Olfactory Nerve Injuries
Olfactory Nerve
Olfactory Nerve Diseases
Olfactory Bulb
Olfactory Receptor Neurons
Cranial Nerve Injuries
Olfactory Marker Protein
Sciatic Nerve
Olfactory Mucosa
Odors
Olfactory Pathways
Olfaction Disorders
Optic Nerve Injuries
Rhinotopy is disrupted during the re-innervation of the olfactory bulb that follows transection of the olfactory nerve. (1/12)
Re-innervation of the olfactory bulb was investigated after transection of the olfactory nerve using monoclonal antibody RB-8 to assess whether rhinotopy of the primary olfactory projection is restored. In normal animals RB-8 heavily stains the axons, and their terminals, that project from the ventrolateral olfactory epithelium onto glomeruli of the ventrolateral bulb (termed RB-8(+)). In contrast, axons from dorsomedial epithelium are unlabeled (RB-8(-)) and normally terminate in the dorsomedial bulb. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent unilateral olfactory nerve transection and survived for 6 weeks prior to perfusion, sectioning and immunostaining with RB-8. Nerve lesion does not shift the position of the boundary between RB-8(+) and RB-8(-) regions of the epithelium. However, following transection and bulb re-innervation, the distribution of RB-8(+) and RB-8(-) axons is markedly abnormal. First, in all 10 experimental animals RB-8(-) axons displace RB-8(+) axons from anterior glomeruli. Furthermore, the usual target of the RB-8(-) fibers, i.e. the dorsomedial bulb at more posterior levels of the bulb, remains denervated, judging by the lack of staining with antibodies that label axons derived from all epithelial zones. Finally, RB-8(+) fibers invade foreign territory in the dorsolateral bulb on the lesioned side in some cases. The shifts in terminal territory in the bulb after transection contrast with the restoration of the normal zonal patterning of the projection after recovery from methyl bromide lesion, but is consistent with reports of mistargeting by a receptor-defined subset of neurons after transection. (+info)Volumetric and horseradish peroxidase tracing analysis of rat olfactory bulb following reversible olfactory nerve lesions. (2/12)
Olfactory receptor neurons can regenerate from basal stem cells. Receptor neuron lesion causes degenerative changes in the olfactory bulb followed by regeneration as new olfactory receptor axons innervate the olfactory bulb. To our knowledge, parametric analyses of morphometric changes in the olfactory bulb during degeneration and regeneration do not exist except in abstract form. To better characterize olfactory bulb response, we performed morphometric analysis in rats following reversible olfactory nerve lesion with diethyldithiocarbamate. We also performed anterograde tracing of the olfactory nerve with wheatgerm agglutinin linked to horseradish peroxidase. Results of morphometry and tracing were complementary. The glomerular layer and external plexiform layer showed shrinkage of 45 and 26%, respectively, at 9 days. No significant shrinkage occurred in any other layer. Individual glomeruli shrank by 40-50% at 3 and 9 days following lesion. These data show that degenerative changes occur both in the glomeruli and transneuronally in the external plexiform layer. Olfactory nerve regeneration (identified by WGA-HRP transport) paralleled volumetric recovery. Recovery occurred first in ventral and lateral glomeruli between 9 and 16 days followed by recovery in medial and dorsal glomeruli. These data indicate substantial transynaptic degeneration in the olfactory bulb and a heretofore unrecognized gradient in olfactory nerve regeneration that can be used to systematically study recovery of a cortical structure. (+info)Neural regeneration and the peripheral olfactory system. (3/12)
The peripheral olfactory system is able to recover after injury, i.e., the olfactory epithelium reconstitutes, the olfactory nerve regenerates, and the olfactory bulb is reinnervated, with a facility that is unique within the mammalian nervous system. Cell renewal in the epithelium is directed to replace neurons when they die in normal animals and does so at an accelerated pace after damage to the olfactory nerve. Neurogenesis persists because neuron-competent progenitor cells, including transit amplifying and immediate neuronal precursors, are maintained within the population of globose basal cells. Notwithstanding events in the neuron-depleted epithelium, the death of both non-neuronal cells and neurons directs multipotent globose basal cell progenitors, to give rise individually to sustentacular cells and horizontal basal cells as well as neurons. Multiple growth factors, including TGF-alpha, FGF2, BMPs, and TGF-betas, are likely to be central in regulating choice points in epitheliopoiesis. Reinnervation of the bulb is rapid and robust. When the nerve is left undisturbed, i.e., by lesioning the epithelium directly, the projection of the reconstituted epithelium onto the bulb is restored to near-normal with respect to rhinotopy and in the targeting of odorant receptor-defined neuronal classes to small clusters of glomeruli in the bulb. However, at its ultimate level, i.e., the convergence of axons expressing the same odorant receptor onto one or a few glomeruli, specificity is not restored unless a substantial number of fibers of the same type are spared. Rather, odorant receptor-defined subclasses of neurons innervate an excessive number of glomeruli in the rough vicinity of their original glomerular targets. (+info)Thallium transport and the evaluation of olfactory nerve connectivity between the nasal cavity and olfactory bulb. (4/12)
Little is known regarding how alkali metal ions are transported in the olfactory nerve following their intranasal administration. In this study, we show that an alkali metal ion, thallium is transported in the olfactory nerve fibers to the olfactory bulb in mice. The olfactory nerve fibers of mice were transected on both sides of the body under anesthesia. A double tracer solution (thallium-201, (201)Tl; manganese-54, (54)Mn) was administered into the nasal cavity the following day. Radioactivity in the olfactory bulb and nasal turbinate was analyzed with gamma spectrometry. Auto radiographic images were obtained from coronal slices of frozen heads of mice administered with (201)Tl or (54)Mn. The transection of the olfactory nerve fibers was confirmed with a neuronal tracer. The transport of intranasal administered (201)Tl/(54)Mn to the olfactory bulb was significantly reduced by the transection of olfactory nerve fibers. The olfactory nerve transection also significantly inhibited the accumulation of fluoro-ruby in the olfactory bulb. Findings indicate that thallium is transported by the olfactory nerve fibers to the olfactory bulb in mice. The assessment of thallium transport following head injury may provide a new diagnostic method for the evaluation of olfactory nerve injury. (+info)Peak in matrix metaloproteinases-2 levels observed during recovery from olfactory nerve injury. (5/12)
(+info)BIG-2 mediates olfactory axon convergence to target glomeruli. (6/12)
(+info)Odor detection ability and thallium-201 transport in the olfactory nerve of traumatic olfactory-impaired mice. (7/12)
(+info)Olfactory nerve recovery following mild and severe injury and the efficacy of dexamethasone treatment. (8/12)
(+info)Olfactory nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the olfactory nerve, which is the first cranial nerve (CN I) responsible for the sense of smell. The olfactory nerve has sensory receptors in the nasal cavity that detect and transmit smell signals to the brain.
Olfactory nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as head trauma, viral infections, exposure to toxic chemicals, or neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. The injury may result in a reduced or complete loss of the sense of smell (anosmia) or distorted smells (parosmia).
The diagnosis of olfactory nerve injuries typically involves a thorough clinical evaluation, including a detailed medical history, physical examination, and specific tests like those assessing the ability to identify and discriminate between various odors. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or rehabilitation strategies aimed at improving sensory function.
The olfactory nerve, also known as the first cranial nerve (I), is a specialized sensory nerve that is responsible for the sense of smell. It consists of thin, delicate fibers called olfactory neurons that are located in the upper part of the nasal cavity. These neurons have hair-like structures called cilia that detect and transmit information about odors to the brain.
The olfactory nerve has two main parts: the peripheral process and the central process. The peripheral process extends from the olfactory neuron to the nasal cavity, where it picks up odor molecules. These molecules bind to receptors on the cilia, which triggers an electrical signal that travels along the nerve fiber to the brain.
The central process of the olfactory nerve extends from the olfactory bulb, a structure at the base of the brain, to several areas in the brain involved in smell and memory, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus. Damage to the olfactory nerve can result in a loss of smell (anosmia) or distorted smells (parosmia).
Olfactory nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the olfactory nerve, which is the first cranial nerve responsible for the sense of smell. These diseases can result in impaired or loss of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia), as well as distorted perception of smells (parosmia). The causes of olfactory nerve diseases can include trauma, infection, inflammation, neurological disorders, and exposure to certain chemicals. Some examples of specific olfactory nerve diseases include sinusitis, upper respiratory infections, head injuries, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Treatment for these conditions depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
The olfactory bulb is the primary center for the sense of smell in the brain. It's a structure located in the frontal part of the brain, specifically in the anterior cranial fossa, and is connected to the nasal cavity through tiny holes called the cribriform plates. The olfactory bulb receives signals from olfactory receptors in the nose that detect different smells, processes this information, and then sends it to other areas of the brain for further interpretation and perception of smell.
Peripheral nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit information between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, including sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. Peripheral nerve injuries can result in various symptoms, depending on the type and severity of the injury, such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or paralysis in the affected area.
Peripheral nerve injuries are classified into three main categories based on the degree of damage:
1. Neuropraxia: This is the mildest form of nerve injury, where the nerve remains intact but its function is disrupted due to a local conduction block. The nerve fiber is damaged, but the supporting structures remain intact. Recovery usually occurs within 6-12 weeks without any residual deficits.
2. Axonotmesis: In this type of injury, there is damage to both the axons and the supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium). The nerve fibers are disrupted, but the connective tissue sheaths remain intact. Recovery can take several months or even up to a year, and it may be incomplete, with some residual deficits possible.
3. Neurotmesis: This is the most severe form of nerve injury, where there is complete disruption of the nerve fibers and supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium). Recovery is unlikely without surgical intervention, which may involve nerve grafting or repair.
Peripheral nerve injuries can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, stretching, lacerations, or chemical exposure. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the injury and may include conservative management, such as physical therapy and pain management, or surgical intervention for more severe cases.
Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are specialized sensory nerve cells located in the olfactory epithelium, a patch of tissue inside the nasal cavity. These neurons are responsible for detecting and transmitting information about odors to the brain. Each ORN expresses only one type of olfactory receptor protein, which is specific to certain types of odor molecules. When an odor molecule binds to its corresponding receptor, it triggers a signal transduction pathway that generates an electrical impulse in the neuron. This impulse is then transmitted to the brain via the olfactory nerve, where it is processed and interpreted as a specific smell. ORNs are continuously replaced throughout an individual's lifetime due to their exposure to environmental toxins and other damaging agents.
Cranial nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma to one or more of the twelve cranial nerves (CN I through CN XII). These nerves originate from the brainstem and are responsible for transmitting sensory information (such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and balance) and controlling various motor functions (like eye movement, facial expressions, swallowing, and speaking).
Cranial nerve injuries can result from various causes, including head trauma, tumors, infections, or neurological conditions. The severity of the injury may range from mild dysfunction to complete loss of function, depending on the extent of damage to the nerve. Treatment options vary based on the type and location of the injury but often involve a combination of medical management, physical therapy, surgical intervention, or rehabilitation.
In medical terms, the sense of smell is referred to as olfaction. It is the ability to detect and identify different types of chemicals in the air through the use of the olfactory system. The olfactory system includes the nose, nasal passages, and the olfactory bulbs located in the brain.
When a person inhales air containing volatile substances, these substances bind to specialized receptor cells in the nasal passage called olfactory receptors. These receptors then transmit signals to the olfactory bulbs, which process the information and send it to the brain's limbic system, including the hippocampus and amygdala, as well as to the cortex. The brain interprets these signals and identifies the various scents or smells.
Impairment of the sense of smell can occur due to various reasons such as upper respiratory infections, sinusitis, nasal polyps, head trauma, or neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Loss of smell can significantly impact a person's quality of life, including their ability to taste food, detect dangers such as smoke or gas leaks, and experience emotions associated with certain smells.
The olfactory marker protein (OMP) is a specific type of protein that is primarily found in the olfactory sensory neurons of the nose. These neurons are responsible for detecting and transmitting information about odors to the brain. The OMP plays a crucial role in the function of these neurons, as it helps to maintain their structure and stability. It also contributes to the process of odor detection by helping to speed up the transmission of signals from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
The presence of OMP is often used as a marker for mature olfactory sensory neurons, as it is not typically found in other types of cells. Additionally, changes in the expression levels of OMP have been associated with various neurological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, making it a potential target for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.
The olfactory mucosa is a specialized mucous membrane that is located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, near the septum and the superior turbinate. It contains the olfactory receptor neurons, which are responsible for the sense of smell. These neurons have hair-like projections called cilia that are covered in a mucus layer, which helps to trap and identify odor molecules present in the air we breathe. The olfactory mucosa also contains supporting cells, blood vessels, and nerve fibers that help to maintain the health and function of the olfactory receptor neurons. Damage to the olfactory mucosa can result in a loss of smell or anosmia.
In the context of medicine, "odors" refer to smells or scents that are produced by certain medical conditions, substances, or bodily functions. These odors can sometimes provide clues about underlying health issues. For example, sweet-smelling urine could indicate diabetes, while foul-smelling breath might suggest a dental problem or gastrointestinal issue. However, it's important to note that while odors can sometimes be indicative of certain medical conditions, they are not always reliable diagnostic tools and should be considered in conjunction with other symptoms and medical tests.
The olfactory pathways refer to the neural connections and structures involved in the sense of smell. The process begins with odor molecules that are inhaled through the nostrils, where they bind to specialized receptor cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium.
These receptor cells then transmit signals via the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) to the olfactory bulb, a structure at the base of the brain. Within the olfactory bulb, the signals are processed and relayed through several additional structures, including the olfactory tract, lateral olfactory striae, and the primary olfactory cortex (located within the piriform cortex).
From there, information about odors is further integrated with other sensory systems and cognitive functions in higher-order brain regions, such as the limbic system, thalamus, and hippocampus. This complex network of olfactory pathways allows us to perceive and recognize various scents and plays a role in emotional responses, memory formation, and feeding behaviors.
Nerve regeneration is the process of regrowth and restoration of functional nerve connections following damage or injury to the nervous system. This complex process involves various cellular and molecular events, such as the activation of support cells called glia, the sprouting of surviving nerve fibers (axons), and the reformation of neural circuits. The goal of nerve regeneration is to enable the restoration of normal sensory, motor, and autonomic functions impaired due to nerve damage or injury.
Olfaction disorders, also known as smell disorders, refer to conditions that affect the ability to detect or interpret odors. These disorders can be categorized into two main types:
1. Anosmia: This is a complete loss of the sense of smell. It can be caused by various factors such as nasal polyps, sinus infections, head injuries, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
2. Hyposmia: This is a reduced ability to detect odors. Like anosmia, it can also be caused by similar factors including aging and exposure to certain chemicals.
Other olfaction disorders include parosmia, which is a distortion of smell where individuals may perceive a smell as being different from its original scent, and phantosmia, which is the perception of a smell that isn't actually present.
Hypoglossal nerve injuries refer to damages or impairments to the twelfth cranial nerve, also known as the hypoglossal nerve. This nerve is primarily responsible for controlling the movements of the tongue.
An injury to this nerve can result in various symptoms, depending on the severity and location of the damage. These may include:
1. Deviation of the tongue to one side when protruded (usually away from the side of the lesion)
2. Weakness or paralysis of the tongue muscles
3. Difficulty with speaking, swallowing, and articulation
4. Changes in taste and sensation on the back of the tongue (in some cases)
Hypoglossal nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as trauma, surgical complications, tumors, or neurological disorders like stroke or multiple sclerosis. Treatment for hypoglossal nerve injuries typically focuses on managing symptoms and may involve speech and language therapy, exercises to strengthen the tongue muscles, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.
Optic nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the optic nerve, which is a crucial component of the visual system. The optic nerve transmits visual information from the retina to the brain, enabling us to see. Injuries to the optic nerve can result in various visual impairments, including partial or complete vision loss, decreased visual acuity, changes in color perception, and reduced field of view.
These injuries may occur due to several reasons, such as:
1. Direct trauma to the eye or head
2. Increased pressure inside the eye (glaucoma)
3. Optic neuritis, an inflammation of the optic nerve
4. Ischemia, or insufficient blood supply to the optic nerve
5. Compression from tumors or other space-occupying lesions
6. Intrinsic degenerative conditions affecting the optic nerve
7. Toxic exposure to certain chemicals or medications
Optic nerve injuries are diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, slit-lamp examination, dilated fundus exam, and additional diagnostic tests like optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual field testing. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and severity of the injury but may include medications, surgery, or vision rehabilitation.
The ethmoid bone is a paired, thin, and lightweight bone that forms part of the skull's anterior cranial fossa and contributes to the formation of the orbit and nasal cavity. It is located between the frontal bone above and the maxilla and palatine bones below. The ethmoid bone has several important features:
1. Cribriform plate: This is the horizontal, sieve-like portion that forms part of the anterior cranial fossa and serves as the roof of the nasal cavity. It contains small openings (foramina) through which olfactory nerves pass.
2. Perpendicular plate: The perpendicular plate is a vertical structure that projects downward from the cribriform plate, forming part of the nasal septum and separating the left and right nasal cavities.
3. Superior and middle nasal conchae: These are curved bony projections within the lateral walls of the nasal cavity that help to warm, humidify, and filter incoming air.
4. Lacrimal bone: The ethmoid bone articulates with the lacrimal bone, forming part of the medial wall of the orbit.
5. Frontal process: This is a thin, vertical plate that articulates with the frontal bone above the orbit.
6. Sphenoidal process: The sphenoidal process connects the ethmoid bone to the sphenoid bone posteriorly.
The ethmoid bone plays a crucial role in protecting the brain and providing structural support for the eyes, as well as facilitating respiration by warming, humidifying, and filtering incoming air.
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Bulb29
- The small, unmyelinated axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the fine fibers of the first cranial nerve and travel centrally toward the ipsilateral olfactory bulb to make contact with the second-order neurons. (medscape.com)
- The olfactory bulb lies inferior to the basal frontal lobe. (medscape.com)
- The olfactory bulb is a highly organized structure composed of several distinct layers and synaptic specializations. (medscape.com)
- Mitral cells are second-order neurons contacted by the olfactory nerve fibers at the glomerular layer of the bulb. (medscape.com)
- The olfactory nerves consist of a collection of many sensory nerve fibers that extend from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb, passing through the many openings of the cribriform plate, a sieve-like structure of the ethmoid bone. (wikipedia.org)
- These stimulants are transduced into electrical activity in the olfactory neurons, which then transmit these impulses to the olfactory bulb and from there they reach the olfactory areas of the brain via the olfactory tract. (wikipedia.org)
- Physicians at Massachusetts Eye and Ear have, for the first time, induced a sense of smell in humans by using electrodes in the nose to stimulate nerves in the olfactory bulb, a structure in the brain where smell information from the nose is processed and sent to deeper regions of brain. (news-medical.net)
- Motivated by work conducted by research colleagues at Virginia Commonwealth University's School of Medicine, Mass. Eye and Ear physicians wanted to address the question of whether electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb could induce the sense of smell in human subjects. (news-medical.net)
- Now we know that electrical impulses to the olfactory bulb can provide a sense of smell -- and that's encouraging. (news-medical.net)
- It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB. (lookformedical.com)
- The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. (lookformedical.com)
- The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. (lookformedical.com)
- Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN. (lookformedical.com)
- GEIDY SERRANO: There's a nerve that is located right on top of your nose that is called the olfactory bulb. (northernpublicradio.org)
- For the study, researchers examined the olfactory bulb at the base of the brain in 23 deceased Covid-19 patients and 14 matched controls who died of other causes between April 7, 2020, and Sept. 11, 2021. (advisory.com)
- According to Cheng-Ying Ho, an associate professor of pathology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the study's lead author, the Covid-19 patients, particularly those whose senses of smell were impacted, had more severe vascular injury and fewer axons in the olfactory bulb, 'strongly suggesting that these effects aren't age related and therefore, are linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection. (advisory.com)
- However, despite the nerve and vascular damager, most of the Covid-19 patients had no detectable coronavirus particles in their olfactory bulb. (advisory.com)
- Our findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection of the olfactory epithelium leads to inflammation, which in turn, damages the neurons, reduces the numbers of axons available to send signals to the brain, and results in the olfactory bulb becoming dysfunctional,' Ho said. (advisory.com)
- OECs display both Schwann and astrocyte cell properties and possess been observed to migrate to the olfactory light bulb [50]. (cancer8.info)
- There is also a weakening of the nerves that carry the signals to the brain, and in the olfactory bulb, which processes them. (scottpalmermd.com)
- The researchers found that the total volume occupied by the functional units in the olfactory bulb - the so-called glomeruli - is in Parkinson's cases only half of that in normal individuals. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
- Moreover, the distribution of the glomeruli within the olfactory bulb is altered in Parkinson's cases. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
- Lewy bodies are found in the olfactory bulb before they appear in the substantia nigra. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
- The hypothesis posits that the disease-causing agent is introduced from the nasal cavity into the olfactory bulb, where Parkinson's disease is triggered and gradually spreads through other parts of the brain. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
- The human olfactory bulb remains poorly studied. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
- The precarious location of the olfactory bulb below the bulk of the brain and the many axons that connect it to the olfactory mucosa mean that special efforts must be made to protect the morphology of the olfactory bulb when collecting the samples. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
- The olfactory bulb is said to receive its blood supply from the branches of the anterior cerebral artery, whereas the primary olfactory cortices are irrigated by the lenticulostriate arteries arising from the first segment of the MCA, by the posterior temporal branches of the MCA, and possibly others. (neurologyneeds.com)
- tein, and neuronal cell adhesion molecule mRNA were also increased in olfactory bulb. (cdc.gov)
- right nostril occluded for a 2-day exposure, Mn accumulated only in the left olfactory bulb. (cdc.gov)
Epithelium9
- Within the nasal cavity , the turbinates or nasal conchae serve to direct the inspired air toward the olfactory epithelium in the upper posterior region. (medscape.com)
- The olfactory epithelium consists of 3 cell types: basal, supporting, and olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
- As previously mentioned, the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) sends fibers to the olfactory epithelium to detect caustic chemicals, such as ammonia. (medscape.com)
- Lesions of the olfactory nerve do not lead to a reduced ability to sense pain from the nasal epithelium. (wikipedia.org)
- This is because pain from the nasal epithelium is not carried to the central nervous system by the olfactory nerve - it is carried to the central nervous system by the trigeminal nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- A pool of cells that line the basal surface of the olfactory epithelium gives rise to new olfactory neurons both during normal olfactory nervous system turnover and to a greater extent following injury. (edu.au)
- Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. (lookformedical.com)
- Finally, another type of SSC, known to as Olfactory Nerve-Ensheathing cells (OEC), reside in the olfactory epithelium and continue to proliferate throughout lifestyle. (cancer8.info)
- In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
Neurons14
- The specialized olfactory epithelial cells characterize the only group of neurons capable of regeneration. (medscape.com)
- The continuous turnover and new supply of these neurons are unique to the olfactory system. (medscape.com)
- The receptor cells are actually bipolar neurons, each possessing a thin dendritic rod that contains specialized cilia extending from the olfactory vesicle and a long central process that forms the fila olfactoria. (medscape.com)
- The afferent nerve fibers of the olfactory receptor neurons transmit nerve impulses about odors to the central nervous system (olfaction). (wikipedia.org)
- 548 The specialized olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory nerve are located in the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. (wikipedia.org)
- If we can mimic the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for maintenance andregeneration of the olfactory neurons, we can promote regeneration and facilitate the reestablishment of connectivity in damaged neural tracts. (edu.au)
- The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS. (lookformedical.com)
- A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. (lookformedical.com)
- Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. (lookformedical.com)
- Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (lookformedical.com)
- The loss of NaV1.7 sodium channel activity in olfactory sensory neurons similarly likely prevents smell-related signals from reaching the brain, leading to anosmia. (medlineplus.gov)
- OECs act as a cellular scaffold for regenerating neurons in the olfactory system. (medgadget.com)
- Although new neurons continue to form in the olfactory region of the brain into adulthood, by age 50, the sense of smell starts to deteriorate rapidly as the number of sensor cells that detect aroma decrease…by age 80, smell detection is reduced by almost 50 percent. (scottpalmermd.com)
- As humans age, the number of olfactory neurons steadily decreases. (medscape.com)
Sense of sm12
- The olfactory nerve, also known as the first cranial nerve, cranial nerve I, or simply CN I, is a cranial nerve that contains sensory nerve fibers relating to the sense of smell. (wikipedia.org)
- Damage to this nerve leads to impairment or total loss anosmia of the sense of smell To simply test the function of the olfactory nerve, each nostril is tested with a pungent odor. (wikipedia.org)
- But the fall he suffered when on the way to the bathroom has left a lasting injury to his olfactory nerve centre, robbing him of his sense of smell and the enjoyment he used to get from a steaming bowl of laksa. (asiaone.com)
- The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. (lookformedical.com)
- Diseases of the first cranial (olfactory) nerve, which usually feature anosmia or other alterations in the sense of smell and taste. (lookformedical.com)
- Researchers used cells supporting the 'olfactory' nerve cells , which create our sense of smell. (medicalxpress.com)
- HAMILTON: Serrano says the virus appears to be killing nerve cells in this area of the brain, which may explain why many COVID patients lose their sense of smell, and some never regain it. (northernpublicradio.org)
- In the first in our series on the cranial nerves, Complete Anatomy medical content writer Olivia examines Cranial Nerve I (the olfactory nerve), and how it's intrinsic to our sense of smell. (completeanatomy.cn)
- Your olfactory nerve, the nerve involved in your sense of smell, has fibers in your brain and nose that contribute to your ability to smell and, in turn, taste," he told BuzzFeed News. (buzzfeednews.com)
- In fact, he said if he were to get the virus and lose his sense of smell, he would do olfactory retraining. (buzzfeednews.com)
- The olfactory nerve terminals are located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, this area is not usually manipulated during rhinoplasty, so there is no possibility of damage to the sense of smell after surgery unless the surgeon manipulates this area due to the large polyp or other reasons. (awatsurgical.com)
- The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
Odors5
- These signals, which are not detected consciously as odors by the olfactory system, mediate human autonomic, psychological, and endocrine responses. (medscape.com)
- There are olfactory testing packets in which strong odors are embedded into cards and the responses of the patient to each odor can be determined. (wikipedia.org)
- While some cases of anosmia may be treated by caring for an underlying cause (often nasal obstruction, in which odors can't reach the nerves of the olfactory system due to swelling, polyps or sinus disease), other cases involving damage to the sensory nerves of the nose (i.e. head injury, viruses and aging) are much more complex. (news-medical.net)
- The same advice holds for treating nasal polyps, small, non-cancerous growths in the nose or sinuses that can block the ability of odors to reach olfactory sensory cells. (scottpalmermd.com)
- Published online February 1 in the journal Cell, the new study finds that infection with the pandemic virus, SARS-CoV-2, indirectly dials down the action of olfactory receptors, proteins on the surfaces of nerve cells in the nose that detect the molecules associated with odors. (amsny.org)
Cultured olfactory enshe1
- Rats in 2 of 4 groups with SCI received basic treatments (scar ablation followed by transplantation of lamina propria of olfactory mucosa and cultured olfactory ensheathing cells into the lesion cavity) 6 weeks after SCI. (nih.gov)
Receptors7
- Olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)
- Some of this decrease results from repeated damage to the olfactory nerve receptors due likely to repeated upper respiratory infections. (wikipedia.org)
- Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. (lookformedical.com)
- Head injury can damage or destroy fibers of the olfactory nerves (the pair of cranial nerves that connect smell receptors to the brain) where they pass through the roof of the nasal cavity. (msdmanuals.com)
- Forever intertwined with smell, food molecules travel through the rear of the nasal cavity to olfactory receptors in the roof of the nose - that is why if you hold your nose and put chocolate in your mouth, you will not taste the chocolate. (scottpalmermd.com)
- It is a specialized pseudostratified neuroepithelium containing the primary olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)
- To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)
Cranial Nerves4
- Derived from the embryonic nasal placode, the olfactory nerve is somewhat unusual among cranial nerves because it is capable of some regeneration if damaged. (wikipedia.org)
- The olfactory nerve is the shortest of the twelve cranial nerves and, similar to the optic nerve, does not emanate from the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
- The Cranial Nerves. (wikipedia.org)
- Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. (lookformedical.com)
Smell21
- These injuries often lead to a reduced ability to taste and smell. (wikipedia.org)
- Loss of taste and smell has been reported to be as high as 25 percent after traumatic brain injury. (brainline.org)
- Loss of smell has many possible causes including injury to the nose, nasal passages, sinuses, olfactory nerve, and the brain. (brainline.org)
- The olfactory nerve brings the sensation of smell from your nose to the brain. (brainline.org)
- There are some medications that can also cause impairments in smell or taste that are commonly prescribed for people with traumatic brain injury, including some antidepressants, seizure medications, antipsychotics, muscle relaxants, and narcotic analgesics. (brainline.org)
- If her senses of taste or smell have not returned a year post-injury, it's unlikely, unfortunately, that they will. (brainline.org)
- The damage was so extreme that Mulligan's olfactory nerve was destroyed and he cannot smell, Smith said. (pressherald.com)
- That nerve, the lining of your nostrils, the respiratory of your nose, or the areas of your brain that process smell can all be harmed by trauma to the head and neck or brain. (tutorialspoint.com)
- It may result in various olfactory dysfunction including a complete loss of smell. (lookformedical.com)
- That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory nerve endings for SMELL, located at the dome of each NASAL CAVITY. (lookformedical.com)
- A common cause of permanent loss of smell is a head injury, as may occur in a car accident. (msdmanuals.com)
- can damage the olfactory nerves, commonly causing loss of smell. (msdmanuals.com)
- which are nerve cells in the nasal cavity that transmit smell-related signals to the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
- However, for other patients, there are interventions such as treatments with oral or topical steroids and olfactory training that may be necessary to recover smell function. (houstonadvancedsinus.com)
- If your smell loss persists, he may recommend olfactory training, which is akin to physical therapy for your nose and can help people regain their smell when medication does not work. (houstonadvancedsinus.com)
- Additional tests, such as imaging studies or smell tests (olfactory testing), may be conducted to determine the cause and severity of anosmia. (houstonadvancedsinus.com)
- He said he was a little skeptical about the method, saying there is debate in the field about whether this kind of olfactory training, or smell training, actually works. (buzzfeednews.com)
- One common symptom of brain injury is the loss of taste or smell by the individual. (stephenbabcock.com)
- If the olfactory nerve was damaged as a part of your concussion, it can damage your ability to properly smell or taste. (stephenbabcock.com)
- It can also get to the brain by invading the olfactory nerve, which is the nerve responsible for the smell. (candobetter.net)
- And the neurologic complications ranged between what you've heard about--you know, loss of taste and smell, to encephalopathy, to stroke, to your peripheral nerves being affected, to encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
Primary olfactory2
- The need to develop therapies for neurodegenerative diseases and spinal cord injuries has led researchers to study the primary olfactory system, as it continuously renews itself throughout life, and completely regenerates after injury. (edu.au)
- Generally speaking, an isolated unilateral stroke in the primary olfactory area will not yield any clinically significant olfactory symptoms - the contralateral area should still receive bilateral olfactory information. (neurologyneeds.com)
Function of the olfactory1
- Know the nerves that make up this pathway, and the function of the olfactory system. (completeanatomy.cn)
Mucosa3
- The olfactory nerve is sensory in nature and originates on the olfactory mucosa in the upper part of the nasal cavity. (wikipedia.org)
- From the olfactory mucosa, the nerve (actually many small nerve fascicles) travels up through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to reach the surface of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
- In naegleriasis, "brain-eating" amoeba enter through the olfactory mucosa of the nasal tissues and follow the olfactory nerve fibers into the olfactory bulbs and then the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Fibers8
- The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, separated at the midline by the crista galli, contains multiple small foramina through which the olfactory nerve fibers, or fila olfactoria, traverse. (medscape.com)
- Fracture of the cribriform plate in traumatic settings can disrupt these fine fibers and lead to olfactory dysfunction. (medscape.com)
- The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. (medscape.com)
- Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers. (medscape.com)
- The spinal cord, about as thick as your finger, contains millions of nerve fibers that drive a vast array of bodily functions, including muscle control and sensory processing. (scientificamerican.com)
- Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. (lookformedical.com)
- Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (lookformedical.com)
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS) In multiple sclerosis, patches of myelin (the substance that covers most nerve fibers) and underlying nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord are damaged or destroyed. (msdmanuals.com)
Axons3
- In recent years, however, improved medical technology has shown that after a spinal cord is cut, nerve cells do begin to extend new fingers, called axons, which could carry signals across the gap. (scientificamerican.com)
- Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. (lookformedical.com)
- The bodies of the cochlear sensory cells resting on the basilar membrane are surrounded by nerve terminals, and their approximately 30,000 axons form the cochlear nerve. (cloudaccess.net)
Nose10
- Some nanoparticles entering the nose are transported to the brain via olfactory nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- Since this nerve passes from the nose to the brain, it is at high risk of injury when there is trauma to the head. (brainline.org)
- They took the stand after Mulligan, whose excessive-force suit claims he suffered a broken nose and shoulder and other injuries along with mental torture from an unprovoked beating. (pressherald.com)
- This breakthrough in human patients opens the door for a 'cochlear implant for the nose' to be developed -- though the study authors caution that the concept of an olfactory stimulator is more challenging than existing technologies. (news-medical.net)
- Could nose cells treat spinal cord injuries? (medicalxpress.com)
- Researchers have designed a new way to grow nose cells in the lab heralding hope for sufferers of spinal cord injuries, including those who are wheelchair bound. (medicalxpress.com)
- Griffith University's Mr Mo Chen grew nose nerve cells in the lab, which can treat mice with spinal cord injuries. (medicalxpress.com)
- Nerve cells in the nose are regularly exposed to trauma making them very robust. (medicalxpress.com)
- He and his team recently used the technique developed using specialist cells from the nose, called olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), in the spinal cord to treat a man paralysed from the chest down following a knife attack to allow him to walk again using a frame. (trustpa.com)
- Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
Regeneration7
- The unique, growth promoting olfactory system environment is crucial for this neurogenesis and regeneration. (edu.au)
- Based on previous preclinical studies, the research and surgical teams believe that the positive treatment effect is a result of neural regeneration, with the OECs acting as a biological scaffold to promote neural regrowth and reconnection across the nerve grafts that fill the gap of the injured cord. (medgadget.com)
- The functional mechanisms of OECs in the treatment of neurological diseases include neuroprotection, immune regulation, axon regeneration, improvement of nerve injury microenvironment and myelin regeneration, which also include secreted bioactive factors. (bvsalud.org)
- The Tissue Engineering laboratory of the Clinic for Plastic and Hand Surgery has decades of experience in the field of peripheral nerve regeneration. (uniklinik-freiburg.de)
- The site of coaptation is seen to the left and the nerve regeneration can be followed from left to right. (uniklinik-freiburg.de)
- Koulaxouzidis G, Reim G, Witzel C: Fibrin glue repair leads to enhanced axonal elongation during early peripheral nerve regeneration in an in vivo mouse model. (uniklinik-freiburg.de)
- Koulaxouzidis G, Reutter W, Witzel C: N-Propionylmannosamine: using biochemical glycoengineering to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. (uniklinik-freiburg.de)
OECs5
- The collaborative effort involved transplanting the man's own nasal cavity cells (olfactory ensheathing cells or OECs) into his spinal cord, together with an autologous nerve graft. (medgadget.com)
- The treatment consisted of two surgeries: the first to remove one of Mr. Fidyka's olfactory bulbs as a source for culturing OECs and the second to obtain nerve grafts from the patient's ankle and transplant them, together with the OECs, into the patient's severed spinal cord. (medgadget.com)
- Micro-volumes of OECs were injected into spinal cord tissue directly above and below the site of injury for a total of approximately 100 injections of 500,000 cells. (medgadget.com)
- Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a special type of glial cells, which have been proved to play an important role as an alternative therapy for neurological diseases, opening up a new way for the treatment of neurological problems. (bvsalud.org)
- Therefore, it is of great significance to better understand the mechanism of OECs promoting functional improvement, and to recognize the implementation of these treatments and the effective simulation of nerve injury disorders. (bvsalud.org)
Ipsilateral olfactory1
- The lateral striae travels to the ipsilateral olfactory cortex in the uncus, and the anterior stria cross the anterior commissure to communicate with the contralateral olfactory cortex. (neurologyneeds.com)
Neural6
- Significantly glial scarring (as is typically seen in neurodegeneration and neural damage elsewhere in the nervous system) is largely absent following injury to the olfactory tract. (edu.au)
- To model neural regeneratio n strategies in the olfactory nervous system we need to understand the normal olfactory system biology. (edu.au)
- The serrulatane diterpenoid natural products RAD288 and RAD289 stimulate properties of olfactory ensheathing cells useful for neural repair therapies, Scientific Reports (2018). (medicalxpress.com)
- Neural anosmia is from a defective or damaged olfactory nerve. (houstonadvancedsinus.com)
- Additionally, it appears the olfactory bulbs talk to each other via the medial striae, and a fair amount of neural processing seems to occur in the bulbs themselves. (neurologyneeds.com)
- In neonates, this area is a dense neural sheet, but, in children and adults, the respiratory and olfactory tissues interdigitate. (medscape.com)
Cribriform plate5
- Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. (lookformedical.com)
- Sometimes the injury involves a fracture of the bone (cribriform plate) that separates the brain from the nasal cavity. (msdmanuals.com)
- Damage to the olfactory nerves can also result from infections (such as abscesses) or tumors near the cribriform plate. (msdmanuals.com)
- Excessive force application during intubation may cause olfactory nerve injury 41 or cribriform plate fracture causing CSF rhinorrhoea. (andrestewartauthor.com)
- The olfactory neuroepithelium is located at the upper area of each nasal chamber adjacent to the cribriform plate, superior nasal septum, and superior-lateral nasal wall. (medscape.com)
Stimulate3
- The most successful neuroprosthesic device in the world, cochlear implants have been on the market for more than three decades to electrically stimulate the auditory nerve to restore hearing in people with profound hearing loss. (news-medical.net)
- These cilia stimulate the taste nerve, which then transmits perceptions to the brain. (healthyfood.com)
- A similar concept applies to olfactory training - however, instead of physical rehab, this would involve attempting to stimulate the olfactory system [through] exposure to strong smells," he said. (buzzfeednews.com)
Spinal cord inj2
- My colleagues placed the nerve cells into mice that were suffering from spinal cord injuries," says Mr Chen. (medicalxpress.com)
- While the results have been positive for mice , spinal cord injuries in humans are more complex. (medicalxpress.com)
Occur6
- Lesions to the olfactory nerve can occur because of "blunt trauma", such as coup-contrecoup damage, meningitis, and tumors of the frontal lobe of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
- The first signs of channelopathy-associated congenital insensitivity to pain often occur when an infant shows no response to stimuli such as an injury or medical procedures like vaccines. (medlineplus.gov)
- NPR's Jon Hamilton reports on what scientists are learning about how these injuries occur. (northernpublicradio.org)
- Understand how injury may occur to the olfactory nerve. (completeanatomy.cn)
- 2 It can also occur after a head injury, a severe infection, or as a result of a sinus or skull base tumor . (houstonadvancedsinus.com)
- however, olfactory fatigue may occur and consequently it may not provide adequate warning of hazardous concentrations. (cdc.gov)
Cells14
- This area (only a few centimeters wide) contains more than 100 million olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
- These specialized epithelial cells give rise to the olfactory vesicles containing kinocilia, which serve as sites of stimulus transduction. (medscape.com)
- Basal cells are stem cells that give rise to the olfactory receptor cells (seen in the image below). (medscape.com)
- Finally, however, science offers glimmers of hope that nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain could someday regenerate. (scientificamerican.com)
- These nasal cells heal better than many other nerve cells which makes them ideal to treat damaged spinal cords," says Mr Chen. (medicalxpress.com)
- We found that growing olfactory cells on the naked liquid marbles worked particularly well and we can grow very large 3-D spheres of cells with a diameter up to 3 mm. (medicalxpress.com)
- But this research paves the way for clinical trials anticipated to begin in 2020, using nasal cells from spinal cord injury sufferers and giving hope to many that they may walk again. (medicalxpress.com)
- NaV1.7 sodium channels are found in nerve cells called nociceptors. (medlineplus.gov)
- we evaluate the different types of come cells and progenitor cells that are potential candidates for restorative strategies in perinatal mind accidental Rabbit Polyclonal to DRP1 injuries, and sum it up recent preclinical and medical studies. (cancer8.info)
- NSCs have been produced from human being cadaver cells and initial human being initial transplant studies with direct intracerebral delivery of these cells are ongoing in the United Claims although only for Parkinson's disease, not for cerebral palsy or perinatal mind injury studies [41]. (cancer8.info)
- In 1997 Prof. Raisman successfully showed that olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC's) could be used to treat spinal injuries in rats. (trustpa.com)
- Starting with neuron cell cultures and then an experimental model of stroke, they found that elovanoids were activated when cells underwent either oxygen/glucose deprivation or excitotoxicity - early events associated with stroke, epilepsy, Parkinson's, traumatic brain injury and other neurodegenerative diseases. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
- This neurodegenerative disease primarily causes irreparable damage to nerve cells in a brain area involved in movement control. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
- The motor symptoms are caused by a loss of nerve cells in the region of the substantia nigra in the brain that is responsible for controlling movement. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
Tract1
- from the bulbs (one on each side) the olfactory information is transmitted into the brain via the olfactory tract. (wikipedia.org)
Anatomy1
- Head anatomy with olfactory nerve. (medscape.com)
Sensory nerves1
- Stage of Life − Some of the olfactory sensory nerves in your nostrils diminish with age. (tutorialspoint.com)
Optic nerve3
- Stay tuned for our second video in this series, where Dr. Chukwudi Ekomaru will explore CN II (the Optic Nerve) in detail. (completeanatomy.cn)
- Glaucoma- Glaucoma is an eye disease that increases intraocular pressure, causing damage to the optic nerve, resulting in gradual vision loss and potential blindness if left untreated. (misnylaw.com)
- This blunt force can cause eyesight injuries by impacting the delicate structures of the eye, resulting in retinal detachment, optic nerve damage, hemorrhage, or fractures. (misnylaw.com)
Bulbs1
- Researchers have now carried out a study comparing the olfactory bulbs of individuals with and without Parkinson's disease. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
Traumatic brain3
- She was rushed by air ambulance to the hospital with a traumatic brain injury. (brainline.org)
- As far as feeling cold all the time, it has become recognized that there can be changes in hormones after traumatic brain injury. (brainline.org)
- It was also the first time that he was speaking to the media after a bad fall at his Upper Thomson home in April left him with traumatic brain injury. (asiaone.com)
CORTEX1
- However, case reports demonstrate that the olfactory cortex shares some vascular real estate with the gustatory cortex, and abnormalities of taste perception may develop with isolated strokes of the insula. (neurologyneeds.com)
Stimuli1
- The trigeminal nerve innervates the posterior nasal cavity to detect noxious stimuli. (medscape.com)
Researchers2
- An FDA-approved drug that has been in clinical use for more than 70 years may protect against lung injury and the risk of blood clots in severe COVID-19 and other disorders that cause immune-mediated damage to the lungs, according to a preclinical study from researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. (amsny.org)
- Researchers have discovered a new class of molecules in the brain that synchronize cell-to-cell communication and neuroinflammation/immune activity in response to injury or diseases. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
Transmits1
- Brain Injury − From your nostrils to your brain, your olfactory nerve transmits scent knowledge. (tutorialspoint.com)
Parkinson's1
- The so-called olfactory vector hypothesis for Parkinson's disease proposes that environmental factors, such as viruses, heavy metals or pesticides, are risk factors or even causes of the condition. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
Murine1
- Excisional murine injuries handled possibly using pericytes inserted directly into the injury as well as with all the pericyte-laden Double a patches revealed improved upon curing with decreased neutrophil infiltration and reduced variety of macrophages from the wouAndrographolide (AG) has favorable anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidative capability. (tucatinibinhibitor.com)
System6
- The olfactory system represents one of the oldest sensory modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals. (medscape.com)
- As a chemical sensor, the olfactory system detects food and influences social and sexual behavior. (medscape.com)
- Thus replicating the favourable condition in the olfactory nervous system would be invaluable for developing these successful therapies. (edu.au)
- In 2004, Linda Buck and Richard Axel received a Nobel Prize for mapping the entire genetic structure of the human olfactory system. (healthyfood.com)
- Until now, how it affects the olfactory system has been unclear. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
- No other sensory system than the olfactory system is in such close contact with the external environment - the inhaled air. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
Afferent1
- The olfactory nerve is special visceral afferent (SVA). (wikipedia.org)
Trauma to the head2
- Reduce your risk of head injury by wearing protective helmets during sports and seat belts when riding in the car…trauma to the head can damage olfactory nerves. (scottpalmermd.com)
- Concussions are traumatic brain injuries that result from physical trauma to the head. (stephenbabcock.com)
Processes1
- Activation occurs when odiferous molecules come in contact with specialized processes known as the olfactory vesicles. (medscape.com)
Brain injury4
- Spasticity is another cause of pain more commonly seen after moderate to severe brain injury. (brainline.org)
- However, the viral particles in the brain tissue are not next to where there's brain injury or damage. (northernpublicradio.org)
- So indicating a very severe level of brain injury that's happening at that time. (northernpublicradio.org)
- Read on to learn more about telltale symptoms of brain injury, as well as treatment options and typical concussion protocol. (stephenbabcock.com)
Transplantation1
- Through cell transplantation surgery, followed by intensive rehabilitation over a period of more than two years, the scientists that the supporters of Trust PA Spinal Injury have helped to fund have been able to restore assisted walking and some sensation to one patient. (trustpa.com)
Neuronal2
- Although the occurrence of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids has been well documented, what has not been known is their significance and potential to be converted into biochemical triggers to resolve injury, inflammation and other threats to neuronal communication and cell survival. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
- CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the olfactory neuronal pathway is efficient for translocating in the brain. (cdc.gov)
Electrical stimulation1
- Here we report that significant improvement of locomotor function was achieved in rats with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) by the application of combination treatments with tail nerve electrical stimulation (TANES), which can activate the central pattern generator, inducing active weight-supported stepping. (nih.gov)
Glands1
- and the associated olfactory glands. (lookformedical.com)
Damage5
- Unsafe chemicals- Unsafe chemicals can cause eyesight injuries by direct contact or exposure, leading to chemical burns, irritation, inflammation, or corneal damage. (misnylaw.com)
- COVID-19 mechanisms in the nerve and musculoskeletal damage are believed to be caused by the expression and distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2). (springeropen.com)
- Concussions result from various nerve damage in the brain, caused by physical trauma. (stephenbabcock.com)
- The olfactory nerve is regenerating and can repair itself following damage. (stephenbabcock.com)
- Heart damage, aka myocardial injury, as defined by an increased troponin level in the blood, has been described in patients with severe acute COVID. (candobetter.net)
Signals2
- Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact. (lookformedical.com)
- This lack of sodium ions blocks nociceptors from transmitting pain signals from the site of an injury to the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
