The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB.
Traumatic injuries to the OLFACTORY NERVE. It may result in various olfactory dysfunction including a complete loss of smell.
Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here.
Diseases of the first cranial (olfactory) nerve, which usually feature anosmia or other alterations in the sense of smell and taste. Anosmia may be associated with NEOPLASMS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; inherited conditions; toxins; METABOLIC DISEASES; tobacco abuse; and other conditions. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp229-31)
Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN.
The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS.
A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. It is a modulator of the olfactory SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY.
That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory nerve endings for SMELL, located at the dome of each NASAL CAVITY. The yellow-brownish olfactory epithelium consists of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS; brush cells; STEM CELLS; and the associated olfactory glands.
The volatile portions of substances perceptible by the sense of smell. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. It includes the OLFACTORY NERVE; OLFACTORY BULB; OLFACTORY TRACT; OLFACTORY TUBERCLE; ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE; and OLFACTORY CORTEX.
Loss of or impaired ability to smell. This may be caused by OLFACTORY NERVE DISEASES; PARANASAL SINUS DISEASES; viral RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SMOKING; and other conditions.
Determination of the energy distribution of gamma rays emitted by nuclei. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the NASAL SEPTUM. Nasal cavities, extending from the nares to the NASOPHARYNX, are lined with ciliated NASAL MUCOSA.
Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.
Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. The large number of different odorant receptors appears to arise from several gene families or subfamilies rather than from DNA rearrangement.
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.
The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
The mucous lining of the NASAL CAVITY, including lining of the nostril (vestibule) and the OLFACTORY MUCOSA. Nasal mucosa consists of ciliated cells, GOBLET CELLS, brush cells, small granule cells, basal cells (STEM CELLS) and glands containing both mucous and serous cells.
Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.
A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.
Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa.
The performance of surgical procedures with the aid of a microscope.
Cell adhesion molecule involved in a diverse range of contact-mediated interactions among neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and myotubes. It is widely but transiently expressed in many tissues early in embryogenesis. Four main isoforms exist, including CD56; (ANTIGENS, CD56); but there are many other variants resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications. (From Pigott & Power, The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook, 1993, pp115-119)
A species of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the common name "bullfrog", it is the largest native anuran in North America.
Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)
Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.
Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.
Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.
ICR (Imprinting Control Region) Inbred Mice are a commonly used laboratory mouse strain that are genetically identical and have been extensively studied for various medical research purposes.
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot.
A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand.
The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.
Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.
A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm.
The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.
The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.
The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Development of the chick olfactory nerve. (1/262)

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced and secreted by neurons dispersed throughout the septal-preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas in adult birds and mammals. These neurons, essential for a functional brain-pituitary-gonadal axis, differentiate in the olfactory placode, the superior aspect of which forms the olfactory epithelium. To reach their final placement within the brain, GnRH neurons migrate out of the epithelium and along the olfactory nerve to the CNS. This nerve is essential for the entrance of GnRH neurons into the CNS. Due to the importance of the nerve for the proper migration of these neurons, we have used immunocytochemistry, DiI labeling and 1 microm serial plastic-embedded sections to characterize the nerve's earliest development in the embryonic chick (stages 17-21). Initially (stage 17) the zone between the placode and prosencephalon is a cellular mass contiguous with the placode. This cluster, known as epithelioid cells, is positive for some but not all neuronal markers studied. The epithelium itself is negative for all neuronal and glial markers at this early stage. By stage 18, the first neurites emerge from the epithelium; this was confirmed at stage 19 by examination of serial 1 microm plastic sections. There is sequential acquisition of immunoreactivity to neuronal markers from stage 18 to 21. The glial component of the nerve appears at stage 21. Axons originating from epithelium, extend to the border of the CNS as confirmed by DiI labeling at stage 21. Small fascicles have entered the CNS at this stage. As previously reported, GnRH neurons begin their migration between stages 20-21 and have also arrived at the border of the brain at stage 21. Despite the penetration of neurites from the olfactory nerve into the CNS, GnRH neurons pause at the nerve-brain junction until stage 29 (2 1/2 days later) before entering the brain. Subsequent studies will examine the nature of the impediment to continued GnRH neuronal migration.  (+info)

Single-channel kinetics of the rat olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel expressed in Xenopus oocytes. (2/262)

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels are nonselective cation channels activated by intracellular cAMP and/or cGMP. It is not known how the binding of agonists opens the channel, or how the presumed four binding sites, one on each subunit, interact to generate cooperativity. We expressed the rat olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha subunit in Xenopus oocytes and recorded the single-channel currents. The channel had a single conductance state, and flickers at -60 mV showed the same power spectrum for cAMP and cGMP. At steady state, the distribution patterns of open and closed times were relatively simple, containing one or two exponential components. The conductance properties and the dwell-time distributions were adequately described by models that invoke only one or two binding events to open the channel, followed by an additional binding event that prolongs the openings and helps to explain apparent cooperativity. In a comparison between cAMP and cGMP, we find that cGMP has clearly higher binding affinity than cAMP, but only modestly higher probability of inducing the conformational transition that opens the channel.  (+info)

Effects of olfactory stimuli on urge reduction in smokers. (3/262)

This study examined the possibility that exposure to olfactory stimuli can reduce self-reported urge to smoke. After an initial assessment of self-reported urge, nicotine-deprived smokers evaluated the pleasantness of a series of 8 odors. Facial expressions during odor presentations were coded with P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen's (1978a) Facial Action Coding System. After odor administration, participants were exposed to smoking cues. Next, participants were administered their most pleasant, least pleasant, or a control odor (water) and reported their urge to smoke. Results indicated that sniffing either a pleasant or unpleasant odor reduced reported urge to smoke relative to the control odor. Reported pleasantness of the odors did not differentially affect urge reduction. Odors eliciting negative-affect-related expressions, however, were less effective than odors that did not elicit negative-affect-related expressions in reducing reported urge. Results of this preliminary investigation provide support for the consideration of odor stimuli as an approach to craving reduction.  (+info)

Dopamine depresses synaptic inputs into the olfactory bulb. (4/262)

Both observations in humans with disorders of dopaminergic transmission and molecular studies point to an important role for dopamine in olfaction. In this study we found that dopamine receptor activation in the olfactory bulb causes a significant depression of synaptic transmission at the first relay between olfactory receptor neurons and mitral cells. This depression was found to be caused by activation of the D2 subtype of dopamine receptor and was reversible by a specific D2 receptor antagonist. A change in paired-pulse modulation during the depression suggests a presynaptic locus of action. The depression was found to occur independent of synaptic activity. These results provide the first evidence for dopaminergic control of inputs to the main olfactory bulb. The magnitude and locus of dopamine's modulatory capabilities in the bulb suggest important roles for dopamine in odorant processing.  (+info)

Long-term effects on the olfactory system of exposure to hydrogen sulphide. (5/262)

OBJECTIVE: To study chronic effects of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) on cranial nerve I (nervi olfactorii), which have been only minimally described. METHODS: Chemosensations (smell and taste) were evaluated in eight men who complained of continuing dysfunction 2-3 years after the start of occupational exposure to H2S. Various bilateral (both nostrils) and unilateral (one nostril at a time) odour threshold tests with standard odorants as well as the Chicago smell test, a three odour detection and identification test and the University of Pennsylvania smell identification test, a series of 40 scratch and sniff odour identification tests were administered. RESULTS: Six of the eight patients showed deficits of various degrees. Two had normal scores on objective tests, but thought that they continued to have problems. H2S apparently can cause continuing, sometimes unrecognised olfactory deficits. CONCLUSION: Further exploration into the extent of such problems among workers exposed to H2S is warranted.  (+info)

Sites of plasticity in the neural circuit mediating tentacle withdrawal in the snail Helix aspersa: implications for behavioral change and learning kinetics. (6/262)

The tentacle withdrawal reflex of the snail Helix aspersa exhibits a complex combination of habituation and sensitization consistent with the dual-process theory of plasticity. Habituation, sensitization, or a combination of both were elicited by varying stimulation parameters and lesion condition. Analysis of response plasticity shows that the late phase of the response is selectively enhanced by sensitization, whereas all phases are decreased by habituation. Previous data have shown that tentacle withdrawal is mediated conjointly by parallel monosynaptic and polysynaptic pathways. The former mediates the early phase, whereas the latter mediates the late phase of the response. Plastic loci were identified by stimulating and recording at different points within the neural circuit, in combination with selective lesions. Results indicate that depression occurs at an upstream locus, before circuit divergence, and is therefore expressed in all pathways, whereas facilitation requires downstream facilitatory neurons and is selectively expressed in polysynaptic pathways. Differential expression of plasticity between pathways helps explain the behavioral manifestation of depression and facilitation. A simple mathematical model is used to show how serial positioning of depression and facilitation can explain the kinetics of dual-process learning. These results illustrate how the position of cellular plasticity in the network affects behavioral change and how forms of plasticity can interact to determine the kinetics of the net changes.  (+info)

Relationships between odor-elicited oscillations in the salamander olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb. (7/262)

Oscillations in neuronal population activity, or the synchronous neuronal spiking that underlies them, are thought to play a functional role in sensory processing in the CNS. In the olfactory system, stimulus-induced oscillations are observed both in central processing areas and in the peripheral receptor epithelium. To examine the relationship between these peripheral and central oscillations, we recorded local field potentials simultaneously from the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). Stimulus-induced oscillations recorded at these two sites were matched in frequency and slowed concurrently over the time course of the response, suggesting that the oscillations share a common source or are modulated together. Both the power and duration of oscillations increased over a range of amyl acetate concentrations from 2.5 x 10(-2) to 1 x 10(-1) dilution of saturated vapor, but peak frequency was not affected. The frequency of the oscillation did vary with different odorant compounds in both olfactory epithelium and bulb (OE and OB): amyl acetate, ethyl fenchol and d-carvone elicited oscillations of significantly different frequencies, and there was no difference in OE and OB oscillation frequencies. No change in the power or frequency of OE oscillations was observed after sectioning the olfactory nerve, indicating that the OE oscillations have a peripheral source. Finally, application of 1.0 and 10 microM tetrodotoxin to the epithelium blocked OE oscillations in a dose-dependent and reversible manner, suggesting that peripheral olfactory oscillations are related to receptor neuron spiking.  (+info)

Transplantation of human olfactory ensheathing cells elicits remyelination of demyelinated rat spinal cord. (8/262)

Human olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) were prepared from adult human olfactory nerves, which were removed during surgery for frontal base tumors, and were transplanted into the demyelinated spinal cord of immunosuppressed adult rats. Extensive remyelination was observed in the lesion site: In situ hybridization using a human DNA probe (COT-1) indicated a similar number of COT-1-positive cells and OEC nuclei within the repaired lesion. The myelination was of a peripheral type with large nuclei and cytoplasmic regions surrounding the axons, characteristic of Schwann cell and OEC remyelination. These results provide evidence that adult human OECs are able to produce Schwann cell-like myelin sheaths around demyelinated axons in the adult mammalian CNS in vivo.  (+info)

Olfactory nerve injuries refer to damage or dysfunction of the olfactory nerve, which is responsible for transmitting odor information from the nasal cavity to the brain. This can result in a loss of the sense of smell, also known as anosmia. Olfactory nerve injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including head trauma, infections, exposure to toxins, and certain medical conditions such as Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease. Treatment for olfactory nerve injuries may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions depending on the underlying cause and severity of the injury.

Olfactory nerve diseases refer to disorders that affect the olfactory nerve, which is responsible for transmitting odor signals from the nasal cavity to the brain. These diseases can result in a loss of smell or anosmia, as well as other symptoms such as nasal congestion, headache, and facial pain. There are several types of olfactory nerve diseases, including: 1. Olfactory neuroblastoma: A rare type of cancer that affects the olfactory nerve and nasal cavity. 2. Olfactory granulomatosis: An autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the olfactory nerve and nasal cavity. 3. Olfactory bulbectomies: Surgical procedures that remove part or all of the olfactory bulb, which is the part of the brain that processes smell signals. 4. Olfactory epithelial dysfunction: A condition in which the olfactory epithelium, the specialized tissue in the nasal cavity that contains the olfactory receptors, becomes damaged or dysfunctional. 5. Olfactory disorders due to head trauma: Trauma to the head can cause damage to the olfactory nerve or the olfactory bulb, leading to anosmia or other olfactory disorders. Treatment for olfactory nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or other therapies. In some cases, the olfactory nerve may be able to regenerate, leading to partial or complete recovery of smell function.

Olfactory Marker Protein (OMP) is a protein that is expressed in the olfactory epithelium, which is the tissue responsible for the sense of smell. It is a small, glycosylated protein that is believed to play a role in the transport and processing of odorant molecules in the olfactory system. In the medical field, OMP has been studied in relation to various conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, as well as in the development of new treatments for these conditions. It has also been studied in the context of other sensory disorders, such as anosmia (loss of the sense of smell) and hyposmia (reduced sense of smell). Overall, OMP is an important molecule in the olfactory system and has the potential to be a valuable biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions.

Olfaction disorders refer to conditions that affect an individual's ability to detect, identify, or interpret odors. These disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic, neurological, environmental, or systemic conditions. Some common examples of olfactory disorders include anosmia (loss of the sense of smell), hyposmia (reduced sense of smell), parosmia (distorted sense of smell), and phantosmia (false sense of smell). Olfactory disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, as the sense of smell is closely linked to many aspects of daily functioning, including appetite, mood, and social interactions. In some cases, olfactory disorders may also be a symptom of a more serious underlying medical condition, such as a brain tumor or head injury. Diagnosis and treatment of olfactory disorders typically involve a combination of medical history, physical examination, and specialized testing, such as smell identification tests or imaging studies. Treatment options may include medications, surgery, or other interventions, depending on the underlying cause of the disorder.

Cranial nerve injuries refer to any damage or dysfunction to one or more of the 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and extend out to the head and neck. These nerves are responsible for controlling various functions such as movement, sensation, and autonomic functions like heart rate and blood pressure. Cranial nerve injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, tumors, infections, and degenerative diseases. Symptoms of cranial nerve injuries can vary depending on which nerve is affected and the severity of the injury. Common symptoms include facial weakness, double vision, hearing loss, balance problems, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis of cranial nerve injuries typically involves a physical examination, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and neurological tests to assess the function of the affected nerve. Treatment options depend on the cause and severity of the injury and may include medications, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

In the medical field, an axon is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell (neuron) that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body towards other neurons, muscles, or glands. The axon is covered by a myelin sheath, which is a fatty substance that insulates the axon and helps to speed up the transmission of electrical signals. Axons are responsible for transmitting information throughout the nervous system, allowing the brain and spinal cord to communicate with other parts of the body. They are essential for many bodily functions, including movement, sensation, and cognition. Damage to axons can result in a variety of neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and peripheral neuropathy. Treatments for these conditions often focus on preserving and regenerating axons to restore normal function.

Receptors, Odorant are specialized proteins found on the surface of olfactory sensory neurons in the nasal cavity. These receptors are responsible for detecting and recognizing different odor molecules, also known as odorants, in the air. When an odorant molecule binds to an odorant receptor, it triggers a signal that is transmitted to the brain, where it is interpreted as a specific smell. There are hundreds of different types of odorant receptors, each capable of detecting a unique set of odorants. The ability of these receptors to detect and respond to a wide range of odorants is what allows us to distinguish between different smells and perceive the complex and diverse array of odors in our environment.

In the medical field, "Administration, Intranasal" refers to the delivery of medication or other substances into the nasal cavity through the nostrils. This method of administration is commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, including allergies, colds, and sinusitis. The medication is typically delivered in the form of a spray, drop, or gel, and is absorbed into the bloodstream through the delicate nasal lining. Intranasal administration can be a convenient and effective way to deliver medication, as it can bypass the digestive system and liver, allowing the medication to enter the bloodstream more quickly. However, it is important to follow the instructions provided by a healthcare professional carefully, as improper use can lead to adverse effects.

Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules (NCAMs) are a family of proteins that play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. They are involved in cell-cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, and synaptogenesis, which are essential processes for the formation and function of neural circuits. NCAMs are expressed on the surface of neurons and other cells of the nervous system, and they interact with other NCAMs on adjacent cells or with other adhesion molecules on the same cell. These interactions help to stabilize cell-cell contacts and promote the formation of neural networks. There are several subtypes of NCAMs, including NCAM1, NCAM2, and NCAM3, which differ in their structure and function. NCAMs are also expressed in other tissues, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys, where they play roles in tissue development and repair. Abnormalities in NCAM expression or function have been linked to a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and schizophrenia. Therefore, understanding the role of NCAMs in the nervous system is important for developing new treatments for these conditions.

In the medical field, dendrites are the branched extensions of neurons that receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors. They are responsible for transmitting signals from the dendrites to the cell body of the neuron, where they are integrated and processed before being transmitted to other neurons or to muscles or glands. Dendrites are essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system and are involved in a wide range of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is a complex network of nerves and neurons that controls and coordinates all bodily functions in the human body. It is composed of the brain and spinal cord, which are protected by the skull and vertebral column, respectively. The brain is the control center of the CNS and is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling movement, regulating bodily functions, and governing emotions and thoughts. It is divided into several regions, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure that extends from the base of the brain down through the vertebral column. It serves as a communication pathway between the brain and the rest of the body, transmitting signals from the body's sensory receptors to the brain and from the brain to the body's muscles and glands. Together, the brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, which is responsible for controlling and coordinating all bodily functions, including movement, sensation, thought, and emotion.

Action potentials are electrical signals that are generated by neurons in the nervous system. They are responsible for transmitting information throughout the body and are the basis of all neural communication. When a neuron is at rest, it has a negative electrical charge inside the cell and a positive charge outside the cell. When a stimulus is received by the neuron, it causes the membrane around the cell to become more permeable to sodium ions. This allows sodium ions to flow into the cell, causing the membrane potential to become more positive. This change in membrane potential is called depolarization. Once the membrane potential reaches a certain threshold, an action potential is generated. This is a rapid and brief change in the membrane potential that travels down the length of the neuron. The action potential is characterized by a rapid rise in membrane potential, followed by a rapid fall, and then a return to the resting membrane potential. Action potentials are essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. They allow neurons to communicate with each other and transmit information throughout the body. They are also involved in a variety of important physiological processes, including muscle contraction, hormone release, and sensory perception.

Axonal transport is the movement of molecules and organelles within the axons of neurons. It is a vital process for maintaining the proper functioning of neurons and the nervous system as a whole. Axonal transport occurs in two main directions: anterograde transport, which moves materials from the cell body towards the axon terminal, and retrograde transport, which moves materials from the axon terminal towards the cell body. There are two main types of axonal transport: fast axonal transport and slow axonal transport. Fast axonal transport is faster and moves larger molecules, such as mitochondria and synaptic vesicles, while slow axonal transport is slower and moves smaller molecules, such as proteins and RNA. Disruptions in axonal transport can lead to a variety of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as traumatic brain injury and stroke.

Peripheral nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the nerves that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord. These nerves are responsible for transmitting signals between the central nervous system and the rest of the body, allowing us to feel sensations, move our muscles, and control our organs. Peripheral nerve injuries can occur as a result of a variety of factors, including trauma, compression, infection, or disease. Symptoms of peripheral nerve injuries can vary depending on the location and severity of the injury, but may include numbness, tingling, weakness, or loss of sensation in the affected area. Treatment for peripheral nerve injuries depends on the cause and severity of the injury. In some cases, conservative treatments such as physical therapy or medication may be sufficient to manage symptoms and promote healing. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged nerve tissue.

The olfactory nerve, also known as the first cranial nerve, cranial nerve I, or simply CN I, is a cranial nerve that contains ... The olfactory nerve is the shortest of the twelve cranial nerves and, similar to the optic nerve, does not emanate from the ... 548 The specialized olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory nerve are located in the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of ... The olfactory nerves consist of a collection of many sensory nerve fibers that extend from the olfactory epithelium to the ...
... olfactory nerve; cnV +vcm-trigeminal nerve and vena capitis medialis; cnVI, abducens nerve; cnVII, facial nerve; cnIX-XI, ... left olfactory bulb; ob, olfactory bulb; ot, olfactory tract; pg, pituitary gland; pgll, pituitary gland lateral lobes; pf, ... glossopharyngeal and vagoaccessory nerves; cnXII, hypoglossal nerve; en, epiphyseal nerve; fb, forebrain; fcl, flocculus; ibic ... Gorgonopsians possessed a vomeronasal organ ("Jacobson's organ")-a part of the accessory olfactory system-which would have been ...
Optic and olfactory nerves. Inferior view. Deep dissection. Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection. Meninges and superficial ... Damage to the nerve past the optic chiasm, will cause loss or impairment to the corresponding eye. If the right side of the ... This is shown in (figure 4.) with the optic chiasm, which takes the nerve from the right eye to the left hemisphere and the ... The longitudinal fissure allows for this misdirection and crossover of nerves. The crossover seems to be counterintuitive, ...
Optic and olfactory nerves.Inferior view. Deep dissection. Cerebrum. Inferior view.Deep dissection Gyrus rectus seen anteriorly ... and medial to the medial orbital gyrus and olfactory tract) is named the straight gyrus,(or gyrus rectus) and is continuous ...
An ethmoid fracture can also sever the olfactory nerve. This injury results in anosmia (loss of smell). A reduction in the ... Pinto, Jayant; Wroblewski, Kristen; Kern, David; Schumm, Phillip; McClintock, Martha (2014). "Olfactory Dysfunction Predicts 5- ...
Birds, 17: 451-470 Keeton, William & Hermayer, K. L. (1979). Homing behavior of pigeons subjected to bilateral olfactory nerve ... Keeton speculated that there may be an effect on initial orientation based on an olfactory map, but the experiment was too ... Many scientists hypothesized that pigeons were using olfactory information as part of the process in finding their way back to ... Keeton, William & Brown, A. I. (1976). Homing behavior of pigeons not disturbed by application of an olfactory stimulus. J. ...
The chambers and the turbinates are covered by a ciliated mucous epithelium ... These nerve fibers reach the olfactory bulbs of ... Morphologically, the rhinarium belongs to the olfactory system, but which part of the system it derives from is open to debate ... One possibility is the main olfactory system, which captures media-borne odors; another is the "second nose," the accessory ... Arguments supporting the former position consider the rhinarium "an outward extension of the olfactory ... skin that covers the ...
... such as damage to the olfactory nerve through lysis of nerve cells and demyelination. Specifically, the olfactory nerve and ... There, it migrates to the olfactory bulbs and subsequently other regions of the brain, where it feeds on the nerve tissue. The ... The amoeba follows the olfactory nerve fibers through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone into the skull. ... and enters the central nervous system after insufflation of infected water by attaching itself to the olfactory nerve. It then ...
Olfactory bulb - The olfactory bulbs are the first cranial nerves. They are involved in smell (olfaction) and memory that is ... Tong, Michelle T.; Peace, Shane T.; Cleland, Thomas A. (2014-07-07). "Properties and mechanisms of olfactory learning and ... Cousens, G.A.; Kearns, A.; Laterza, F.; Tundidor, J. (2012). "Excitotoxic lesions of the medial amygdala attenuate olfactory ... Imai, Takeshi (2014). "Construction of functional neuronal circuitry in the olfactory bulb". Seminars in Cell & Developmental ...
Activated olfactory receptors trigger nerve impulses which transmit information about odor to the brain. These receptors are ... Olfactory Receptor Database Human Olfactory Receptor Data Exploratorium (HORDE) Olfactory+Receptor+Protein at the U.S. National ... In vertebrates, the olfactory receptors are located in both the cilia and synapses of the olfactory sensory neurons and in the ... Olfactory receptors (ORs), also known as odorant receptors, are chemoreceptors expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory ...
doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1958.tb00568.x. Gagliardo, A.; Ioale, P.; Savini, M.; Wild, J.M. (2006). "Having the nerve to home: ... Perhaps a common fault of the olfactory mosaic and gradient model of olfactory navigation is that each model is over simplistic ... On the basis of their results, the hypothesis of 'olfactory navigation' was proposed. Two models for olfactory navigation have ... Olfactory navigation is a hypothesis that proposes the usage of the sense of smell by pigeons, in particular the mail pigeon, ...
It has no olfactory nerves or olfactory lobe in the brain. Bottlenose dolphins are able to detect salty, sweet, bitter (quinine ... Some researchers hypothesize that the number of nerve cells (neurons) in the cortex of the brain predicts intelligence in ...
They can travel through the nose, up the olfactory nerve, and lodge ... in the brain. They can form deposits on the lining of ...
He was the first to describe the workings of the olfactory nerve. Bartholin was married to Anna Fincke, daughter of the ...
The information is sent via the olfactory nerve (Cranial Nerve I) to the olfactory bulb. After the processing in the bulb the ... "1-4". Cranial Nerves. Yale School of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. NIF Search - Anterior Olfactory ... The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON; also called the anterior olfactory cortex) is a portion of the forebrain of vertebrates. ... The AON is found behind the olfactory bulb and in front of the piriform cortex (laterally) and olfactory tubercle (medially) in ...
The prefrontals are moderately large, rounded, each with a small olfactory nerve foramen; frontals wide over orbit; sphenotic ...
The fall affected his olfactory nerve centre, robbing him his sense of smell. "Low Thia Khiang: From teacher to opposition icon ...
Olfactory axons invade the basal lamina of the glia limitans and the olfactory bulb to create the olfactory nerve and ... In the peripheral nervous system OECs are dispersed within the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory nerve. In the central ... A fraction of the epithelial migrating precursors give rise to olfactory ensheathing glia that inhabit the olfactory nerve and ... Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), also known as olfactory ensheathing glia or olfactory ensheathing glial cells, are a type ...
Tyrannosaurs had large olfactory bulbs and olfactory nerves (relative to their brain size). These suggest a highly developed ... Tyrannosaurus had very large olfactory bulbs and olfactory nerves relative to their brain size, the organs responsible for a ... Research on the olfactory bulbs has shown that T. rex had the most highly developed sense of smell of 21 sampled non-avian ... Research on the olfactory bulbs of dinosaurs has shown that Tyrannosaurus had the most highly developed sense of smell of 21 ...
Gagliardo, A.; Ioale, P.; Savini, M.; Wild, J. M. (2006). "Having the nerve to home: trigeminal magnetoreceptor versus ... Wallraff, H.G. (2004). "Avian olfactory navigation: its empirical foundation and conceptual state". Animal Behaviour. 67 (2): ... known as olfactory navigation. Other research indicates that homing pigeons also navigate through visual landmarks by following ... but developments have implicated the trigeminal nerve in magnetoreception. Research by Floriano Papi (Italy, early 1970s) and ...
... is mediated by the olfactory nerve. The olfactory receptor (OR) cells are neurons present in the olfactory epithelium, which is ... The olfactory bulb acts as a relay station connecting the nose to the olfactory cortex in the brain. Olfactory information is ... initiating electric signals that travel along the olfactory nerve's axons to the brain. When an electrical signal reaches a ... The olfactory system does not interpret a single compound, but instead the whole odorous mix. This does not correspond to the ...
Author of textbooks on anatomy and the discoverer of the workings of the olfactory nerve. Olaus Wormius (1588-1655), Danish ...
In the garfish olfactory nerve, the action potential is associated with a biphasic temperature change; however, there is a net ... Tasaki, K; Kusano, K; Byrne, PM (1989). "Rapid thermal and mechanical changes in garfish olfactory nerve associated with a ... Tasaki, Ichiji (1949). "Collision of two nerve impulses in the nerve fiber". Biochim Biophys Acta. 3: 494-497. doi:10.1016/0006 ... "The heat production associated with the passage of a single impulse in pike olfactory nerve fibres". The Journal of Physiology ...
The olfactory nerve, similar to the optic nerve, is part of the Central Nervous System. This nerve terminates in the olfactory ... The retina nerve fiber layer (RNFL) is thinner than normal in MS patients The procedure by which the MS underlying condition ... Nevertheless, nerve damage and irreversible loss of neurons occur early in MS. The oligodendrocytes that originally formed a ... Pueyo V, Martin J, Fernandez J, Almarcegui C, Ara J, Egea C, Pablo L, Honrubia F (2008). "Axonal loss in the retinal nerve ...
Except for the olfactory system, they receive sensory information from thalamic nerve projections. The term primary comes from ... Olfaction: The olfactory cortex is located in the uncus which is found along the ventral surface of the temporal lobe. ...
It attacks the olfactory and/or trigeminal nerves of the person introduced to the chemical. These compounds are usually ...
Herpes Encephalitis at eMedicine van Riel, Debby; Verdijk, Rob; Kuiken, Thijs (January 2015). "The olfactory nerve: a shortcut ... After infection, the viruses are transported along sensory nerves to the nerve cell bodies, where they reside lifelong. Causes ... Following a primary infection, the virus enters the nerves at the site of primary infection, migrates to the cell body of the ... The double-stranded DNA of the virus is incorporated into the cell physiology by infection of the nucleus of a nerve's cell ...
... and is thought to enter via the olfactory system. Cranial nerve (including facial nerve and vagus nerve, which mediate taste) ... Olfactory training helps to "teach" the new olfactory neurons how to link with the brain so that odors can be noticed and then ... SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) directly infects olfactory neurons (smell) and nerve cells expressing taste receptors. Although ... The nerve cells controlling taste, termed the gustatory nerve cells, turn over even faster, being renewed in about 10 days. ...
The olfactory nerve, located in the nose, provides a direct and relatively short route to the brain. Importantly, this route ... Nose picking, however, should not affect the sense of smell, as the nasal cavity where the olfactory nerves are located is too ... They have found evidence that a specific bacterium (Chlamydia pneumoniae) is capable of traveling through the olfactory nerve ... "Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to ...
The olfactory region consists of the mucosal membrane consisting of the olfactory nerve connected to olfactory bulb. When ... particles are transmitted via the nerve fibers to olfactory bulb, they have direct access to the brain. Intranasal particles ... Targeting the olfactory region increases efficiency of nose-to-brain drug delivery. ...
The olfactory system represents one of the oldest sensory modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals. (See the image ... Olfactory Nerve and the Cribriform Plate. The small, unmyelinated axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the fine fibers of ... Olfactory Bulb. The olfactory bulb lies inferior to the basal frontal lobe. The olfactory bulb is a highly organized structure ... Olfactory Tract and Central Pathways. Mitral cell axons project to the olfactory cortex via the olfactory tract. Medial fibers ...
The Global Water Alliance is a Philadelphia-USA based non-government 501c3 organization. We are comprised of professionals and students from many disciplines, who apply an integrated water management perspective in the pursuit of its goals, targeting specifically drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) challenges with special attention to the global equity issues. We provide assistance to others who work on ameliorating the water needs of poor and underserved peoples everywhere, we mentor the next generation of professionals, and we promote a "water footprint mindset" among our youth ...
The olfactory system represents one of the oldest sensory modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals. (See the image ... Olfactory Nerve and the Cribriform Plate. The small, unmyelinated axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the fine fibers of ... Olfactory Bulb. The olfactory bulb lies inferior to the basal frontal lobe. The olfactory bulb is a highly organized structure ... Olfactory Tract and Central Pathways. Mitral cell axons project to the olfactory cortex via the olfactory tract. Medial fibers ...
The olfactory system represents one of the oldest sensory modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals. (See the image ... Olfactory Nerve and the Cribriform Plate. The small, unmyelinated axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the fine fibers of ... Olfactory Bulb. The olfactory bulb lies inferior to the basal frontal lobe. The olfactory bulb is a highly organized structure ... Olfactory Tract and Central Pathways. Mitral cell axons project to the olfactory cortex via the olfactory tract. Medial fibers ...
Olfactory nerve testing *Smell testing. If the loss of sense of smell is caused by a stuffy nose (nasal congestion), ... Olfactory retraining therapy using familiar odors can help improve the sense of smell in a minority of patients ... Whitcroft KL, Hummel T. Olfactory function and dysfunction. In: Flint PW, Francis HW, Haughey BH, et al, eds. Cummings ... Some spices (such as pepper) may affect the nerves of the face. You may feel rather than smell them. ...
hidden message from v3 (new repo)". ...
Head anatomy with olfactory nerve. View Media Gallery Terminology. The disorders of smell are classified as "-osmias" and those ... Treatment of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction. Treatment of olfactory dysfunction. Any treatment of olfactory disorders must ... the anterior olfactory nucleus, connecting the 2 olfactory bulbs through the anterior commissure, (2) the olfactory tubercle, ( ... the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve, the vagus nerve) or their ganglia may cause a ...
... but a well-developed olfactory sense. Endocast shape analysis indicates that an increase in size and regionalization of the ... but a well-developed olfactory sense. Endocast shape analysis indicates that an increase in size and regionalization of the ... olfactory nerve; II, optic nerve canal; III, oculomotor nerve canal; IV, trochlear nerve canal; V, trigeminal nerve canal; VI, ... but a clear distinction between the base of the olfactory nerve and the cerebral hemispheres is not visible. The olfactory ...
Olfactory nerve endings. *Skin cells. *Human embryo. Obtaining stem cells from a human embryo is highly unethical. There is ... In Alzheimers, it is the degeneration of the nerve cells that cause the problem because they lose their ability to connect ...
via the olfactory nerves causing primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Naegleria fowleri trophozoites are found in ...
Intraoperative Sneezing Secondary to Indirect Olfactory Nerve Stimulation. Sangha MS, Rajwani KM, Pescador AM, Ashkan K, ...
Olfactory nerve. The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is the first of twelve cranial nerves. It is instrumental in the ... Derived from the embryonic nasal placode, the olfactory nerve is capable of regeneration.-Anatomy:.... and trigeminal nerve. ... through the olfactory epithelium and the perineural sheet or via retrograde axonal transport along olfactory. ... The trigeminal nerve contains both sensory and motor fibres. It is responsible for sensation in the face and certain motor ...
taste, control muscles of facial expression ...
At the very top of the nasal cavity is the olfactory nerve. Now close your eyes, and imagine smelling your food to determine ... which forces the air to the very top of the nasal cavity exactly where the olfactory receptors are found. Funny how so many ...
Loss of smell & taste ? Any head/brain injuries ? Then possible Olfactory Nerve Damage. Go See A Neurologist To Rule These Out ... totally restores the function of the olfactory glands with no evidence of known side effects in my body.. (I know, just because ...
... transmits the olfactory nerves that carry the sense of smell. ... This bone, the cribriform plate, transmits the olfactory nerves ... Through the perforations of the plate run many divisions of the olfactory, or first cranial, nerve, coming from the mucous… ...
The Olfactory Nerve Contains Two Populations of Glia , In Vitro. 5 , 269 , 1992 ...
... there can be an inflammatory reaction that damages the olfactory nerves themselves. As a result, the nerves (which are ... As stressful as this can be to experience, it can be a sign that your olfactory nerves are becoming functional again and you ... With smell, when a substance is inhaled through your nose, the nerves in the olfactory (smell) area lets you know what it ... The patient will spend time smelling certain scents each day, retraining the nerves in the olfactory tissue to pass along the ...
"I only made one - the olfactory nerve - initially and then posted it on Twitter to see what people thought. I ended up ... A cranial nerve. "I was honestly shocked to discover that no one had made anything similar for cranial nerves," Stiver said. " ... based on the nerves functions, as well as a nickname for the nerve at the bottom of the card. "Everything on the cards is 100 ... Each card also features text describing the structure and function of the nerve, where it enters and exists the base of the ...
cranial nerves (mnemonic) * olfactory nerve (CN I). * optic nerve (CN II) *optic chiasm ... Arnolds nerve, also known as the auricular branch or mastoid branch, of the vagus nerve (CN X) is a small sensory nerve ... abducens nerve (CN VI). * facial nerve (CN VII) (segments mnemonic , branches mnemonic) * geniculate ganglion * greater ( ... Arnolds nerve originates from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve and also has a small contribution from the inferior ...
The olfactory nerves in your nose will enjoy the aroma of this special day. Ladies, in particular, will enjoy today because ...
These nerves may be divided for our present purpose into two main groups-afferent and autonomic. The olfactory nerves are ... 8. Kuntz, A.: Nerve Fibers of Spinal and Vagus Origin Associated with the Cephalic Sympathetic Nerves , Ann. Otol., Rhin. & ... Larsell, O., and Burns, E. M.: Some Aspects of Certain of the Cranial Nerves , Ann. Otol., Rhin. & Laryng. 40:661, 1931. 12. ... Others come from the great superficial petrosal nerve, synapsing in the sphenopalatine ganglion. They include vasodilator and ...
CSF leaks into olfactory nerve; can have fluid in nose and ears ... COVID inflames the olfactory tissue. *Best way to support the ... Vagus nerve innervates every part of the digestive organs; oral toxicity can impact the vagus nerve and thus digestion ... Vagus nerve dysfunction -, efferent vagal nerve dysfunction -, elevated gut pH dysmotility -, SIBO -, MCAS -, leaky gut -, more ... Vagus nerve becomes injured by brainstem compression, pseudo-Eagle Syndrome compression, nerve/body/axonal inflammation, ...
olfactory nerve (xenopus). XAO:0000426. trigeminal ganglion (xenopus). XAO:0000427. trigeminal ganglion (xenopus). XAO:0000428 ... trochlear nerve (xenopus). XAO:0003091. trigeminal nerve (xenopus). XAO:0003092. abducens nerve (xenopus). XAO:0003093. facial ... vestibulocochlear nerve (xenopus). XAO:0003095. glossopharyngeal nerve (xenopus). XAO:0003096. vagus nerve (xenopus). XAO: ... accessory XI nerve (xenopus). XAO:0004214. hypoglossal nerve (xenopus). XAO:0004215. anterior lateral line placode (xenopus). ...
They can even slip through the olfactory nerve into the brain, evading the protective blood-brain barrier. Its not clear ...
Researchers are finding ways to help nerves regenerate, and hope for therapies is growing ... Raisman found that newly sprouting nerve fibers are surrounded by olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), specialized cells found ... Unlike other nerve cells, most olfactory neurons can regenerate spontaneously when damaged--such as when we have a cold or ... A number of nerve fibers did grow back, and the rats were able to walk better than without the treatment, according to ...
... inflammation in the olfactory submucosa extending to the olfactory bulb and moderate infiltration in the trigeminal nerve ... Owen SJ, Batzloff M, Chehrehasa F, Meedeniya A, Casart Y, Logue CA, et al. Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue and olfactory ... pseudomallei has been shown to take advantage of olfactory and trigeminal nerve branches to gain direct access to the brain ... Burkholderia pseudomallei penetrates the brain via destruction of the olfactory and trigeminal nerves: implications for the ...
The nose allows you to smell by sending signals to the brain via the olfactory nerve. This nerve goes from your nose, directly ... This is why certain smells can bring back memories, and the olfactory nerve is the only nerve that does this. ...
C, cerebellum; D, diencephalon; M, medulla oblongata; O, optic tectum; OB, olfactory bulb; ON, optic nerve; SC, spinal cord; T ... The brain was dissected out from the ayu and quickly divided into five parts; part A, olfactory bulb and telencephalon; part B ... The brain was divided into five parts; part A, olfactory bulb and telencephalon; part B, diencephalon; part C, optic tectum; ...
  • The continuous turnover and new supply of these neurons are unique to the olfactory system. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
  • Within the nasal cavity , the turbinates or nasal conchae serve to direct the inspired air toward the olfactory epithelium in the upper posterior region. (medscape.com)
  • The trigeminal nerve innervates the posterior nasal cavity to detect noxious stimuli. (medscape.com)
  • The olfactory neuroepithelium is located at the upper area of each nasal chamber adjacent to the cribriform plate, superior nasal septum, and superior-lateral nasal wall. (medscape.com)
  • To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)
  • Another possible explanation is that congestion and drainage associated with the acute illness can block smells from traveling through the nasal cavity to the nerves in the olfactory area. (boystownhospital.org)
  • It also captures the odor bearing particles and transmits them to the olfactory recesses, that are in the superior portion of the nasal cavity, just medial to the superior turbinates. (nih.gov)
  • nasal vestibule, respiratory region, and olfactory region. (nih.gov)
  • Olfaction requires orthonasal or retronasal airflow to transport odor-bearing particles up to the olfactory epithelium located at the apex of the nasal cavity. (nih.gov)
  • Head injury can damage or destroy fibers of the olfactory nerves (the pair of cranial nerves that connect smell receptors to the brain) where they pass through the roof of the nasal cavity. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These signals, which are not detected consciously as odors by the olfactory system, mediate human autonomic, psychological, and endocrine responses. (medscape.com)
  • It is possible for smell nerves to grow back, but they may regrow in a different way, resulting in the same odors somehow smelling different to you. (boystownhospital.org)
  • The olfactory epithelium consists of 3 cell types: basal, supporting, and olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
  • As previously mentioned, the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) sends fibers to the olfactory epithelium to detect caustic chemicals, such as ammonia. (medscape.com)
  • The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
  • This bone, the cribriform plate, transmits the olfactory nerves that carry the sense of smell. (britannica.com)
  • With smell, when a substance is inhaled through your nose, the nerves in the olfactory (smell) area lets you know what it smells like. (boystownhospital.org)
  • Professionals believe the primary cause of loss of 'taste' and smell related to COVID-19 is an inflammatory reaction that causes cell damage in the olfactory (smell) area high inside the nose at the base of the brain. (boystownhospital.org)
  • As a result, the nerves (which are essential for communicating smell messages to the brain) stop working. (boystownhospital.org)
  • Though the nerves are still working, the scent never reaches them and therefore you temporarily lose your sense of smell. (boystownhospital.org)
  • The nose allows you to smell by sending signals to the brain via the olfactory nerve. (softschools.com)
  • can damage the olfactory nerves, commonly causing loss of smell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • And the neurologic complications ranged between what you've heard about--you know, loss of taste and smell, to encephalopathy, to stroke, to your peripheral nerves being affected, to encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
  • The small, unmyelinated axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the fine fibers of the first cranial nerve and travel centrally toward the ipsilateral olfactory bulb to make contact with the second-order neurons. (medscape.com)
  • The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, separated at the midline by the crista galli, contains multiple small foramina through which the olfactory nerve fibers, or fila olfactoria, traverse. (medscape.com)
  • Fracture of the cribriform plate in traumatic settings can disrupt these fine fibers and lead to olfactory dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Mitral cells are second-order neurons contacted by the olfactory nerve fibers at the glomerular layer of the bulb. (medscape.com)
  • The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. (medscape.com)
  • Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers. (medscape.com)
  • 8. Kuntz, A.: Nerve Fibers of Spinal and Vagus Origin Associated with the Cephalic Sympathetic Nerves , Ann. (deepdyve.com)
  • The spinal cord, about as thick as your finger, contains millions of nerve fibers that drive a vast array of bodily functions, including muscle control and sensory processing. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS) In multiple sclerosis, patches of myelin (the substance that covers most nerve fibers) and underlying nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord are damaged or destroyed. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Damage to the olfactory nerves can also result from infections (such as abscesses) or tumors near the cribriform plate. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This area (only a few centimeters wide) contains more than 100 million olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
  • Basal cells are stem cells that give rise to the olfactory receptor cells (seen in the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The receptor cells are actually bipolar neurons, each possessing a thin dendritic rod that contains specialized cilia extending from the olfactory vesicle and a long central process that forms the fila olfactoria. (medscape.com)
  • The specialized olfactory epithelial cells characterize the only group of neurons capable of regeneration. (medscape.com)
  • As humans age, the number of olfactory neurons steadily decreases. (medscape.com)
  • Olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)
  • It is a specialized pseudostratified neuroepithelium containing the primary olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)
  • Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
  • In the same way, when some of the nerves in your nose are damaged, your body will continue to use the other nerves to relay the message so your brain may process it differently. (boystownhospital.org)
  • The olfactory nerves in your nose will enjoy the aroma of this special day. (holidayinsights.com)
  • This nerve goes from your nose, directly into your brain. (softschools.com)
  • A cranial nerve. (mcgill.ca)
  • Stiver created a template based on the dimensions of actual trading cards, and changed the background color and feature image for each cranial nerve. (mcgill.ca)
  • The olfactory system represents one of the oldest sensory modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals. (medscape.com)
  • Arnold's nerve , also known as the auricular branch or mastoid branch , of the vagus nerve (CN X) is a small sensory nerve supplying the skin of the external acoustic meatus. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The olfactory bulb lies inferior to the basal frontal lobe. (medscape.com)
  • Whitcroft KL, Hummel T. Olfactory function and dysfunction. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These nerves may be divided for our present purpose into two main groups-afferent and autonomic. (deepdyve.com)
  • In neonates, this area is a dense neural sheet, but, in children and adults, the respiratory and olfactory tissues interdigitate. (medscape.com)
  • Finally, however, science offers glimmers of hope that nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain could someday regenerate. (scientificamerican.com)
  • In recent years, however, improved medical technology has shown that after a spinal cord is cut, nerve cells do begin to extend new fingers, called axons, which could carry signals across the gap. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Odorants diffuse into the mucous and are transported to the olfactory receptor. (medscape.com)
  • Arnold's nerve originates from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve and also has a small contribution from the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve . (radiopaedia.org)
  • It is also responsible for the referred otalgia through the vagus nerve (CN X), in the case of laryngeal pathology. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Brain infection is thought to occur by means of direct neuronal transmission of the virus from a peripheral site to the brain via the trigeminal or olfactory nerve and indirect immune-mediated processes inducing neuroinflammation. (medscape.com)
  • Arnold's nerve innervates the small parts of the external acoustic meatus and is the source of jugulotympanic paraganglioma from the non-chromaffin paraganglion cells , which are found along the nerve. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The patient will spend time smelling certain scents each day, retraining the nerves in the olfactory tissue to pass along the appropriate messages to the brain. (boystownhospital.org)
  • Microscopic imaging showed that a thin spindle of nerve tissue was bridging the gap at the injured spot. (scientificamerican.com)
  • However, although its strong odor is readily identified, olfactory fatigue occurs at high concentrations and at continuous low concentrations. (cdc.gov)
  • Our results demonstrate that P. quenstedti retained a simple tube-like brain morphology with poorly differentiated regions and mediocre hearing and vision, but a well-developed olfactory sense. (frontiersin.org)
  • They may enter previously unrecognized pathways (e.g. olfactory nerve transport to the brain) and retention sites in cells (e.g. mitochondria). (cdc.gov)
  • As stressful as this can be to experience, it can be a sign that your olfactory nerves are becoming functional again and you can start retraining them! (boystownhospital.org)
  • Activation occurs when odiferous molecules come in contact with specialized processes known as the olfactory vesicles. (medscape.com)
  • This is why certain smells can bring back memories, and the olfactory nerve is the only nerve that does this. (softschools.com)
  • Experts theorized that this molecular brake prevents uncontrolled nerve cell growth once the CNS is mature, as a way of stabilizing the complex network. (scientificamerican.com)
  • These specialized epithelial cells give rise to the olfactory vesicles containing kinocilia, which serve as sites of stimulus transduction. (medscape.com)
  • In Alzheimer's, it is the degeneration of the nerve cells that cause the problem because they lose their ability to connect with each other. (all.org)
  • However, when the cells that surround and support the olfactory nerves are infected with the COVID-19 virus, there can be an inflammatory reaction that damages the olfactory nerves themselves. (boystownhospital.org)
  • As a chemical sensor, the olfactory system detects food and influences social and sexual behavior. (medscape.com)
  • via the olfactory nerves causing primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). (cdc.gov)
  • This phenomenon frustrated neuroscientists because severed nerves in other parts of the body can reestablish connections. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Extrapolating from these values, there are currently 14 million older adults with some degree of olfactory impairment. (medscape.com)
  • Unlike our other senses, the olfactory nerves do not proceed directly to the brain's thalamus, the gateway to consciousness. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Each card also features text describing the structure and function of the nerve, where it enters and exists the base of the skull, two "attacks" based on the nerve's functions, as well as a nickname for the nerve at the bottom of the card. (mcgill.ca)