide) permit the parallel assessment of thousands of genes and have been utilized in gene expression monitoring ( 7 ), polymorphism analysis ( 8 ), and DNA sequencing ( 9 ). (mcponline.org)
The Affymetrix ATH1 array provides a robust standard tool for transcriptome analysis, but unfortunately does not represent all of the transcribed genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. (mpg.de)
With the tiling arrays we could identify 368 new E2F-regulated genes, with a large fraction including an E2F motif in the promoter. (mpg.de)
They are most commonly used as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, primers for DNA sequencing and amplification, probes for detecting complementary DNA or RNA via molecular hybridization, tools for the targeted introduction of mutations and restriction sites, and for the synthesis of artificial genes. (wikipedia.org)
We hypothesized that for human and mouse, many orthologous genes expressed in a similarly tissue-specific manner in both human and mouse gene expression data, are likely to be co-regulated by orthologous TFs that bind to DNA sequence motifs present within noncoding sequence conserved between these genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Combined analysis of gene expression array data and array-based comparative genomic hybridization data have been used in a series of 26 pediatric brain tumors to define up- and downregulated genes that coincide with losses, gains, and amplifications involving specific chromosome regions. (elsevier.com)
To facilitate the analysis of the two data sets, we have developed a custom overlay tool that defines genes that are underexpressed in regions of deletions and overexpressed in regions of gain, across the genome and specifically within regions showing recurrent involvement in medulloblastomas. (elsevier.com)
Here, we applied a genome wide microarray based expression analysis to identify DDIT3 target genes and functions. (gu.se)
Promoters of target genes showed no common sequence motifs, reflecting that DDIT3 forms heterodimers with several alternative transcription factors that bind to different motifs. (gu.se)
Our results demonstrate that this is a robust approach for identification of cell type specific genes as well as for global analysis of cell type specific gene expression in zebrafish embryos. (umassmed.edu)
Probands from eight families with at least two affected individuals were screened by direct sequencing of 27 candidate genes. (qub.ac.uk)

Gene expression profiles were determined by the analysis of cDNA microarrays. (usp.br)
Optimal design of oligonucleotides for microarrays involves tedious and laborious work evaluating potential oligonucleotides relative to a series of parameters. (dtu.dk)
Using gene array studies, we compared the CD34+ cells from protected diabetic individuals to diabetic individuals with microvascular complications that were matched for sex, age and glucose control, as well as to healthy controls using Affymetrix microarrays (Table 1). (nih.gov)
DNA microarrays are innovative in that they apply the principle of hybridization analysis on a physically miniaturized scale while at the same time vastly expanding parallel sampling and analysis capability. (aspetjournals.org)
Comparison of expression data obtained with total cytoplasmic mRNAs or polysome-bound mRNAs (actively translated mRNAs) on Affymetrix high-density oligonucleotide microarrays revealed different characteristics of the two regulatory mechanisms. (cnrs.fr)
We have undertaken large-scale expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing programs and created Populus microarrays with significant gene coverage. (diva-portal.org)
The core principle behind microarrays is hybridization between two DNA strands, the property of complementary nucleic acid sequences to specifically pair with each other by forming hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. (wikipedia.org)
Play media Microarrays can be fabricated using a variety of technologies, including printing with fine-pointed pins onto glass slides, photolithography using pre-made masks, photolithography using dynamic micromirror devices, ink-jet printing, or electrochemistry on microelectrode arrays. (wikipedia.org)
In spotted microarrays, the probes are oligonucleotides, cDNA or small fragments of PCR products that correspond to mRNAs. (wikipedia.org)
For the same 85 samples, mRNA levels were determined using oligonucleotide microarrays, allowing a comparative analysis of mRNA and protein expression among the 165 protein spots. (mcponline.org)
A number of powerful techniques for analysis of gene expression have been used including differential display ( 2 ), serial analysis of gene expression ( 3 ), DNA microarrays ( 4 ), and proteomics via two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry ( 5 ). (mcponline.org)
Proteomic analyses, a complementary technology to DNA microarrays for monitoring gene expression, involves protein separation and quantitative assessment of protein spots using 2D 1 -PAGE and protein identification using mass spectrometry. (mcponline.org)
Our global analysis involved microarray hybridizations of large pools of samples obtained from 114 individuals, using two independent sets of microarrays. (diva-portal.org)
The materials presented in this chapter examine the recent developments in the field of peptide microarrays with special emphasis on the generation and applications of high-density arrays of peptides on glass slides. (springer.com)
Microarrays represent an excellent choice for the high-throughput analysis of bacterial populations, because many different probes can be placed on one slide or synthesized on one chip, and samples thus can be tested for the presence of many different species simultaneously. (asm.org)

Methods for CpG Methylation Array Profiling Via Bisulfite Conversion. (ucdenver.edu)
Microarray expression profiling of prefrontal cortex from matched pairs of schizophrenic and control subjects and hierarchical data analysis revealed that transcripts encoding proteins involved in the regulation of presynaptic function (PSYN) were decreased in all subjects with schizophrenia . (curehunter.com)
The process of measuring gene expression via cDNA is called expression analysis or expression profiling. (wikipedia.org)
A high-resolution genomic profiling and comprehensive targeted analysis of INI1/SMARCB1 of a large series of pediatric rhabdoid tumors was done. (aacrjournals.org)

Kao DP, Stevens LM, Hinterberg MA, Görg C. Phenotype-Specific Association of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction: a Genome-Wide Association Analysis of the Cardiovascular Health Study. (ucdenver.edu)
Afterward, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of large-scale oligonucleotide synthesis on de novo genome synthesis and DNA data storage respectively. (frontiersin.org)
Reverse engineering and analysis of genome-wide gene regulatory networks from gene expression profiles using high-performance computing. (nextbio.com)
Many types of arrays exist and the broadest distinction is whether they are spatially arranged on a surface or on coded beads: The traditional solid-phase array is a collection of orderly microscopic "spots", called features, each with thousands of identical and specific probes attached to a solid surface, such as glass, plastic or silicon biochip (commonly known as a genome chip, DNA chip or gene array). (wikipedia.org)
Whole-genome analysis of plasmodium spp. (elsevier.com)
Genetic Analysis by Hybridization to Sequence-Specific DNA Arrays, Genome Sequencing and Analysis Conference V, Oct. 23-27, 1993, Hilton Head, SC. (freepatentsonline.com)
Recently, Affymetrix has introduced its Arabidopsis Tiling 1.0R array, which offers whole-genome coverage of the sequenced Col-0 reference strain. (mpg.de)
We also propose a method for selecting unique tiling probes for each annotated gene or transcript in the most current genome annotation, TAIR7, generating Chip Definition Files for the Tiling 1.0R array. (mpg.de)
2012. Integrating pathway analysis and genetics of gene expression for genome-wide association study of basal cell carcinoma. . (environment-health.ac.uk)
A multiplatform approach using Illumina single nucleotide polymorphism-based oligonucleotide arrays, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and coding sequence analysis was used to characterize genome-wide copy number changes, LOH, and genomic alterations of INI1/SMARCB1 in a series of pediatric rhabdoid tumors. (aacrjournals.org)
The results from the genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis suggest that INI1 is the primary tumor suppressor gene involved in the development of rhabdoid tumors with no second locus identified. (aacrjournals.org)
2001) The sequence of the human genome. (springer.com)
2010. Genome-wide analysis of palindrome formation. . (fredhutch.org)

We based candidate gene selection on bioinformatics, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), bisulfite sequencing, methylation-specific PCR and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. (uni-regensburg.de)

520 This book presents recent methods for Systems Genetics (SG) data analysis, applying them to a suite of simulated SG benchmark datasets. (opal-libraries.org)
Towards Sequencing Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms by Hybridization to a Custom Oligonucleotide Probe Array, American Society of Human Genetics 43rd Annual Meeting, Oct. 5-9, 1993, New Orleans, LA. (freepatentsonline.com)

Mass spectrometry is a powerful technology for the analysis of large numbers of endogenous proteins. (ku.dk)
Our analysis spans more than four orders of magnitude in protein abundance with no discrimination against membrane or low level regulatory proteins. (ku.dk)
Using a quantitative analysis of mRNA and protein expression within the same lung adenocarcinomas, we showed that only a subset of the proteins exhibited a significant correlation with mRNA abundance. (mcponline.org)

We report here how modern photolithographic techniques can be used to facilitate sequence analysis by generating miniaturized arrays of densely packed oligonucleotide probes. (pnas.org)
The fluorescence signals from complementary probes were 5-35 times stronger than those with single or double base-pair hybridization mismatches, demonstrating specificity in the identification of complementary sequences. (pnas.org)
Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING. (ucdenver.edu)
In multiplex assays, the primer oligonucleotide used for the DNA polymerase reaction can be the same for all probes. (patents.com)
Oligonucleotides are short sequences of single-stranded DNA or RNA that are often used as probes for detecting complementary DNA or RNA because they bind readily to their complements. (genome.gov)
Although probes can range from 15 to thousands of nucleotides in size, synthetic oligonucleotides of less than 50 nucleotides are commonly incorporated into commercial kits. (asmscience.org)
Each DNA spot contains picomoles (10−12 moles) of a specific DNA sequence, known as probes (or reporters or oligos). (wikipedia.org)
Arrays from commercial vendors may have as few as 10 probes or as many as 5 million or more micrometre-scale probes. (wikipedia.org)
The probes are synthesized prior to deposition on the array surface and are then "spotted" onto glass. (wikipedia.org)
A common approach utilizes an array of fine pins or needles controlled by a robotic arm that is dipped into wells containing DNA probes and then depositing each probe at designated locations on the array surface. (wikipedia.org)
These arrays may be easily customized for each experiment, because researchers can choose the probes and printing locations on the arrays, synthesize the probes in their own lab (or collaborating facility), and spot the arrays. (wikipedia.org)
DNA chips containing arrays of oligonucleotide probes can be used to determine whether a target nucleic acid has a nucleotide sequence identical to or different from a specific reference sequence. (freepatentsonline.com)
The array of probes comprises probes exactly complementary to the reference sequence, as well as probes that differ by one or more bases from the exactly complementary probes. (freepatentsonline.com)
The probes attached to the solid support can be small oligonucleotides, cDNAs or genomic sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
The target sequence hybridised to probes on the array may be radioactively or fluorescently labelled. (biomedcentral.com)
The designed microbiota array contains probes to 775 different bacterial phylospecies. (asm.org)

Analysis of lymphoblastic lymphoma cells from Stat5 transgenic mice. (nih.gov)

Transcriptome sequencing and microarray development for the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum: genomic tools for environmental monitoring. (ualg.pt)
Based on structural tissue analyses and transcriptome data, we showed that early correction of diabetes attenuated and even prevented pathological changes in the eye, kidney, liver and aorta. (nus.edu.sg)

These probe arrays, or DNA chips, can then be applied to parallel DNA hybridization analysis, directly yielding sequence information. (pnas.org)
The hybridization pattern of fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide targets was then detected by epifluorescence microscopy. (pnas.org)
Thus, the method permits the formation of high density arrays of nucleic acids immobilized on a substrate, which may be used, for example, in conducting high volume nucleic acid hybridization assays. (google.co.uk)
This operation is dependent on hybridization of the probe to a target sequence and forms circular probe molecules in proportion to the amount of target sequence present in a sample. (patents.com)
Micro chemical synthesis and robotic microfluidic delivery techniques permit manufacture of hybridization arrays capable of performing hundreds of thousands of parallel analyses on a single sample in a single assay. (aspetjournals.org)
Probe-target hybridization is usually detected and quantified by detection of fluorophore-, silver-, or chemiluminescence-labeled targets to determine relative abundance of nucleic acid sequences in the target. (wikipedia.org)
Fluorescently labeled target sequences that bind to a probe sequence generate a signal that depends on the hybridization conditions (such as temperature), and washing after hybridization. (wikipedia.org)
They can then generate their own labeled samples for hybridization, hybridize the samples to the array, and finally scan the arrays with their own equipment. (wikipedia.org)
Copy number variants and indels in 251 families with evidence of X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) were investigated by array comparative genomic hybridization on a high-density oligonucleotide X chromosome array platform. (edu.au)
Duplicates of three short-term cultured glioblastomas were exposed to 5 microM 5-aza-dC for 96 h followed by cRNA hybridization to an oligonucleotide microarray (Affymetrix U133A). (uni-regensburg.de)
Oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) refined the breakpoints in this child and in the previously reported child and indicated that the breakpoints were within 20 kb of each other, suggesting that this translocation is, indeed, recurrent. (elsevier.com)
Elder, J.K., "Analysis of DNA oligonucleotide hybridization data by maximum entropy," Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods, pp. 1-10, Paris (1992). (freepatentsonline.com)
Lipshutz, Robert J., "Likelihood DNA sequencing by hybridization," J. of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics 11:637-653 (1993). (freepatentsonline.com)
Analyzing and Comparing Nucleic Acid Sequences by Hybridization to Arrays of Oligonucleotides: Evaluation Using Experimental Models," Genomics (1992) 13:1008-1017. (freepatentsonline.com)
Hybridization to Arrays of Oligonucleotides, Poster Presentation: Nucleic Acids In Medical Applications Conference sponsored by AACC, Jan. 1993, published in conference syllabus, Cancun, Mexico. (freepatentsonline.com)
2010. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization in ulcerative colitis neoplasia: single non-dysplastic biopsies distinguish progressors from non-progressors. . (fredhutch.org)

This team will focus on using high-density oligonucleotide arrays to characterize genomic aberrations and DNA methylation. (genome.gov)
This team will use high-density oligonucleotide arrays in an innovative fashion to select genomic regions for DNA sequence analysis. (genome.gov)

Emerging genetic sequence data and phenotype association studies are expected to enable disease risk prediction and guide subsequent therapeutic approaches in individual cases. (aspetjournals.org)

Technological advances in realtime PCR techniques, automation, nucleic acid sequencing, multiplex analysis, and mass spectrometry have reinvigorated the field and created new opportunities for growth. (asmscience.org)

Over the past decades, remarkable progress on phosphoramidite chemistry-based large-scale de novo oligonucleotide synthesis has been achieved, enabling numerous novel and exciting applications. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we first summarize the status of large-scale oligonucleotide synthesis technologies including the basic methodology and large-scale synthesis approaches, with special focus on the emerging enzymatic methods. (frontiersin.org)
De novo oligonucleotide synthesis (oligo synthesis) is the synthesis of defined sequences of single-strand nucleic acids. (frontiersin.org)
To clarify, "large-scale oligo synthesis" here refers to the parallel synthesis of massive oligos with various sequence contents. (frontiersin.org)
In these methods a plurality of nucleic acids are synthesized on the support and the synthesis steps are followed by drying steps in which the array is exposed to a dry atmosphere following the synthesis steps. (google.co.uk)
Oligonucleotide synthesis is the chemical synthesis of relatively short fragments of nucleic acids with defined chemical structure (sequence). (wikipedia.org)
Whereas enzymes synthesize DNA and RNA only in a 5' to 3' direction, chemical oligonucleotide synthesis does not have this limitation, although it is most often carried out in the opposite, 3' to 5' direction. (wikipedia.org)
The evolution of oligonucleotide synthesis saw four major methods of the formation of internucleosidic linkages and has been reviewed in the literature in great detail. (wikipedia.org)
In the early 1950s, Alexander Todd's group pioneered H-phosphonate and phosphate triester methods of oligonucleotide synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
The global oligonucleotide synthesis market size is expected to reach USD 3.9 billion by 2025 at a 12.4% CAGR during the forecast period. (researchandmarkets.com)
Continuous rise in usage of oligonucleotide synthesis across various aspects of human health management, from molecular diagnostics to therapeutics, is spurring revenue growth. (researchandmarkets.com)
This, in turn, has led to increase in investments for exploring the significance of custom oligonucleotide synthesis in cancer research. (researchandmarkets.com)
The global oligonucleotide synthesis market size is expected to reach USD 3.9 billion by 2025 at a 12.4% CAGR during the forecast period, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. Continuous rise in usage of oligonucleotide synthesis across various aspects of human health management, from molecular diagnostics to therapeutics, is spurring revenue growth. (marketresearch.com)

The occurrence of side reactions sets practical limits for the length of synthetic oligonucleotides (up to about 200 nucleotide residues) because the number of errors accumulates with the length of the oligonucleotide being synthesized. (wikipedia.org)
Typically, synthetic oligonucleotides are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules around 15-25 bases in length. (wikipedia.org)

Tumor tissue is obtained at baseline (at the original or confirmatory transurethral resection of the bladder tumor) and at the time of cystectomy for analysis of drug-specific and tissue-based biomarkers by western blot, immunohistochemistry, and gene array techniques. (bioportfolio.com)

A high number of complementary base pairs in a nucleotide sequence means tighter non-covalent bonding between the two strands. (wikipedia.org)
Nucleotide sequence analysis of SA-OMVV, a Visna-related ovine lentivirus: phylogenetic history of lentiviruses," Virology 175:434-447 (1990). (freepatentsonline.com)
Complete nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III," Nature 313:277-284 (1985). (freepatentsonline.com)
Nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, LAV," Cell 40:9-17 (1985). (freepatentsonline.com)
Column-based oligos have a higher per nucleotide base price compared to array-based oligos. (researchandmarkets.com)
We used the Entrez nucleotide database to compile a data set of bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences isolated from human intestinal and fecal samples. (asm.org)

PURPOSE: This clinical trial is studying how well genetic analysis wor. (bioportfolio.com)
Our new capability to broadly define human variability at the genetic level and to associate genetic variability with functional diversity has largely been enabled by this recent technical revolution, including large scale functional genomic, genetic, and proteomic analyses. (aspetjournals.org)
Following this methodology, sets of tri- and tetradeoxyribonucleotides were synthesized and were enzymatically converted to longer oligonucleotides, which allowed elucidation of the genetic code. (wikipedia.org)

The expression and prognostic value of alanine-glyoxylate and serine-pyruvate aminotransferase (AGXT) was further evaluated in HCC datasets in Oncomine and an independent HCC tissue array cohort. (springer.com)

In these techniques, the amplification products are detected by two oligonucleotide primers that bind to complementary sequences on opposite strands of double-stranded targets. (asmscience.org)
We also present a searchable Microarray Primer Database to retrieve the sequences and accompanying information for primers and PCR products used to build our in-house Sz. (ucl.ac.uk)

The results from the array studies highlighted the complexity of rearrangements of chromosome 22 compared with the low frequency of alterations involving the other chromosomes. (aacrjournals.org)

The original nucleic acid arrays were macro arrays approximately 9 cm × 12 cm and the first computerized image based analysis was published in 1981. (wikipedia.org)
Methods are provided for preparing nucleic acid arrays on a support. (google.co.uk)

In a preferred form of the method, a single primer is used to prime strand displacement replication at multiple sites in artificial long terminal repeat sequences, flanking a target nucleic acid, containing multiple tandem repeats of a primer complement sequence. (patents.com)
Amplification proceeds by replication initiated at each primer and continuing through the target nucleic acid sequence. (patents.com)
The sequence of the unknown "target" nucleic acid is discerned by decoding its complementarity with the nucleic acid "probe" of known sequence. (aspetjournals.org)
Whether the probe or target nucleic acid is immobilized varies among the different array methods, but most commonly, the probe is tethered to a surface, and the target to be analyzed is in solution. (aspetjournals.org)

Southern, E.M. (1988) Analysing polynucleotide sequences. (springer.com)

A single round of amplification using rolling circle replication results in a large amplification of the circularized probe sequences. (patents.com)
Disclosed are compositions and an in vitro method for cloning and/or amplification of nucleic acid sequences of interest. (patents.com)
A preferred form of the disclosed method makes use of indexed artificial long terminal repeats that allow amplification and identification of specific nucleic acid fragments present in a mixture of nucleic acid fragments without requiring any knowledge of the sequence of the nucleic acid fragment. (patents.com)

The device is useful in a variety of applications, and most notably, nucleic acid based diagnostic applications and de novo sequencing applications. (google.com.au)

Targeting genomic loci by massively parallel sequencing requires new methods to enrich templates to be sequenced. (nih.gov)
METHODS: The study was carried out using the oligonucleotide microarray technique HG-U133A (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA). (minervamedica.it)
Although there are several methods for assembling DNA arrays, they all have a common origin in the DNA blotting methods pioneered by Southern in the early 1970s ( Southern, 1975 ). (aspetjournals.org)
This project will develop methods to utilize new highly parallel DNA sequencing platforms to investigate structural variations in the genomes of cancer cells. (genome.gov)
Labeled targets on a support synthesized with polymer sequences at known locations according to the methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. (freepatentsonline.com)
Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, step-by-step, readily reproducible analysis protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. (springer.com)
Through and practical, Statistical Genomics: Methods and Protocols, explores a range of both applications and tools and is ideal for anyone interested in the statistical analysis of genomic data. (springer.com)

Next-generation sequencing technologies are now being exploited not only to analyse static genomes, but also dynamic transcriptomes in an approach termed RNA-seq. (ucl.ac.uk)

Gene expression in surgically resected and microdissected samples of non-small-cell lung cancers (18 squamous cell carcinomas and nine adenocarcinomas), matched normal bronchial epithelium, and peripheral lung tissue from both smokers (n = 22) and non-smokers (n = 5) was studied using the Affymetrix U133A array. (uni-regensburg.de)

The third section presents several different biological applications of statistical genomics, and the fourth section highlights software tools that can be used to facilitate ad hoc analysis and data integration. (springer.com)
Lockhart, D.J. and Winzeler, E.A. (2000) Genomics, gene expression and DNA arrays. (springer.com)

The array showed 100% sensitivity and specificity in the detection of 120 β-thal mutants and 35 non-deletion α-thal mutants. (hku.hk)

Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ucdenver.edu)
0https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/ D020869 650 22 Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis. (opal-libraries.org)

Oligonucleotides find a variety of applications in molecular biology and medicine. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy5

Organisms4

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs37

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment33

Phenomena and Processes64

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science9

Health Care6

A novel method for determining linkage between DNA sequences: hybridization to paired probe arrays. (1/28523)

Smoothing of the thermal stability of DNA duplexes by using modified nucleosides and chaotropic agents. (2/28523)

Combining SSH and cDNA microarrays for rapid identification of differentially expressed genes. (3/28523)

Identification of the genes responsive to etoposide-induced apoptosis: application of DNA chip technology. (4/28523)

Development of an oligonucleotide-specific capture plate hybridization assay for detection of Haemophilus parasuis. (5/28523)

Versatile derivatisation of solid support media for covalent bonding on DNA-microchips. (6/28523)

Timely toxicology. (7/28523)

DNA microarray technology: the anticipated impact on the study of human disease. (8/28523)

Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis

Oligonucleotide Probes

Gene Expression Profiling

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Oligonucleotides

Base Sequence

Molecular Sequence Data

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

DNA Probes

Comparative Genomic Hybridization

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Amino Acid Sequence

Reproducibility of Results

DNA, Ribosomal Spacer

Gene Dosage

RNA, Messenger

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Sensitivity and Specificity

Cluster Analysis

DNA

Algorithms

DNA, Bacterial

Cloning, Molecular

Oligonucleotides, Antisense

Genome, Human

Sequence Analysis

RNA

Transcription, Genetic

Gene Expression Regulation

DNA Primers

Phylogeny

Chromosome Mapping

Species Specificity

Gene Expression

Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial

In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence

RNA, Complementary

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

Glass

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Microarray Analysis

Fixatives

Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic

DNA, Complementary

Oligodeoxyribonucleotides

Exons

Mutation

Genetic Variation

Models, Genetic

DNA Copy Number Variations

Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

Software

DNA, Ribosomal

Multigene Family

Computational Biology

Genomics

Genotype

Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques

Expressed Sequence Tags

Transcription Factors

Models, Statistical

Data Interpretation, Statistical

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

RNA, Neoplasm

Genes, Neoplasm

Chromosome Aberrations

Genes, Bacterial

Sequence Alignment

Alleles

DNA-Binding Proteins

Blotting, Northern

Reference Standards

Restriction Mapping

Cell Line

DNA Mutational Analysis

Gene Deletion

Phenotype

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Genome

Oligoribonucleotides