Olfactory receptor neurons. Medical search

Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN.

The volatile portions of substances perceptible by the sense of smell. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. The large number of different odorant receptors appears to arise from several gene families or subfamilies rather than from DNA rearrangement.

The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS.

Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here.

That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory nerve endings for SMELL, located at the dome of each NASAL CAVITY. The yellow-brownish olfactory epithelium consists of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS; brush cells; STEM CELLS; and the associated olfactory glands.

The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB.

Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. It includes the OLFACTORY NERVE; OLFACTORY BULB; OLFACTORY TRACT; OLFACTORY TUBERCLE; ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE; and OLFACTORY CORTEX.

Paired sense organs connected to the anterior segments of ARTHROPODS that help them navigate through the environment.

A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. It is a modulator of the olfactory SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY.

Collective name for a group of external MECHANORECEPTORS and chemoreceptors manifesting as sensory structures in ARTHROPODS. They include cuticular projections (setae, hairs, bristles), pores, and slits.

Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Specialized organs adapted for the reception of stimuli by the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Family of large marine CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA. These are called clawed lobsters because they bear pincers on the first three pairs of legs. The American lobster and Cape lobster in the genus Homarus are commonly used for food.

A family of North American freshwater CATFISHES. It consists of four genera (Ameiurus, Ictalurus, Noturus, Pylodictis,) comprising several species, two of which are eyeless.

A family of marine CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA, comprising the clawless lobsters. They are found in tropical and subtropical waters and characterized by short spines along the length of the tail and body.

Pheromones that elicit sexual attraction or mating behavior usually in members of the opposite sex in the same species.

Compounds with a core of 10 carbons generally formed via the mevalonate pathway from the combination of 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. They are cyclized and oxidized in a variety of ways. Due to the low molecular weight many of them exist in the form of essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE).

Isomeric forms and derivatives of pentanol (C5H11OH).

Chemical substances, excreted by an organism into the environment, that elicit behavioral or physiological responses from other organisms of the same species. Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A plant genus of the family SANTALACEAE which is the source of sandalwood oil.

Loss of or impaired ability to smell. This may be caused by OLFACTORY NERVE DISEASES; PARANASAL SINUS DISEASES; viral RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SMOKING; and other conditions.

Insects of the suborder Heterocera of the order LEPIDOPTERA.

The process by which the nature and meaning of olfactory stimuli, such as odors, are recognized and interpreted by the brain.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

A genus of sphinx or hawk moths of the family Sphingidae. These insects are used in molecular biology studies during all stages of their life cycle.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

Cell surface receptors that respond to PHEROMONES.

A genus of European newts in the Salamandridae family. The two species of this genus are Salamandra salamandra (European "fire" salamander) and Salamandra atra (European alpine salamander).

A group of compounds that are derivatives of methoxybenzene and contain the general formula R-C7H7O.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

A compound used as a topical insect repellent that may cause irritation to eyes and mucous membranes, but not to the skin.

An accessory chemoreceptor organ that is separated from the main OLFACTORY MUCOSA. It is situated at the base of nasal septum close to the VOMER and NASAL BONES. It forwards chemical signals (such as PHEROMONES) to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, thus influencing reproductive and social behavior. In humans, most of its structures except the vomeronasal duct undergo regression after birth.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Substances causing insects to turn away from them or reject them as food.

Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.

Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having two carbon-carbon double bonds.

A genus of the Proteidae family with five recognized species, which inhabit the Atlantic and Gulf drainages.

A subgroup of cyclic nucleotide-regulated ION CHANNELS within the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels. They are expressed in OLFACTORY NERVE cilia and in PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS and some PLANTS.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

Populations of thin, motile processes found covering the surface of ciliates (CILIOPHORA) or the free surface of the cells making up ciliated EPITHELIUM. Each cilium arises from a basic granule in the superficial layer of CYTOPLASM. The movement of cilia propels ciliates through the liquid in which they live. The movement of cilia on a ciliated epithelium serves to propel a surface layer of mucus or fluid. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A phase transition from liquid state to gas state, which is affected by Raoult's law. It can be accomplished by fractional distillation.

The mucous lining of the NASAL CAVITY, including lining of the nostril (vestibule) and the OLFACTORY MUCOSA. Nasal mucosa consists of ciliated cells, GOBLET CELLS, brush cells, small granule cells, basal cells (STEM CELLS) and glands containing both mucous and serous cells.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO.

Six-carbon alicyclic hydrocarbons which contain one or more double bonds in the ring. The cyclohexadienes are not aromatic, in contrast to BENZOQUINONES which are sometimes called 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diones.

Prominent lobed neuropils found in ANNELIDA and all ARTHROPODS except crustaceans. They are thought to be involved in olfactory learning and memory.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects.

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

A class of compounds composed of repeating 5-carbon units of HEMITERPENES.

Na-K-Cl transporter ubiquitously expressed. It plays a key role in salt secretion in epithelial cells and cell volume regulation in nonepithelial cells.

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The electrical properties, characteristics of living organisms, and the processes of organisms or their parts that are involved in generating and responding to electrical charges.

Organs and other anatomical structures of non-human vertebrate and invertebrate animals.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.

Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. When lacking introns and containing a poly-A segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded DNA), they are called processed genes.

The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptor cells may monitor external stimuli, as in TASTE and OLFACTION, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE in the blood.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that form channels to selectively pass chloride ions. Nonselective blockers include FENAMATES; ETHACRYNIC ACID; and TAMOXIFEN.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptor cells include the INNER EAR hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.

INSECTS of the order Coleoptera, containing over 350,000 species in 150 families. They possess hard bodies and their mouthparts are adapted for chewing.

A family of transcription factors characterized by the presence of a bipartite DNA-binding domain known as the POU domain. The POU domain contains two subdomains, a POU-specific domain and a POU-homeodomain. The POU domain was originally identified as a region of approximately 150 amino acids shared between the Pit-1, Oct-1, Oct-2, and Unc-86 transcription factors.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

SESQUITERPENES cyclized to one 10-carbon ring.

Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Isomeric forms and derivatives of hexanol (C6H11OH).

Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A superfamily of various freshwater CRUSTACEA, in the infraorder Astacidea, comprising the crayfish. Common genera include Astacus and Procambarus. Crayfish resemble lobsters, but are usually much smaller.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

Traumatic injuries to the OLFACTORY NERVE. It may result in various olfactory dysfunction including a complete loss of smell.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.

Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.

A dense intricate feltwork of interwoven fine glial processes, fibrils, synaptic terminals, axons, and dendrites interspersed among the nerve cells in the gray matter of the central nervous system.

A genus of the Ambystomatidae family. The best known species are the axolotl AMBYSTOMA MEXICANUM and the closely related tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. They may retain gills and remain aquatic without developing all of the adult characteristics. However, under proper changes in the environment they metamorphose.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The ability to detect chemicals through gustatory receptors in the mouth, including those on the TONGUE; the PALATE; the PHARYNX; and the EPIGLOTTIS.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A family of Urodela consisting of 15 living genera and about 42 species and occurring in North America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa.

Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

Plant-eating orthopterans having hindlegs adapted for jumping. There are two main families: Acrididae and Romaleidae. Some of the more common genera are: Melanoplus, the most common grasshopper; Conocephalus, the eastern meadow grasshopper; and Pterophylla, the true katydid.

A class of ligand-gated ion channel receptors that have specificity for GLUTAMATE. They are distinct from METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS which act through a G-protein-coupled mechanism.

An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the NASAL SEPTUM. Nasal cavities, extending from the nares to the NASOPHARYNX, are lined with ciliated NASAL MUCOSA.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

Isomeric forms and derivatives of octanol (C8H17OH).

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is DOPAMINE.

Communication between animals involving the giving off by one individual of some chemical or physical signal, that, on being received by another, influences its behavior.

Usually high-molecular-weight, straight-chain primary alcohols, but can also range from as few as 4 carbons, derived from natural fats and oils, including lauryl, stearyl, oleyl, and linoleyl alcohols. They are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, detergents, plastics, and lube oils and in textile manufacture. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

Characterization of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated channels in the plasma membrane of rat olfactory neurons. (1/1045)

It is generally accepted that inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) plays a role in olfactory transduction. However, the precise mode of action of InsP3 remains controversial. We have characterized the conductances activated by the addition of 10 microM InsP3 to excised patches of soma plasma membrane from rat olfactory neurons. InsP3 induced current fluctuations in 25 of 121 inside-out patches. These conductances could be classified into two groups according to the polarity of the current at a holding potential of +40 to +60 mV (with Ringer's in the pipette and pseudointracellular solution in the bath). Conductances mediating outward currents could be further divided into large- (64 +/- 4 pS, n = 4) and small- (16 +/- 1.7 pS, n = 11) conductance channels. Both small- and large-conductance channels were nonspecific cation channels. The large-conductance channel displayed bursting behavior at +40 mV, with flickering increasing at negative holding potentials to the point where single-channel currents were no longer discernible. The small-conductance channel did not display flickering behavior. The conductance mediating inward currents at +40 to +60 mV reversed at +73 +/- 4 mV (n = 4). The current traces displayed considerable fluctuations, and single-channel currents could not be discerned. The current fluctuations returned to baseline after removal of InsP3. The power density spectrum for the excess noise generated by InsP3 followed a 1/f dependence consistent with conductance fluctuations in the channel mediating this current, although other mechanisms are not excluded. These experiments demonstrate the presence of plasma membrane InsP3-gated channels of different ionic specificity in olfactory receptor cells. (+info)

Coherent oscillations in membrane potential synchronize impulse bursts in central olfactory neurons of the crayfish. (2/1045)

Lateral protocerebral interneurons (LPIs) in the central olfactory pathway of the freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii reside within the lateral protocerebrum and receive direct input from projection neurons of the olfactory midbrain. The LPIs exhibit periodic (0.5 Hz) changes in membrane potential that are imposed on them synaptically. Acute surgical experiments indicate that the synaptic activity originates from a group of oscillatory neurons lying within the lateral protocerebrum. Simultaneous intracellular recordings from many LPI pairs indicate that this periodic synaptic input is synchronous and coherent among the population of approximately 200 LPIs on each side of the brain. In many LPIs, specific odors applied to antennules in isolated head preparations generate long-lasting excitatory postsynaptic potentials and impulse bursts. The impulse bursts are generated only near the peaks of the ongoing depolarizations, approximately 1 s after stimulus application, and so the periodic baseline activity is instrumental in timing burst generation. Simultaneous recordings from pairs of LPIs show that, when impulse bursts occur in both cells after an odorant stimulus, they are synchronized by the common periodic depolarizations. We conclude that the common, periodic activity in LPIs can synchronize impulse bursts in subsets of these neurons, possibly generating powerful long-lasting postsynaptic effects in downstream target neurons. (+info)

Combinatorial receptor codes for odors. (3/1045)

The discriminatory capacity of the mammalian olfactory system is such that thousands of volatile chemicals are perceived as having distinct odors. Here we used a combination of calcium imaging and single-cell RT-PCR to identify odorant receptors (ORs) for odorants with related structures but varied odors. We found that one OR recognizes multiple odorants and that one odorant is recognized by multiple ORs, but that different odorants are recognized by different combinations of ORs. Thus, the olfactory system uses a combinatorial receptor coding scheme to encode odor identities. Our studies also indicate that slight alterations in an odorant, or a change in its concentration, can change its "code," potentially explaining how such changes can alter perceived odor quality. (+info)

A spatial map of olfactory receptor expression in the Drosophila antenna. (4/1045)

Insects provide an attractive system for the study of olfactory sensory perception. We have identified a novel family of seven transmembrane domain proteins, encoded by 100 to 200 genes, that is likely to represent the family of Drosophila odorant receptors. Members of this gene family are expressed in topographically defined subpopulations of olfactory sensory neurons in either the antenna or the maxillary palp. Sensory neurons express different complements of receptor genes, such that individual neurons are functionally distinct. The isolation of candidate odorant receptor genes along with a genetic analysis of olfactory-driven behavior in insects may ultimately afford a system to understand the mechanistic link between odor recognition and behavior. (+info)

Functional identification and reconstitution of an odorant receptor in single olfactory neurons. (5/1045)

The olfactory system is remarkable in its capacity to discriminate a wide range of odorants through a series of transduction events initiated in olfactory receptor neurons. Each olfactory neuron is expected to express only a single odorant receptor gene that belongs to the G protein coupled receptor family. The ligand-receptor interaction, however, has not been clearly characterized. This study demonstrates the functional identification of olfactory receptor(s) for specific odorant(s) from single olfactory neurons by a combination of Ca2+-imaging and reverse transcription-coupled PCR analysis. First, a candidate odorant receptor was cloned from a single tissue-printed olfactory neuron that displayed odorant-induced Ca2+ increase. Next, recombinant adenovirus-mediated expression of the isolated receptor gene was established in the olfactory epithelium by using green fluorescent protein as a marker. The infected neurons elicited external Ca2+ entry when exposed to the odorant that originally was used to identify the receptor gene. Experiments performed to determine ligand specificity revealed that the odorant receptor recognized specific structural motifs within odorant molecules. The odorant receptor-mediated signal transduction appears to be reconstituted by this two-step approach: the receptor screening for given odorant(s) from single neurons and the functional expression of the receptor via recombinant adenovirus. The present approach should enable us to examine not only ligand specificity of an odorant receptor but also receptor specificity and diversity for a particular odorant of interest. (+info)

Effects of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate on a Na+-gated nonselective cation channel. (6/1045)

Olfactory receptor neurons in the lobster express a nonselective cation channel that is activated by intracellular Na+ and carries a substantial part of the depolarizing receptor current. Here, we show that phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P] applied to the intracellular face of cell-free patches activate the channel in the absence of Na+ and that antibodies against the respective phospholipids irreversibly inhibit the evoked activity. Further, we show that applying PI(4,5)P2 or PI(4)P in the presence of Na+ decreases the concentration of Na+ required to activate the channel from an EC50 of 74 to 22 mM for PI(4,5)P2 and to 29 mM for PI(4)P, respectively. Na+-gated channel activity was irreversibly inhibited by monoclonal antibodies against PI(4,5)P2 and PI(4)P in patches never exposed to exogenous phosphatidylinositols, suggesting that endogenous inositol phospholipids are required for the activation of the channel by intracellular Na+. Our findings suggest that PI(4,5)P2 and/or PI(4)P may serve as intracellular signaling molecules in these primary sensory neurons and provide a general mechanism to explain how the sensitivity of Na+-gated channels to Na+ could be much greater in intact cells than in excised membrane patches. (+info)

Small stress protein Hsp27 accumulation during dopamine-mediated differentiation of rat olfactory neurons counteracts apoptosis. (7/1045)

The small stress protein Hsp27 is expressed during mammalian neural development. We have analyzed the role of this protein in immortalized rat olfactory neuroblasts. In the presence of dopamine a fraction of these cells differentiate into neurons while the remaining cells undergo apoptosis. We report here that the dopamine induced differentiation and apoptosis are associated with a transient and specific accumulation of Hsp27. Moreover, transfection experiments have shown that Hsp27 overexpression drastically decreases the fraction of cells undergoing apoptosis. In contrast, reduction of the endogenous level of Hsp27 led to abortion of differentiation and, therefore, drastically increased the number of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, in the normal cell population we show that Hsp27 accumulation takes place only in differentiating cells that were not undergoing apoptosis. We therefore conclude that Hsp27 may represent a key protein that controls the decision of olfactory precursor cells to undergo either differentiation or cell death. (+info)

Variable patterns of axonal projections of sensory neurons in the mouse vomeronasal system. (8/1045)

The vomeronasal system mediates pheromonal effects in mammals. We have employed gene targeting technology to introduce mutations in a putative pheromone receptor gene, VR2, in the germline of mice. By generating alleles differentially tagged with the histological markers taulacZ and tauGFP, we show that VR2 is monoallelically expressed in a given neuron. Axons of VR2-expressing neurons converge onto numerous glomeruli in the accessory olfactory bulb. The pattern of axonal projections is complex and variable. This wiring diagram is substantially different from that of the main olfactory system. The projection pattern is disrupted by deleting the coding region of VR2, but an unrelated seven-transmembrane protein, the odorant receptor M71, can partially substitute for VR2. (+info)

An olfactory receptor neuron (ORN), also called an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN), is a sensory neuron within the olfactory ... Each olfactory receptor cell expresses only one type of olfactory receptor (OR), but many separate olfactory receptor cells ... The olfactory receptor neuron has a fast working negative feedback response upon depolarization. When the neuron is ... Humans have between 10 and 20 million olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). In vertebrates, ORNs are bipolar neurons with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron

Turetsky, Bruce I; Hahn, Chang-Gyu; Arnold, Steven E; Moberg, Paul J (February 2009). "Olfactory Receptor Neuron Dysfunction in ... may arise due to the local NMDA receptor blockage, which is also a pharmacological model of schizophrenia. These NMDA receptor ... Recent studies, reports on the new source of HFO in the olfactory bulb structures, which is surprisingly stronger than any ... Hunt, Mark J; Kasicki, Stefan (2013-07-17). "A systematic review of the effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on oscillatory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_oscillations

"Calcium Microdomains in the Chemosensory Cilia of Olfactory Receptor Neurons". Chemical Senses. 33 (8): S61. doi:10.1093/chemse ... Neuron Glia Biology. 6 (3): 183-191. doi:10.1017/s1740925x10000219. PMC 3136572. PMID 21205365. Thomsen, L. B. T. L. B.; ... effect of N-acetylcysteine against BDE-209-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured neonatal rat hippocampal neurons in vitro ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_concentration_microdomains

"A receptor guanylyl cyclase expressed specifically in olfactory sensory neurons". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92 (8): 3571-3575. ... that is specifically expressed in a subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons. This gene is a pseudogene in humans and most ... Young, JM (2007). "Degeneration of the olfactory guanylyl cyclase D gene during primate evolution". PLOS ONE. 2 (9): e884. ... Kuhn, M (2009). "Function and dysfunction of mammalian membrane guanylyl cyclase receptors: lessons from genetic mouse models ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUCY2D

Olfactory nerve (cranial nerve 1) Smell. See also: olfactory receptor neurons Optic nerve (cranial nerve 2) Sight. See also: ... Olfactory sensory neurons project axons to the brain within the olfactory nerve, (cranial nerve #1). How olfactory information ... Sensory neuron, Sensory receptor, Proprioception, and Category:Sensory receptors), as a center for coordinating certain ... Many neurons connect to the brain on one end, with the other end connected to another neuron, with the outside (the brain) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_human_brain

... s possess olfactory receptor neurons on their antennae for detecting pheromones. The neurons are specifically ... Grant, A. J.; Riendeau, C. J.; O'Connell, R. J. (1998-10-01). "Spatial organization of olfactory receptor neurons on the ... The base region of the antennae, where receptor neurons for this pheromone are located, has more sensory structures than the ... Temperature does not affect the pheromone-sensitive receptor neurons. The cabbage looper is a generalist insect that can reside ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage_looper

These receptor neurons then synapse at the olfactory cranial nerve (CN I), which sends the information to the olfactory bulbs ... An olfactory sensation is called an odor. For a molecule to trigger olfactory receptor neurons, it must have specific ... Receptor cells disseminate onto different neurons and convey the message of a particular taste in a single medullar nucleus. ... Our olfactory ability can vary due to different conditions. For example, our olfactory detection thresholds can change due to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_modality

... an olfactory receptor) is found only in neurons. This finding of tissue-specific biologically-functional genes that could have ... Prieto-Godino LL, Rytz R, Bargeton B, Abuin L, Arguello JR, Peraro MD, Benton R (November 2016). "Olfactory receptor pseudo- ... However, in vivo the D. sechellia Ir75a locus produces a functional receptor, owing to translational read-through of the PTC. ... Read-through is detected only in neurons and depends on the nucleotide sequence downstream of the PTC. siRNAs. Some endogenous ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogene

Van der Goes van Naters W (2013). "Inhibition among olfactory receptor neurons". Front Hum Neurosci. 7: 690. doi:10.3389/fnhum. ... model in which each olfactory receptor sends its signal to one neuron. The inhibition due to ephaptic coupling would help ... Neurons in the olfactory system are unmyelinated and densely packed and thus the often small effects of ephaptic coupling are ... A number of studies have shown how inhibition among neurons in the olfactory system work to fine tune integration of signals in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephaptic_coupling

Insect pheromone-binding protein Odorant Olfactory receptor Olfactory receptor neuron Vogt, R. G.; Prestwich, G. D.; Lerner, M ... delivering the odorant molecules to olfactory receptors in the cell membrane of sensory neurons. The olfactory receptors of ... soluble proteins secreted by auxiliary cells surrounding olfactory receptor neurons, including the nasal mucus of many ... "Odorant-binding-protein subfamilies associate with distinct classes of olfactory receptor neurons in insects". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorant-binding_protein

Kostal L, Lansky P, Rospars JP (April 2008). "Efficient olfactory coding in the pheromone receptor neuron of a moth". PLOS ... ability of non-visual senses such as rat facial whiskers and the olfactory coding of moth pheromone receptor neurons. Even with ... is the jth spike on the lth presentation of neuron i, v i ( t , s ) {\displaystyle v_{i}(t,s)} is the firing rate of neuron i ... These neurons are actually firing in response to the lower level features of visual input, possibly the edges of a picture ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_decoding

CNG channels have important functions in signal transduction in retinal photoreceptors and olfactory receptor neurons. They are ... Almost all responses to odorants in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are facilitated by CNG channels. When an odorant binds to ... CNG channels were also found in cone photoreceptors, chemo sensitive cilia of olfactory sensory neurons, and the pineal gland. ... CNGA2, previously called the olfactory α subunit, CNGA4, previously called the olfactory β subunit, and CnGB1b are involved in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide–gated_ion_channel

Olfactory sensory neurons Supporting cells Basal cells Brush cells The olfactory receptor neurons are sensory neurons of the ... The olfactory epithelium contains olfactory sensory neurons, whose axons innervate the olfactory bulb. In order for olfactory ... Composition of the Olfactory receptor neuron (captions in German) olfactory epithelium pig Phantosmia Wikimedia Commons has ... The cell types derived from the olfactory placode include: Neural: olfactory sensory neurons, LHRH-secreting neurons, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_epithelium

In vertebrates, the olfactory epithelium consists of a three basic cell types: bipolar olfactory receptor neurons; ... the stem cells that continuously give rise to new olfactory receptor neurons and sustentacular cells. Cells in the olfactory ... Type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1 receptors) are present in the sustentacular cells of the olfactory mucosa, in the ... mucus protects the olfactory epithelium and allows odors to dissolve so that they can be detected by olfactory receptor neurons ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_mucosa

An ORN or an Olfactory Receptor Neuron alert goes off to detect the smell. When the nose is covered taste is a lot harder ... calmodulin of cyclic nucleotide-activated channel of rat olfactory receptor neurons". Nature. 368 (6471): 545-8. Bibcode: ... model of the cAMP-mediated sensory response and calcium-dependent adaptation in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons". ... Olfactory fatigue, also known as odor fatigue, olfactory adaptation, and noseblindness, is the temporary, normal inability to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_fatigue

They receive information from the axons of olfactory receptor neurons, forming synapses in neuropils called glomeruli. Axons of ... Mitral cells are neurons that are part of the olfactory system. They are located in the olfactory bulb in the mammalian central ... into a glomerulus receiving input from a population of olfactory sensory neurons expressing identical olfactory receptor ... Mitral cells receive input from at least four cell types: olfactory sensory neurons, periglomerular neurons, external tufted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_cell

"Molecular profiling of activated olfactory neurons identifies odorant receptors for odors in vivo". Nature Neuroscience. 18 (10 ... Immunoprecipitation of RNA transcripts of murine olfactory cells have identified an enriched pool of odorant receptors ... that localize to the dorsal portion of the olfactory epithelium which can mediate fear behaviour. Rosen JB, Asok A, Chakraborty ... activated by TMT, including five receptors (Olfr20, Olfr30, Olfr57, Olfr376, Olfr491) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylthiazoline

... cytoplasmic protein found in mature olfactory sensory receptor neurons of all vertebrates. OMP is a modulator of the olfactory ... "Olfactory marker protein (OMP) exhibits a beta-clam fold in solution: implications for target peptide interaction and olfactory ... In molecular biology, olfactory marker protein is a protein involved in signal transduction. It is a highly expressed, ... Olfactory+marker+protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Baldisseri DM, Margolis JW, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_marker_protein

... model of the cAMP-mediated sensory response and calcium-dependent adaptation in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons". ... It may often be bound to calmodulin such as in the olfactory system to either enhance or repress cation channels. Other times ... Ca2+ ion can also determine the speed of adaptation in a neural system depending on the receptors and proteins that have varied ... In electrically excitable cells, such as skeletal and cardiac muscles and neurons, membrane depolarization leads to a Ca2+ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology

It is hypothesized that URTIs can result in parosmia because of damage to olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). The condition has ... In humans, the olfactory bulb is located on the inferior side of the brain. Physical damage to this area would alter how the ... Damage to these neurons could render them unable to correctly encode a signal representing a particular odor, which would send ... Jacek, Sarah; R.J. Stevenson; L.A. Miller (November 2007). "Olfactory dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy: A case of ictus- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parosmia

... model of the cAMP-mediated sensory response and calcium-dependent adaptation in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons". ... Olfactory neurons utilize a feedback system from the levels of Ca2+ions to activate its adaptation to prolonged smells. Due to ... While large mechanosensory neurons such as type I/group Aß display adaptation, smaller type IV/group C nociceptive neurons do ... Kurahashi, Takashi; Menini, Anna (February 1997). "Mechanism of odorant adaptation in the olfactory receptor cell". Nature. 385 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_adaptation

These studies were instrumental to map the wiring of olfactory sensory neurons expressing different olfactory receptor genes to ... Bhalerao S, Sen A, Stocker RF, Rodrigues V (2003) Olfactory neurons expressing identified receptor genes project to subsets of ... "Olfactory neurons expressing identified receptor genes project to subsets of glomeruli within the antennal lobe ofDrosophila ... Stocker RF (2006) Olfactory coding: Connecting odorant receptor expression and behavior in the Drosophila larva (Dispatch). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_F._Stocker

In mammals, each olfactory receptor protein has one type of molecule that it responds to, known as the one-olfactory-one-neuron ... Expression in olfactory receptor neurons has been confirmed for a limited subset of the huge number of odorant receptor genes. ... Olfactory receptor molecules are very similar to G-protein-linked receptors and belong to the odorant receptor gene family. The ... of odorant receptors results in the diversity for olfactory receptor neurons and this allows the capacity of olfactory systems ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_memory

The olfactory receptor cells, otherwise known as the primary olfactory neurons, are in the neuroepithelium. The neuroepithelium ... The information received by the olfactory receptors is transmitted by the olfactory nerves to the olfactory bulb through the ... Efferent neurons of the olfactory bulb become the fibers that form the olfactory tracts, which is directly under the frontal ... The olfactory bulb has been said to be the olfactory thalamus.[citation needed] It performs the final stage of sensory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Smell_Identification_Test

Odors enter the nose (or olfactory rosette in fishes) and interact with the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons. The ... The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON; also called the anterior olfactory cortex) is a portion of the forebrain of vertebrates. ... The AON is found behind the olfactory bulb and in front of the piriform cortex (laterally) and olfactory tubercle (medially) in ... It is involved in olfaction and has supposedly strong influence on other olfactory areas like the olfactory bulb and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_olfactory_nucleus

He has made similarly important discoveries on olfactory transduction in the receptor neurons of the nasal olfactory epithelium ... Krautwurst D, Yau KW, Reed RR (1998). "Identification of ligands for olfactory receptors by functional expression of a receptor ... "Identification of ligands for olfactory receptors by functional expression of a receptor library", 534 citations 2002 " ... "Primary structure and functional expression of a cyclic nucleotide-activated channel from olfactory neurons", 672 citations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King-Wai_Yau

Variable expression of Robo receptors on Drosophila olfactory neurons controls axonal organization in the olfactory lobes. In ... to the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into olfactory neurons. The contribution of Robo signaling in this system is ... "The slit receptor Rig-1/Robo3 controls midline crossing by hindbrain precerebellar neurons and axons". Neuron. 43 (1): 69-79. ... Neuron. 22 (4): 649-52. doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80723-0. PMID 10230784. Chétodal A (2010). "Slits and their receptors". In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit-Robo

548 The specialized olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory nerve are located in the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of ... The afferent nerve fibers of the olfactory receptor neurons transmit nerve impulses about odors to the central nervous system ( ... The afferent nerve fibers of the olfactory receptor neurons transmit nerve impulses about odors to the central nervous system, ... the olfactory information is transmitted into the brain via the olfactory tract. The fascicles of the olfactory nerve are not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_nerve

Helena Bichão; Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson; Jorge Araújo; Hanna Mustaparta (2005). "Five types of olfactory receptor neurons in the ... Monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and aromatic compounds acted as odorants (attractors) on weevils' receptor neurons. Male A. rubi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonomus_rubi

The new olfactory receptor neurons must project their axons through the CNS to an olfactory bulb in order to be functional. ... Olfactory ensheathing cells, however, cross the CNS-PNS boundary, because they guide olfactory receptor neurons from the PNS to ... Olfactory receptor neurons have an average lifespan of 6-8 weeks and therefore must be replaced by cells differentiated from ... receptor interacting protein (RIP), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which are markers for early neurons, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_guidance_conduit

... accessory olfactory bulb mitral cells and probably other neuron types. This suggests that the pump might not simply be a ... For example, the Na⁺-K⁺ pump interacts directly with Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, to form a signaling receptor complex ... there is another population in the caveolae which acts as digitalis receptor and stimulates the EGF receptor. In certain ... For neurons, the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase can be responsible for up to 3/4 of the cell's energy expenditure. In many types of tissue, ATP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium–potassium_pump

... with subsequent damage to the olfactory neurons. The involvement of both the central and peripheral nervous system in COVID‑19 ... is the viral component that attaches to the host receptor via the ACE2 receptors. It includes two subunits: S1 and S2. S1 ... but acute myocardial injuries may also be related to ACE2 receptors in the heart. ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the ... The virus uses a special surface glycoprotein called a "spike" to connect to the ACE2 receptor and enter the host cell. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19

HAP1 also interacts with other factors involved in vesicular trafficking including GABAA receptor, Rho-GEF, and HGS. Li XJ, Li ... Huntington's disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of striatal neurons, is caused by an expansion of ... and the olfactory bulb. The possible significance of this interaction is that increased HAP1 interaction with muHtt may also ... "Analysis of Huntingtin-associated protein 1 in mouse brain and immortalized striatal neurons". J. Comp. Neurol. 403 (4): 421-30 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin-associated_protein_1

"Selectivity and response characteristics of human olfactory neurons". Journal of Neurophysiology. 77 (3): 1606-1613. doi: ... Identified the Sac locus coding for the TAS1R3 receptor, one of the receptors for the sweet taste. Established use of ... Pioneered use of living human tissue to characterize human olfactory and taste cell function. ... "Perceptual variation in umami taste and polymorphisms in TAS1R taste receptor genes". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monell_Chemical_Senses_Center

Later arr1 and arr2 were found to play an important role in olfactory neurons and renamed "sensory". Fungi have distant ... Increased accessibility of these sites in receptor-bound arrestin targets the arrestin-receptor complex to the coated pit. ... Arrestin binding to the receptor blocks further G protein-mediated signaling and targets receptors for internalization, and ... Neurons have the highest expression level of both non-visual subtypes. In neuronal precursors both are expressed at comparable ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrestin

There is no model to account for the specific neurons and brain regions that are affected. Autopsy studies and amyloid imaging ... Antipsychotics with D2 dopamine receptor-blocking properties are used only with great caution. According to Boot (2013), " ... olfactory cortex - smell. Also affected are the hypothalamus, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system-autonomic dysfunction. ... When these clumps of protein form, neurons function less optimally and eventually die. Neuronal loss in DLB leads to profound ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies

These receptors are located only in the epithelium of the buccal chamber. These receptors are gustatory and olfactory (related ... connected to a nerve running along its length to motor neurons and sensory cells in each segment. Large numbers of ... Each receptor shows a slightly elevated cuticle which covers a group of tall, slender and columnar receptor cells. These cells ... The epidermal receptors are tactile in function. They are also concerned with changes in temperature and respond to chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm

A family of TRP (transient receptor potential) channels, including TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid) and TRPA1 ( ... Olfactory cues were eliminated by the full feeding tube attached behind the opening from which the bats received their rewards ... More recent studies using in situ hybridization studies have located large diameter neurons in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) that ... Although warm receptors are also found in the facial regions of species such as mice, humans, and dogs, the extreme low- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_vampire_bats

... one received directly from its receptor with a time delay and the other received from the adjacent receptor, are multiplied. ... doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.08.031. PMID 21943597. S2CID 8408814. Dhande OS, Stafford BK, Franke K, El-Danaf R, Percival KA, Phan ... Many species of mammals can keep track of spatial location even in the absence of visual, auditory, olfactory, or tactile cues ... The neurons that were identified to prefer ventral motion were also found to have dendritic projections in the ventral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_perception

This perceptual disorder arises when there is an abnormally increased signal at any point between the olfactory receptors and ... most likely due to the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the olfactory bulb. Methotrexate, administered in the treatment ... Normal olfactory acuity will usually return over time if the cause is environmental, even if it is untreated. The hyperosmic ... In a study by Atianjoh et al., it has been found that amphetamines decrease levels of dopamine in the olfactory bulbs of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperosmia

The interaction between the olfactory receptor neurons, local neurons and projection neurons reformats the information input ... Each olfactory sensory neuron expresses a single odorant receptor type and targets the same glomeruli as other olfactory ... where the sensory neurons synapse with the two other kinds of neurons, the postsynaptic principle neurons (termed projection ... The antennal lobe is a sphere-shaped deutocerebral neuropil in the brain that receives input from the olfactory sensory neurons ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antennal_lobe

... and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules. With few exceptions, each neuron in the ... The olfactory bulb is a special structure that processes olfactory sensory signals and sends its output to the olfactory part ... Each neuron is connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons typically communicate with one another by ... Neurons, however, are usually considered the most important cells in the brain. The property that makes neurons unique is their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain

... odorant receptor - olfaction - olfactory receptor neuron - oligopeptide - oncogene - oncogene protein - oncogene proteins V-abl ... neurokinin-1 receptor - neurokinin-2 receptor - neuron - neuronal cell adhesion molecule - neuropeptide - neuropeptide receptor ... interleukin receptor - interleukin-1 receptor - interleukin-2 receptor - interleukin-3 - interleukin-3 receptor - intermediate ... G protein-coupled receptor - G3P - GABA - GABA receptor - GABA-A receptor - gag-onc fusion protein - galanin - gamete - gamma- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

"A spatial map of olfactory receptor expression in the Drosophila antenna". Cell. 96 (5): 725-36. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00) ... "Or83b Encodes a Broadly Expressed Odorant Receptor Essential for Drosophila Olfaction". Neuron. 43 (5): 703-714. doi:10.1016/j. ... particularly for the discovery and subsequent characterization of the insect olfactory receptor family, and the genetic basis ... Vosshall LB, Wong AM, Axel R (July 2000). "An olfactory sensory map in the fly brain". Cell. 102 (2): 147-59. doi:10.1016/S0092 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_B._Vosshall

In vertebrates, the olfactory receptors are located in both the cilia and synapses of the olfactory sensory neurons and in the ... Olfactory Receptor Database Human Olfactory Receptor Data Exploratorium (HORDE) Olfactory+Receptor+Protein at the US National ... Olfactory receptors (ORs), also known as odorant receptors, are chemoreceptors expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory ... Since the number of combinations and permutations of olfactory receptors is very large, the olfactory receptor system is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_receptor

Because this is a change not in Or83b but in a population of olfactory sensory neurons, dispersing molecules to inhibit Or83b ... "odorant receptor co-receptor"), is an odorant receptor and the corresponding gene that encodes it. The odorant receptor Or83b ... "Orco Odorant receptor co-receptor [Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)] - Gene - NCBI". Larsson MC, Domingos AI, Jones WD, ... Hansson BS, Stensmyr MC (December 2011). "Evolution of insect olfaction". Neuron. 72 (5): 698-711. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.11 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or83b_odorant_receptor

Olfactory neurons have cilia (tiny hairs) containing olfactory receptors that bind to odor molecules, causing an electrical ... olfactory glands, olfactory neurons, and nerve fibers of the olfactory nerves. Odor molecules can enter the peripheral pathway ... Olfactory nerves and fibers transmit information about odors from the peripheral olfactory system to the central olfactory ... Most mammals and reptiles have a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_system

The synaptic changes depend on a special type of glutamate receptor, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a cell surface ... Malenka RC, Bear MF (Sep 2004). "LTP and LTD: an embarrassment of riches". Neuron. 44 (1): 5-21. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09. ... the anterior olfactory nucleus, and to the primary olfactory cortex. There continues to be some interest in hippocampal ... Squire LR (Jan 2009). "The legacy of patient H.M. for neuroscience". Neuron. 61 (1): 6-9. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.12.023. PMC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus

Collins B, Blau J (May 2006). "Keeping time without a clock". Neuron. 50 (3): 348-50. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.022. PMID ... The receptors for these hormones may be located far across the body and synchronise the peripheral clocks of various organs. ... There is also some evidence that the olfactory bulb and prostate may experience oscillations, at least when cultured. Though ... Neuron. 50 (3): 465-77. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.041. PMID 16675400. S2CID 19028601. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm

The sensory neurons involved in smell are called olfactory sensory neurons. These neurons contain receptors, called olfactory ... 9. Similar to olfactory receptors, taste receptors (gustatory receptors) in taste buds interact with chemicals in food to ... Examples of such tonic receptors are pain receptors, joint capsule, and muscle spindle. A phasic receptor is a sensory receptor ... The neurons in the olfactory bulb that receive direct sensory nerve input, have connections to other parts of the olfactory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_neuron

The function of NMDA receptors varies according to the subregion of the hippocampus. NMDA receptors are required in the CA3 of ... Neuron. 63 (5): 643-56. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.014. PMID 19755107. S2CID 5321020. Colby, C. L.; Goldberg, M. E. (1999). " ... Measures are usually taken to prevent the rat from using its olfactory senses to navigate such as placing extra food throughout ... Spatial learning requires both NMDA and AMPA receptors, consolidation requires NMDA receptors, and the retrieval of spatial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_memory

These neurons originate in an area of the developing head, the olfactory placode, that will give rise to the olfactory ... Kisspeptin and its associated receptor KISS1R are known to be involved in the regulation of puberty. Studies have shown there ... Any problems with the development of the olfactory nerve fibres will prevent the progression of the GnRH releasing neurons ... In the 1950s, De Morsier and Gauthier reported the partial or complete absence of the olfactory bulb in the brains of men with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallmann_syndrome

... the granule layer of the olfactory and accessory olfactory bulbs, the anterior hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, and in ... "Receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase-kappa regulates epidermal growth factor receptor function". J Biol Chem. 280 (52): ... Neurites are extensions from neurons that can be considered the in vitro equivalent of axons and dendrites. The extension of ... Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase kappa is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPRK gene. PTPRK is also known ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPRK

... and olfactory neurons, is located on human chromosome 5, band q34, and proximal mouse chromosome 11". Mamm. Genome. 5 (4): 211- ... The crucial role of this factor is shown in the regulation of expression of SLAM family co-receptors in B-cells. EBF1 has been ... Wang MM, Reed RR (1993). "Molecular cloning of the olfactory neuronal transcription factor Olf-1 by genetic selection in yeast ... implications for olfactory neuronal development". J. Neurosci. 17 (11): 4159-69. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04159.1997. PMC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBF1

GPe neurons are often multi-targeted and may respond to a number of neuron types. In macaques, axons from the GPe to the ... Striosomes are located in the matrix of the striatum and these contain μ-opioid receptors and dopamine receptor D1 binding ... The striatum does not receive axons from the primary olfactory, visual or auditory cortices. The corticostriatal connection is ... Medium spiny neurons (MSN)s, account for up to 95 per cent of the striatal neurons. There are two populations of these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_basal_ganglia

In the result, neurons that have the retrovirus are found in the olfactory bulb. Neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain is ... The inhibitory ligands bind to growth cone receptors on a damaged neuron, which causes repulsion and collapse of the growth ... In the hippocampus, newly formed neurons contribute only a small portion to the entire neuron population. These new neurons ... showed that astrocytes in the SVZ can be dedifferentiate and differentiate into neurons in the olfactory bulb. Among four types ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_regeneration

... experts in olfactory imagery have larger gray matter associated to olfactory areas. Tactile imagery is found to occur in the ... participants with damaged sense-modality receptors can sometimes perform imagery of said modality receptors. Neuroscience with ... Higher areas of the brain can also send visual input back to neurons in lower areas of the visual cortex. [...] As humans, we ... Olfactory imagery research shows activation in the anterior piriform cortex and the posterior piriform cortex; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_image

1994) Discrimination of molecular signals by the olfactory receptor neuron. Neuron 13:771-790. ... Olfactory Neurons Expressing Closely Linked and Homologous Odorant Receptor Genes Tend to Project Their Axons to Neighboring ... Olfactory Neurons Expressing Closely Linked and Homologous Odorant Receptor Genes Tend to Project Their Axons to Neighboring ... Olfactory Neurons Expressing Closely Linked and Homologous Odorant Receptor Genes Tend to Project Their Axons to Neighboring ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/19/8409

They also indicate that an increase in the number of granule cells does not necessarily correlate with better olfactory ... Taken together, these results provide evidence that high-affinity nicotinic receptors are involved in the maturation of adult ... more newborn neurons and significantly fewer apoptotic cells than did beta(2)(+/+) mice. Conversely, in vivo chronic nicotine ... the main region of newborn neuron integration in the adult brain. Here, we report that the OB granule cell layer in mice ...

https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00163446

We mimicked olfactory coding by modeling responses of primary olfactory neurons to small molecules using a large set of ... implying that each receptor neuron detects a different aspect of chemical space. Finally, we demonstrate that receptor ... We then tested these models by recording in vivo receptor neuron responses to a new set of odorants and successfully predicted ... The molecular descriptors that are best-suited for response prediction vary for different receptor neurons, ...

https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1752-153X-1-11

... ...

https://jlupub.ub.uni-giessen.de/handle/jlupub/7470?locale-attribute=de

Structured Odorant Response Patterns across a Complete Olfactory Receptor Neuron Population. *Guangwei Si, ... Odorant molecules are detected through the combinatorial activation of ensembles of olfactory sensory neurons. By capitalizing ... In this issue of Neuron, Deng et al. (2019) report the generation of a new set of tools to manipulate the entire set of ... In this issue of Neuron, we are proud to present the first in a series of special issues on neurological and neuropsychiatric ...

https://www.cell.com/neuron/issue?pii=S0896-6273

... we used computational screening to discover novel high-affinity agonists of an olfactory G protein-coupled receptor … ... The detection of diverse chemical structures by the vertebrate olfactory system is accomplished by the recognition of odorous ... ligands by their cognate receptors. In the present study, ... Olfactory Receptor Neurons / drug effects * Olfactory Receptor ... molecular probes for receptor structure and olfactory function Neuron. 2008 Dec 10;60(5):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19081373/

Download Free Donepezil Rescues The Medical Septum Cholinergic Neurons Via Nicotinic ACh Receptor Stimulation In Olfactory ... Tags: Donepezil Rescues The Medical Septum Cholinergic Neurons Via Nicotinic ACh Receptor Stimulation In Olfactory ... Donepezil Rescues The Medical Septum Cholinergic Neurons Via Nicotinic ACh Receptor Stimulation In Olfactory Bulbectomized Mice ... Donepezil Rescues The Medical Septum Cholinergic Neurons Via Nicotinic ACh Receptor Stimulation In Olfactory Bulbectomized Mice ...

https://www.kopykitab.com/Donepezil-Rescues-The-Medical-Septum-Cholinergic-Neurons-Via-Nicotinic-ACh-Receptor-Stimulation-In-Olfactory-Bulbectomized-Mice-by-Panel-Of-Experts

... similar to that of olfactory receptor neurons. Any bud may contain any of the receptor cells necessary to identify each ... As humans age, the number of olfactory neurons steadily decreases. In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is ... Each regenerating receptor cell extends its axon (CN I) into the CNS as a first-order olfactory neuron and forms synapses with ... Each olfactory receptor cell is a primary sensory bipolar neuron. The average nasal cavity contains more than 100 million such ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/861242-168541/what-causes-olfactory-dysfunction

Type II OSN (olfactory receptor neurons) showing microvilli and cilia. Image courtesy of:. Hansen, Anne; Olfactory and ...

https://histology-world.com/photoalbum/displayimage.php?album=91&pid=3911

Olfactory Receptor Neurons. Olfaction Disorders. Olfactory Bulb. Receptors, Odorant. Sensation. Transcription, Genetic. Ice. ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/person/131168/network/researchareas/timeline

... model of the cAMP-mediated sensory response and calcium-dependent adaptation in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons". ... Olfactory neurons utilize a feedback system from the levels of Ca2+ions to activate its adaptation to prolonged smells. Due to ... While large mechanosensory neurons such as type I/group Aß display adaptation, smaller type IV/group C nociceptive neurons do ... "Mechanism of odorant adaptation in the olfactory receptor cell". Nature. 385 (6618): 725-729. doi:10.1038/385725a0. ISSN 0028- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptual_adaptation

Each olfactory neuron expresses one odor receptor that communicates with one cluster of nerve endings, known as a glomerulus. ... A female mosquito antenna with olfactory neurons, labeled red and green. Olfactory neurons that express multiple types of smell ... Every neuron that interprets smell is redundant in such a way that the olfactory system is essentially unbreakable. This may ... Among the evidence for the one-neuron-one-receptor-one-glomerulus model in insects is the observation that many species have ...

https://www.rockefeller.edu/news/32718-unlocking-the-mystery-of-how-mosquitoes-smell-humans/

Respiration-locking of olfactory receptor and projection neurons in the mouse olfactory bulb and its modulation by brain state ... Coupling of mouse olfactory bulb projection neurons to fluctuating odor pulses. Authors (4)*Debanjan Dasgupta ... Molecular characterization of projection neuron subtypes in the mouse olfactory bulb. Authors (9)* ... Fast odour dynamics are encoded in the olfactory system and guide behaviour. Authors (9)*Tobias Ackels ...

https://www.crick.ac.uk/research/labs/andreas-schaefer/publications

After intranasal instillation of mice with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), olfactory receptor neurons are infected. By 12 to ... The earliest events in vesicular stomatitis virus infection of the murine olfactory neuroepithelium and entry of the central ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Retrograde-Degeneration%2C-Transneuronal/3408629

... help explain how each of 10 million specialized olfactory neurons comes to express just one olfactory receptor gene, ... And though each neuron contains the full suite of the 400 dedicated olfactory receptor genes, only one of these genes is active ... Olfactory receptor neurons, specialized nerve cells that snake from the nose to the brain, make all this possible. ... "Could the activities of other cells be shaped by the three-dimensional changes we see in olfactory receptor neurons? This is an ...

https://www.genengnews.com/news/countless-scents-idd-by-varied-3d-arrangements-of-relatively-few-genes/

Integration in the Olfactory Bulb (OB)-Piriform Cortex (PC) Circuit. Olfactory receptor neurons that express a single common ... Zhou FW, Dong HW, Ennis M. Activation of β-noradrenergic receptors enhances rhythmic bursting in mouse olfactory bulb external ... Dong HW, Ennis M. Activation of Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Suppresses Excitability of Mouse Main Olfactory Bulb ... as well as metabotropic glutamate receptors, modulate the olfactory bulb network at cellular, synaptic, network and behavioral ...

https://uthsc.edu/neuroscience-institute/about/faculty/ennis.php

dynamics of a calcium-conducting ion channel in olfactory receptor. neurons, we develop an abstract two-state (open/closed) ...

https://www.pims.math.ca/scientific/scientific-lecture/a-stochastic-two-state-signalling-module-with-negative-feedback

Semiochemicals activate a subpopulation of sexually dimorphic olfactory sensory neurons. ... Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) found in the MOE express a single olfactory receptor (OR) in a monoallelic fashion out of a ... 2020) Olfactory stimulation regulates the birth of neurons that express specific odorant receptors Cell Reports 33:108210. ... 2007) Olfactory neurons expressing transient receptor potential channel M5 (TRPM5) are involved in sensing semiochemicals PNAS ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/54501

The pair of silver electrodes combined with the endoscopic camera was used to stimulate olfactory receptor neurons, and during ... Figure 1: Concept of stimulating human olfactory receptor neurons using electric pulses.. To date, almost all smell ... Our concept is illustrated in the Figure 1, which is electrically stimulating the olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) and study ... ﬁrst computer controlled digital device developed to stimulate olfactory receptor neurons with the aim of producing smell ...

https://mixedrealitylab.org/press-release-electric-smell-machine-for-internet-virtual-smell/

Single-cell transcriptomes of developing and adult olfactory receptor neurons in Drosophila. CN McLaughlin, M Brbić, Q Xie, T ... Single-cell transcriptomes reveal diverse regulatory strategies for olfactory receptor expression and axon targeting. H Li, T ... High-throughput mapping of single-neuron projections by sequencing of barcoded RNA. JM Kebschull, PG da Silva, AP Reid, ID ... A new defective helper RNA to produce recombinant sindbis virus that infects neurons but does not propagate. JM Kebschull, P ...

https://scholar.google.fi/citations?user=yHkHCioAAAAJ&hl=en&oe=ASCII

... highly specialized olfactory receptor neurons for food compounds in 2 congeneric scarab beetles, Pachnoda interrupta and ...

https://www.ice.mpg.de/publication-search/97069?deactivate_global_blacklist=false&page=1&person=%2Fpersons%2Fresource%2Fpersons4117&status%5B%5D=published&status%5B%5D=published_online&status%5B%5D=submitted

Neurons from these receptors bundle together to form the olfactory nerve, which travels to the olfactory bulb at the base of ... Odorant Receptors Found In Non-Olfactory Cells, Medical News Today, 8 April 2013] The article reports:. In a discovery ... These receptors are called G-protein-coupled receptors, and they were the topic of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2012. They ... These molecules stimulate the olfactory receptors, which are in the upper portions of the nasal passages. ...

https://enterpriseresilienceblog.typepad.com/enterprise_resilience_man/food-and-drinki/

... have multiple receptors in their olfactory neurons that provide them with a sophisticated and unbreakable attraction to ... have some neurons with only a single olfactory receptor. But they also found that Ae. aegypti mosquitoes have many neurons co- ... "the dogma prior to this was that an olfactory neuron would only express one type of olfactory receptor; that was the rule as ... which are responsible for a similar number of olfactory receptors. Their work also showed that each olfactory sensory neuron ...

https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2022-08-20/mosquitoes-have-unique-ability-to-sniff-out-humans-new-study-finds.html

It will identify pheromone olfactory receptor(s) and their intracellular transduction pathways therebyincreasing our ... the neuronal cell type (i.e. ciliated, microvillous or crypt-type olfactory receptor neurons) detecting the pheromone, it will ... olfactory receptor(s) that binds the pheromone. If enough time is available it will attempt to map the neuronal network. ... bring high degree of novelty to explain the mechanism of action of olfactory receptor and neuronal signal integration. ...

https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/746507

Concentration Tuning Mediated by Spare Receptor Capacity in Olfactory Sensory Neurons: A Theoretical Study Neural Comput ( ... The inclusion of noise produces a variable number of spikes per burst and also extends the dynamic range of the neuron, both of ... A Phase Model of Temperature-Dependent Mammalian Cold Receptors In Special Collection: CogNet ... Peter Roper, Paul C. Bressloff, André Longtin; A Phase Model of Temperature-Dependent Mammalian Cold Receptors. Neural Comput ...

https://direct.mit.edu/neco/article-abstract/12/5/1067/6361/A-Phase-Model-of-Temperature-Dependent-Mammalian?searchresult=1

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) on the insects antennae, of which there are around 50,000 in each, detect these chemical ... However, biological olfactory systems have abilities that completely outperform the engineered devices gone before. Barani ... Utilizing the insects sophisticated olfactory system (sense of smell), a team from Washington University, Missouri, have "bio- ...

https://www.iflscience.com/scientists-create-cyborg-grasshoppers-to-sniff-out-explosives-55079

... sensory cells that detect odors and transmit this information to the brain are nerve cells known as olfactory receptor neurons ... Each ORN contains one specific type of olfactory receptor (OR) that determines which kind of odor molecule can activate the ORN ... "What this tells us is that OMP dampens cAMP noise to allow the olfactory system to differentiate between ORs and to allow ... The findings solve a 30-year-old mystery regarding the function of OMP and increases understanding of how the olfactory system ...

https://www.labmanager.com/news/scientists-solve-30-year-old-mystery-regarding-the-function-of-mysterious-olfaction-molecule-10058

The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS. ... smell, odor, odour, olfactory sensation, olfactory perceptionnoun. the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the ... to affect the olfactory nerves; to have an odor or scent; -- often followed by of; as, to smell of smoke, or of musk ... to perceive by the olfactory nerves, or organs of smell; to have a sensation of, excited through the nasal organs when affected ...

https://www.definitions.net/definition/smell

Martin, F. and Alcorta, E. (2016). Measuring activity in olfactory receptor neurons in Drosophila: Focus on spike amplitude. J ... Cis-regulatory mechanisms for robust olfactory sensory neuron class-restricted odorant receptor gene expression in Drosophila. ... Stress and odorant receptor feedback during a critical period after hatching regulates olfactory sensory neuron differentiation ... Ionotropic receptors mediate Drosophila oviposition preference through sour gustatory receptor neurons. Curr Biol 27(18): 2741- ...

https://www.sdbonline.org/sites/fly/flylabs/a.html

Then, in the second step, the bound molecule goes on to generate activity in olfactory receptor neurons at differing levels of ... receptors in the nose. In the first step, odor molecules compete for the same binding site of an olfactory receptor. ... A fundamental question in olfaction, then, is how the olfactory receptor repertoire in the nose can detect such a vast array of ... In other words, on top of detecting the complex smells coming from the kitchen, your nose should ideally leave some receptors ...

https://www.mcb.harvard.edu/department/news/smelling-complexity-murthy-lab/

Odorant molecules are detected through the combinatorial activation of ensembles of olfactory sensory neurons. (cell.com)
In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
Functionally, it is highly possible that adaptation may enhance the limited response range of neurons to encode sensory signals with much larger dynamic ranges by shifting the range of stimulus amplitudes. (wikipedia.org)
Chromatin conformation capture using in situ Hi-C on fluorescence-activated cell-sorted olfactory sensory neurons and their progenitors shows that olfactory receptor gene clusters from 18 chromosomes make specific and robust interchromosomal contacts that increase with differentiation of the cells," wrote the Nature article's authors. (genengnews.com)
We identified a subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons, defined by receptor expression, whose abundances were sexually dimorphic. (elifesciences.org)
This subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons was over-represented in sex-separated mice and robustly responsive to sex-specific semiochemicals. (elifesciences.org)
Their work also showed that each olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one of these receptors - a phenomenon called the "one‐neuron‐one‐receptor" rule - and that this information is then sent as an electrical signal to the olfactory bulb, the part of the mammalian brain that processes and interprets aromas. (elpais.com)
The sensory cells that detect odors and transmit this information to the brain are nerve cells known as olfactory receptor neurons ( ORN s). (labmanager.com)
Third, the mosquito sensory neuron responses towards repellents are often not directly examined. (researchsquare.com)
In order to accomplish this task, odorant receptors (ORs) expressed in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the fly's antenna process such odor information. (frontiersin.org)
In order to study such a sophisticated process, we require access to the sensory neurons to perform functional imaging. (frontiersin.org)
They are covered by porous hair-like structures called sensilla, each one housing the dendrites of up to four olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). (frontiersin.org)
Goofy encodes an integral membrane protein with specific expression in the olfactory and vomeronasal sensory neurons and predominant localization to the Golgi compartment. (elsevier.com)
In addition, the expression of dominant-negative form of cAMP-dependent protein kinase results in shortening of olfactory cilia, implying a possible mechanistic link between cAMP and ciliogenesis in the olfactory sensory neurons. (elsevier.com)
These results demonstrate that Goofy plays an important role in establishing the acuity of olfactory sensory signaling. (elsevier.com)
Substances release molecules that enter your nostrils and stimulate receptors located on the olfactory sensory neurons in the back of the nose. (ceenta.com)
Smells can also reach the sensory neurons through a channel that connects the top of the throat to the nose, such as when you chew food. (ceenta.com)
Olfactory sensory neurons that express the same olfactory receptors in rodents generally project to two specific glomeruli in an olfactory bulb, implying an approximate 1:2 ratio of the number of olfactory receptors to the number of glomeruli. (peerj.com)
Odorants are detected by ORs expressed in the cell membrance of the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), which project to the glomeruli of the olfactory bulbs (OBs). (peerj.com)
Altogether, the present study offers the first epigenomic map providing insight into the transcriptional response to injury and the differential regenerative ability of sensory neurons. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
In many sensory organs, specialized receptors are strategically arranged to enhance detection sensitivity and acuity. (unh.edu)
Curiously, olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the mouse nose are differentially stimulated depending on the cell location. (unh.edu)
Each olfactory receptor cell is a primary sensory bipolar neuron. (medscape.com)
Salmon OR array analysis indicated that Cd preferentially impacted expression of OST and OR markers for ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) relative to microvillus OSNs, suggesting a differential sensitivity of these two major OSN populations. (cdc.gov)
Laser-ablation mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the OSN injury and behavioral dysfunction was associated with significant Cd bioaccumulation within the olfactory sensory epithelium. (cdc.gov)
Odorant receptors (OR) heterodimerizes with the OR co-receptor (Orco), forming specific odorant-gated cation channels, which are key to odor reception at the olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). (who.int)
Generation of a nerve impulse (action potential) of a sensory neurone occurs as a result of a stimulus such as light, a particular chemical, or stretching of a cell membrane by sound. (medscape.com)
The sensory (afferent) division carries sensory signals by way of afferent nerve fibers from receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). (medscape.com)
The somatic sensory division carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones and joints. (medscape.com)

In situ hybridization has demonstrated that the three genes are expressed in the same zone, at the most dorsolateral and ventromedial portions of the olfactory epithelium, and are rarely expressed simultaneously in individual neurons. (jneurosci.org)
A section of the olfactory epithelium. (genengnews.com)
The 3D arrangements, a recent discovery by Columbia University scientists, help explain how each of 10 million specialized olfactory neurons comes to express just one olfactory receptor gene, contributing to a random distribution of olfactory neuron types in the olfactory epithelium-a higher-order bouquet, if you will. (genengnews.com)
Here, we considered this in the main olfactory epithelium, a chemosensory structure with over a thousand distinct cell types in mice. (elifesciences.org)
Altogether, our results suggest a role of experience and activity in influencing homeostatic mechanisms to generate a robust sexually dimorphic phenotype in the main olfactory epithelium. (elifesciences.org)
Here, to investigate how nature and nurture work in concert to generate phenotypic variability, we focused on the mouse main olfactory epithelium (MOE), a chemosensory structure devoted to the detection of volatile odor cues. (elifesciences.org)
In vivo studies on insect olfaction have greatly benefited from the position of these organs, which are extrovert and easily accessible in the fly's head, in comparison to the mammalian olfactory epithelium, which is deeply buried inside the nasal cavity. (frontiersin.org)
The systems for which our contributions have been most significant are the olfactory epithelium, neural retina, and gustatory epithelium of the tongue, although we currently have a project to study neocortex as well. (uci.edu)
Using signal sequence trap screening of a mouse olfactory epithelium cDNA library, we identified a novel molecule, Goofy, that is essential for olfactory acuity in mice. (elsevier.com)
Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. (bvsalud.org)
These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. (bvsalud.org)
Sniffing concentrates the odors, since less than 10 percent of the air entering the nasal cavity reaches the olfactory epithelium. (encyclopedia.com)
Studies of olfactory epithelium indicate that it becomes scarred and abnormal with age. (encyclopedia.com)
Furthermore, the pattern is evident at birth, maintained into adulthood, and restored following pharmacologically induced degeneration of the olfactory epithelium, suggesting that it is intrinsically programmed. (unh.edu)
Araneda RC, Peterlin Z, Zhang X, Chesler A, Firestein S (2004) A pharmacological profile of the aldehyde receptor repertoire in rat olfactory epithelium. (yale.edu)
Transmission electron microscopy revealed intranuclear herpetic inclusions, and immunostaining revealed HuAHV1 and herpesvirus particles in neurons, glial cells, tongue mucosal epithelium, and hepatocytes. (cdc.gov)
The SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 was extensively detected by IHC within turbinate epithelium, with decreased detection in lower respiratory tract epithelium and alveolar macrophages. (cdc.gov)

Zhou FW, Dong HW, Ennis M. Activation of β-noradrenergic receptors enhances rhythmic bursting in mouse olfactory bulb external tufted cells. (uthsc.edu)
2020 ) Respiration-Locking of Olfactory Receptor and Projection Neurons in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb and Its Modulation by Brain State. (neurotree.org)
Katada S, Hirokawa T, Oka Y, Suwa M, Touhara K (2005) Structural basis for a broad but selective ligand spectrum of a mouse olfactory receptor: mapping the odorant-binding site. (yale.edu)
It is known that neurons and glia express the putative SARS-CoV-2 receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ( 7 ), and that the related coronavirus SARS-CoV (responsible for the 2003 SARS outbreak) can inoculate the mouse olfactory bulb ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
In 400 μm thick mouse olfactory bulb slices, we detected a steady average basal level of 87 nM NO in the extracellular space of mitral or granule cell layers. (princeton.edu)

The olfactory system of mammals can recognize a large number of different odorants. (jneurosci.org)
We then tested these models by recording in vivo receptor neuron responses to a new set of odorants and successfully predicted the responses of five out of seven receptor neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
By contrast, we restricted our study to modeling receptor responses, because these are more likely to be dominated by physicochemical properties of the odorants, assuming OR activation is the result of ligand-receptor binding through intermolecular interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
Odorants diffuse into the mucous and are transported to the olfactory receptor. (medscape.com)
While there are a nearly infinite number of these odorants, the number of receptor types in your nose responsible for detecting these odorants is significantly smaller. (harvard.edu)
provide new theoretical evidence that competition between odorants in complex olfactory environments allows the brain to encode an immense number of odors despite a relatively limited complement of receptors. (harvard.edu)
However, factors that affect olfactory acuity of an animal, the threshold sensitivity to odorants, are less well studied. (elsevier.com)
Goofy-deficient mice display aberrant olfactory phenotypes, including the impaired trafficking of adenylyl cyclase III, stunted olfactory cilia, and a higher threshold for physiological and behavioral responses to odorants. (elsevier.com)
Johnson BA, Leon M (2000) Modular representations of odorants in the glomerular layer of the rat olfactory bulb and the effects of stimulus concentration. (yale.edu)
Johnson BA, Woo CC, Hingco EE, Pham KL, Leon M (1999) Multidimensional chemotopic responses to n-aliphatic acid odorants in the rat olfactory bulb. (yale.edu)

We performed RNA-Seq on the whole olfactory mucosa of mice of different sexes ("nature") and experiences ("nurture") to investigate origins of inter-individual differences. (elifesciences.org)
olfactory mucosa was mostly spared. (cdc.gov)
Maternal high fat high sugar diet disrupts olfactory behavior but not mucosa sensitivity in the offspring. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) on the insect's antennae, of which there are around 50,000 in each, detect these chemical odors. (iflscience.com)
or = P(Rb), which closely corresponds to a high-strength field sequence as previously determined for native rat olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). (garvan.org.au)
a - c Representative images of 5-days-old fly brains expressing mCherry ( a ), GA100-mCherry ( b ) and GA200-mCherry ( c ) from Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs) for 3 days. (biomedcentral.com)
Male olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are the primary determinant during peripheral pheromone recognition. (bvsalud.org)

Surprisingly, reduction in neuronal excitability or ablation of the olfactory G protein in OSNs does not alter the cilia length pattern, indicating that neither spontaneous nor odor-evoked activity is required for its establishment. (unh.edu)

In 2004, researchers Richard Axel and Linda Buck won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for discoveries relating to "odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system. (elpais.com)
Odorant receptors (ORs) are critical for odorant detection, and this family has undergone extensive expansion in ants. (bvsalud.org)
Odorant receptors (ORs) in insects are crucial for the detection of chemical signals. (bvsalud.org)
and reduced expression of mRNAs encoding major coho odorant receptors (ORs). (cdc.gov)

Type II OSN (olfactory receptor neurons) showing microvilli and cilia. (histology-world.com)
The basic scheme of odor perception and signaling from olfactory cilia to the brain is well understood. (elsevier.com)
An Olfactory Cilia Pattern in the Mammalian Nose Ensures High Sensitivity to Odors. (unh.edu)
Intriguingly, type III adenylyl cyclase (ACIII), a key protein in olfactory signal transduction and ubiquitous marker for primary cilia, exhibits location-dependent gene expression levels, and genetic ablation of ACIII dramatically alters the cilia pattern. (unh.edu)
The peripheral process extends to the mucosal surface to end in an olfactory knob, which has several immobile cilia forming a dense mat at the mucosal surface. (medscape.com)

It would give animals the ability to live in a rich olfactory space, detecting and distinguishing a huge range of odors," Herre says. (rockefeller.edu)
The findings solve a 30-year-old mystery regarding the function of OMP and increases understanding of how the olfactory system integrates information to transmit accurate data about odors and the messages they contain. (labmanager.com)
The model they constructed builds on previous theoretical work by incorporating a two-step process through which odors bind to, and then activate, receptors in the nose. (harvard.edu)
Terrestrial mammals generally have a well-developed sense of smell that can discriminate millions of odors using hundreds or thousands of olfactory receptors (ORs) ( Nei, Niimura & Nozawa, 2008 ). (peerj.com)
Olfactory disorder refers to a loss in the ability to smell or a change in the way odors are perceived. (psychology-lexicon.com)
Odors are detected through some fifty million olfactory receptor cells. (encyclopedia.com)
These neurons move (migrate) from the developing nose to a structure in the front of the brain called the olfactory bulb, which is critical for the perception of odors. (medlineplus.gov)

The latest research findings from Vosshall and her colleagues, published in the scientific journal Cell , show that mosquitoes, like all other animals, have some neurons with only a single olfactory receptor. (elpais.com)

Mosquitoes, unlike other creatures in the animal kingdom, have multiple odor and taste receptors in each of their thousands of olfactory neurons. (elpais.com)

AC/cAMP or PLC/IP3) involved in its olfactory detection and will identify the olfactory receptor(s) that binds the pheromone. (europa.eu)
Overall, these studies can help inform mosquito repellent choice by species, guide decisions on effective repellent blends, and could ultimately identify the olfactory neurons and receptors in mosquitoes that mediate repellency. (researchsquare.com)

We have characterized two separate odorant receptor (OR) gene clusters to examine how olfactory neurons expressing closely linked and homologous OR genes project their axons to the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
These results may indicate an intriguing possibility that olfactory neurons expressing homologous OR genes within a cluster tend to converge their axons to proximal but distinct subsets of glomeruli. (jneurosci.org)
Unlike a floral nosegay, which releases scents, the genomic nosegay-a 3D spatial arrangement of olfactory receptor genes-helps us recognize them. (genengnews.com)
Varied 3D arrangements are so effective that they allow us to distinguish one trillion different scents even though we have just 400 dedicated olfactory receptor genes. (genengnews.com)
The article describes how the genome coordinates the regulation of these genes in each neuron, thereby generating the biological diversity needed to detect the scents we experience. (genengnews.com)
And though each neuron contains the full suite of the 400 dedicated olfactory receptor genes, only one of these genes is active in each neuron. (genengnews.com)
Indeed, deciphering how each olfactory receptor neuron manages to activate only one of these genes-and how this process results in such a finely tuned sense of smell-remained mysterious for decades. (genengnews.com)
In mice, olfactory receptor genes are scattered across the genome at about 60 different locations-on different chromosomes that are quite far apart from each other," said Kevin Monahan, PhD, a postdoctoral research scientist in the Lomvardas lab and the paper's co-first author. (genengnews.com)
Mice have about 1,000 olfactory receptor genes, more than twice that of humans, potentially indicative of a superior sense of smell. (genengnews.com)
A decade earlier, Axel and Buck had found that there are roughly 1,000 genes involved in the process of smelling, which are responsible for a similar number of olfactory receptors. (elpais.com)
mosquitoes have many neurons co-expressing multiple receptor genes. (elpais.com)
Once the mosquito genome was sequenced and the genes expressing the olfactory receptors were identified, researchers used various techniques to trace the genes and locate them within the individual neurons. (elpais.com)
Although modern baleen whales (Mysticeti) retain a functional olfactory system that includes olfactory bulbs, cranial nerve I and olfactory receptor genes, their olfactory capabilities have been reduced to a great degree. (peerj.com)
Recent molecular studies revealed that all modern whales have lost olfactory receptor genes and marker genes that are specific to the dorsal domain. (peerj.com)
In addition, we estimate that there are more than 4,000 glomeruli elsewhere in the bowhead whale olfactory bulb, which is surprising given that bowhead whales possess only 80 intact olfactory receptor genes. (peerj.com)
Kallmann syndrome: mutations in the genes encoding prokineticin-2 and prokineticin receptor-2. (medlineplus.gov)

Olfactory receptors work at the interface between the chemical world of volatile molecules and the perception of scent in the brain. (biomedcentral.com)
We mimicked olfactory coding by modeling responses of primary olfactory neurons to small molecules using a large set of physicochemical molecular descriptors and artificial neural networks. (biomedcentral.com)
We have developed a model that uses a distinct set of physicochemical parameters to describe the structure of odor molecules and predict their activity at Drosophila receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
Our virtual screening approach should be applicable to the identification of new bioactive molecules for probing the structure of chemosensory receptors and the function of chemosensory systems in vivo. (nih.gov)
To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)
in vivo electrophysiology directly measured mosquitoes' brain cell activity, demonstrating that these cells were actually detecting multiple odor molecules-all in blatant violation of olfactory dogma. (rockefeller.edu)
PHILADELPHIA (March 31, 2016) - New research from the Monell Center reveals that olfactory marker protein ( OMP ), a molecule found in the cells that detect odor molecules, plays a key role in regulating the speed and transmission of odor information to the brain. (labmanager.com)
Cellular physiologist Johannes Reisert, PhD Photo courtesy of Monell Center "At any one time, thousands of different odor molecules arrive at the smell receptors in our noses to provide detailed information about the surrounding world. (labmanager.com)
A fundamental question in olfaction, then, is how the olfactory receptor repertoire in the nose can detect such a vast array of molecules, while at the same time preserving the availability of some receptors to detect new smells that may be added to the environment. (harvard.edu)
In the first step, odor molecules compete for the same binding site of an olfactory receptor. (harvard.edu)
In effect, the competition between odorant molecules for the same receptors provides an indirect gain control mechanism that maximally preserves the information carrying capacity of the receptor neuron ensemble. (harvard.edu)
Odor molecules must dissolve into the mucus membrane surrounding the olfactory receptors, which lines a piece of porous bone called the cribiform plate. (encyclopedia.com)
Cell surface receptors ( membrane receptors , transmembrane receptors ) are receptors at the surface of a cell (built into its cell membrane ) that act in cell signaling by receiving (binding to) extracellular molecules . (ipfs.io)

A spiking neural network model of self-organized pattern recognition in the early mammalian olfactory system. (ox.ac.uk)
Leon M, Johnson BA (2003) Olfactory coding in the mammalian olfactory bulb. (yale.edu)

Furthermore, we have found that olfactory neurons expressing MOR28, MOR10, or MOR83 project their axons to very close but distinct subsets of glomeruli on the medial and lateral sides of the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
Among the evidence for the one-neuron-one-receptor-one-glomerulus model in insects is the observation that many species have almost the exact same number of olfactory receptors as glomeruli. (rockefeller.edu)
And although mosquitoes have twice as many receptors as glomeruli, prior work from the Vosshall lab suggested that they, too, would abide by the same basic laws of olfaction. (rockefeller.edu)
The neural circuits of a genetically identified olfactory bulb glomerulus labeled using volume electroporation (Schwarz et al 2018) and an electron micrograph with glomeruli outlined in orange and yellow. (crick.ac.uk)
The glomeruli thus form a map that mirrors receptor activity. (uthsc.edu)
The glomeruli that occur in the olfactory bulb can be divided into two non-overlapping domains, a dorsal domain and a ventral domain. (peerj.com)
Here we show that olfactory bulbs of bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus ) lack glomeruli on the dorsal side, consistent with the molecular data. (peerj.com)

Nicotinic receptors regulate the survival of newborn neurons in the adult olfactory bulb. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

Although the 1:1:1 rule dictated that mosquitoes should have one neuron, receptor, and glomerulus for smelling body odor and a separate scheme for carbon dioxide, Younger working with Herre found evidence of individual odor neurons with multiple different receptors. (rockefeller.edu)
Using the modern gene-editing technique known as CRISPR, they were able to introduce different-colored fluorescent proteins that corresponded to different receptors, which then allowed them to see many neurons had more than one active receptor. (elpais.com)
A surprising effect occurs when the efficacy of an odor in activating different receptors is independent of how well it binds to these receptors: the number of receptors activated by a complex mixture is completely independent of how many components are present in the mixture. (harvard.edu)
[1] Hundreds of different receptors are known and many more have yet to be studied. (ipfs.io)

Here, we report that the OB granule cell layer in mice lacking the predominant form of brain high-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (beta(2)(-/-) mice) displayed nearly 50% more newborn neurons and significantly fewer apoptotic cells than did beta(2)(+/+) mice. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Conversely, in vivo chronic nicotine exposure significantly decreased the number of newborn granule cells in beta(2)(+/+) but not beta(2)(-/-) adult mice, confirming that the survival of newborn neurons can be controlled by the activation of beta(2)-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Unexpectedly, investigating the behavioral consequence of an increased number of granule cells in beta(2)(-/-) mice revealed that these animals have a less robust short-term olfactory memory than their wild-type counterparts. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
After intranasal instillation of mice with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), olfactory receptor neurons are infected. (semanticscholar.org)
Accordingly, mutations in SEMA3A, NRP1, NRP2 and PLXNA1 have been linked to defective GnRH neuron development in mice and inherited GnRH deficiency in humans. (ucl.ac.uk)
Here, we show that only the combined loss of PLXNA1 and PLXNA3 phenocopied the full spectrum of nasal axon and GnRH neuron defects of SEMA3A knockout mice. (ucl.ac.uk)
To understand the basics of brain nutrient-sensing, we apply translational and integrative approaches ranging from in vitro human and murine iPSC-derived neurons and microglia, ex/in vivo behavioral, electrophysiological, imaging, cellular and molecular approaches using nutritional and transgenic mice models, to human clinic by the collection of dietary supplemented human cohorts including molecular, cellular and cognitive evaluations. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

Modern cetaceans are known to have reduced the olfactory capabilities profoundly during their evolution, and living odontocetes have no nervous system structures that mediate olfaction ( Oelschläger, Ridgway & Knauth, 2010 ). (peerj.com)

Here we are excited to introduce the world's ﬁrst computer controlled digital device developed to stimulate olfactory receptor neurons with the aim of producing smell sensations purely using electrical pulses. (mixedrealitylab.org)
Fig. 2 shows the computer controlled digital device we have developed to stimulate olfactory receptors. (mixedrealitylab.org)
The pair of silver electrodes combined with the endoscopic camera was used to stimulate olfactory receptor neurons, and during the stimulation, one electrode is conﬁgured as the positive and the other electrode as the ground. (mixedrealitylab.org)

It is a specialized pseudostratified neuroepithelium containing the primary olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)

Motivated by the negative feedback calcium exerts on the gating dynamics of a calcium-conducting ion channel in olfactory receptor neurons, we develop an abstract two-state (open/closed) signalling module with negative feedback. (math.ca)

2019) report the generation of a new set of tools to manipulate the entire set of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neuropeptides, and their receptors-the "chemoconnectome"-in Drosophila . (cell.com)
Orphan nuclear receptor ftz-f1 (NR5A3) promotes egg chamber survival in the Drosophila ovary. (sdbonline.org)

Cholinergic axons and nicotinic receptors are abundant in all layers of the olfactory bulb (OB), the main region of newborn neuron integration in the adult brain. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN . (bvsalud.org)
Olfactory receptors send axons though the cribiform plate to the olfactory bulb, which lies at the base of the brain. (encyclopedia.com)
The scar tissue may block the pores in the cribiform plate, thereby preventing the olfactory receptors from sending axons to the olfactory bulb. (encyclopedia.com)
During embryonic development, GnRH neurons migrate along olfactory and vomeronasal axons through the nose into the brain, where they project to the median eminence to release GnRH. (ucl.ac.uk)
The secreted glycoprotein SEMA3A binds its receptors neuropilin (NRP) 1 or NRP2 to position these axons for correct GnRH neuron migration, with an additional role for the NRP co-receptor PLXNA1. (ucl.ac.uk)

Olfactory receptor neurons, specialized nerve cells that snake from the nose to the brain, make all this possible. (genengnews.com)
In other words, on top of detecting the complex smells coming from the kitchen, your nose should ideally leave some receptors available to smell your own meal when it arrives. (harvard.edu)

Each olfactory neuron expresses one odor receptor that communicates with one cluster of nerve endings, known as a glomerulus. (rockefeller.edu)

What this tells us is that OMP dampens cAMP 'noise' to allow the olfactory system to differentiate between ORs and to allow faithful transmission of odor information to the brain," said Reisert. (labmanager.com)
In fact, in humans, there are only ~400 different types of receptors available to detect such complicated odor environments and transmit information to the brain. (harvard.edu)
Those neurons send messages to your brain, which identifies the smell. (ceenta.com)
They fill the mouth, then ascend into the nasal cavities and there bind to the receptors of the olfactory neurons which, after signal processing in the brain, create this pleasant odor experience. (chemistryviews.org)
Prokineticin 2 and its receptor are produced in many organs and tissues, including the small intestine, certain regions of the brain, and several hormone-producing (endocrine) tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
Prokineticin 2 and its receptor are active in a region of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which acts as an internal clock that controls circadian rhythms. (medlineplus.gov)
Studies suggest that a loss of this signaling disrupts the migration and survival of olfactory neurons and GnRH-producing neurons in the developing brain. (medlineplus.gov)

We followed a classic approach to derive Structure-Activity-Relationships (SARs) by calculating molecular descriptors and training Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), as it has been applied in other studies to characterize ligand affinity to specific receptors [ 10 - 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In neonates, this area is a dense neural sheet, but, in children and adults, the respiratory and olfactory tissues interdigitate. (medscape.com)
Neural receptor cells that process and receive stimulation go through constant changes for mammals and other living organisms to sense vital changes in their environment. (wikipedia.org)
Some key players in several neural systems include Ca 2+ ions (see Calcium in biology ) that send negative feedback in second messenger pathways that allow the neural receptor cells to close or open channels in response to the changes of ion flow. (wikipedia.org)
Guerrieri F, Schubert M, Sandoz JC, Giurfa M (2005) Perceptual and neural olfactory similarity in honeybees. (yale.edu)

Studies normally find a broad loss in olfactory ability for a wide range of smells from pleasant to unpleasant. (encyclopedia.com)
Prokineticin 2 and its receptor play a role in the development of a group of nerve cells that are specialized to process smells (olfactory neurons). (medlineplus.gov)

Olfactory Receptors (ORs) encode chemical stimuli in neuronal activity. (biomedcentral.com)
2019) uncover principles constraining the representation of the quality and intensity of olfactory stimuli. (cell.com)
Escanilla O, Alperin S, Youssef M, Ennis M, Linster C. Noradrenergic but not cholinergic modulation of olfactory bulb during processing of near threshold concentration stimuli. (uthsc.edu)
Olfactory receptors refer to protein string that responds to odor stimuli. (psychology-lexicon.com)

These lines of study will shed light on the molecular basis of topographical projection of olfactory neurons to the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
The molecular descriptors that are best-suited for response prediction vary for different receptor neurons, implying that each receptor neuron detects a different aspect of chemical space. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, we suggest that quantifying the molecular properties relevant for activating olfactory receptors reveals how chemical space is encoded by the receptor repertoire of a specific organism. (biomedcentral.com)
Computational modeling revealed molecular interactions involved in ligand binding and further highlighted interactions that have been conserved in evolutionarily divergent amino acid receptors. (nih.gov)
We are investigating how neuronal membrane properties and extrinsic/intrinsic neurotransmitter systems modulate information processing and output from the olfactory bulb circuit using molecular biological, functional imaging and neurophysiological approaches in vivo and in vitro. (uthsc.edu)
The combination of electrophysiology, transcriptomics and molecular biology will bring high degree of novelty to explain the mechanism of action of olfactory receptor and neuronal signal integration. (europa.eu)
The process of converting the chemical information from an odor molecule into an electrical signal is mediated by a complex sequence of molecular events within the ORN called olfactory transduction. (labmanager.com)
Araneda RC, Kini AD, Firestein S (2000) The molecular receptive range of an odorant receptor. (yale.edu)

Bendahmane M, Ogg MC, Ennis M, Fletcher ML. Increased olfactory bulb acetylcholine bi-directionally modulates glomerular odor sensitivity. (uthsc.edu)
We present a tractable stochastic phase model of the temperature sensitivity of a mammalian cold receptor. (mit.edu)

Detailed findings uncovered by the Columbia University team appeared January 9 in the journal Nature , in an article titled, "LHX2- and LDB1-mediated trans interactions regulate olfactory receptor choice. (genengnews.com)
The gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons regulate puberty onset and sexual reproduction by secreting GnRH to activate and maintain the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis. (ucl.ac.uk)
Rotation Model: Ligand binding to the extracellular part of the receptor induces the rotation of the receptor's transmembrane region inside the cell membrane, in doing so regulate it's activity inside the cell. (ipfs.io)

The project will determine the neuronal cell type (i.e. ciliated, microvillous or crypt-type olfactory receptor neurons) detecting the pheromone, it will establish the transduction pathways (i.e. (europa.eu)

Dong HW, Ennis M. Activation of Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Suppresses Excitability of Mouse Main Olfactory Bulb External Tufted and Mitral Cells. (uthsc.edu)
Dong HW, Ennis M. Activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors enhances persistent sodium current and rhythmic bursting in main olfactory bulb external tufted cells. (uthsc.edu)
Volatile compounds in particular are detected by the two main olfactory organs of the fly: the antennae and the maxillary palps. (frontiersin.org)

The detection of diverse chemical structures by the vertebrate olfactory system is accomplished by the recognition of odorous ligands by their cognate receptors. (nih.gov)

Each regenerating receptor cell extends its axon (CN I) into the CNS as a first-order olfactory neuron and forms synapses with target mitral and tufted cells in the olfactory bulb. (medscape.com)
A neurone consists of a cell body (with a nucleus and cytoplasm), dendrites that carry electrical impulses to the cell, and a long axon that carries the impulses away from the cell. (medscape.com)
The axon of one neurone and the dendrites of the next neurone do not actually touch. (medscape.com)
Conduction of an impulse along a neurone occurs from the dendrites to the cell body to the axon. (medscape.com)

Olfactory receptor neurons that express a single common odorant receptor project to one glomerulus in the OB. (uthsc.edu)

2018 ) Sniffing Fast: Paradoxical Effects on Odor Concentration Discrimination at the Levels of Olfactory Bulb Output and Behavior. (neurotree.org)

The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
Utilizing the insect's sophisticated olfactory system (sense of smell), a team from Washington University, Missouri, have "bio-hacked" grasshoppers to detect explosive chemicals. (iflscience.com)
If olfactory nerve cells do not extend to the olfactory bulb, a person's sense of smell will be impaired or absent. (medlineplus.gov)

In the first study to examine living nerve cells from patients with psychiatric disease, scientists from the Monell Chemical Senses Center, the University of Pennsylvania, and collaborating institutions report altered nerve cell function in olfactory receptor neurons from patients with bipolar disorder. (news-medical.net)
Prokineticin 2 and its receptor are also involved in the migration of nerve cells that produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). (medlineplus.gov)

In the present study, we used computational screening to discover novel high-affinity agonists of an olfactory G protein-coupled receptor that recognizes amino acid ligands. (nih.gov)

The average nasal cavity contains more than 100 million such neurons. (medscape.com)

It will identify pheromone olfactory receptor(s) and their intracellular transduction pathways thereby increasing our understanding of olfactory perception and signal integration of fish pheromones. (europa.eu)

The earliest events in vesicular stomatitis virus infection of the murine olfactory neuroepithelium and entry of the central nervous system. (semanticscholar.org)

Olfactory neurons that express multiple types of smell receptors are in yellow. (rockefeller.edu)

The research, published in Cell , reveals an exquisitely complex olfactory system that empowers Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to specialize in hunting humans and spread viruses such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. (rockefeller.edu)
The supposedly stay-in-your-lane olfactory system was completely jumbled up in mosquitoes. (rockefeller.edu)
Vosshall directs a research program aimed at understanding the olfactory system of mosquitoes. (elpais.com)
You need to work harder to break mosquitoes because getting rid of a single receptor has no effect. (elpais.com)
Vosshall's team found that neurons stimulated by the human odor octenol were also activated by other ammonia-derived chemicals, or amines, which likewise functioned to attract the mosquitoes . (elpais.com)

During a medical experiment in 1973, electrical stimulation of olfactory receptors reported some smell sensations including almond, bitter almond, and vanilla [1]. (mixedrealitylab.org)
Figure 2: The digital olfactory receptor stimulation device: It has a current controller circuit, endoscope camera, a pair of silver electrodes, a microcontroller, a power supply, a low current multimeter, and a laptop. (mixedrealitylab.org)
Harrison TA, Scott JW (1986) Olfactory bulb responses to odor stimulation: analysis of response pattern and intensity relationships. (yale.edu)
Electrical stimulation of olfactory nerve fibers evoked transient (peak at 10 s) increments in NO levels 90-100 nM above baseline. (princeton.edu)

On the cover: In this issue of Neuron , Hudry and Vandenberghe (pages 839-862) review the remarkable progress in the field of gene therapy for nervous system disorders. (cell.com)
Every neuron that interprets smell is redundant in such a way that the olfactory system is essentially unbreakable. (rockefeller.edu)
Insects decode volatile chemical signals from its surrounding environment with the help of its olfactory system, in a fast and reliable manner for its survival. (frontiersin.org)
It is unclear whether the olfactory system utilizes a similar organizational scheme to facilitate odor detection. (unh.edu)
Cleland TA, Johnson BA, Leon M, Linster C (2007) Relational representation in the olfactory system. (yale.edu)
Cleland TA, Linster C (2005) Computation in the olfactory system. (yale.edu)

Assuming that these receptors have evolved to cope with this task, the analysis of their coding strategy promises to yield valuable insight in how to encode chemical information in an efficient way. (biomedcentral.com)

Early Alzheimer's disease may be precipitated by a "traffic jam" within neurons that causes swelling and prevents proper transport of proteins and structures in the cells, according to new studies by Howard Hughes Medical Institute researchers. (news-medical.net)
[2] [3] Many membrane receptors include transmembrane proteins . (ipfs.io)

Guthrie KM, Gall CM (1995) Functional mapping of odor-activated neurons in the olfactory bulb. (yale.edu)
When contact occurs with a ligand, receptors bind together to form a dimer, a functional compound receptor composed of two structural similar monomers. (ipfs.io)

2020 ) Opposing Influence of Top-down and Bottom-up Input on Excitatory Layer 2/3 Neurons in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex. (neurotree.org)

As the number of components in an odor mixture is increased, this independency of the binding-activation process is crucial for preventing saturation of the limited repertoire of olfactory receptors. (harvard.edu)

On the cell surface, prokineticin 2 attaches (binds) to the receptor like a key in a lock. (medlineplus.gov)

As humans age, the number of olfactory neurons steadily decreases. (medscape.com)
We are also investigating how sweet and fatty components of mother's milk produces profound opiate receptor-dependent analgesic and calming effects in newborn rats and humans. (uthsc.edu)
Surprisingly, the neurons for detecting humans through 1-octen-3-ol and amine receptors were not separate populations," explains Meg Younger, a researcher at Boston University and a coauthor of the study. (elpais.com)

We characterized the pathological findings in 72 mink from US farms with SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, localized SARS-CoV-2 and its host cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in mink respiratory tissues, and evaluated the utility of various test methods and specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection in necropsy tissues. (cdc.gov)

These mutations disrupt the protein's activity, affecting its ability to bind to its receptor to send signals normally. (medlineplus.gov)
For example, a neurotransmitter , hormone , or atomic ions may each bind to the extracellular domain as a ligand coupled to receptor. (ipfs.io)

In other receptors, the transmembrane domains undergo a conformational change upon binding, which effects intracellular conditions. (ipfs.io)
The intracellular (or cytoplasmic ) domain of the receptor interacts with the interior of the cell or organelle, relaying the signal. (ipfs.io)
With enzyme-linked receptors , the intracellular domain has enzymatic activity . (ipfs.io)

In the current study, we investigated the effects of cadmium (Cd) on salmon olfactory function by modeling an exposure scenario where juvenile salmon transiently migrate through a polluted waterway. (cdc.gov)

The gene family of ORs consists of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and was first described for rats [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
while others, such as the G-protein coupled receptors , cross as many as seven times. (ipfs.io)

Chalansonnet M, Chaput MA (1998) Olfactory bulb output cell temporal response patterns to increasing odor concentrations in freely breathing rats. (yale.edu)

Integration in the Olfactory Bulb (OB)-Piriform Cortex (PC) Circuit. (uthsc.edu)
de Almeida L, Reiner SJ, Ennis M, Linster C. Computational modeling suggests distinct, location-specific function of norepinephrine in olfactory bulb and piriform cortex. (uthsc.edu)

The olfactory neuroepithelium is located at the upper area of each nasal chamber adjacent to the cribriform plate, superior nasal septum, and superior-lateral nasal wall. (medscape.com)

Olfactory systems in eusocial insects play a vital role in the discrimination of various chemical cues. (bvsalud.org)

Histopathology and localization of SARS-CoV-2 and its host cell entry receptor ACE2 in tissues from naturally infected US-farmed mink (Neovison vison). (cdc.gov)

Our concept is illustrated in the Figure 1, which is electrically stimulating the olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) and study whether this approach can produce or modify smell sensations. (mixedrealitylab.org)
This substance causes the next neurone to be electrically stimulated and keeps the signal going along a nerve. (medscape.com)

Figure 1: Concept of stimulating human olfactory receptor neurons using electric pulses. (mixedrealitylab.org)

A major focus of our work is to understand how norepinephrine and dopamine transmitter systems, as well as metabotropic glutamate receptors, modulate the olfactory bulb network at cellular, synaptic, network and behavioral levels. (uthsc.edu)

Anatomy30

Organisms22

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs40

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Psychiatry and Psychology7

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science2

Health Care1

Characterization of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated channels in the plasma membrane of rat olfactory neurons. (1/1045)

Coherent oscillations in membrane potential synchronize impulse bursts in central olfactory neurons of the crayfish. (2/1045)

Combinatorial receptor codes for odors. (3/1045)

A spatial map of olfactory receptor expression in the Drosophila antenna. (4/1045)

Functional identification and reconstitution of an odorant receptor in single olfactory neurons. (5/1045)

Effects of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate on a Na+-gated nonselective cation channel. (6/1045)

Small stress protein Hsp27 accumulation during dopamine-mediated differentiation of rat olfactory neurons counteracts apoptosis. (7/1045)

Variable patterns of axonal projections of sensory neurons in the mouse vomeronasal system. (8/1045)

Olfactory Receptor Neurons

Odors

Receptors, Odorant

Smell

Olfactory Bulb

Olfactory Mucosa

Olfactory Nerve

Olfactory Pathways

Arthropod Antennae

Olfactory Marker Protein

Sensilla

Sensory Receptor Cells

Neurons

Sense Organs

Nephropidae

Ictaluridae

Palinuridae

Sex Attractants

Monoterpenes

Pentanols

Pheromones

Neurons, Afferent

Santalum

Olfaction Disorders

Moths

Olfactory Perception

Action Potentials

Manduca

Electrophysiology

Stimulation, Chemical

Nucleotides, Cyclic

Receptors, Pheromone

Salamandra

Anisoles

Calcium

Axons

DEET

Vomeronasal Organ

Patch-Clamp Techniques

Insect Repellents

Dendrites

Alkadienes

Necturus

Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels

Membrane Potentials

Ion Channels

Cilia

Volatilization

Nasal Mucosa

Drosophila melanogaster

Aldehydes

Cyclohexenes

Mushroom Bodies

Immunohistochemistry

Drosophila

Pupa

Motor Neurons

Electric Stimulation

Terpenes

Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 2

Electric Conductivity

Signal Transduction

Electrophysiological Phenomena

Animal Structures

Nerve Tissue Proteins

Drosophila Proteins

Sensory Thresholds

Cyclohexanols

Larva

Animals, Genetically Modified

Neural Inhibition

Models, Neurological

Pseudogenes

Adaptation, Physiological

Time Factors

Cells, Cultured

Ion Channel Gating

Cyclic AMP

Evoked Potentials

Chemoreceptor Cells