Olfactory Nerve
Olfactory Nerve Injuries
Olfactory Bulb
Olfactory Nerve Diseases
Olfactory Receptor Neurons
Olfactory Marker Protein
Olfactory Mucosa
Odors
Olfactory Pathways
Olfaction Disorders
Spectrometry, Gamma
Nasal Cavity
Cranial Nerve Injuries
Nerve Fibers
Sciatic Nerve
Receptors, Odorant
Peripheral Nerves
Skull Base
Optic Nerve
Nasal Mucosa
Sensory Receptor Cells
Fishes
Neurons
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules
Rana catesbeiana
Dendrites
Central Nervous System
Action Potentials
Axonal Transport
Nerve Block
Nerve Endings
Evoked Potentials
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
Mice, Inbred ICR
Neuroglia
Sural Nerve
Median Nerve
Facial Nerve
Synapses
Tibial Nerve
Ulnar Nerve
Neural Inhibition
Trigeminal Nerve
Development of the chick olfactory nerve. (1/262)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced and secreted by neurons dispersed throughout the septal-preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas in adult birds and mammals. These neurons, essential for a functional brain-pituitary-gonadal axis, differentiate in the olfactory placode, the superior aspect of which forms the olfactory epithelium. To reach their final placement within the brain, GnRH neurons migrate out of the epithelium and along the olfactory nerve to the CNS. This nerve is essential for the entrance of GnRH neurons into the CNS. Due to the importance of the nerve for the proper migration of these neurons, we have used immunocytochemistry, DiI labeling and 1 microm serial plastic-embedded sections to characterize the nerve's earliest development in the embryonic chick (stages 17-21). Initially (stage 17) the zone between the placode and prosencephalon is a cellular mass contiguous with the placode. This cluster, known as epithelioid cells, is positive for some but not all neuronal markers studied. The epithelium itself is negative for all neuronal and glial markers at this early stage. By stage 18, the first neurites emerge from the epithelium; this was confirmed at stage 19 by examination of serial 1 microm plastic sections. There is sequential acquisition of immunoreactivity to neuronal markers from stage 18 to 21. The glial component of the nerve appears at stage 21. Axons originating from epithelium, extend to the border of the CNS as confirmed by DiI labeling at stage 21. Small fascicles have entered the CNS at this stage. As previously reported, GnRH neurons begin their migration between stages 20-21 and have also arrived at the border of the brain at stage 21. Despite the penetration of neurites from the olfactory nerve into the CNS, GnRH neurons pause at the nerve-brain junction until stage 29 (2 1/2 days later) before entering the brain. Subsequent studies will examine the nature of the impediment to continued GnRH neuronal migration. (+info)Single-channel kinetics of the rat olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel expressed in Xenopus oocytes. (2/262)
Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels are nonselective cation channels activated by intracellular cAMP and/or cGMP. It is not known how the binding of agonists opens the channel, or how the presumed four binding sites, one on each subunit, interact to generate cooperativity. We expressed the rat olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha subunit in Xenopus oocytes and recorded the single-channel currents. The channel had a single conductance state, and flickers at -60 mV showed the same power spectrum for cAMP and cGMP. At steady state, the distribution patterns of open and closed times were relatively simple, containing one or two exponential components. The conductance properties and the dwell-time distributions were adequately described by models that invoke only one or two binding events to open the channel, followed by an additional binding event that prolongs the openings and helps to explain apparent cooperativity. In a comparison between cAMP and cGMP, we find that cGMP has clearly higher binding affinity than cAMP, but only modestly higher probability of inducing the conformational transition that opens the channel. (+info)Effects of olfactory stimuli on urge reduction in smokers. (3/262)
This study examined the possibility that exposure to olfactory stimuli can reduce self-reported urge to smoke. After an initial assessment of self-reported urge, nicotine-deprived smokers evaluated the pleasantness of a series of 8 odors. Facial expressions during odor presentations were coded with P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen's (1978a) Facial Action Coding System. After odor administration, participants were exposed to smoking cues. Next, participants were administered their most pleasant, least pleasant, or a control odor (water) and reported their urge to smoke. Results indicated that sniffing either a pleasant or unpleasant odor reduced reported urge to smoke relative to the control odor. Reported pleasantness of the odors did not differentially affect urge reduction. Odors eliciting negative-affect-related expressions, however, were less effective than odors that did not elicit negative-affect-related expressions in reducing reported urge. Results of this preliminary investigation provide support for the consideration of odor stimuli as an approach to craving reduction. (+info)Dopamine depresses synaptic inputs into the olfactory bulb. (4/262)
Both observations in humans with disorders of dopaminergic transmission and molecular studies point to an important role for dopamine in olfaction. In this study we found that dopamine receptor activation in the olfactory bulb causes a significant depression of synaptic transmission at the first relay between olfactory receptor neurons and mitral cells. This depression was found to be caused by activation of the D2 subtype of dopamine receptor and was reversible by a specific D2 receptor antagonist. A change in paired-pulse modulation during the depression suggests a presynaptic locus of action. The depression was found to occur independent of synaptic activity. These results provide the first evidence for dopaminergic control of inputs to the main olfactory bulb. The magnitude and locus of dopamine's modulatory capabilities in the bulb suggest important roles for dopamine in odorant processing. (+info)Long-term effects on the olfactory system of exposure to hydrogen sulphide. (5/262)
OBJECTIVE: To study chronic effects of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) on cranial nerve I (nervi olfactorii), which have been only minimally described. METHODS: Chemosensations (smell and taste) were evaluated in eight men who complained of continuing dysfunction 2-3 years after the start of occupational exposure to H2S. Various bilateral (both nostrils) and unilateral (one nostril at a time) odour threshold tests with standard odorants as well as the Chicago smell test, a three odour detection and identification test and the University of Pennsylvania smell identification test, a series of 40 scratch and sniff odour identification tests were administered. RESULTS: Six of the eight patients showed deficits of various degrees. Two had normal scores on objective tests, but thought that they continued to have problems. H2S apparently can cause continuing, sometimes unrecognised olfactory deficits. CONCLUSION: Further exploration into the extent of such problems among workers exposed to H2S is warranted. (+info)Sites of plasticity in the neural circuit mediating tentacle withdrawal in the snail Helix aspersa: implications for behavioral change and learning kinetics. (6/262)
The tentacle withdrawal reflex of the snail Helix aspersa exhibits a complex combination of habituation and sensitization consistent with the dual-process theory of plasticity. Habituation, sensitization, or a combination of both were elicited by varying stimulation parameters and lesion condition. Analysis of response plasticity shows that the late phase of the response is selectively enhanced by sensitization, whereas all phases are decreased by habituation. Previous data have shown that tentacle withdrawal is mediated conjointly by parallel monosynaptic and polysynaptic pathways. The former mediates the early phase, whereas the latter mediates the late phase of the response. Plastic loci were identified by stimulating and recording at different points within the neural circuit, in combination with selective lesions. Results indicate that depression occurs at an upstream locus, before circuit divergence, and is therefore expressed in all pathways, whereas facilitation requires downstream facilitatory neurons and is selectively expressed in polysynaptic pathways. Differential expression of plasticity between pathways helps explain the behavioral manifestation of depression and facilitation. A simple mathematical model is used to show how serial positioning of depression and facilitation can explain the kinetics of dual-process learning. These results illustrate how the position of cellular plasticity in the network affects behavioral change and how forms of plasticity can interact to determine the kinetics of the net changes. (+info)Relationships between odor-elicited oscillations in the salamander olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb. (7/262)
Oscillations in neuronal population activity, or the synchronous neuronal spiking that underlies them, are thought to play a functional role in sensory processing in the CNS. In the olfactory system, stimulus-induced oscillations are observed both in central processing areas and in the peripheral receptor epithelium. To examine the relationship between these peripheral and central oscillations, we recorded local field potentials simultaneously from the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). Stimulus-induced oscillations recorded at these two sites were matched in frequency and slowed concurrently over the time course of the response, suggesting that the oscillations share a common source or are modulated together. Both the power and duration of oscillations increased over a range of amyl acetate concentrations from 2.5 x 10(-2) to 1 x 10(-1) dilution of saturated vapor, but peak frequency was not affected. The frequency of the oscillation did vary with different odorant compounds in both olfactory epithelium and bulb (OE and OB): amyl acetate, ethyl fenchol and d-carvone elicited oscillations of significantly different frequencies, and there was no difference in OE and OB oscillation frequencies. No change in the power or frequency of OE oscillations was observed after sectioning the olfactory nerve, indicating that the OE oscillations have a peripheral source. Finally, application of 1.0 and 10 microM tetrodotoxin to the epithelium blocked OE oscillations in a dose-dependent and reversible manner, suggesting that peripheral olfactory oscillations are related to receptor neuron spiking. (+info)Transplantation of human olfactory ensheathing cells elicits remyelination of demyelinated rat spinal cord. (8/262)
Human olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) were prepared from adult human olfactory nerves, which were removed during surgery for frontal base tumors, and were transplanted into the demyelinated spinal cord of immunosuppressed adult rats. Extensive remyelination was observed in the lesion site: In situ hybridization using a human DNA probe (COT-1) indicated a similar number of COT-1-positive cells and OEC nuclei within the repaired lesion. The myelination was of a peripheral type with large nuclei and cytoplasmic regions surrounding the axons, characteristic of Schwann cell and OEC remyelination. These results provide evidence that adult human OECs are able to produce Schwann cell-like myelin sheaths around demyelinated axons in the adult mammalian CNS in vivo. (+info)Olfactory nerve injuries refer to damage or dysfunction of the olfactory nerve, which is responsible for transmitting odor information from the nasal cavity to the brain. This can result in a loss of the sense of smell, also known as anosmia. Olfactory nerve injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including head trauma, infections, exposure to toxins, and certain medical conditions such as Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease. Treatment for olfactory nerve injuries may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions depending on the underlying cause and severity of the injury.
Olfactory nerve diseases refer to disorders that affect the olfactory nerve, which is responsible for transmitting odor signals from the nasal cavity to the brain. These diseases can result in a loss of smell or anosmia, as well as other symptoms such as nasal congestion, headache, and facial pain. There are several types of olfactory nerve diseases, including: 1. Olfactory neuroblastoma: A rare type of cancer that affects the olfactory nerve and nasal cavity. 2. Olfactory granulomatosis: An autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the olfactory nerve and nasal cavity. 3. Olfactory bulbectomies: Surgical procedures that remove part or all of the olfactory bulb, which is the part of the brain that processes smell signals. 4. Olfactory epithelial dysfunction: A condition in which the olfactory epithelium, the specialized tissue in the nasal cavity that contains the olfactory receptors, becomes damaged or dysfunctional. 5. Olfactory disorders due to head trauma: Trauma to the head can cause damage to the olfactory nerve or the olfactory bulb, leading to anosmia or other olfactory disorders. Treatment for olfactory nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or other therapies. In some cases, the olfactory nerve may be able to regenerate, leading to partial or complete recovery of smell function.
Olfactory Marker Protein (OMP) is a protein that is expressed in the olfactory epithelium, which is the tissue responsible for the sense of smell. It is a small, glycosylated protein that is believed to play a role in the transport and processing of odorant molecules in the olfactory system. In the medical field, OMP has been studied in relation to various conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, as well as in the development of new treatments for these conditions. It has also been studied in the context of other sensory disorders, such as anosmia (loss of the sense of smell) and hyposmia (reduced sense of smell). Overall, OMP is an important molecule in the olfactory system and has the potential to be a valuable biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions.
Olfaction disorders refer to conditions that affect an individual's ability to detect, identify, or interpret odors. These disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic, neurological, environmental, or systemic conditions. Some common examples of olfactory disorders include anosmia (loss of the sense of smell), hyposmia (reduced sense of smell), parosmia (distorted sense of smell), and phantosmia (false sense of smell). Olfactory disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, as the sense of smell is closely linked to many aspects of daily functioning, including appetite, mood, and social interactions. In some cases, olfactory disorders may also be a symptom of a more serious underlying medical condition, such as a brain tumor or head injury. Diagnosis and treatment of olfactory disorders typically involve a combination of medical history, physical examination, and specialized testing, such as smell identification tests or imaging studies. Treatment options may include medications, surgery, or other interventions, depending on the underlying cause of the disorder.
Cranial nerve injuries refer to any damage or dysfunction to one or more of the 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and extend out to the head and neck. These nerves are responsible for controlling various functions such as movement, sensation, and autonomic functions like heart rate and blood pressure. Cranial nerve injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, tumors, infections, and degenerative diseases. Symptoms of cranial nerve injuries can vary depending on which nerve is affected and the severity of the injury. Common symptoms include facial weakness, double vision, hearing loss, balance problems, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis of cranial nerve injuries typically involves a physical examination, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and neurological tests to assess the function of the affected nerve. Treatment options depend on the cause and severity of the injury and may include medications, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.
In the medical field, an axon is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell (neuron) that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body towards other neurons, muscles, or glands. The axon is covered by a myelin sheath, which is a fatty substance that insulates the axon and helps to speed up the transmission of electrical signals. Axons are responsible for transmitting information throughout the nervous system, allowing the brain and spinal cord to communicate with other parts of the body. They are essential for many bodily functions, including movement, sensation, and cognition. Damage to axons can result in a variety of neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and peripheral neuropathy. Treatments for these conditions often focus on preserving and regenerating axons to restore normal function.
Receptors, Odorant are specialized proteins found on the surface of olfactory sensory neurons in the nasal cavity. These receptors are responsible for detecting and recognizing different odor molecules, also known as odorants, in the air. When an odorant molecule binds to an odorant receptor, it triggers a signal that is transmitted to the brain, where it is interpreted as a specific smell. There are hundreds of different types of odorant receptors, each capable of detecting a unique set of odorants. The ability of these receptors to detect and respond to a wide range of odorants is what allows us to distinguish between different smells and perceive the complex and diverse array of odors in our environment.
In the medical field, "Administration, Intranasal" refers to the delivery of medication or other substances into the nasal cavity through the nostrils. This method of administration is commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, including allergies, colds, and sinusitis. The medication is typically delivered in the form of a spray, drop, or gel, and is absorbed into the bloodstream through the delicate nasal lining. Intranasal administration can be a convenient and effective way to deliver medication, as it can bypass the digestive system and liver, allowing the medication to enter the bloodstream more quickly. However, it is important to follow the instructions provided by a healthcare professional carefully, as improper use can lead to adverse effects.
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules (NCAMs) are a family of proteins that play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. They are involved in cell-cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, and synaptogenesis, which are essential processes for the formation and function of neural circuits. NCAMs are expressed on the surface of neurons and other cells of the nervous system, and they interact with other NCAMs on adjacent cells or with other adhesion molecules on the same cell. These interactions help to stabilize cell-cell contacts and promote the formation of neural networks. There are several subtypes of NCAMs, including NCAM1, NCAM2, and NCAM3, which differ in their structure and function. NCAMs are also expressed in other tissues, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys, where they play roles in tissue development and repair. Abnormalities in NCAM expression or function have been linked to a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and schizophrenia. Therefore, understanding the role of NCAMs in the nervous system is important for developing new treatments for these conditions.
In the medical field, dendrites are the branched extensions of neurons that receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors. They are responsible for transmitting signals from the dendrites to the cell body of the neuron, where they are integrated and processed before being transmitted to other neurons or to muscles or glands. Dendrites are essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system and are involved in a wide range of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy.
The Central Nervous System (CNS) is a complex network of nerves and neurons that controls and coordinates all bodily functions in the human body. It is composed of the brain and spinal cord, which are protected by the skull and vertebral column, respectively. The brain is the control center of the CNS and is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling movement, regulating bodily functions, and governing emotions and thoughts. It is divided into several regions, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure that extends from the base of the brain down through the vertebral column. It serves as a communication pathway between the brain and the rest of the body, transmitting signals from the body's sensory receptors to the brain and from the brain to the body's muscles and glands. Together, the brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, which is responsible for controlling and coordinating all bodily functions, including movement, sensation, thought, and emotion.
Action potentials are electrical signals that are generated by neurons in the nervous system. They are responsible for transmitting information throughout the body and are the basis of all neural communication. When a neuron is at rest, it has a negative electrical charge inside the cell and a positive charge outside the cell. When a stimulus is received by the neuron, it causes the membrane around the cell to become more permeable to sodium ions. This allows sodium ions to flow into the cell, causing the membrane potential to become more positive. This change in membrane potential is called depolarization. Once the membrane potential reaches a certain threshold, an action potential is generated. This is a rapid and brief change in the membrane potential that travels down the length of the neuron. The action potential is characterized by a rapid rise in membrane potential, followed by a rapid fall, and then a return to the resting membrane potential. Action potentials are essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. They allow neurons to communicate with each other and transmit information throughout the body. They are also involved in a variety of important physiological processes, including muscle contraction, hormone release, and sensory perception.
Axonal transport is the movement of molecules and organelles within the axons of neurons. It is a vital process for maintaining the proper functioning of neurons and the nervous system as a whole. Axonal transport occurs in two main directions: anterograde transport, which moves materials from the cell body towards the axon terminal, and retrograde transport, which moves materials from the axon terminal towards the cell body. There are two main types of axonal transport: fast axonal transport and slow axonal transport. Fast axonal transport is faster and moves larger molecules, such as mitochondria and synaptic vesicles, while slow axonal transport is slower and moves smaller molecules, such as proteins and RNA. Disruptions in axonal transport can lead to a variety of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as traumatic brain injury and stroke.
Peripheral nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the nerves that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord. These nerves are responsible for transmitting signals between the central nervous system and the rest of the body, allowing us to feel sensations, move our muscles, and control our organs. Peripheral nerve injuries can occur as a result of a variety of factors, including trauma, compression, infection, or disease. Symptoms of peripheral nerve injuries can vary depending on the location and severity of the injury, but may include numbness, tingling, weakness, or loss of sensation in the affected area. Treatment for peripheral nerve injuries depends on the cause and severity of the injury. In some cases, conservative treatments such as physical therapy or medication may be sufficient to manage symptoms and promote healing. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged nerve tissue.
Olfactory nerve
Gorgonopsia
Longitudinal fissure
Straight gyrus
Ethmoid bone
William Keeton
Rhinarium
Naegleriasis
Affective neuroscience
Olfactory receptor
Olfactory navigation
Bottlenose dolphin
Air pollution
Caspar Bartholin the Elder
Anterior olfactory nucleus
Reicheltia
Low Thia Khiang
Olfactory ensheathing cell
Tyrannosaurus
Homing pigeon
Odor
University of Copenhagen
Soliton model in neuroscience
Pathology of multiple sclerosis
Primary sensory areas
Malodorant
Herpes simplex
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes
Nose picking
Intranasal drug delivery
Olfactory System Anatomy: Overview, Olfactory Epithelium, Olfactory Nerve and the Cribriform Plate
olfactory nerve - Global Water Alliance
Olfactory System Anatomy: Overview, Olfactory Epithelium, Olfactory Nerve and the Cribriform Plate
Olfactory System Anatomy: Overview, Olfactory Epithelium, Olfactory Nerve and the Cribriform Plate
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The Nose Facts
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Unique to the olfactory2
- The continuous turnover and new supply of these neurons are unique to the olfactory system. (medscape.com)
- In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
Nasal9
- Within the nasal cavity , the turbinates or nasal conchae serve to direct the inspired air toward the olfactory epithelium in the upper posterior region. (medscape.com)
- The trigeminal nerve innervates the posterior nasal cavity to detect noxious stimuli. (medscape.com)
- The olfactory neuroepithelium is located at the upper area of each nasal chamber adjacent to the cribriform plate, superior nasal septum, and superior-lateral nasal wall. (medscape.com)
- To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)
- Another possible explanation is that congestion and drainage associated with the acute illness can block smells from traveling through the nasal cavity to the nerves in the olfactory area. (boystownhospital.org)
- It also captures the odor bearing particles and transmits them to the olfactory recesses, that are in the superior portion of the nasal cavity, just medial to the superior turbinates. (nih.gov)
- nasal vestibule, respiratory region, and olfactory region. (nih.gov)
- Olfaction requires orthonasal or retronasal airflow to transport odor-bearing particles up to the olfactory epithelium located at the apex of the nasal cavity. (nih.gov)
- Head injury can damage or destroy fibers of the olfactory nerves (the pair of cranial nerves that connect smell receptors to the brain) where they pass through the roof of the nasal cavity. (msdmanuals.com)
Odors2
- These signals, which are not detected consciously as odors by the olfactory system, mediate human autonomic, psychological, and endocrine responses. (medscape.com)
- It is possible for smell nerves to grow back, but they may regrow in a different way, resulting in the same odors somehow smelling different to you. (boystownhospital.org)
Epithelium2
- The olfactory epithelium consists of 3 cell types: basal, supporting, and olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
- As previously mentioned, the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) sends fibers to the olfactory epithelium to detect caustic chemicals, such as ammonia. (medscape.com)
Smell9
- The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
- This bone, the cribriform plate, transmits the olfactory nerves that carry the sense of smell. (britannica.com)
- With smell, when a substance is inhaled through your nose, the nerves in the olfactory (smell) area lets you know what it smells like. (boystownhospital.org)
- Professionals believe the primary cause of loss of 'taste' and smell related to COVID-19 is an inflammatory reaction that causes cell damage in the olfactory (smell) area high inside the nose at the base of the brain. (boystownhospital.org)
- As a result, the nerves (which are essential for communicating smell messages to the brain) stop working. (boystownhospital.org)
- Though the nerves are still working, the scent never reaches them and therefore you temporarily lose your sense of smell. (boystownhospital.org)
- The nose allows you to smell by sending signals to the brain via the olfactory nerve. (softschools.com)
- can damage the olfactory nerves, commonly causing loss of smell. (msdmanuals.com)
- And the neurologic complications ranged between what you've heard about--you know, loss of taste and smell, to encephalopathy, to stroke, to your peripheral nerves being affected, to encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
Fibers9
- The small, unmyelinated axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the fine fibers of the first cranial nerve and travel centrally toward the ipsilateral olfactory bulb to make contact with the second-order neurons. (medscape.com)
- The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, separated at the midline by the crista galli, contains multiple small foramina through which the olfactory nerve fibers, or fila olfactoria, traverse. (medscape.com)
- Fracture of the cribriform plate in traumatic settings can disrupt these fine fibers and lead to olfactory dysfunction. (medscape.com)
- Mitral cells are second-order neurons contacted by the olfactory nerve fibers at the glomerular layer of the bulb. (medscape.com)
- The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. (medscape.com)
- Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers. (medscape.com)
- 8. Kuntz, A.: Nerve Fibers of Spinal and Vagus Origin Associated with the Cephalic Sympathetic Nerves , Ann. (deepdyve.com)
- The spinal cord, about as thick as your finger, contains millions of nerve fibers that drive a vast array of bodily functions, including muscle control and sensory processing. (scientificamerican.com)
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS) In multiple sclerosis, patches of myelin (the substance that covers most nerve fibers) and underlying nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord are damaged or destroyed. (msdmanuals.com)
Cribriform plate1
- Damage to the olfactory nerves can also result from infections (such as abscesses) or tumors near the cribriform plate. (msdmanuals.com)
Receptor cells3
- This area (only a few centimeters wide) contains more than 100 million olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
- Basal cells are stem cells that give rise to the olfactory receptor cells (seen in the image below). (medscape.com)
- The receptor cells are actually bipolar neurons, each possessing a thin dendritic rod that contains specialized cilia extending from the olfactory vesicle and a long central process that forms the fila olfactoria. (medscape.com)
Neurons2
- The specialized olfactory epithelial cells characterize the only group of neurons capable of regeneration. (medscape.com)
- As humans age, the number of olfactory neurons steadily decreases. (medscape.com)
Receptors2
- Olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)
- It is a specialized pseudostratified neuroepithelium containing the primary olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)
Anatomy1
- Head anatomy with olfactory nerve. (medscape.com)
Olfaction1
- Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
Nose3
- In the same way, when some of the nerves in your nose are damaged, your body will continue to use the other nerves to relay the message so your brain may process it differently. (boystownhospital.org)
- The olfactory nerves in your nose will enjoy the aroma of this special day. (holidayinsights.com)
- This nerve goes from your nose, directly into your brain. (softschools.com)
Cranial nerve2
Sensory2
- The olfactory system represents one of the oldest sensory modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals. (medscape.com)
- Arnold's nerve , also known as the auricular branch or mastoid branch , of the vagus nerve (CN X) is a small sensory nerve supplying the skin of the external acoustic meatus. (radiopaedia.org)
Basal1
- The olfactory bulb lies inferior to the basal frontal lobe. (medscape.com)
Dysfunction1
- Whitcroft KL, Hummel T. Olfactory function and dysfunction. (medlineplus.gov)
Autonomic1
- These nerves may be divided for our present purpose into two main groups-afferent and autonomic. (deepdyve.com)
Respiratory1
- In neonates, this area is a dense neural sheet, but, in children and adults, the respiratory and olfactory tissues interdigitate. (medscape.com)
Spinal cord2
- Finally, however, science offers glimmers of hope that nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain could someday regenerate. (scientificamerican.com)
- In recent years, however, improved medical technology has shown that after a spinal cord is cut, nerve cells do begin to extend new fingers, called axons, which could carry signals across the gap. (scientificamerican.com)
Mucous1
- Odorants diffuse into the mucous and are transported to the olfactory receptor. (medscape.com)
Inferior1
- Arnold's nerve originates from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve and also has a small contribution from the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve . (radiopaedia.org)
Vagus1
- It is also responsible for the referred otalgia through the vagus nerve (CN X), in the case of laryngeal pathology. (radiopaedia.org)
Peripheral1
- Brain infection is thought to occur by means of direct neuronal transmission of the virus from a peripheral site to the brain via the trigeminal or olfactory nerve and indirect immune-mediated processes inducing neuroinflammation. (medscape.com)
Innervates1
- Arnold's nerve innervates the small parts of the external acoustic meatus and is the source of jugulotympanic paraganglioma from the non-chromaffin paraganglion cells , which are found along the nerve. (radiopaedia.org)
Tissue2
- The patient will spend time smelling certain scents each day, retraining the nerves in the olfactory tissue to pass along the appropriate messages to the brain. (boystownhospital.org)
- Microscopic imaging showed that a thin spindle of nerve tissue was bridging the gap at the injured spot. (scientificamerican.com)
Odor1
- However, although its strong odor is readily identified, olfactory fatigue occurs at high concentrations and at continuous low concentrations. (cdc.gov)
Brain2
- Our results demonstrate that P. quenstedti retained a simple tube-like brain morphology with poorly differentiated regions and mediocre hearing and vision, but a well-developed olfactory sense. (frontiersin.org)
- They may enter previously unrecognized pathways (e.g. olfactory nerve transport to the brain) and retention sites in cells (e.g. mitochondria). (cdc.gov)
Functional1
- As stressful as this can be to experience, it can be a sign that your olfactory nerves are becoming functional again and you can start retraining them! (boystownhospital.org)
Processes1
- Activation occurs when odiferous molecules come in contact with specialized processes known as the olfactory vesicles. (medscape.com)
Smells1
- This is why certain smells can bring back memories, and the olfactory nerve is the only nerve that does this. (softschools.com)
Prevents1
- Experts theorized that this molecular brake prevents uncontrolled nerve cell growth once the CNS is mature, as a way of stabilizing the complex network. (scientificamerican.com)
Cells3
- These specialized epithelial cells give rise to the olfactory vesicles containing kinocilia, which serve as sites of stimulus transduction. (medscape.com)
- In Alzheimer's, it is the degeneration of the nerve cells that cause the problem because they lose their ability to connect with each other. (all.org)
- However, when the cells that surround and support the olfactory nerves are infected with the COVID-19 virus, there can be an inflammatory reaction that damages the olfactory nerves themselves. (boystownhospital.org)
System1
- As a chemical sensor, the olfactory system detects food and influences social and sexual behavior. (medscape.com)
Human1
- Experts now say that even human nerves are fundamentally repairable. (scientificamerican.com)
Damage1
- If there is olfactory nerve damage, it could be a different story. (boystownhospital.org)
Primary1
- via the olfactory nerves causing primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). (cdc.gov)
Parts1
- This phenomenon frustrated neuroscientists because severed nerves in other parts of the body can reestablish connections. (scientificamerican.com)
Million1
- Extrapolating from these values, there are currently 14 million older adults with some degree of olfactory impairment. (medscape.com)
Directly1
- Unlike our other senses, the olfactory nerves do not proceed directly to the brain's thalamus, the gateway to consciousness. (discovermagazine.com)
Base1
- Each card also features text describing the structure and function of the nerve, where it enters and exists the base of the skull, two "attacks" based on the nerve's functions, as well as a nickname for the nerve at the bottom of the card. (mcgill.ca)