AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
Olfactory BulbOlfactory NerveOlfactory Receptor NeuronsSmellOdorsOlfactory PathwaysOlfactory Marker ProteinReceptors, OdorantOlfaction DisordersOlfactory Nerve InjuriesOlfactory MucosaVomeronasal OrganOlfactory PerceptionNeuronsLateral VentriclesInterneuronsNeurogenesisDendritesSensory Receptor CellsAnimals, NewbornTelencephalonNasal CavityAxonsBrainMice, Inbred C57BLPheromonesPentanolsNeuropilProsencephalonNerve Tissue ProteinsAction PotentialsZinc SulfateRats, Sprague-DawleyImmunohistochemistryNeural InhibitionNasal SeptumMice, TransgenicBehavior, AnimalNeurons, AfferentBromodeoxyuridineEsthesioneuroblastoma, OlfactorySynapsesKallmann SyndromeStimulation, ChemicalDiscrimination (Psychology)Arthropod AntennaeNeural Stem CellsStem CellsHabituation, PsychophysiologicCerebral VentriclesIn Situ HybridizationEvoked PotentialsNerve NetElectric StimulationSensory Deprivationgamma-Aminobutyric AcidSynaptic TransmissionDiscrimination LearningPatch-Clamp TechniquesCalbindin 2Nasal MucosaSensory ThresholdsKv1.3 Potassium ChannelNeurogliaExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsTyrosine 3-MonooxygenaseElectrophysiologyGreen Fluorescent ProteinsMonoterpenesModels, NeurologicalCentral Nervous SystemCell MovementTime FactorsIctaluridaeGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalSense OrgansMice, KnockoutSexual Behavior, AnimalRats, Long-EvansTissue DistributionGABA AntagonistsNeuronal Plasticity2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerateMushroom BodiesAdult Stem CellsRats, WistarAdministration, IntranasalAldehydesNoseCell CountColubridaeCell DifferentiationTurtlesBrain Mapping
Olfactory Bulb
Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here.
Olfactory Nerve
The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB.
Olfactory Receptor Neurons
Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN.
Smell
The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS.
Odors
The volatile portions of substances perceptible by the sense of smell. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Olfactory Pathways
Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. It includes the OLFACTORY NERVE; OLFACTORY BULB; OLFACTORY TRACT; OLFACTORY TUBERCLE; ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE; and OLFACTORY CORTEX.
Olfactory Marker Protein
A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. It is a modulator of the olfactory SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY.
Receptors, Odorant
Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. The large number of different odorant receptors appears to arise from several gene families or subfamilies rather than from DNA rearrangement.
Olfaction Disorders
Loss of or impaired ability to smell. This may be caused by OLFACTORY NERVE DISEASES; PARANASAL SINUS DISEASES; viral RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SMOKING; and other conditions.
Olfactory Nerve Injuries
Traumatic injuries to the OLFACTORY NERVE. It may result in various olfactory dysfunction including a complete loss of smell.
Olfactory Mucosa
That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory nerve endings for SMELL, located at the dome of each NASAL CAVITY. The yellow-brownish olfactory epithelium consists of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS; brush cells; STEM CELLS; and the associated olfactory glands.
Vomeronasal Organ
An accessory chemoreceptor organ that is separated from the main OLFACTORY MUCOSA. It is situated at the base of nasal septum close to the VOMER and NASAL BONES. It forwards chemical signals (such as PHEROMONES) to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, thus influencing reproductive and social behavior. In humans, most of its structures except the vomeronasal duct undergo regression after birth.
Olfactory Perception
The process by which the nature and meaning of olfactory stimuli, such as odors, are recognized and interpreted by the brain.
Neurons
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Lateral Ventricles
Cavity in each of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES derived from the cavity of the embryonic NEURAL TUBE. They are separated from each other by the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM, and each communicates with the THIRD VENTRICLE by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses (CHOROID PLEXUS) of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.
Interneurons
Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.
Neurogenesis
Formation of NEURONS which involves the differentiation and division of STEM CELLS in which one or both of the daughter cells become neurons.
Dendrites
Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.
Sensory Receptor Cells
Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.
Animals, Newborn
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
Telencephalon
The anterior subdivision of the embryonic PROSENCEPHALON or the corresponding part of the adult prosencephalon that includes the cerebrum and associated structures.
Nasal Cavity
The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the NASAL SEPTUM. Nasal cavities, extending from the nares to the NASOPHARYNX, are lined with ciliated NASAL MUCOSA.
Axons
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Pheromones
Chemical substances, excreted by an organism into the environment, that elicit behavioral or physiological responses from other organisms of the same species. Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact.
Pentanols
Isomeric forms and derivatives of pentanol (C5H11OH).
Neuropil
A dense intricate feltwork of interwoven fine glial processes, fibrils, synaptic terminals, axons, and dendrites interspersed among the nerve cells in the gray matter of the central nervous system.
Prosencephalon
The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. It subdivides to form DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 27th ed)
Nerve Tissue Proteins
Action Potentials
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
Zinc Sulfate
A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Immunohistochemistry
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Neural Inhibition
The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.
Nasal Septum
The partition separating the two NASAL CAVITIES in the midplane. It is formed by the SEPTAL NASAL CARTILAGE, parts of skull bones (ETHMOID BONE; VOMER), and membranous parts.
Mice, Transgenic
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Behavior, Animal
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
Neurons, Afferent
Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Bromodeoxyuridine
A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.
Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory
A malignant olfactory neuroblastoma arising from the olfactory epithelium of the superior nasal cavity and cribriform plate. It is uncommon (3% of nasal tumors) and rarely is associated with the production of excess hormones (e.g., SIADH, Cushing Syndrome). It has a high propensity for multiple local recurrences and bony metastases. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3rd ed, p1245; J Laryngol Otol 1998 Jul;112(7):628-33)
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Kallmann Syndrome
A genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by hypothalamic GNRH deficiency and OLFACTORY NERVE defects. It is characterized by congenital HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM and ANOSMIA, possibly with additional midline defects. It can be transmitted as an X-linked (GENETIC DISEASES, X-LINKED), an autosomal dominant, or an autosomal recessive trait.
Stimulation, Chemical
The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.
Discrimination (Psychology)
Differential response to different stimuli.
Arthropod Antennae
Paired sense organs connected to the anterior segments of ARTHROPODS that help them navigate through the environment.
Neural Stem Cells
Self-renewing cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system in both the embryo and adult. Neural stem cells are precursors to both NEURONS and NEUROGLIA.
Stem Cells
Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Habituation, Psychophysiologic
The disappearance of responsiveness to a repeated stimulation. It does not include drug habituation.
Cerebral Ventricles
Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).
In Situ Hybridization
A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.
Evoked Potentials
Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.
Nerve Net
A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.
Electric Stimulation
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
Sensory Deprivation
The absence or restriction of the usual external sensory stimuli to which the individual responds.
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Discrimination Learning
Learning that is manifested in the ability to respond differentially to various stimuli.
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Calbindin 2
A calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of NEURONS throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate NERVOUS SYSTEM, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences LONG-TERM POTENTIATION. It is also found in LUNG, TESTIS, OVARY, KIDNEY, and BREAST, and is expressed in many tumor types found in these tissues. It is often used as an immunohistochemical marker for MESOTHELIOMA.
Nasal Mucosa
The mucous lining of the NASAL CAVITY, including lining of the nostril (vestibule) and the OLFACTORY MUCOSA. Nasal mucosa consists of ciliated cells, GOBLET CELLS, brush cells, small granule cells, basal cells (STEM CELLS) and glands containing both mucous and serous cells.
Sensory Thresholds
The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.
Kv1.3 Potassium Channel
A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is the predominant VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL of T-LYMPHOCYTES.
Neuroglia
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists
Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.
Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.
Electrophysiology
The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.
Monoterpenes
Compounds with a core of 10 carbons generally formed via the mevalonate pathway from the combination of 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. They are cyclized and oxidized in a variety of ways. Due to the low molecular weight many of them exist in the form of essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE).
Models, Neurological
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Central Nervous System
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
Cell Movement
The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Ictaluridae
A family of North American freshwater CATFISHES. It consists of four genera (Ameiurus, Ictalurus, Noturus, Pylodictis,) comprising several species, two of which are eyeless.
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
Sense Organs
Specialized organs adapted for the reception of stimuli by the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Sexual Behavior, Animal
Sexual activities of animals.
Rats, Long-Evans
An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.
Tissue Distribution
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
GABA Antagonists
Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.
Neuronal Plasticity
The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate
The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.
Mushroom Bodies
Prominent lobed neuropils found in ANNELIDA and all ARTHROPODS except crustaceans. They are thought to be involved in olfactory learning and memory.
Adult Stem Cells
Cells with high proliferative and self renewal capacities derived from adults.
Rats, Wistar
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Administration, Intranasal
Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa.
Aldehydes
Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO.
Nose
A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.
Cell Count
The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.
Colubridae
The largest family of snakes, comprising five subfamilies: Colubrinae, Natricinae, Homalopsinae, Lycodontinae, and Xenodontinae. They show a great diversity of eating habits, some eating almost anything, others having a specialized diet. They can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous. The majority of North American snakes are colubrines. Among the colubrids are king snakes, water moccasins, water snakes, and garter snakes. Some genera are poisonous. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp321-29)
Cell Differentiation
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Turtles
Brain Mapping
Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.

Dopamine receptor subtypes modulate olfactory bulb gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. (1/1923)

The gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor is the predominant Cl- channel protein mediating inhibition in the olfactory bulb and elsewhere in the mammalian brain. The olfactory bulb is rich in neurons containing both GABA and dopamine. Dopamine D1 and D2 receptors are also highly expressed in this brain region with a distinct and complementary distribution pattern. This distribution suggests that dopamine may control the GABAergic inhibitory processing of odor signals, possibly via different signal-transduction mechanisms. We have observed that GABAA receptors in the rat olfactory bulb are differentially modulated by dopamine in a cell-specific manner. Dopamine reduced the currents through GABA-gated Cl- channels in the interneurons, presumably granule cells. This action was mediated via D1 receptors and involved phosphorylation of GABAA receptors by protein kinase A. Enhancement of GABA responses via activation of D2 dopamine receptors and phosphorylation of GABAA receptors by protein kinase C was observed in mitral/tufted cells. Decreasing or increasing the binding affinity for GABA appears to underlie the modulatory effects of dopamine via distinct receptor subtypes. This dual action of dopamine on inhibitory GABAA receptor function in the rat olfactory bulb could be instrumental in odor detection and discrimination, olfactory learning, and ultimately odotopic memory formation.  (+info)

Adult subventricular zone neuronal precursors continue to proliferate and migrate in the absence of the olfactory bulb. (2/1923)

Neurons continue to be born in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles of adult mice. These cells migrate as a network of chains through the SVZ and the rostral migratory stream (RMS) into the olfactory bulb (OB), where they differentiate into mature neurons. The OB is the only known target for these neuronal precursors. Here, we show that, after elimination of the OB, the SVZ and RMS persist and become dramatically larger. The proportion of dividing [bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled] or dying (pyknotic or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end-labeled) cells in the RMS was not significantly affected at 3 d or 3 weeks after bulbectomy (OBX). However, by 3 months after OBX, the percentage of BrdU-labeled cells in the RMS decreased by half and that of dying cells doubled. Surprisingly, the rostral migration of precursors continued along the RMS after OBX. This was demonstrated by focal microinjections of BrdU and grafts of SVZ cells carrying LacZ under the control of a neuron-specific promoter gene. Results indicate that the OB is not essential for proliferation and the directional migration of SVZ precursors.  (+info)

Modeling geriatric depression in animals: biochemical and behavioral effects of olfactory bulbectomy in young versus aged rats. (3/1923)

Geriatric depression exhibits biological and therapeutic differences relative to early-onset depression. We studied olfactory bulbectomy (OBX), a paradigm that shares major features of human depression, in young versus aged rats to determine mechanisms underlying these differences. Young OBX rats showed locomotor hyperactivity and a loss of passive avoidance and tactile startle. In contrast, aged OBX animals maintained avoidance and startle responses but showed greater locomotor stimulation; the aged group also exhibited decreased grooming and suppressed feeding with novel presentation of chocolate milk, effects which were not seen in young OBX. These behavioral contrasts were accompanied by greater atrophy of the frontal/parietal cortex and midbrain in aged OBX. Serotonin transporter sites were increased in the cortex and hippocampus of young OBX rats, but were decreased in the aged OBX group. Cell signaling cascades also showed age-dependent effects, with increased adenylyl cyclase responses to monoaminergic stimulation in young OBX but no change or a decrease in aged OBX. These data indicate that there are biological distinctions in effects of OBX in young and aged animals, which, if present in geriatric depression, provide a mechanistic basis for differences in biological markers and drug responses. OBX may provide a useful animal model with which to test therapeutic interventions for geriatric depression.  (+info)

Combinatorial receptor codes for odors. (4/1923)

The discriminatory capacity of the mammalian olfactory system is such that thousands of volatile chemicals are perceived as having distinct odors. Here we used a combination of calcium imaging and single-cell RT-PCR to identify odorant receptors (ORs) for odorants with related structures but varied odors. We found that one OR recognizes multiple odorants and that one odorant is recognized by multiple ORs, but that different odorants are recognized by different combinations of ORs. Thus, the olfactory system uses a combinatorial receptor coding scheme to encode odor identities. Our studies also indicate that slight alterations in an odorant, or a change in its concentration, can change its "code," potentially explaining how such changes can alter perceived odor quality.  (+info)

Vertebrate slit, a secreted ligand for the transmembrane protein roundabout, is a repellent for olfactory bulb axons. (5/1923)

The olfactory bulb plays a central role in olfactory information processing through its connections with both peripheral and cortical structures. Axons projecting from the olfactory bulb to the telencephalon are guided by a repulsive activity in the septum. The molecular nature of the repellent is not known. We report here the isolation of vertebrate homologs of the Drosophila slit gene and show that Slit protein binds to the transmembrane protein Roundabout (Robo). Slit is expressed in the septum whereas Robo is expressed in the olfactory bulb. Functionally, Slit acts as a chemorepellent for olfactory bulb axons. These results establish a ligand-receptor relationship between two molecules important for neural development, suggest a role for Slit in olfactory bulb axon guidance, and reveal the existence of a new family of axon guidance molecules.  (+info)

Comparative anatomy of the vomeronasal organ complex in bats. (6/1923)

The morphology of the vomeronasal organ complex was histologically described in eight out of fourteen chiropteran species investigated. Of the six families examined, all except the family Pteropodidae (suborder Megachiroptera) were found to have at least one member possessing the organ. The organ is best developed in phyllostomatids. It is absent in vespertilionids (including a Myotis embryo) except in Miniopterus. An accessory olfactory bulb is reported for the first time in the latter. The organ is described for the first time in Rhinopoma, Megaderma, and Hipposideros. The organ in Rhinolophus is also described. Homologous anterior nasal cartilages and patent nasopalatine ducts are present in all species. The organ occupies the anterior ventral nasal septum region. In Megaderma and Hipposideros it is level with the nasal cavity floor. Areas of epithelium similar to olfactory epithelium have been observed in some organs. Epithelia, vascular sinuses, vomeronasal nerves, paravomeronasal ganglia, accessory olfactory bulbs, and vomeronasal glands have been investigated. In bats with regressed or rudimentary organs (Megaderma, Rhinopoma, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros) accessory olfactory bulbs could not be identified. Thus, presence of the organ does not necessarily indicate presence of the accessory olfactory bulb. Septal pockets located superior to the organ complex and lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium are described in Hipposideros and may play a part in nasophonation. A unique role is proposed for the organ in the feeding behaviour of Desmodus. The desirability of extending the useful terms 'diosmatic' and 'monosmatic' to all vertebrates in reference to their respective possession or lack of the vomeronasal organ is suggested.  (+info)

GABA(B) receptor-mediated stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity in membranes of rat olfactory bulb. (7/1923)

Previous studies have shown that GABA(B) receptors facilitate cyclic AMP formation in brain slices likely through an indirect mechanism involving intracellular second messengers. In the present study, we have investigated whether a positive coupling of GABA(B) receptors to adenylyl cyclase could be detected in a cell-free preparation of rat olfactory bulb, a brain region where other Gi/Go-coupled neurotransmitter receptors have been found to stimulate the cyclase activity. The GABA(B) receptor agonist (-)-baclofen significantly increased basal adenylyl cyclase activity in membranes of the granule cell and external plexiform layers, but not in the olfactory nerve-glomerular layer. The adenylyl cyclase stimulation was therefore examined in granule cell layer membranes. The (-)-baclofen stimulation (pD2=4.53) was mimicked by 3-aminopropylphosphinic acid (pD2=4.60) and GABA (pD2=3.56), but not by (+)-baclofen, 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid, muscimol and isoguvacine. The stimulatory effect was counteracted by the GABA(B) receptor antagonists CGP 35348 (pA2=4.31), CGP 55845 A (pA2=7.0) and 2-hydroxysaclofen (pKi=4.22). Phaclofen (1 mM) was inactive. The (-)-baclofen stimulation was not affected by quinacrine, indomethacin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid and staurosporine, but was completely prevented by pertussis toxin and significantly reduced by the alpha subunit of transducin, a betagamma scavenger. The betagamma subunits of transducin stimulated the cyclase activity and this effect was not additive with that produced by (-)-baclofen. In the external plexiform and granule cell layers, but not in the olfactory nerve-glomerular layer, (-)-baclofen enhanced the adenylyl cyclase stimulation elicited by the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) 38. Conversely, the adenylyl cyclase activity stimulated by either forskolin or Ca2+/calmodulin-(Ca2+/CaM) was inhibited by (-)-baclofen in all the olfactory bulb layers examined. These data demonstrate that in specific layers of rat olfactory bulb activation of GABA(B) receptors enhances basal and neurotransmitter-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activities by a mechanism involving betagamma subunits of Gi/Go. This positive coupling is associated with a widespread inhibitory effect on forskolin- and Ca2+/CaM-stimulated cyclic AMP formation.  (+info)

Slit2-Mediated chemorepulsion and collapse of developing forebrain axons. (8/1923)

Diffusible chemorepellents play a major role in guiding developing axons toward their correct targets by preventing them from entering or steering them away from certain regions. Genetic studies in Drosophila revealed a novel repulsive guidance system that prevents inappropriate axons from crossing the CNS midline; this repulsive system is mediated by the Roundabout (Robo) receptor and its secreted ligand Slit. In rodents, Robo and Slit are expressed in the spinal cord and Slit can repel spinal motor axons in vitro. Here, we extend these findings into higher brain centers by showing that Robo1 and Robo2, as well as Slit1 and Slit2, are often expressed in complementary patterns in the developing forebrain. Furthermore, we show that human Slit2 can repel olfactory and hippocampal axons and collapse their growth cones.  (+info)

Involvement of Ngn2, Tbr and NeuroD proteins during postnatal olfactory bulb neurogenesis.Involvement of Ngn2, Tbr and NeuroD proteins during postnatal olfactory bulb neurogenesis.
article{cd7f6278-687b-4a1d-9f0d-d122c28d5b7f, abstract = {Postnatal neurogenesis takes place in two brain regions, the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). The transcriptional cascade controlling hippocampal neurogenesis has been described in detail; however, the transcriptional control of olfactory bulb neurogenesis is still not well mapped. In this study, we provide insights into the molecular events controlling postnatal olfactory bulb neurogenesis. We first show the existence of diverse neural stem cell/progenitor populations along the SVZ-rostral migratory stream (RMS) axis, focusing on those expressing the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Mash1. We provide evidence that Mash1-derived progenies generate oligodendrocytic and neuronal precursors through the transient expression of the bHLH transcription factors Olig2 and neurogenin2 (Ngn2), respectively. Furthermore, we reveal that Ngn2-positive progenies express the T-box transcription factors Tbr2 and Tbr1, which ...
https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/1302789
Early synapse formation in developing interneurons of the adult olfactory bulb - Zurich Open Repository and ArchiveEarly synapse formation in developing interneurons of the adult olfactory bulb - Zurich Open Repository and Archive
New olfactory bulb granule cells (GCs) are GABAergic interneurons continuously arising from neuronal progenitors and integrating into preexisting bulbar circuits. They receive both GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic inputs from olfactory bulb intrinsic neurons and centrifugal afferents. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal dynamic of newborn GC synaptogenesis in adult mouse olfactory bulb. First, we established that GABAergic synapses onto mature GC dendrites contain the GABA(A) receptor alpha2 subunit along with the postsynaptic scaffolding protein gephyrin. Next, we characterized morphologically and electrophysiologically the development of GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs onto newborn GCs labeled with eGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) using lentiviral vectors. Already when reaching the GC layer (GCL), at 3 d post-vector injection (dpi), newborn GCs exhibited tiny voltage-dependent sodium currents and received functional GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses, recognized ...
http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/32055/
Olfactory bulbectomy induced oxidative and cell damage in rat: Protective effect of melatonin<...Olfactory bulbectomy induced oxidative and cell damage in rat: Protective effect of melatonin<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Olfactory bulbectomy induced oxidative and cell damage in rat. T2 - Protective effect of melatonin. AU - Tasset, Inmaculada. AU - Medina, F. J.. AU - Peña, J.. AU - Jimena, I.. AU - muñoz, M. del Carmen. AU - Salcedo, M.. AU - Ruiz, C.. AU - Feijóo, M.. AU - Montilla, P.. AU - Túnez, I.. PY - 2010. Y1 - 2010. N2 - In this study we analyzed the effects of melatonin (Mel, 1 mg/kgip) on behavioral changes as well as cell and oxidative damage prompted by bilaterally olfactory bulbectomy. Olfactory bulbectomy caused an increase in lipid peroxidation products and caspase-3, whereas it prompted a decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidative enzymes activities. Additionally, olfactory bulbectomy induced behavioral changes characterized by the enhancement of immobility time in the forced swim test and hyperactivity in the open field test. All these changes were normalized by treatment of Mel (14 days). Our data show that Mel has a beneficial neuropsychiatric action ...
https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/olfactory-bulbectomy-induced-oxidative-and-cell-damage-in-rat-pro
olfactory bulb mitral cell layer development Antibodies | Invitrogen ...olfactory bulb mitral cell layer development Antibodies | Invitrogen ...
Antibodies for proteins involved in olfactory bulb mitral cell layer development pathways, according to their Panther/Gene Ontology Classification
https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/primary/panther/olfactory%20bulb%20mitral%20cell%20layer%20development
Dendrodendritic Synaptic Signals in Olfactory Bulb Granule Cells: Local Spine Boost and Global Low-Threshold Spike | Journal of...Dendrodendritic Synaptic Signals in Olfactory Bulb Granule Cells: Local Spine Boost and Global Low-Threshold Spike | Journal of...
What triggered release from calcium stores in GC spines? Application of 50 μm APV and 100 μm Ni2+ completely blocked the synaptic Ca2+ transient in all spines examined [7 ± 10% of control; mean (ΔF/F)syn, 2 ± 3%; n = 5; p , 0.05; χ2 test] (Fig. 5B,D), although it had little effect on the corresponding EPSP amplitudes (80 ± 16% of control; p , 0.09) (Fig. 5B,C). Thus, internal stores are activated via calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) rather than via the metabotropic glutamate receptor/IP3 pathway. This manipulation also showed that other possible ligandgated sources of synaptically gated calcium, in particular calcium-permeable AMPA receptors, play no significant role.. For spines of cultured hippocampal neurons, it has been suggested that CICR carries most of the Ca2+ signal and is triggered by an NMDA-R-mediated Ca2+ signal too small for detection (Emptage et al., 1999). Could the APV-sensitive component of the Ca2+ transient in GC spines be attributable to NMDA-R triggered CICR ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/25/14/3521.long
Differing phagocytic capacities of accessory and main olfactory ensheathing cells and the implication for olfactory glia...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Differing phagocytic capacities of accessory and main olfactory ensheathing cells and the implication for olfactory glia transplantation therapies. AU - Nazareth, Lynnmaria. AU - Tello Velasquez, Johana. AU - Lineburg, Katie E.. AU - Chehrehasa, Fatemeh. AU - St John, James A.. AU - Ekberg, Jenny A K. PY - 2015/3/1. Y1 - 2015/3/1. N2 - The rodent olfactory systems comprise the main olfactory system for the detection of odours and the accessory olfactory system which detects pheromones. In both systems, olfactory axon fascicles are ensheathed by olfactory glia, termed olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which are crucial for the growth and maintenance of the olfactory nerve. The growth-promoting and phagocytic characteristics of OECs make them potential candidates for neural repair therapies such as transplantation to repair the injured spinal cord. However, transplanting mixed populations of glia with unknown properties may lead to variations in outcomes for neural repair. As the ...
https://research.bond.edu.au/en/publications/differing-phagocytic-capacities-of-accessory-and-main-olfactory-e
Frontiers | The Role of Astrocytes in the Generation, Migration, and Integration of New Neurons in the Adult Olfactory Bulb |...Frontiers | The Role of Astrocytes in the Generation, Migration, and Integration of New Neurons in the Adult Olfactory Bulb |...
In mammals, new neurons in the adult olfactory bulb originate from a pool of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles. Adult-born cells play an important role in odor information processing by adjusting the neuronal network to changing environmental conditions. Olfactory bulb neurogenesis is supported by several non-neuronal cells. In this review, we focus on the role of astroglial cells in the generation, migration, integration and survival of new neurons in the adult forebrain. In the subventricular zone, neural stem cells with astrocytic properties display regional and temporal specificity when generating different neuronal subtypes. Non-neurogenic astrocytes contribute to the establishment and maintenance of the neurogenic niche. Neuroblast chains migrate through the rostral migratory stream ensheathed by astrocytic processes. Astrocytes play an important regulatory role in neuroblast migration and also assist in the development of a vasculature scaffold in the
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2016.00149/full
Enhancement of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic potential evoked in rat medial-amygdala neuron following olfactory bulbectomy<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Enhancement of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic potential evoked in rat medial-amygdala neuron following olfactory bulbectomy. AU - Nakanishi, Hiroshi. AU - Ukai, Kiyoharu. AU - Nakagawa, Terutake. AU - Watanabe, Shigenori. AU - Kamata, Osamu. AU - Yamamoto, Kenji. PY - 1990/11/5. Y1 - 1990/11/5. N2 - Synaptic potentials evoked in the medial amygdala (m-AMG) neurons were studied in in vitro slice preparations obtained from normal and olfactory bulbectomized rats. Local stimulation induced a sequence of responses: a fast EPSP, a fast IPSP and a slow EPSP. The fast EPSP was suppressed by kynurenic acid (KYN) at a concentration of 1 mM but not by 3-[(±)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl-]-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) at a concentrations up to 20 μM. The slow EPSP was reversibly blocked by both KYN (1 mM) and CPP (5-10 μM). Addition of bicuculline methiodide (50 μM) to the bath suppressed the fast IPSP and augmented both the fast and slow EPSPs leading to burst discharges. In a small ...
https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/enhancement-of-nmda-receptor-mediated-synaptic-potential-evoked-i
Changes in rat brain norepinephrine levels and turnover after olfactory bulbectomyChanges in rat brain norepinephrine levels and turnover after olfactory bulbectomy
After bilateral olfactory bulbectomy in rats a significant increase of norepinephrine (NE) level in the hypothalamus was found. However, no difference was observed between hypothalamic NE turnover of bulbectomized and sham operated animals. In the amygdaloid cortex the NE level was not affected by bulbectomy. In this area, however, the ... read more NE turnover appeared to be decreased after bulbectomy. The latter finding may be related to the deficits in passive avoidance behaviour as found in bulbectomized rats. show less ...
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/16138
Accumulation of stress-related proteins within the glomeruli of the rat olfactory bulb following damage to olfactory receptor...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Accumulation of stress-related proteins within the glomeruli of the rat olfactory bulb following damage to olfactory receptor neurons. AU - Hirata, Kazuho. AU - Kanemaru, Takaaki. AU - Minohara, Motozumi. AU - Togo, Akinobu. AU - Kira, Jun Ichi. PY - 2008/12/1. Y1 - 2008/12/1. N2 - The expression of stress-responsive proteins, such as nestin and a 27-kDa heat-shock protein (HSP27), was immunohistochemically examined in order to demonstrate glial responses in the rat olfactory bulb following sensory deprivation. At 3 days to 1 week after sensory deprivation, numerous nestin-expressing cells appeared within the glomerulus of the olfactory bulb. These cells were regarded as reactive astrocytes since they were immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and showed hypertrophic features. The glomeruli, in which nestin-immunoreactive astrocytes were localized, were filled with degenerating terminals of olfactory receptor neurons and migrated microglia. A small population of ...
https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/accumulation-of-stress-related-proteins-within-the-glomeruli-of-t
Expression and signalling of protease-activated receptors in distinct layers of rat olfactory bulb and olfactory sensory...Expression and signalling of protease-activated receptors in distinct layers of rat olfactory bulb and olfactory sensory...
By using biochemical, immunological and immunohistochemical techniques, we have investigated the expression and functional activity of protease-activated receptor (PARs) 1 and 2 in the rat olfactory system. Western blot analysis of microdissected main olfactory bulb indicated the presence of both PAR1 and PAR2 in olfactory nerve-glomerular cell layer (ON-GL), external plexiform layer (EPL) and granule cell layer (GRL). In functional assays, PAR1 and PAR2 selective peptides stimulated [35S]GTPyS binding and phosphoinositide hydrolysis and inhibited cyclic AMP formation in ON-GL but not in EPL and GRL, whereas they induced RhoA activation in both ON-GL and EPL+GRL. Olfactory bulb deafferentation by lesions of the olfactory mucosa elicited a significant decrease of PAR1 and PAR2 immunoreactivity in ON-GL and a reduced stimulation of [35S]GTPyS binding by PAR selective peptides. In primary cultures of olfactory neurons both PAR1 and PAR2 were detected by immunofluorescence and their activation by ...
https://iris.unica.it/handle/11584/79528
Hyperosmia - WikipediaHyperosmia - Wikipedia
Hyperosmia is an increased olfactory acuity (heightened sense of smell), usually caused by a lower threshold for odor. This perceptual disorder arises when there is an abnormally increased signal at any point between the olfactory receptors and the olfactory cortex. The causes of hyperosmia may be genetic, environmental or the result of benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. When odorants enter the nasal cavity, they bind to odorant receptors at the base of the olfactory epithelium. These receptors are bipolar neurons that connect to the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, traveling through the cribriform plate. At the glomerular layer, axons from the olfactory receptor neurons intermingle with dendrites from intrinsic olfactory bulb neurons: mitrial/tufted cells and dopaminergic periglomerular cells. From the olfactory bulb, mitral/tufted cells send axons via the lateral olfactory tract (the cranial nerve I) to the olfactory cortex, which includes the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperosmia
Characterization of CGRP protein expression in satellite-like cells and dendritic arbours of the mouse olfactory bulbCharacterization of CGRP protein expression in satellite-like cells and dendritic arbours of the mouse olfactory bulb
The main olfactory bulb (OB) is made up of several concentric layers, forming circuitries often involving dendro-dendritic synapses. Important interactions between OB neurons occur in the external plexiform layer (EPL), where dendrites of tufted and Van Gehuchten cells form synapses with dendrites of deeper lying mitral, tufted, and granule cells. OB neurons display a variety of neurotransmitters. Here, the focus is on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a 37-amino acid neuropeptide transmitter that is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system. In the OB, CGRP-immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies were mostly observed in the mitral cell layer (MCL) of normal mice, and their number increased following colchicine treatment. Sparsely distributed CGRP-ir cell bodies were also found in the EPL and granular cell layer. Double-immunofluorescence experiments revealed a lack of co-localization between CGRP-like immunoreactivity (LI) and corticotropin-releasing factor- or galanin-LI, ...
http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:317437
The Neuropil of the Periglomerular Region of the Olfactory Bulb | Journal of Cell ScienceThe Neuropil of the Periglomerular Region of the Olfactory Bulb | Journal of Cell Science
The periglomerular region of the olfactory bulb, apart from containing the somata and stem dendrites of the cells contributing to the glomeruli, is the sole region of distribution of the periglomerular cell thin dendrites and the short-axon cell dendrites. It is also the major site of termination of all axons to the glomerular layer except the olfactory axons - i.e. tufted cell collaterals, periglomerular cell and short-axon cell axons and centrifugal fibres. Its characteristic neuropil has been studied with the electron microscope to define the cells of origin of the types of neuronal process and their synaptic relationships. Three types of axon terminals have been found: those with spherical, large flattened and small flattened vesicles, which are deduced to derive from tufted cell collaterals or centrifugal fibres, periglomerular cell and short axon-cell axons respectively; those with spherical vesicles are consistently associated with asymmetrical membrane thickenings and those with either ...
http://jcs.biologists.org/content/9/2/379
Dendritic development and plasticity of adult-born neurons in the mouse olfactory bulb | Nature NeuroscienceDendritic development and plasticity of adult-born neurons in the mouse olfactory bulb | Nature Neuroscience
The mammalian brain maintains few developmental niches where neurogenesis persists into adulthood. One niche is located in the olfactory system where the olfactory bulb continuously receives functional interneurons. In vivo two-photon microscopy of lentivirus-labeled newborn neurons was used to directly image their development and maintenance in the olfactory bulb. Time-lapse imaging of newborn neurons over several days showed that dendritic formation is highly dynamic with distinct differences between spiny neurons and non-spiny neurons. Once incorporated into the network, adult-born neurons maintain significant levels of structural dynamics. This structural plasticity is local, cumulative and sustained in neurons several months after their integration. Thus, I provide a new experimental system for directly studying the pool of regenerating neurons in the intact mammalian brain and suggest that regenerating neurons form a cellular substrate for continuous wiring plasticity in the olfactory bulb.
https://www.nature.com/articles/nn1875?error=cookies_not_supported&code=71bd3694-20a1-4a14-89c2-9b2e8910c989
Dr. Didier De Saint Jan - ENI-NET
I am interested in describing synaptic circuits in the olfactory bulb, the first relay station for odor processing in the brain. In the mammalian olfactory system, sensory inputs converge in the olfactory bulb in spatially segregated anatomical structure called glomeruli. Olfactory neurons expressing the same olfactory receptor project in specific glomeruli where they transmit sensory information to ~25 mitral and tufted cells, the principal output neurons of the bulb. Each glomerulus is surrounded by local juxtaglomerular neurons that shape the output of mitral and tufted cells. Juxtaglomerular cells include different types of neurons like inhibitory periglomerular cells, excitatory external tufted cells and mixed dopaminergic-GABAergic short axon cells.. My earlier work focused on intraglomerular excitatory interactions that amplify the complex and unique long-lasting synaptic response of mitral and tufted cells to an olfactory nerve input. I demonstrated the unexpected role of external tufted ...
http://www.eni-net.org/members/dr-didier-de-saint-jan
Adult generation of glutamatergic olfactory bulb interneurons - Zurich Open Repository and ArchiveAdult generation of glutamatergic olfactory bulb interneurons - Zurich Open Repository and Archive
The adult mouse subependymal zone (SEZ) harbors neural stem cells that are thought to exclusively generate GABAergic interneurons of the olfactory bulb. We examined the adult generation of glutamatergic juxtaglomerular neurons, which had dendritic arborizations that projected into adjacent glomeruli, identifying them as short-axon cells. Fate mapping revealed that these originate from Neurog2- and Tbr2-expressing progenitors located in the dorsal region of the SEZ. Examination of the progenitors of these glutamatergic interneurons allowed us to determine the sequential expression of transcription factors in these cells that are thought to be hallmarks of glutamatergic neurogenesis in the developing cerebral cortex and adult hippocampus. Indeed, the molecular specification of these SEZ progenitors allowed for their recruitment into the cerebral cortex after a lesion was induced. Taken together, our data indicate that SEZ progenitors not only produce a population of adult-born glutamatergic ...
https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/29545/
Low-dose curcumin stimulates proliferation, migration and phagocytic activity of olfactory ensheathing cells<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Low-dose curcumin stimulates proliferation, migration and phagocytic activity of olfactory ensheathing cells. AU - Velasquez, Johana Tello. AU - Watts, Michelle E.. AU - Todorovic, Michael. AU - Nazareth, Lynnmaria. AU - Pastrana, Erika. AU - Diaz-Nido, Javier. AU - Lim, Filip. AU - Ekberg, Jenny A K. AU - Quinn, Ronald J.. AU - St John, James A.. PY - 2014/10/31. Y1 - 2014/10/31. N2 - One of the promising strategies for neural repair therapies is the transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) which are the glial cells of the olfactory system. We evaluated the effects of curcumin on the behaviour of mouse OECs to determine if it could be of use to further enhance the therapeutic potential of OECs. Curcumin, a natural polyphenol compound found in the spice turmeric, is known for its anti-cancer properties at doses over 10 μM, and often at 50 μM, and it exerts its effects on cancer cells in part by activation of MAP kinases. In contrast, we found that low-dose curcumin ...
https://research.bond.edu.au/en/publications/low-dose-curcumin-stimulates-proliferation-migration-and-phagocyt
Olfactory Bulb Glomeruli: External Tufted Cells Intrinsically Burst at Theta Frequency and Are Entrained by Patterned Olfactory...Olfactory Bulb Glomeruli: External Tufted Cells Intrinsically Burst at Theta Frequency and Are Entrained by Patterned Olfactory...
Sprague Dawley rats (21-29 d of age) of either gender were anesthetized with chloral hydrate and decapitated in accordance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and National Institutes of Health guidelines. The olfactory bulbs were removed and immersed in sucrose-artificial CSF (sucrose-aCSF) equilibrated with 95% O2-5% CO2, pH 7.38. The sucrose-aCSF had the following composition (in mm): 26 NaHCO3, 1 NaH2PO4, 2 KCl, 5 MgSO4, 0.5 CaCl2, 10 glucose, and 248 sucrose. Horizontal slices (400 μm thick) were cut with a microslicer (Ted Pella, Redding, CA). After a period of recovery at 30°C for 15 min, slices were then incubated at room temperature (22°C) in aCSF equilibrated with 95% O2-5% CO2 [composition (in mm): 124 NaCl, 26 NaHCO3, 3 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 2 MgSO4, 2 CaCl2, and 10 glucose] until they were used. For recording, a single slice was placed in a recording chamber and continuously perfused at the rate of 1.5 ml/min with normal aCSF equilibrated with 95% O2-5% CO2. All ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/24/5/1190?ijkey=e72b146a65f5a166d82909ad511244f530ffee21&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Dynamic development of the first synapse impinging on adult-born neurons in the olfactory bulb circuit | Neural Systems &...Dynamic development of the first synapse impinging on adult-born neurons in the olfactory bulb circuit | Neural Systems &...
The olfactory bulb (OB) receives and integrates newborn interneurons throughout life. This process is important for the proper functioning of the OB circuit and consequently, for the sense of smell. Although we know how these new interneurons are produced, the way in which they integrate into the pre-existing ongoing circuits remains poorly documented. Bearing in mind that glutamatergic inputs onto local OB interneurons are crucial for adjusting the level of bulbar inhibition, it is important to characterize when and how these inputs from excitatory synapses develop on newborn OB interneurons. We studied early synaptic events that lead to the formation and maturation of the first glutamatergic synapses on adult-born granule cells (GCs), the most abundant subtype of OB interneuron. Patch-clamp recordings and electron microscopy (EM) analysis were performed on adult-born interneurons shortly after their arrival in the adult OB circuits. We found that both the ratio of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)
https://neuralsystemsandcircuits.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2042-1001-1-6/figures/5
Frontiers | Sexual activity increases the number of newborn cells in the accessory olfactory bulb of male rats | Frontiers in...Frontiers | Sexual activity increases the number of newborn cells in the accessory olfactory bulb of male rats | Frontiers in...
In rodents, sexual behavior depends on the adequate detection of sexually relevant stimuli. The olfactory bulb (OB) is a region of the adult mammalian brain undergoing constant cell renewal by continuous integration of new granular and periglomerular neurons in the accessory (AOB) and main (MOB) olfactory bulbs. The proliferation, migration, survival, maturation, and integration of these new cells to the OB depend on the stimulus that the subjects received. We have previously shown that 15 days after females control (paced) the sexual interaction an increase in the number of cells is observed in the AOB. No changes are observed in the number of cells when females are not allowed to control the sexual interaction. In the present study we investigated if in male rats sexual behavior increases the number of new cells in the OB. Male rats were divided in five groups: 1) males that did not receive any sexual stimulation, 2) males that were exposed to female odors, 3) males that mated for 1 h and could not
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnana.2012.00025/full
Sexually dimorphic activation of the accessory, but not the main, olfactory bulb in mice by urinary volatiles - Martel - 2007 -...Sexually dimorphic activation of the accessory, but not the main, olfactory bulb in mice by urinary volatiles - Martel - 2007 -...
Previous research suggests that volatile body odourants detected by the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) are processed mainly by the main olfactory bulb (MOB) whereas nonvolatile body odourants detected by the vomeronasal organ (VNO) are processed via the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). We asked whether urinary volatiles from males and females differentially activate the AOB in addition to the MOB in gonadectomized mice of either sex. Exposure to urinary volatiles from opposite-sex but not same-sex conspecifics augmented the number of Fos-immunoreactive mitral and granule cells in the AOB. Volatile urinary odours from male as well as female mice also stimulated Fos expression in distinct clusters of MOB glomeruli in both sexes. Intranasal administration of ZnSO4, intended to disrupt MOE function, eliminated the ability of volatile urinary odours to stimulate Fos in both the MOB and AOB. In ovariectomized, ZnSO4-treated females a significant, though attenuated, AOB Fos response occurred after ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05651.x/abstract
Genetic expression profile of olfactory ensheathing cells is distinct from that of Schwann cells and astrocytes. - Immunology
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) accompany the axons of olfactory receptor neurons, which regenerate throughout life, from the olfactory mucosa into the olfactory bulb. OECs have shown widely varying efficacy in repairing the injured nervous system. Analysis of the transcriptome of OECs will help in understanding their biology and will provide tools for investigating the mechanisms of their efficacy and interactions with host tissues in lesion models. In this study, we compared the transcriptional profile of cultured OECs with that of Schwann cells (SCs) and astrocytes (ACs), two glial cell types to which OECs have similarities. Two biological replicates of RNA from cultured OECs, SCs, and ACs were hybridized to long oligo rat 5K arrays against a common reference pool of RNA (50% cultured fibroblast RNA and 50% neonatal rat brain RNA). Transcriptional profiles were analyzed by hierarchical clustering, Principal Components Analysis, and the Venn diagram. The three glial cell types had similarly
https://www.immunology.ox.ac.uk/publications/95120/
Is neurogenesis in the brain regulated by neurogenesis in the nose?Is neurogenesis in the brain regulated by neurogenesis in the nose?
Background: There is continuing neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult brain which supplies interneurons to the olfactory bulb. There is also continuing neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium (OE) supplying new olfactory sensory neurons whose axons terminate in the olfactory bulb. These axons synapse with tyrosine hydroxylase-positive periglomerular neurons, which are the product of subventricular zone neurogenesis. Hypothesis: SVZ neurogenesis is regulated coordinately with olfactory epithelial neurogenesis. Aims: The aim is to quantify the rate of cell proliferation in the SVZ after killing the olfactory sensory neurons, which upregulates neurogenesis in the OE. Methods: Adult mice were treated with methimazole, and the tissues were examined at different times after treatment. The survival of the olfactory sensory neurons within the OE was assessed together with their terminals within glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. The loss of tyrosine hydroxylase periglomerular neurons ...
https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/handle/10072/31737
Bilateral processing of thermoreception in the olfactory system of larval Xenopus laevis - ...Bilateral processing of thermoreception in the olfactory system of larval Xenopus laevis - ...
This study of the ventral olfactory bulb of larval Xenopus laevis shows for the first time the existence of a thermosensitive olfactory glomerulus. This thermosensitive olfactory glomerulus was found to be innervated by axons of olfactory sensory neurons emerging from the ipsilateral olfactory epithelium as well as from the contralateral olfactory epithelium. The perfusion of the ipsilateral or contralateral olfactory epithelium with cold, odor-free Ringer solution elicited a transient [Ca2+]i response within the axons of olfactory sensory neurons and in mitral cells. The activation of mitral cells demonstrated that the response to temperature stimulation is transmitted across the first olfactory synapse. The thermoreception was spatially restricted to this glomerulus, which did not respond to any of the tested odors. Adjacent olfactory glomeruli responded to olfactory and mechanical stimulation without showing any response to temperature changes. The spatially restricted, bilateral processing ...
https://ediss.uni-goettingen.de/handle/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-ADE0-3
Differential regulation of synaptic GABA(A) receptors by cAMP-dependent protein kinase in mouse cerebellar and olfactory bulb...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Differential regulation of synaptic GABA(A) receptors by cAMP-dependent protein kinase in mouse cerebellar and olfactory bulb neurones. AU - Nusser, Zoltan. AU - Sieghart, Werner. AU - Mody, Istvan. PY - 1999/12/1. Y1 - 1999/12/1. N2 - 1. It has been demonstrated that the regulation of recombinant GABA(A) receptors by phosphorylation depends on the subunit composition. Here we studied the regulation of synaptic GABA(A) receptor function by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in neurones expressing distinct receptor subtypes. 2. Light microscopic immunocytochemistry revealed that granule cells of the olfactory bulb express only the β3 as the β subunit variant, whereas cerebellar stellate and basket cells express only the β2 as the β subunit. 3. In cerebellar interneurones, intracellular application of 20 μM microcystin, a protein phosphatase 1/2A inhibitor, prolonged (63 ± 14%; mean ± S.E.M.) the decay time course of miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) without significantly affecting ...
https://hungary.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/differential-regulation-of-synaptic-gabaa-receptors-by-camp-depen
Olfaction - Howling Pixel
Olfactory sensory neurons project axons to the brain within the olfactory nerve, (cranial nerve I). These nerve fibers, lacking myelin sheaths, pass to the olfactory bulb of the brain through perforations in the cribriform plate, which in turn projects olfactory information to the olfactory cortex and other areas.[7] The axons from the olfactory receptors converge in the outer layer of the olfactory bulb within small (≈50 micrometers in diameter) structures called glomeruli. Mitral cells, located in the inner layer of the olfactory bulb, form synapses with the axons of the sensory neurons within glomeruli and send the information about the odor to other parts of the olfactory system, where multiple signals may be processed to form a synthesized olfactory perception. A large degree of convergence occurs, with 25,000 axons synapsing on 25 or so mitral cells, and with each of these mitral cells projecting to multiple glomeruli. Mitral cells also project to periglomerular cells and granular cells ...
https://howlingpixel.com/wiki/Olfaction
Olfaction - WikipediaOlfaction - Wikipedia
Olfactory sensory neurons project axons to the brain within the olfactory nerve, (cranial nerve I). These nerve fibers, lacking myelin sheaths, pass to the olfactory bulb of the brain through perforations in the cribriform plate, which in turn projects olfactory information to the olfactory cortex and other areas.[23] The axons from the olfactory receptors converge in the outer layer of the olfactory bulb within small (≈50 micrometers in diameter) structures called glomeruli. Mitral cells, located in the inner layer of the olfactory bulb, form synapses with the axons of the sensory neurons within glomeruli and send the information about the odor to other parts of the olfactory system, where multiple signals may be processed to form a synthesized olfactory perception. A large degree of convergence occurs, with 25,000 axons synapsing on 25 or so mitral cells, and with each of these mitral cells projecting to multiple glomeruli. Mitral cells also project to periglomerular cells and granular cells ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory
Olfaction - WikipediaOlfaction - Wikipedia
Olfactory sensory neurons project axons to the brain within the olfactory nerve, (cranial nerve I). These nerve fibers, lacking myelin sheaths, pass to the olfactory bulb of the brain through perforations in the cribriform plate, which in turn projects olfactory information to the olfactory cortex and other areas.[13] The axons from the olfactory receptors converge in the outer layer of the olfactory bulb within small (≈50 micrometers in diameter) structures called glomeruli. Mitral cells, located in the inner layer of the olfactory bulb, form synapses with the axons of the sensory neurons within glomeruli and send the information about the odor to other parts of the olfactory system, where multiple signals may be processed to form a synthesized olfactory perception. A large degree of convergence occurs, with 25,000 axons synapsing on 25 or so mitral cells, and with each of these mitral cells projecting to multiple glomeruli. Mitral cells also project to periglomerular cells and granular cells ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfaction
Olfactory Glomeruli Have a Unique Structure - Science and Technology Research NewsOlfactory Glomeruli Have a Unique Structure - Science and Technology Research News
When insects search for food, a sexual mate or the ideal place for laying eggs - somewhere where the hatching larvae have a good chance to survive - they have to rely on their sense of smell. They use their olfactory organs, the antennae, to detect odor molecules in their environment. These odors are processed in the so-called antennal lobe, the actual olfactory center of the insect brain, which consists of spherical structures: the olfactory glomeruli. Here, inside the olfactory glomeruli, different groups of olfactory neurons form conjunctions or synapses which enable different environmental odors to be processed.. Until now, scientists had assumed that olfactory glomeruli share a pretty homogeneous architecture and that particular functions of the different glomeruli can be attributed primarily to special olfactory receptors on the membranes of the olfactory sensory neurons. A research team of the Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology has now shown for the first time that the neuronal ...
http://www.scienceandtechnologyresearchnews.com/olfactory-glomeruli-unique-structure/
Communication between two neurogenic zones in the adult mouse nervous systemCommunication between two neurogenic zones in the adult mouse nervous system
There is ongoing neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult brain which supplies interneurons to the olfactory bulb. There is also continuous neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium (OE) supplying new olfactory sensory neurons whose axons terminate in the olfactory bulb. These axons synapse with tyrosine hydroxylase-positive periglomerular neurons within the olfactory bulb, which are the product of subventricular zone neurogenesis. We hypothesize that focal denervation of the olfactory sensory neurons and thereby lesioning of the presynaptic input to the Type 1 neurons would result in their degeneration, and a subsequent upregulation of subventricular zone neurogenesis. Adult mice (n=26) were treated with methimazole causing the ablation of the OE, and the tissues examined at multiple time-points after treatment. The survival of the olfactory sensory neurons within the OE was assessed together with their terminals within glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. The loss of tyrosine ...
https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/handle/10072/41675
A population of glomerular glutamatergic neurons controls sensory information transfer in the mouse olfactory bulb | Nature...A population of glomerular glutamatergic neurons controls sensory information transfer in the mouse olfactory bulb | Nature...
In sensory systems, peripheral organs convey sensory inputs to relay networks where information is shaped by local microcircuits before being transmitted to cortical areas. In the olfactory system, odorants evoke specific patterns of sensory neuron activity that are transmitted to output neurons in olfactory bulb (OB) glomeruli. How sensory information is transferred and shaped at this level remains still unclear. Here we employ mouse genetics, 2-photon microscopy, electrophysiology and optogenetics, to identify a novel population of glutamatergic neurons (VGLUT3+) in the glomerular layer of the adult mouse OB as well as several of their synaptic targets. Both peripheral and serotoninergic inputs control VGLUT3+ neurons firing. Furthermore, we show that VGLUT3+ neuron photostimulation in vivo strongly suppresses both spontaneous and odour-evoked firing of bulbar output neurons. In conclusion, we identify and characterize here a microcircuit controlling the transfer of sensory information at an early
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4791?error=cookies_not_supported&code=3a725961-e96f-4d2b-b334-6b165fa0c7f4
Innervation of the olfactory apparatus of chacides sepoides (squamata- lacertilia- scincidae) | International Journal of...Innervation of the olfactory apparatus of chacides sepoides (squamata- lacertilia- scincidae) | International Journal of...
The aim of this study is to analyzed the three nervi; terminalis, vomeronasalis and olfactorius emerging from the olfactory apparatus. The lizard Chacidessepoides was collected from Sinai and was undergone to permanent histological preparation. Through the examination of the olfactory apparatus of this species resulted in the vomeronasal organ is innervated by two correlating nerves: terminal and vomeronasal nerves that originating from its sensory epithelium. The terminal nerve bears the ganglion terminale. The olfactory nerve innervates the olfactory chamber. The three nerves leave the nasal capsule through the fenestra olfactoriaadvehens as separate bundles. They enter the cranial cavity through the fenestra olfactoriaevehens. The olfactory nerve connected with the main olfactory bulb. The terminal connects with the outer layer of the brain, while the vomeronasal one joins the accessory olfactory bulb. The three nerves are perspicuous special sensory.. ...
http://journalijdr.com/innervation-olfactory-apparatus-chacides-sepoides-squamata%E2%80%93-lacertilia-scincidae
Download JNP Podcasts - Cannabinoid receptor-mediated modulation of inhibitory inputs to mitral cells in the main olfactory...Download JNP Podcasts - Cannabinoid receptor-mediated modulation of inhibitory inputs to mitral cells in the main olfactory...
What is the role of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) in olfactory processing? In this podcast, Editor-in-Chief Bill Yates talks with Thomas Heinbockel (Howard University) and Alex Straiker (Indiana University, Bloomington) about their recent study in mice, which revealed that CB1 is involved in the regulation of glomerular activity in the main olfactory bulb (MOB). Listen to learn about the endocannabinoid system, mitral cells, implications for olfactory behavior, and more!. Cannabinoid receptor-mediated modulation of inhibitory inputs to mitral cells in the main olfactory ...
https://www.podbean.com/site/EpisodeDownload/PBBE3675XIGXF
Multiple functions of GABA A and GABA B receptors during pattern processing in the zebrafish olfactory bulbMultiple functions of GABA A and GABA B receptors during pattern processing in the zebrafish olfactory bulb
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic synapses are thought to play pivotal roles in the processing of activity patterns in the olfactory bulb (OB), but their functions have been difficult to study during odor responses in the intact system. We pharmacologically manipulated GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18616562/
Nitric Oxide in the Olfactory Bulb: Potential Roles in Physiology and PathologyNitric Oxide in the Olfactory Bulb: Potential Roles in Physiology and Pathology
The gaseous radical nitric oxide (NO) is generated in the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline by nitric oxide synthases (NOS). Being a highly mobile free radical, NO reacts with a wide range of targets. This allows NO to modulate many and various biological functions, from its cardinal role as a potent vasodilator, to neuronal signalling. In mammals, the olfactory bulbs (OB) are the first brain structures to receive and process odour information from the olfactory epithelium (OE), and are among the most prominent nitrergic areas in the rodent brain. Despite this, the acute function of NO in mammalian OBs is unknown. In this thesis, I aim to test the acute electrophysiological effect of NO on the mouse OB in vitro. Hundreds of glomeruli, discrete odour specific neuropils, are the sites of synapses between odour specific axons from the OE and mitral cells (MCs), the principal OB neurons. Glomeruli comprise the circuitry necessary to drive OB output, and are thought to be ideally suited to ...
https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/4144
British Library EThOS: Characterisation and application of olfactory ensheathing cells for glaucoma induced optic nerve damageBritish Library EThOS: Characterisation and application of olfactory ensheathing cells for glaucoma induced optic nerve damage
Glaucoma is the term used to describe a group diseases characterised by a specific type of damage to the optic nerve head (ONH) known as cupping and a characteristic type of visual field loss. This loss is associated with progressive atrophy and loss of the retinal ganglion cells. Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. This project was aimed at investigating olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC), a population of radial glia proven to be neuroprotective in central and peripheral nerve injury models, and their potential to protect the retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma. We studied the interactions of RGC and OEC in culture. We show that OEC can straighten, ensheath and bundle RGC neurites as well as support the survival of RGC and their synapses in culture. We also show that OEC endocytose dead RGC in culture. We modified a rat model of glaucoma (where paramagnetic microbeads are injected into the anterior chamber of the rat eyes) and characterised the early and late ...
http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.568282
Control of action potential timing by intrinsic subthreshold oscillations in olfactory bulb output neuronsControl of action potential timing by intrinsic subthreshold oscillations in olfactory bulb output neurons
Rhythmic patterns of neuronal activity have been found at multiple levels of various sensory systems. In the olfactory bulb or the antennal lobe, oscillatory activity exhibits a broad range of frequencies and has been proposed to encode sensory information. However, the neural mechanisms underlying …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10594056/
Importance of newly generated neurons in the adult olfactory bulb for odor discrimination | PNASImportance of newly generated neurons in the adult olfactory bulb for odor discrimination | PNAS
The consequences of ongoing neurogenesis have long been the subject of speculation. New neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus seem to be added throughout juvenile and adult life, suggesting that they do not replace neurons that die (36). Alternatively, work in the song-control system of birds has shown that neuronal replacement occurs in some nuclei, perhaps to play a role in song learning (37). Concerning olfaction, one possibility is that new interneurons are simply added to the bulbs, as they are in the hippocampus. Yet, although increases in the number of interneurons have been reported in the adult, substantial granule cell death has also been observed, suggesting that newly generated neurons may replace dying ones (38).. This ongoing recruitment of interneurons may also open new opportunities to investigate the cellular basis for olfactory processing and its functional plasticity. The presence of a pool of new neurons accompanied by the emergence of new synapses could play a role ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/97/4/1823?ijkey=4d0893b1f6a6e2fb0dcd05f8f5b682c67ff792f7&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Rabbit Polyclonal to MARK • Exemestane blocks mesothelioma growth through downregulation of cAMPRabbit Polyclonal to MARK • Exemestane blocks mesothelioma growth through downregulation of cAMP
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a type of specialized glial cell currently considered as having a double function in the nervous system: one regenerative, and another immune. OEC cultures resulted in continuous NF-B activation. The IFN-induced increase of iNOS manifestation was reversed in infected OECs. OECs are susceptible to infection, which can suppress their cytotoxic mechanisms in order to survive. We suggest that, in contrast to microglia, OECs might serve as safe focuses on for pneumococci, providing a more stable environment for evasion of the immune system. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a type of specialized glial cell that accompany and ensheath the primary olfactory axons through the olfactory pathway, from your olfactory epithelium to Natamycin small molecule kinase inhibitor the olfactory tract. OECs are crucial for olfactory axonal assistance and outgrowth inside the developing and adult olfactory program1,2. This real estate of OECs makes them a superb candidate ...
http://exemestane.info/tag/rabbit-polyclonal-to-mark/
The Young and the Restless - Adult Neurogenesis in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb | Max Planck Florida...The Young and the Restless - Adult Neurogenesis in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb | Max Planck Florida...
The mammalian the olfactory bulb (OB) maintains a continuous inflow of new neurons to its circuitry throughout adulthood. The role of these newborn neurons in
https://www.maxplanckflorida.org/events/scientific-seminars/the-young-and-the-restless-adult-neurogenesis-in-the-mouse-olfactory-bulb/
Freeman K-set - Scholarpedia
Orthodromic stimulation of axons in the olfactory nerve from sensory receptor cells excites periglomerular neurons in the input layer of the bulb, modeled by a KIe set ( Figure 2, A), producing an excitatory bias. The root locus ( Figure 4, A, Mode 1e) is nearly parallel to the real axis, because the frequency is invariant, and the decay rate increases with increased amplitude, as does the PSTH of the periglomerular cells ( Figure 2, A). Antidromic stimulation of output axons from the bulb that monosynaptically excite bulbar inhibitory neurons but not periglomerular neurons produces an inhibitory bias. The amplitude of the AEP to single shock stimulation of the olfactory tract increases with input intensity, but the decay rate is unchanged, and the frequency decreases ( Figure 4, A, Mode 1i) because the excitatory bias is lacking. The effect of increasing intensity of antidromic stimuli to the bulb is to increase the AEP initial amplitude above the background activity. The same effect results by ...
http://scholarpedia.org/article/Freeman_K-set
Slit-2 repels the migration of olfactory ensheathing cells by triggering Ca2+-dependent cofilin activation and RhoA inhibition ...Slit-2 repels the migration of olfactory ensheathing cells by triggering Ca2+-dependent cofilin activation and RhoA inhibition ...
In the present study, we have shown that Robo proteins are expressed in cultured OECs and exhibit enriched distribution at the leading edge. A Slit-2 gradient indeed strongly repelled the migration of these cultured OECs. To our knowledge, this is the first guidance factor discovered to repel OEC migration. Because Slit-2 is highly expressed in the apical cells of OE, it is likely that it might help Robo-expressing OECs and olfactory axons migrate out of the OE through chemorepulsion during early development. Slits expressing in the OB might also regulate the stop and scattering of OECs that have arrived at the surface of the OB. OECs have been reported to pioneer the olfactory sensory nerves and provide a conductive substrate for the growth of olfactory sensory axons during development (Tennent and Chuah, 1996; Tisay and Key, 1999). An intriguing possibility is that the guidance of OECs by Slits might contribute to the guidance of axons because of the close interaction between neurons and glia. ...
http://jcs.biologists.org/content/124/2/186
Morfometría Comparada del Bulbo, Tracto y Estría Olfatoria en el Humano, Perro y CabraMorfometría Comparada del Bulbo, Tracto y Estría Olfatoria en el Humano, Perro y Cabra
followed by humans, and is least in the goat, p , 0.05.. DISCUSSION. The present paper analyses the morphometric parameters of olfactory bulb, tract and stria in the human (primate), dog (carnivore) and goat (herbivore) in relation to differences in olfactory functional needs. In these species, a comparison is made on the volumes and linear dimensions of the olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts and striae and the proportions of the sizes of these structures relative to the cerebrum and the whole brain.. We hypothesize that the sizes of these structures correlate with the olfactory functional needs and therefore the life-styles of these animals.. The olfactory bulb provides one of the direct links between the peripherally located olfactory receptors and the primary olfactory cortex and therefore offers connection between the brain and the environment (Turetsky et al., 2000). In a recent study (Kavoi et al., 2010), it was shown that the structure of the primary olfactory cells are structurally ...
https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022011000300047&lng=es&nrm=iso
ModelDB: Lateral dendrodenditic inhibition in the Olfactory Bulb (David et al. 2008)ModelDB: Lateral dendrodenditic inhibition in the Olfactory Bulb (David et al. 2008)
Mitral cells, the principal output neurons of the olfactory bulb, receive direct synaptic activation from primary sensory neurons. Shunting inhibitory inputs delivered by granule cell interneurons onto mitral cell lateral dendrites are believed to influence spike timing and underlie coordinated field potential oscillations. Lateral dendritic shunt conductances delayed spiking to a degree dependent on both their electrotonic distance and phase of onset. Recurrent inhibition significantly narrowed the distribution of mitral cell spike times, illustrating a tendency towards coordinated synchronous activity. This result suggests an essential role for early mechanisms of temporal coordination in olfaction. The model was adapted from Davison et al, 2003, but include additional noise mechanisms, long lateral dendrite, and specific synaptic point processes ...
https://senselab.med.yale.edu/modeldb/ShowModel?model=116094&file=%2FDendroDendriticInhibition%2FLongDendrite%2Fmosinit.hoc
MicrocircuitDB: Lateral dendrodenditic inhibition in the Olfactory Bulb (David et al. 2008)MicrocircuitDB: Lateral dendrodenditic inhibition in the Olfactory Bulb (David et al. 2008)
Mitral cells, the principal output neurons of the olfactory bulb, receive direct synaptic activation from primary sensory neurons. Shunting inhibitory inputs delivered by granule cell interneurons onto mitral cell lateral dendrites are believed to influence spike timing and underlie coordinated field potential oscillations. Lateral dendritic shunt conductances delayed spiking to a degree dependent on both their electrotonic distance and phase of onset. Recurrent inhibition significantly narrowed the distribution of mitral cell spike times, illustrating a tendency towards coordinated synchronous activity. This result suggests an essential role for early mechanisms of temporal coordination in olfaction. The model was adapted from Davison et al, 2003, but include additional noise mechanisms, long lateral dendrite, and specific synaptic point processes ...
https://senselab.med.yale.edu/MicroCircuitDB/ShowModel?model=116094&file=/DendroDendriticInhibition/ShortDendrite/shuntInhib.mod
Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling reporter in developing mouse olfactory nerve layer marks a specialized subgroup of...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling reporter in developing mouse olfactory nerve layer marks a specialized subgroup of olfactory ensheathing cells. AU - Wang, Ya Zhou. AU - Molotkov, Andrei. AU - Song, Lanying. AU - Li, Yunhong. AU - Pleasure, David E. AU - Zhou, Chengji. PY - 2008/11. Y1 - 2008/11. N2 - Wnt reporter TOPgal mice carry a β-galactosidase (βgal) gene under the control of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling responsive elements. We found that the intensely immunolabeled βgal+ cells were co-immunolabeled with Nestin and formed a tangentially oriented single-cell layer in the connecting or docking zone where the olfactory sensory axons attached to the brain surface during mid-gestation. During early postnatal development, βgal+ cells were located in the inner olfactory nerve layer (ONLi) and co-labeled with olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) markers S100β and NPY but not with lineage-specific markers for neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia, ...
https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/activation-of-the-wnt%CE%B2-catenin-signaling-reporter-in-developing-m
Olfactory receptor neuron - WikipediaOlfactory receptor neuron - Wikipedia
Humans have between 10 and 20 million olfactory receptor neurons.[3] In vertebrates, ORNs are bipolar neurons with dendrites facing the external surface of the cribriform plate with axons that pass through the cribriform foramina with terminal end at olfactory bulbs. The ORNs are located in the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity. The cell bodies of the ORNs are distributed among all three of the stratified layers of the olfactory epithelium.[4] Many tiny hair-like cilia protrude from the olfactory receptor cells dendrite into the mucus covering the surface of the olfactory epithelium. The surface of these cilia is covered with olfactory receptors, a type of G protein-coupled receptor. Each olfactory receptor cell expresses only one type of olfactory receptor (OR), but many separate olfactory receptor cells express ORs which bind the same set of odors. The axons of olfactory receptor cells which express the same OR converge to form glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.[5] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_sensory_neuron
Drug-induced Parkinsons disease modulates protein kinase A and Olfactory Marker Protein in the mouse olfactory bulb |...Drug-induced Parkinsons disease modulates protein kinase A and Olfactory Marker Protein in the mouse olfactory bulb |...
Multiple factors contribute to the onset and progress of PD, that initially targets few susceptible neuron types in motor nuclei of glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, and in the anterior olfactory nucleus [2, 3, 24]. Many animal models are available for mimicking PD landmarks, however none can reproduce in full the human pathology. The picture is even more complicated by the presence of both motor and non-motor symptoms, whose assessment in animal models may be difficult and need careful overall interpretation (for a review, see [25]). We choose the MPTP model because we were interested in olfactory dysfunctions, which are a hallmark of early PD stages. MPTP administered acutely in mice can reproduce early stages of PD [26], however, it is not sufficient for fully exploring PD, since MPTP-injected mice recover spontaneously, which precludes the study of pharmacological interventions. Moreover, various strains of mice show different sensitivity to MPTP.. PD implies a complex imbalance of the ...
https://behavioralandbrainfunctions.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12993-017-0119-2
The main olfactory system - Kidney Disease - Ormed Medical ExchangeThe main olfactory system - Kidney Disease - Ormed Medical Exchange
The role of olfaction, that is to say of the main olfactory system, in sexual behavior is not much better known than that of the vomeronasal system. If, to make things easy, we start with its role in copulatory behavior, a review of existing data tells us that the importance of the main olfactory system is modest. We have already insinuated that the elimination of olfactory input has variable effects. Early studies (Stone, 1922) showed that anosmia did not modify the copulatory behavior of male rats, not even in their first encounter with a receptive female. This observation was confirmed about 50 years later (Cain and Paxinos, 1974). However, later studies have not always replicated this observation. For example, Bergvall et al. (1991) reported that peripheral anosmia reduced the intensity of male rat copulatory behavior when the subjects had been anosmic for a month. After one week, though, their behavior was unaffected. Anosmia-induced degeneration of neurons in the olfactory bulb may be the ...
https://www.ormedmedical.us/kidney-disease/the-main-olfactory-system.html
The Embryonic Septum and Ventral Pallium, New Sources of Olfactory Cortex CellsThe Embryonic Septum and Ventral Pallium, New Sources of Olfactory Cortex Cells
The mammalian olfactory cortex is a complex structure located along the rostro-caudal extension of the ventrolateral prosencephalon, which is divided into several anatomically and functionally distinct areas: the anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, olfactory tubercle, amygdaloid olfactory nuclei, and the more caudal entorhinal cortex. Multiple forebrain progenitor domains contribute to the cellular diversity of the olfactory cortex, which is invaded simultaneously by cells originating in distinct germinal areas in the dorsal and ventral forebrain. Using a combination of dye labeling techniques, we identified two novel areas that contribute cells to the developing olfactory cortices, the septum and the ventral pallium, from which cells migrate along a radial and then a tangential path. We characterized these cell populations by comparing their expression of calretinin, calbindin, reelin and Tbr1 with that of other olfactory cell populations.
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0044716
Brain Architecture Genes DatabaseBrain Architecture Genes Database
Brain Regions (94): CTX (Cerebral cortex) MOB (Main olfactory bulb) AOB (Accessory olfactory bulb) AON (Anterior olfactory nucleus) TT (Taenia tecta) PIR (Piriform area) NLOT (Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract) PAA (Piriform-amygdalar area) COA (Cortical amygdalar area) TR (Postpiriform transition area) CA (Ammons Horn) DG (Dentate gyrus) RHP (Retrohippocampal region) SUB (Subiculum) CP (Caudoputamen ) ACB (Nucleus accumbens ) FS (Fundus of striatum) OT (Olfactory tubercle ) LS (Lateral septal nucleus ) CEA (Central amygdalar nucleus ) AAA (Anterior amygdalar area) MEA (Medial amygdalar nucleus ) PALd (Pallidum_ dorsal region) PALv (Pallidum_ ventral region) BST (Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis ) PALm (Pallidum_ medial region) AM (Anteromedial nucleus) AV (Anteroventral nucleus of thalamus ) LD (Lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus) RT (Reticular nucleus of the thalamus) LAT (Lateral group of the dorsal thalamus) LP (Lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus) LGv (Ventral part of the ...
http://addiction.brainarchitecture.org/genes/2456/
Heterogeneity of antigen expression and lectin labeling on microglial cells in the olfactory bulb of adult rats<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Heterogeneity of antigen expression and lectin labeling on microglial cells in the olfactory bulb of adult rats. AU - Wu, C. H.. AU - Chien, H. F.. AU - Chang, C. Y.. AU - Ling, E. A.. PY - 1997/5. Y1 - 1997/5. N2 - Microglia in different layers of the rat olfactory bulb expressed a variety of membrane antigens except for CD4 (OX-35). Bulb microglial cells bearing complement receptor type 3 (OX-42) were ubiquitous and their immunoreactivity varied considerably in different bulb layers. Although very few in number, labeled microglia in all layers also expressed major histocompatibility complex class I antigen (OX-18), leukocyte common antigen (OX-1) and unknown macrophage antigen (ED-2). The latter was localized in cells distributed almost exclusively in the perivascular spaces. The immunoreactivity of ED-1, an unknown cytoplasmic or lysosomal membrane antigen in macrophages, was localized in labeled microglia which were concentrated mainly in the granule cell layer and ...
https://tmu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/heterogeneity-of-antigen-expression-and-lectin-labeling-on-microg
Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury: Effect size and Reporting Bias of 62...Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury: Effect size and Reporting Bias of 62...
Watzlawick R, Rind J, Sena ES, Brommer B, Zhang T, Kopp MA, Dirnagl U, Macleod MR, Howells DW, Schwab JM Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is …
http://www.wingsforlife.com/de/aktuelles/olfactory-ensheathing-cell-transplantation-in-experimental-spinal-cord-injury-effect-size-and-reporting-bias-of-62-experimental-treatments-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-1580/
Which is the most important sense out of our 21? | Debate.org
Olfaction, also known as olfactics, is the sense of smell. This sense is mediated by specialized sensory cells of the nasal cavity of vertebrates, which can be considered analogous to sensory cells of the antennae of invertebrates. In humans, olfact... ion occurs when odorant molecules bind to specific sites on the olfactory receptors. These receptors are used to detect the presence of smell. They come together at the glomerulus, a structure which transmits signals to the olfactory bulb. Many vertebrates, including most mammals and reptiles, have two distinct olfactory systems-the main olfactory system, and the accessory olfactory system. For air-breathing animals, the main olfactory system detects volatile chemicals, and the accessory olfactory system detects fluid-phase chemicals. Olfaction, along with taste, is a form of chemoreception. The chemicals themselves that activate the olfactory system, in general at very low concentrations, are called odorants. Although taste and smell are separate ...
https://www.debate.org/polls/which-is-the-most-important-sense-out-of-our-21
Olfactory cell synonyms, olfactory cell antonyms - FreeThesaurus.comOlfactory cell synonyms, olfactory cell antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
Synonyms for olfactory cell in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for olfactory cell. 24 synonyms for cell: room, chamber, lock-up, compartment, cavity, cubicle, dungeon, stall, unit, group, section, core, nucleus, caucus, coterie, electric cell. What are synonyms for olfactory cell?
https://www.freethesaurus.com/olfactory+cell
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E-GEOD-39515 - Effects of H2be loss of function on gene expression in the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) of 6-month old mice. ...
We have identified a replication-independent histone variant, Hist2h2be (referred to herein as H2be), which is expressed exclusively by olfactory chemosensory neurons. Levels of H2BE are heterogeneous among olfactory neurons, but stereotyped according to the identity of the co-expressed olfactory receptor (OR). Gain- and loss-of-function experiments demonstrate that changes in H2be expression affect olfactory function and OR representation in the adult olfactory epithelium. We show that H2BE expression is reduced by sensory activity and that it promotes neuronal cell death, such that inactive olfactory neurons display higher levels of the variant and shorter life spans. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of H2BE differ from those of the canonical H2B, consistent with a role for H2BE in altering transcription. We propose a physiological function for H2be in modulating olfactory neuron population dynamics to adapt the OR repertoire to the environment. The objective of generating this dataset was to
https://www.omicsdi.org/dataset/arrayexpress-repository/E-GEOD-39515
Tokushima University / Educator and Researcher Directory --- Yoshimura, HiroshiTokushima University / Educator and Researcher Directory --- Yoshimura, Hiroshi
Field potential, patch-clamp and optical recordings were performed in accessory olfactory bulb slices of postnatal rats following single electrical stimulation of the vomeronasal nerve layer. On the basis of differences in the components of the field potential, postnatal days were divided into three periods: immature (until postnatal day 11), transitional (postnatal days P12-17) and mature periods (after postnatal day 18). During the immature period, vomeronasal nerve layer stimulation provoked a characteristic damped oscillatory field potential, and the field potential recorded in the glomerular layer consisted of a compound action potential followed by several periodic negative peaks superimposed on slow components. Reduction in [Mg2+] enhanced slow components but did not affect oscillation, whereas an NMDA receptor antagonist, D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, depressed slow components but did not affect the oscillation. During the mature period, slow components and the periodic waves ...
http://pub2.db.tokushima-u.ac.jp/ERD/person/248384/work-en.html
GABAergic SynapsesGABAergic Synapses
In article ,30r5sl$g71 at portal.gmu.edu,, HARRY R. ERWIN ,herwin at mason1.gmu.edu, wrote: ,so. Walter Freeman indicates that no one who has studied the GABAergic ,synapse has investigated the effect of chloride concentration on its ,excitatory/inhibitory nature. Has there been any work done here? Im Barry Rhodes did his dissertation on the excitatory action of GABA on the periglomerular cells in the olfactory bulb, and another group (I dont have the reference on me) imaged Cl- and found that the distribution of Chloride in the olfactory bulb would also indicate that GABA has an excitatory action on the periglomerular cells. In the retina GABA has both actions (or so Im told), and Michaelson and Wong published some evidence that GABA is both excitatory and inhibitory in the Hippocampus. The most elementary thing one learns about neurotransmitters is that the action depends on the receptors and on the ion gradients, not on the neurotransmitter, but this is often ignored. Leslie Kay lmk2 at ...
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/neur-sci/1994-July/014529.html
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The role of the brain in metamorphosis of the olfactory epithelium in by Dennis M. Higgs and Gail D. BurdThe role of the brain in metamorphosis of the olfactory epithelium in by Dennis M. Higgs and Gail D. Burd
Retrograde signaling from the brain to the olfactory sensory epithelium is important for neuronal survival, but the importance of the olfactory bulb in retrograde signaling during the naturally-induced, neuronal plasticity occurring during metamorphosis is unclear. The olfactory system of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) undergoes dramatic rearrangements during metamorphosis, making this an ideal system in which to examine interactions between the brain and the olfactory sensory epithelium. The main olfactory epithelium of larvae, located in the principal cavity (PC), changes at metamorphosis in function, receptor neuron morphology, biochemistry, and axon termination sites. A new,
https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/biologypub/59/
Neodymium Incandescent Light BulbsNeodymium Incandescent Light Bulbs
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Publications - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)Publications - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are chemoreceptors that establish excitatory synapses within glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. OSNs undergo continuous turnover throughout life, causing the constant replacement of their synaptic contacts. Using Xenopus tadpoles as an experimental system to investigate rewiring of glomerular connectivity, we show that novel OSN synapses can transfer information immediately after formation, mediating olfactory-guided behavior. Tadpoles recover the ability to detect amino acids 4 days after bilateral olfactory nerve transection. Restoration of olfactory-guided behavior depends on the efficient reinsertion of OSNs to the olfactory bulb. Presynaptic terminals of incipient synaptic contacts generate calcium transients in response to odors, triggering long lasting depolarization of olfactory glomeruli. The functionality of reconnected terminals relies on well-defined readily releasable and cytoplasmic vesicle pools. The continuous growth of non-compartmentalized axonal ...
http://ibecbarcelona.eu/for-researchers/publications/?keyword=Synaptic+vesicles
ZFIN Publication: Baier et al., 1994ZFIN Publication: Baier et al., 1994
Glomeruli are anatomical and possibly functional modules in the vertebrate olfactory bulb. We investigated the spatial arrangement of glomeruli in the olfactory bulbs of adult zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). A solution of the lipophilic tracer Dil was injected into the nasal cavities. Axons of sensory neurons projecting from the olfactory epithelium into the bulb were traced anterogradely, thus labeling the whole population of glomeruli. The glomerular distribution was analyzed in detail by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. We find that a typical olfactory bulb contains a small number of about 80 glomeruli that have a stereotyped configuration in all animals investigated. All glomeruli exhibit bilateral symmetry. Twenty-two single glomeruli could be identified from animal to animal by their characteristic position and morphology. The remaining glomeruli either are embedded in glomerular plexus and therefore cannot be delineated reliably, or belong to a densely clustered subpopulation of on ...
https://zfin.org/ZDB-PUB-961014-62
Subventricular zone-derived neuroblasts migrate and differentiate into mature neurons in the post-stroke adult striatum<...Subventricular zone-derived neuroblasts migrate and differentiate into mature neurons in the post-stroke adult striatum<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Subventricular zone-derived neuroblasts migrate and differentiate into mature neurons in the post-stroke adult striatum. AU - Yamashita, Toru. AU - Ninomiya, Mikiko. AU - Acosta, Pilar Hernández. AU - García-Verdugo, Jose Manuel. AU - Sunabori, Takehiko. AU - Sakaguchi, Masanori. AU - Adachi, Kazuhide. AU - Kojima, Takuro. AU - Hirota, Yuki. AU - Kawase, Takeshi. AU - Araki, Nobuo. AU - Abe, Koji. AU - Okano, Hideyuki. AU - Sawamoto, Kazunobu. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2006. Y1 - 2006. N2 - Recent studies have revealed that the adult mammalian brain has the capacity to regenerate some neurons after various insults. However, the precise mechanism of insult-induced neurogenesis has not been demonstrated. In the normal brain, GFAP-expressing cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles include a neurogenic cell population that gives rise to olfactory bulb neurons only. Herein, we report evidence that, after a ...
https://pure.fujita-hu.ac.jp/en/publications/subventricular-zone-derived-neuroblasts-migrate-and-differentiate
Complex Odor Recognition by the Main Olfactory Bulb - Diego RestrepoComplex Odor Recognition by the Main Olfactory Bulb - Diego Restrepo
Modulation of sensory processing by corticofugal (CRTF) projections has been suggested to play a vital role during active sensing. Indeed retrograde CRTF projec...
http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-DC000566-24
Persistent Olfactory Mucosal Metaplasia and Increased Olfactory Bulb Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Levels Following a Single...Persistent Olfactory Mucosal Metaplasia and Increased Olfactory Bulb Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Levels Following a Single...
Histopathology was used to characterize long-term toxic effects in the olfactory system following a single ip dose (4-65 mg/kg) of methylsulfonyl-2,6-dichlorobenzene, (2,6-(diCl-MeSO2-B)), in female NMRI mice. The effects of 2,6-(diCl-MeSO2-B) and its 2,5-chlorinated isomer, (2,5-(diCl-MeSO2-B)), on the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; a biomarker for neurotoxicity) in different brain regions were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The histopathologic effects of 2,6-(diCl-MeSO2-B) were dose-, time-, and tissue-dependent. At the highest doses (16-65 mg/kg), the initial effect of 2,6-(diCl-MeSO2-B) was necrosis of the Bowmans glands, followed by a sequence of secondary events including degeneration of the olfactory neuroepithelium, repopulation of the basement membrane by a ciliated respiratorylike epithelium, fibrosis and ossification in the lamina propria, formation of bilateral polyps, angiogenesis, and disappearance of nerve bundles. Remodeling was most ...
http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:78663
STIMULATION OF SATIETY HORMONE RELEASE - Patent applicationSTIMULATION OF SATIETY HORMONE RELEASE - Patent application
0026] Electrical stimulation devices implanted in the stomach of obese patients have been reported to have variable positive effects on weight loss (Zhang C, Ng K L, Li J D, He F, Anderson D J, Sun Y E, and Zhou Q Y. Prokineticin 2 is a target gene of proneural basic helix-loop-helix factors for olfactory bulb neurogenesis. J Biol Chem 282: 6917-6921, 2007), with improvements in glucose control in T2D patients secondary to weight loss. This stimulation would not be expected to act directly on L-cells since these cells are absent from the stomach. Intestinal electrical stimulation studies in obese or diabetic patients are fewer in number and tend to report the resulting neural and motility effects. For example, in diabetic neuropathy, electrical stimulation of the duodenum, which is located at the oral end of the small intestine, results in nerve responses that are weaker than in control patients (Frokjaer J B, Andersen S D, Ejskaer N, Funch-Jensen P, Arendt-Nielsen L, Gregersen H, and Drewes A M ...
http://www.patentsencyclopedia.com/app/20130035559
Forebrain ependymal cells are Notch-dependent and generate neuroblasts and astrocytes after strokeForebrain ependymal cells are Notch-dependent and generate neuroblasts and astrocytes after stroke
article{4e73d8d8-aee6-4a90-ac16-4f2d90df0295, abstract = {Neurons are continuously generated from stem cells in discrete regions in the adult mammalian brain. We found that ependymal cells lining the lateral ventricles were quiescent and did not contribute to adult neurogenesis under normal conditions in mice but instead gave rise to neuroblasts and astrocytes in response to stroke. Ependymal cell quiescence was actively maintained by canonical Notch signaling. Inhibition of this pathway in uninjured animals allowed ependymal cells to enter the cell cycle and produce olfactory bulb neurons, whereas forced Notch signaling was sufficient to block the ependymal cell response to stroke. Ependymal cells were depleted by stroke and failed to self-renew sufficiently to maintain their own population. Thus, although ependymal cells act as primary cells in the neural lineage to produce neurons and glial cells after stroke, they do not fulfill defining criteria for stem cells under these conditions and ...
https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/1372102
JoVE Author Search: Lanuza E
Mice, Lead, Rodents, Olfactory Bulbs, Pheromones, Vomeronasal System, Amygdala, Accessory Olfactory Bulbs, Bedding, Communication, Reward, Roles, Sexual Pheromones, Sucrose, Urine, Vomeronasal Systems, Hypothalamus, L-arginine, Role, Behaviors
http://labindex.jove.com/author/Lanuza-E
7443 Switchback LED Bulb - Dual Function 60 SMD LED Tower - A Type - Wedge Retrofit | Daytime Running Light Bulb | Super Bright...7443 Switchback LED Bulb - Dual Function 60 SMD LED Tower - A Type - Wedge Retrofit | Daytime Running Light Bulb | Super Bright...
LED replacement bulbs are designed to fit RV front turn signal lights with clear lenses while also functioning as daytime running lights. This 7443 dual-contact, dual-function switchback bulb has 30 amber and 30 cool white LEDs with an output of 147 and 155 lumens respectively. The bulb shows white color when parking lights are on and signals amber when turn signals are in use. Tower-style design with a 16-mm wedge base for easy plug-and-play installation. The energy-efficient bulb has 12V DC operation and is designed to last 30,000 hours on your motorhome-25 times longer than incandescent bulbs. Not sold in pairs. Price per bulb. |br| |br| This type A bulb shows white color when parking lights are on and signals amber when turn signals are in use. Alternatively, a type B bulb shows white color when parking lights are on and alternates between amber and white when turn signals are in use. All products are instock and available to ship from Super Bright LEDs.
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Development of the adult olfactory program of the moth depends upon | immune-source.comDevelopment of the adult olfactory program of the moth depends upon | immune-source.com
immune Uncategorized PD 166793, PSK-J3 Development of the adult olfactory program of the moth depends upon reciprocal connections between olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) PD 166793 axons developing in in the periphery and centrally-derived glial cells. recently fasciculated axon bundles will terminate in protoglomeruli the forming of which induces various other glial cells to migrate to surround them. Glial cells usually do not migrate PSK-J3 unless ORN axons can be found axons neglect to fasciculate and focus on correctly without enough glial cells and protoglomeruli arent maintained with out a glial surround. Weve proven previously that Epidermal Development Factor receptors as well as the IgCAMs Neuroglian and Fasciclin II are likely involved in the ORN replies to glial cells. In todays function we present proof for the need for glial Fibroblast Development Aspect receptors in glial migration proliferation and survival with this developing pathway. We also statement changes in growth ...
http://www.immune-source.com/2016/10/development-of-the-adult-olfactory-program-of-the-moth-depends-upon/
Crypt cells are involved in accessory olfactory system and kin recognition in larval zebrafish | ZFMK - Zoologisches...Crypt cells are involved in accessory olfactory system and kin recognition in larval zebrafish | ZFMK - Zoologisches...
Zebrafish imprint on visual (at day 5 post fertilization) and olfactory (at day 6 post fertilization) cues coming from kin siblings.
https://www.zfmk.de/de/zfmk/veranstaltungen/crypt-cells-are-involved-in-accessory-olfactory-system-and-kin-recognition-in
Olfactory bulbOlfactory bulb
The bulb is divided into two distinct structures: the main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb. The main olfactory ... The bulb is divided into two distinct structures: the main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb. The main olfactory ... Additionally, top down input to the olfactory bulb differentially affects olfactory outputs. The olfactory bulb sends olfactory ... Therefore, the olfactory bulb plays this role for the olfactory system. In vertebrates, the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_bulb
GABRDGABRD
Olfactory bulb and cerebellum". The Journal of Neuroscience. 12 (3): 1063-1076. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-03-01063.1992. PMC ... whereas in the olfactory bulb, periglomerular cells, tufted cells, and internal granule cells express GABAA receptor subtypes. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRD
GorgonopsiaGorgonopsia
... left olfactory bulb; ob, olfactory bulb; ot, olfactory tract; pg, pituitary gland; pgll, pituitary gland lateral lobes; pf, ... right olfactory bulb; vc, vidian canal; vc=spa, vidian canal where the sphenopalatine artery passes; vcd, vena capitis dorsalis ... Gorgonopsians possessed a vomeronasal organ ("Jacobson's organ")-a part of the accessory olfactory system-which would have been ... Evolution of mammals Therocephalia ce, cerebellum; cnI, olfactory nerve; cnV +vcm-trigeminal nerve and vena capitis medialis; ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonopsia
Nocturnal bottleneckNocturnal bottleneck
Most have a large olfactory bulb. Well-developed sense of touch, particularly the whiskers. With the exception of higher ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_bottleneck
GlomerulusGlomerulus
... a structure in the olfactory bulb; see Glomerulus (olfaction). the contact between specific cells in the cerebellum; see ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulus
OdorOdor
The olfactory bulb acts as a relay station connecting the nose to the olfactory cortex in the brain. Olfactory information is ... Chaudhury, D; Manella, L; Arellanos, A; Escanilla, O; Cleland, T. A.; Linster, C (2010). "Olfactory bulb habituation to odor ... The olfactory receptor (OR) cells are neurons present in the olfactory epithelium, which is a small patch of tissue at the back ... which sends a signal traveling along the axon to the olfactory bulb, a part of the limbic system of the brain. Interpretation ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odor
Receptor activated solely by a synthetic ligandReceptor activated solely by a synthetic ligand
"Differential Muscarinic Modulation in the Olfactory Bulb". The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (30): 10773-85. doi:10.1523/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_activated_solely_by_a_synthetic_ligand
OptogeneticsOptogenetics
... of odors is concentrated more centrally around the olfactory bulb rather than on the periphery where the olfactory receptor ... Longer photostimulation of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb led to observations of longer lasting neuronal activity in the ... Patterson MA, Lagier S, Carleton A (August 2013). "Odor representations in the olfactory bulb evolve after the first breath and ... were stimulated with a 473 nm laser transcranially positioned over the dorsal section of the olfactory bulb. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optogenetics
ChemogeneticsChemogenetics
"Differential Muscarinic Modulation in the Olfactory Bulb". The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (30): 10773-85. doi:10.1523/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemogenetics
AggressionAggression
"Differential Muscarinic Modulation in the Olfactory Bulb". Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (30): 10773-85. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI. ... Mups activate olfactory sensory neurons in the vomeronasal organ (VNO), a subsystem of the nose known to detect pheromones via ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggression
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
"Differential Muscarinic Modulation in the Olfactory Bulb". The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (30): 10773-85. doi:10.1523/ ... Vagally-induced bronchoconstriction Mediating olfactory behaviors (e.g. aggression, mating) Antagonism - delirium ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1
Cholinergic neuronCholinergic neuron
"Differential Muscarinic Modulation in the Olfactory Bulb". The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (30): 10773-85. doi:10.1523/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinergic_neuron
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2
"Differential Muscarinic Modulation in the Olfactory Bulb". The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (30): 10773-85. doi:10.1523/ ... Mediating olfactory guided behaviors (e.g. odor discrimination, aggression, mating). M2 muscarinic receptors act via a Gi type ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2
Social defeatSocial defeat
"Differential Muscarinic Modulation in the Olfactory Bulb". The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (30): 10773-85. doi:10.1523/ ... exposed to its visual or olfactory cues. Later, the social defeat approach was also applied to observations of animal within- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_defeat
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cellOligodendrocyte progenitor cell
These cells migrate into the olfactory bulb. Depending on their origin in the SVZ, these progenitors give rise to either OPCs ... "Olfactory ensheathing cells and Schwann cells differ in their in vitro interactions with astrocytes". Glia. 32 (3): 214-25. doi ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocyte_progenitor_cell
Arnold ScheibelArnold Scheibel
... central programs and the olfactory bulb". Brain Res. 95 (2-3): 407-421. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(75)90118-3. PMID 1156882. S2CID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Scheibel
Adult neurogenesisAdult neurogenesis
In humans, however, few if any olfactory bulb neurons are generated after birth. More attention has been given to the ... Trimpe, D. M.; Byrd-Jacobs, C. A. (2016). "Patterns of olfactory bulb neurogenesis in the adult zebrafish are altered following ... Neural stem cells migrate to the olfactory bulb through the rostral migratory stream where they differentiate into interneurons ... "The age of olfactory bulb neurons in humans". Neuron. 74 (4): 634-639. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.030. PMID 22632721. Toni, N ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_neurogenesis
Olfactory systemOlfactory system
The info for these processes comes from the vomeronasal organ indirectly via the olfactory bulb. The main olfactory bulb's ... "The Differential Projections of the Olfactory Bulb and Accessory Olfactory Bulb in Mammals." Wiley Online Library. 01 May 1975 ... connecting the epithelium to the brain's limbic system at the olfactory bulbs. The main olfactory bulb transmits pulses to both ... The anterior olfactory nucleus distributes reciprocal signals between the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex. The anterior ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_system
ThiolThiol
Lin, Dayu; Zhang, Shaozhong; Block, Eric; Katz, Lawrence C. (2005). "Encoding social signals in the mouse main olfactory bulb ... A human olfactory receptor, OR2T11, has been identified which, in the presence of copper, is highly responsive to the gas ... Copper has been shown to be required by a specific mouse olfactory receptor, MOR244-3, which is highly responsive to MTMT as ... Lawrence C. Katz and co-workers showed that MTMT functioned as a semiochemical, activating certain mouse olfactory sensory ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiol
Aroma compoundAroma compound
"Encoding social signals in the mouse main olfactory bulb". Nature. 434 (7032): 470-477. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..470L. doi: ... Olfactory receptors are cell-membrane receptors on the surface of sensory neurons in the olfactory system that detect airborne ... In mammals, olfactory receptors are expressed on the surface of the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity. In 2005-06, ... and Fragrance Journal Fragrances of the World Foodpairing Odor Odor detection threshold Olfaction Olfactory system Olfactory ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_compound
Amygdalofugal pathwayAmygdalofugal pathway
Its strongest afferent connections are from the olfactory bulb. Although the olfactory cortex comprises all the "areas in the ... including the anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, the pyriform cortex, the entorhinal cortex, the insular cortex, ... rostro-ventral portion of the forebrain which receive direct projections from the olfactory bulb," ... and the amygdala, the pyriform cortex is considered synonymous with the olfactory cortex because it is "by far the largest ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdalofugal_pathway
Dayu LinDayu Lin
Lin explored how the olfactory bulb represents complex mixtures of social olfactory stimuli. Using electrophysiological ... Representation of natural stimuli in the rodent main olfactory bulb. 2006. Neuron. 50: 937-49. PMID 16772174 DOI: 10.1016/j. ... Encoding social signals in the mouse main olfactory bulb. 2005. Nature. 434: 470-7. PMID 15724148 DOI: 10.1038/nature03414 "Dr ... This finding showed that the sum of responses to individual olfactory stimuli present within a complex olfactory stimulus gives ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayu_Lin
Dendrodendritic synapseDendrodendritic synapse
While studying the mammalian olfactory bulb, they found that there were active dendrites that couple and send signals to each ... Dendrodendritic synapses have been studied extensively in the olfactory bulb of rats where it is believed they help in the ... The study of dendrodendritic synapses in the olfactory bulb provided some early examples of ideas about neuronal organization ... These granule cells form dendrodendritic synapses with mitral cells to convey odor information from the olfactory bulb. Lateral ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrodendritic_synapse
Affective neuroscienceAffective neuroscience
Olfactory bulb - The olfactory bulbs are the first cranial nerves. They are involved in smell (olfaction) and memory that is ... Imai, Takeshi (2014). "Construction of functional neuronal circuitry in the olfactory bulb". Seminars in Cell & Developmental ... Tong, Michelle T.; Peace, Shane T.; Cleland, Thomas A. (2014-07-07). "Properties and mechanisms of olfactory learning and ... Cousens, G.A.; Kearns, A.; Laterza, F.; Tundidor, J. (2012). "Excitotoxic lesions of the medial amygdala attenuate olfactory ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_neuroscience
Eric BlockEric Block
Research papers Lin, D.Y.; Zhang, S.Z.; Block, E.; Katz, L.C. (2005). "Encoding social signals in the mouse main olfactory bulb ... Vihani, A.; Hu, X.S.; Gundala, S.; Koyama, S.; Block, E.; Matsunami, H. (2020). "Semiochemical responsive olfactory sensory ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Block
Peter K. OlitskyPeter K. Olitsky
Sabin, Albert B.; Olitsky, Peter K. (1937). "The Olfactory Bulbs in Experimental Poliomyelitis". Journal of the American ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_K._Olitsky
Granule cellGranule cell
Olfactory bulb granule cells Inhibition generated by granule cells, the most common GABAergic cell type in the olfactory bulb, ... This allows the granule cells to regulate the processing of the sensory input in the olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb ... In the mammalian olfactory bulb, granule cells can process both synaptic input and output due to the presence of large spines. ... For instance, olfactory bulb granule cells are GABAergic and axonless, while granule cells in the dentate gyrus have ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_cell
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorAlpha-1A adrenergic receptor
Zimnik NC, Treadway T, Smith RS, Araneda RC (2013). "α(1A)-Adrenergic regulation of inhibition in the olfactory bulb". J. ... suggesting a synaptic mechanism for noradrenergic modulation of olfactory driven behaviors. Adrenergic receptor GRCh38: Ensembl ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1A_adrenergic_receptor
Larry KatzLarry Katz
Lin, D.Y., Zhang, S.Z., Block, E., and Katz, L.C. (2005). Encoding social signals in the mouse main olfactory bulb. Nature 434 ... Davison, I.G., and Katz, L.C. (2007) Sparse and selective odor coding by mitral/tufted neurons in the main olfactory bulb. J. ... Lin, D. Y., Shea, S.D., and Katz, L.C. (2006) Representation of natural stimuli in the rodent main olfactory bulb. Neuron. 50, ... Luo, M., Fee, M.S., and Katz, L.C. (2003). Encoding pheromonal signals in the accessory olfactory bulb of behaving mice. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Katz
Dorsal raphe nucleusDorsal raphe nucleus
Petzold GC, Hagiwara A, Murthy VN (June 2009). "Serotonergic modulation of odor input to the mammalian olfactory bulb". Nat. ... while only medium cells seem to project to the caudate and putamen and olfactory bulb. The nucleus raphes dorsalis has also ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_raphe_nucleus
NXPH1NXPH1
... in the developing and adult rodent olfactory bulb". Int. J. Dev. Biol. 46 (4): 649-52. PMID 12141453. Strausberg RL, Feingold ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXPH1
EsthesioneuroblastomaEsthesioneuroblastoma
... olfactory bulb, dura surrounding the bulb and even the orbital periosteum. Radiotherapy alone is reserved only for small ... arising from olfactory sensory cells in the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory epithelium consists of olfactory sensory cells ... Thompson LD (2009). Olfactory neuroblastoma. Head and neck pathology. 3: 252-259 Jiang GY, Li FC, Chen WK, Liu AM, Cai WQ ( ... Ghaffar S, Salahuddin I (March 2005). "Olfactory neuroblastoma: a case report and review of the literature". Ear, Nose, & ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthesioneuroblastoma
Sodium-potassium pumpSodium-potassium pump
... accessory olfactory bulb mitral cells and probably other neuron types. This suggests that the pump might not simply be a ... "Prolonged Intracellular Na+ Dynamics Govern Electrical Activity in Accessory Olfactory Bulb Mitral Cells". PLOS Biology. 13 (12 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium–potassium_pump
AepyornisAepyornis
Endocasts of aepyornithid skulls have shown that these animals had poor eyesight and large olfactory bulbs, much like living ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aepyornis
Olfactory receptor neuronOlfactory receptor neuron
The axons of olfactory receptor cells which express the same OR converge to form glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. ORs, which ... An olfactory receptor neuron (ORN), also called an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN), is a sensory neuron within the olfactory ... Each olfactory receptor cell expresses only one type of olfactory receptor (OR), but many separate olfactory receptor cells ... An odorant will dissolve into the mucus of the olfactory epithelium and then bind to an OR. ORs can bind to a variety of odor ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron
Huntingtin-associated protein 1Huntingtin-associated protein 1
... and the olfactory bulb. The possible significance of this interaction is that increased HAP1 interaction with muHtt may also ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin-associated_protein_1
P16P16
... which generates throughout life new neurons migrating to the olfactory bulb, thereby reducing olfactory neurogenesis. Deletion ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P16
HyperosmiaHyperosmia
In a study by Atianjoh et al., it has been found that amphetamines decrease levels of dopamine in the olfactory bulbs of ... most likely due to the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the olfactory bulb. Methotrexate, administered in the treatment ... "Amphetamine causes dopamine depletion and cell death in the mouse olfactory bulb". European Journal of Pharmacology. 589 (1-3 ... Normal olfactory acuity will usually return over time if the cause is environmental, even if it is untreated. The hyperosmic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperosmia
Antennal lobeAntennal lobe
Functionally, it shares some similarities with the olfactory bulb in vertebrates. The anatomy and physiology function of the ... In insects, the olfactory pathway starts at the antennae (though in some insects like Drosophila there are olfactory sensory ... Each olfactory sensory neuron expresses a single odorant receptor type and targets the same glomeruli as other olfactory ... The antennal lobe is the primary (first order) olfactory brain area in insects. The antennal lobe is a sphere-shaped ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antennal_lobe
BrainBrain
The olfactory bulb is a special structure that processes olfactory sensory signals and sends its output to the olfactory part ... The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the olfactory bulb, which is involved in the sense of smell ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain
Intermediate progenitor cellIntermediate progenitor cell
Some intermediate progenitor cells migrate via the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb and differentiate further. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_progenitor_cell
NocturnalityNocturnality
They indicated that olfactory bulbs were much larger in comparison to their optic lobes, indicating they both have a common ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnality
Michael Kaplan (biologist)Michael Kaplan (biologist)
"Population Dynamics of Adult formed Granule Neurons of the Rat Olfactory Bulb," Journal of Comparative Neurology, 239: 117-125 ... Graziadei, PP & MS Kaplan, "Regrowth of Olfactory Sensory Axons into Transplanted Neural Tissue," Brain Research, 201: 39-44, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kaplan_(biologist)
List of Ig Nobel Prize winnersList of Ig Nobel Prize winners
Smith, B. P. C.; Tyler, M. J.; Williams, B. D.; Hayasaka, Y. (2003). "Chemical and olfactory characterization of odorous ... seven light bulbs; a knife sharpener; two flashlights; a wire spring; a snuff box; an oil can with potato stopper; eleven ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners
Spinal cord injurySpinal cord injury
The OECs were taken from the patient's olfactory bulbs in his brain and then grown in the lab, these cells were then injected ... olfactory ensheathing cells, Schwann cells, activated macrophages, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Hundreds of stem cell ... in his severed spinal cord and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) to stimulate the spinal cord cells. The surgery was performed ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury
Air ioniserAir ioniser
A higher daily average than 0.1 ppm (100 ppb, 0.2 mg/m3) is not recommended and can damage the lungs and olfactory bulb cells ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_ioniser
HippocampusHippocampus
... and field CA1 in the ventral hippocampus sends axons to the main olfactory bulb, the anterior olfactory nucleus, and to the ... de Olmos J, Hardy H, Heimer L (Sep 1978). "The afferent connections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb formations in ... However, later work did confirm that the olfactory bulb does project into the ventral part of the lateral entorhinal cortex, ... doubt by a series of anatomical studies that did not find any direct projections to the hippocampus from the olfactory bulb. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus
Circadian rhythmCircadian rhythm
There is also some evidence that the olfactory bulb and prostate may experience oscillations, at least when cultured. Though ... Howell E (14 December 2012). "Space Station to Get New Insomnia-Fighting Light Bulbs". Space.com. Retrieved 2012-12-17. [non- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm
Sensory neuronSensory neuron
Their axons form the olfactory nerve, and they synapse directly onto neurons in the cerebral cortex (olfactory bulb). They do ... The neurons in the olfactory bulb that receive direct sensory nerve input, have connections to other parts of the olfactory ... The sensory neurons involved in smell are called olfactory sensory neurons. These neurons contain receptors, called olfactory ... 9. Similar to olfactory receptors, taste receptors (gustatory receptors) in taste buds interact with chemicals in food to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_neuron
ImKTx88ImKTx88
"Glucose sensitivity of mouse olfactory bulb neurons is conveyed by a voltage-gated potassium channel". The Journal of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImKTx88
Kallmann syndromeKallmann syndrome
In the 1950s, De Morsier and Gauthier reported the partial or complete absence of the olfactory bulb in the brains of men with ... These neurons originate in an area of the developing head, the olfactory placode, that will give rise to the olfactory ... MRI to rule out any structural abnormalities in the hypothalamus or pituitary and to check for presence of olfactory bulbs. ... Any problems with the development of the olfactory nerve fibres will prevent the progression of the GnRH releasing neurons ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallmann_syndrome
PittaPitta
Bang, B.G.; Stanley Cobb (1968). "The size of the olfactory bulb in 108 species of birds". The Auk. 85 (1): 55-61. doi:10.2307/ ... This suggestion was supported by a study which found that the Indian pitta has the largest olfactory bulb of 25 passerines ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitta
Olfactory foraminaOlfactory foramina
There is a pair of olfactory bulbs of the brain that rest in these two depressions. These holes that make up the olfactory ... from the nasal cavity to meet with the olfactory bulbs. Therefore, the olfactory foramina are necessary for the human sense of ... The olfactory foramina, also known as the cribriform foramina (cribr- is "a sieve" in Greek), is the grouping of holes located ... The cribriform plate forms the roof of the nasal cavity, and the olfactory foramina are in the two depressions lateral to the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_foramina
PTPRKPTPRK
... the granule layer of the olfactory and accessory olfactory bulbs, the anterior hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, and in ... such as the olfactory bulb, the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. PTPkappa mRNA is also observed in the adult mouse ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPRK
RhyphodonRhyphodon
... had slightly smaller olfactory bulbs than the basal notoungulate Notostylops, and those were folded downward. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyphodon
StrepsirrhiniStrepsirrhini
... while olfactory receptors of the main olfactory system lining the ethmoturbinals detect airborne smells. The olfactory bulbs of ... From the accessory olfactory bulb, information is sent to the amygdala, which handles emotions, and then to the hypothalamus, ... Other symplesiomorphies include long snouts, convoluted maxilloturbinals, relatively large olfactory bulbs, and smaller brains ... and information is relayed to the accessory olfactory bulb, which is relatively large in strepsirrhines. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini
Endogenous regenerationEndogenous regeneration
NSCs in the SVZ have a distinct capacity to migrate into the olfactory bulb in the anterior tip of the telencephalon by a ... In the result, neurons that have the retrovirus are found in the olfactory bulb. Neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain is ... showed that the stem cell is restricted to developing into different neuronal sub-type cells in the olfactory bulb. It is ... showed that astrocytes in the SVZ can be dedifferentiate and differentiate into neurons in the olfactory bulb. Among four types ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_regeneration
Aquatic genetAquatic genet
Its rhinarium and olfactory bulbs are smaller than in other genets, which may indicate a poorly developed sense of smell. Its ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_genet
VoleVole
Bulbs are another favorite target for voles; their excellent burrowing and tunnelling skills give them access to sensitive ... Voles prefer familiar mates through olfactory sensory exploitation. Monogamous voles prefer males who have yet to mate, while ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vole
Circuit properties generating gamma oscillations in a network model of the olfactory bulbCircuit properties generating gamma oscillations in a network model of the olfactory bulb
In the olfactory bulb (OB), the spatial patterning of both sensory inputs and synaptic interactions is crucial for processing ... In the olfactory bulb (OB), the spatial patterning of both sensory inputs and synaptic interactions is crucial for processing ... Circuit properties generating gamma oscillations in a network model of the olfactory bulb J Neurophysiol. 2006 Apr;95(4):2678- ... Recent studies have suggested that representations of odor may already be distributed and dynamic in the first olfactory relay ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16381804/
MicrocircuitDB: Olfactory bulb microcircuits model with dual-layer inhibition (Gilra & Bhalla 2015)MicrocircuitDB: Olfactory bulb microcircuits model with dual-layer inhibition (Gilra & Bhalla 2015)
Olfactory bulb; Cell Type(s):. Olfactory bulb main mitral GLU cell; Olfactory bulb main interneuron periglomerular GABA cell; ... Olfactory bulb main mitral GLU cell; Olfactory bulb main interneuron periglomerular GABA cell; Olfactory bulb main interneuron ... Olfactory Mitral Cell (Davison et al 2000). Olfactory Mitral Cell (Davison et al 2000). Olfactory bulb microcircuits model with ... Olfactory Mitral Cell (Davison et al 2000). Olfactory Mitral Cell (Davison et al 2000). Olfactory bulb microcircuits model with ...
https://senselab.med.yale.edu/MicroCircuitDB/ShowModel?model=153574&file=%2Folfactory-bulb-gilra-bhalla%2Fchannels%2Fneuron_channels%2Fnaxn.mod
Olfactory Bulb External Tufted Cells Are Synchronized by Multiple Intraglomerular Mechanisms | Journal of NeuroscienceOlfactory Bulb External Tufted Cells Are Synchronized by Multiple Intraglomerular Mechanisms | Journal of Neuroscience
Olfactory bulb glomeruli: external tufted cells intrinsically burst at theta frequency and are entrained by patterned olfactory ... Heterogeneous expression of connexin 36 in the olfactory epithelium and glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol ... Inhibition of olfactory receptor neuron input to olfactory bulb glomeruli mediated by suppression of presynaptic calcium influx ... The olfactory bulbs were removed and immersed in sucrose-artificial CSF (aCSF) equilibrated with 95% O2-5% CO2, pH 7.38. The ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/node/363825.full.print
Layer- and cell type-selective co-transmission by a basal forebrain cholinergic projection to the olfactory bulb | Nature...Layer- and cell type-selective co-transmission by a basal forebrain cholinergic projection to the olfactory bulb | Nature...
... densely innervates the main olfactory bulb (MOB), the first processing station within the main olfactory system1,2,3,4. ... the first processing station in the olfactory pathway. The projections innervate multiple layers of the main olfactory bulb and ... Burton, S. D., Larocca, G., Liu, A., Cheetham, C. E. J. & Urban, N. N. Olfactory bulb deep short-axon cells mediate widespread ... Layer- and cell type-selective co-transmission by a basal forebrain cholinergic projection to the olfactory bulb. *Daniel T. ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-00765-4?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d719b9f1-d64f-432d-ba0f-0dc719dc38a1
Brain tissue expression of IFNL1 in olfactory bulb - The Human Protein AtlasBrain tissue expression of IFNL1 in olfactory bulb - The Human Protein Atlas
BRAIN OLFACTORY BULB AMYGDALA BASAL GANGLIA CEREBELLUM CEREBRAL CORTEX HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION HYPOTHALAMUS MEDULLA OBLONGATA ... OLFACTORY BULB - Expression summary. Protein expressioni On the top, protein expression in current human tissue, based on all ... OLFACTORY BULB - Pig RNA-seqi RNA-seq data obtained from pig brain is reported as nTPM . ... Olfactory bulb. nTPM: 0.5 Samples: 5. Max nTPM: 0.7. Min nTPM: 0.4. ...
http://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000182393-IFNL1/brain/olfactory+bulb
GABAB Receptors Tune Cortical Feedback to the Olfactory Bulb - Research - Institut PasteurGABAB Receptors Tune Cortical Feedback to the Olfactory Bulb - Research - Institut Pasteur
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The olfactory bulb (OB) receives top-down inputs from the olfactory cortex that produce direct ... In olfaction, sensory input activity is initially processed in the olfactory bulb (OB), serving as the first central relay ... Here, we describe a novel mechanism to gate glutamatergic feedback selectively from the anterior olfactory cortex (AOC) to the ... before being transferred to the olfactory cortex. In addition, the OB receives dense connectivity from feedback projections, so ...
https://research.pasteur.fr/en/publication/gabab-receptors-tune-cortical-feedback-to-the-olfactory-bulb/
MicrocircuitDB: Olfactory Bulb Network (Davison et al 2003)MicrocircuitDB: Olfactory Bulb Network (Davison et al 2003)
2D model of olfactory bulb gamma oscillations (Li and Cleland 2017). A two-layer biophysical olfactory bulb model of ... 2D model of olfactory bulb gamma oscillations (Li and Cleland 2017). A two-layer biophysical olfactory bulb model of ... 2D model of olfactory bulb gamma oscillations (Li and Cleland 2017). A two-layer biophysical olfactory bulb model of ... 2D model of olfactory bulb gamma oscillations (Li and Cleland 2017). A two-layer biophysical olfactory bulb model of ...
https://senselab.med.yale.edu/MicroCircuitDB/ShowModel?model=2730&file=/bulbNet/nagran.mod
Microglia in the olfactory bulb have a nose for protecting the brain from infection - Neuroscience NewsMicroglia in the olfactory bulb have a nose for protecting the brain from infection - Neuroscience News
Microglia help limit infection to the olfactory bulb and protects neurons from damage that could occur as a result of viral ... front-line defense that limits the infection to the olfactory bulb and protects the neurons of the olfactory bulb from damage ... Microglia in the olfactory bulb have a nose for protecting the brain from infection. Neuroscience News ... Summary: Microglia helps limit infection to the olfactory bulb and protects neurons from damage that could occur as a result of ...
https://neurosciencenews.com/olfactory-microglia-16502/amp/?fbclid=IwAR3oK2UKdP2CPv9flyLx2mI6ZnRz85INZAeJxtAUKVF9AhGghbDYoHu6-yE
Differential distribution of the synapsins in the rat olfactory bulb. - Department of Psychiatry
Three to four days later, olfactory bulb sections were double labeled with anti-olfactory marker protein (OMP) antibodies and ... The relative levels of the synapsins in the core region of the olfactory bulb were similar to the cerebral cortex. In contrast ... Western blots of tissue derived from microdissection of the surface and core regions of the olfactory bulb were performed using ... These results indicate that the distribution of the synapsins in the olfactory bulb differs from most other brain regions.( ...
https://www.psych.ox.ac.uk/publications/889803
Presynaptic NMDARs cooperate with local spikes toward GABA release from the reciprocal olfactory bulb granule cell spine | eLifePresynaptic NMDARs cooperate with local spikes toward GABA release from the reciprocal olfactory bulb granule cell spine | eLife
... elucidates the function of reciprocal spines in recurrent and possibly lateral inhibition of mitral cells during olfactory ... regulates the frequency and timing of action potentials in the mitral cells of the olfactory bulb: role of olfactory experience ... Olfactory bulb MCs were visualized by gradient contrast and recorded from in whole-cell voltage-clamp mode (at −70 mV or +10 mV ... 2019) Coincidence detection within the excitable rat olfactory bulb granule cell spines The Journal of Neuroscience 39:584-595. ...
https://elifesciences.org/articles/63737
olfactory bulbolfactory bulb
Tagged as: anosmia, coronavirus, COVID-19, memory T cell, mRNA vaccine, olfactory bulb, olfactory mucosa, pandemic, Paxlovid, ... A TWiV duo reviews how SARS-CoV-2 attacks the olfactory mucosa but spares the olfactory bulb, vaccination with BNT162b2 induces ...
https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/tag/olfactory-bulb/
Organization and distribution of glomeruli in the bowhead whale olfactory bulb [PeerJ]Organization and distribution of glomeruli in the bowhead whale olfactory bulb [PeerJ]
The glomeruli that occur in the olfactory bulb can be divided into two non-overlapping domains, a dorsal domain and a ventral ... In addition, we estimate that there are more than 4,000 glomeruli elsewhere in the bowhead whale olfactory bulb, which is ... Here we show that olfactory bulbs of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) lack glomeruli on the dorsal side, consistent with the ... Olfactory sensory neurons that express the same olfactory receptors in rodents generally project to two specific glomeruli in ...
https://peerj.com/articles/897/
Olfactory sulcal depth and olfactory bulb volume in patients with schizophrenia: an MRI study | Psychiatry Neuroimaging...Olfactory sulcal depth and olfactory bulb volume in patients with schizophrenia: an MRI study | Psychiatry Neuroimaging...
... to objectively measure olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcal depth in patients diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia and ... Olfactory sulcal depth and olfactory bulb volume in patients with schizophrenia: an MRI study ... Olfactory sulcal depth and olfactory bulb volume in patients with schizophrenia: an MRI study. ... The current report used structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to objectively measure olfactory bulb volume and olfactory ...
https://pnl.bwh.harvard.edu/index.php/olfactory-sulcal-depth-and-olfactory-bulb-volume-in-patients-with-schizophrenia-an-mri-study/
Nicotinic receptors regulate the survival of newborn neurons in the adult olfactory bulb. - Institut PasteurNicotinic receptors regulate the survival of newborn neurons in the adult olfactory bulb. - Institut Pasteur
They also indicate that an increase in the number of granule cells does not necessarily correlate with better olfactory ... mice revealed that these animals have a less robust short-term olfactory memory than their wild-type counterparts. Taken ... Cholinergic axons and nicotinic receptors are abundant in all layers of the olfactory bulb (OB), the main region of newborn ... performance and further highlight the importance of cholinergic afferents for olfactory processing. ...
https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00163446
Tonic and stimulus-evoked nitric oxide production in the mouse olfactory bulb<...Tonic and stimulus-evoked nitric oxide production in the mouse olfactory bulb<...
... time-resolved measurements of NO signaling in the olfactory bulb. In 400 μm thick mouse olfactory bulb slices, we detected a ... time-resolved measurements of NO signaling in the olfactory bulb. In 400 μm thick mouse olfactory bulb slices, we detected a ... time-resolved measurements of NO signaling in the olfactory bulb. In 400 μm thick mouse olfactory bulb slices, we detected a ... time-resolved measurements of NO signaling in the olfactory bulb. In 400 μm thick mouse olfactory bulb slices, we detected a ...
https://collaborate.princeton.edu/en/publications/tonic-and-stimulus-evoked-nitric-oxide-production-in-the-mouse-ol
Rolling Daruma x Olfactory Bulb | bthologystudioRolling Daruma x Olfactory Bulb | bthologystudio
#coffee #cafe #cafefood #fresh #freshbrew #cafephoto #Interior #Cafehoping #hotcoffee #icecoffee #food #foodie #foodphoto #foodlover #foodphotography #klcafe #pjcafe #brunch #breakfast
https://www.bryanthology.net/rolling-daruma-x-olfactory-bulb
cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) regulates differentiation and survival of newborn neurons in the olfactory bulbcAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) regulates differentiation and survival of newborn neurons in the olfactory bulb
... C ... Here, we demonstrate that CREB regulates specific phases of adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone/olfactory bulb (SVZ/ ... Here, we demonstrate that CREB regulates specific phases of adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone/olfactory bulb (SVZ/ ... 2_cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) regulates differentiation and survival of newborn neurons in the olfactory bulb ...
https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/98778
Review of Rolling Daruma x Olfactory Bulb, Petaling - FoodAdvisorReview of Rolling Daruma x Olfactory Bulb, Petaling - FoodAdvisor
Something you can get from paying Olfactory Bulb a visit. Forget ice cream and desserts, think about coffee. ...
https://www.foodadvisor.my/selangor/rolling-daruma-x-olfactory-bulb-petaling-jaya/review
Mechanisms underlying APOE-4 effects on olfactory bulb circuits - Shaolin LiuMechanisms underlying APOE-4 effects on olfactory bulb circuits - Shaolin Liu
Mechanisms underlying APOE-4 effects on olfactory bulb circuits Liu, Shaolin Howard University, Washington, DC, United States ... Liu, Xiang; Liu, Shaolin (2018) Cholecystokinin selectively activates short axon cells to enhance inhibition of olfactory bulb ... Liu, Shaolin; Puche, Adam C; Shipley, Michael T (2016) The Interglomerular Circuit Potently Inhibits Olfactory Bulb Output ... Mechanisms underlying APOE-4 effects on olfactory bulb circuits. Liu, Shaolin / Howard University. ...
https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-DC014447-05S1
Baitshyness retention in rats with olfactory-bulb ablations<...
Hobbs, S. H., & Elkins, R. L. (1976). Baitshyness retention in rats with olfactory-bulb ablations. Physiological Psychology, 4( ... Hobbs, SH & Elkins, RL 1976, Baitshyness retention in rats with olfactory-bulb ablations, Physiological Psychology, vol. 4, ... N2 - Bilateral lesions of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs were produced to assess the effects of bulbar damage on the ... AB - Bilateral lesions of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs were produced to assess the effects of bulbar damage on the ...
https://augusta.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/baitshyness-retention-in-rats-with-olfactory-bulb-ablations
Neuroscience for Kids - New Neurons in Neocortex?Neuroscience for Kids - New Neurons in Neocortex?
The olfactory bulbs are important for the sense of smell. In 1999, the same group published work showing that there were areas ... The next logical challenge for scientists is to discover why and how neurogenesis occurs in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb ... The scientists concluded that neurogenesis does occur in the adult primate hippocampus and olfactory bulbs, but found no ... Princeton University scientists and others announced that they had observed neurogenesis in the hippocampus and olfactory bulbs ...
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/newneu.html
Cortical Feedback Decorrelates Olfactory Bulb Output in Awake Mice - CSHL Scientific Digital RepositoryCortical Feedback Decorrelates Olfactory Bulb Output in Awake Mice - CSHL Scientific Digital Repository
Otazu, Gonzalo H, Chae, Honggoo, Davis, Martin B, Albeanu, Dinu F (June 2015) Cortical Feedback Decorrelates Olfactory Bulb ... Summary The olfactory bulb receives rich glutamatergic projections from the piriform cortex. However, the dynamics and ... Here, we use multiphoton calcium imaging to monitor cortical feedback in the olfactory bulb of awake mice and further probe its ... organs, tissues, organelles, cell types and functions , tissues types and functions , olfactory bulb. ...
http://repository.cshl.edu/id/eprint/31560/
Table - Experimental Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection of Cats - Volume 16, Number 11-November 2010 - Emerging Infectious...
Olfactory bulb. 0. 0. 0. 1. Brain. 0. 0. 0. 1. Spleen. 0. 0. 1. 0. ...
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/11/10-0845-t1
FGF signaling through FGFR1 is required for olfactory bulb morphogenesis<...FGF signaling through FGFR1 is required for olfactory bulb morphogenesis<...
FGF signaling through FGFR1 is required for olfactory bulb morphogenesis. / Hébert, Jean M.; Lin, Mary; Partanen, Juha et al. ... Most notably, the olfactory bulbs do not form normally. Examination of the proliferation state of anterior telencephalic cells ... Most notably, the olfactory bulbs do not form normally. Examination of the proliferation state of anterior telencephalic cells ... Most notably, the olfactory bulbs do not form normally. Examination of the proliferation state of anterior telencephalic cells ...
https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/fgf-signaling-through-fgfr1-is-required-for-olfactory-bulb-morpho-2
Atmospheric fine particulate matter causing Alzheimers disease through olfactory bulb pathway: a review of recent studies
Key words: fine particulate matter (PM2.5), Alzheimer&, prime, s disease (AD), olfactory bulb, neuroinflammation, oxidative ... Atmospheric fine particulate matter causing Alzheimers disease through olfactory bulb pathway: a review of recent studies WANG ... Atmospheric fine particulate matter causing Alzheimers disease through olfactory bulb pathway: a review of recent studies[J ... oxidative stress damage and neuroinflammation causedatmospheric fine particulate matter entering the brain via olfactory bulb ...
https://xuebao.shsmu.edu.cn/EN/abstract/abstract12266.shtml
Three teens with COVID-19 developed sudden severe psychiatric symptoms. Why?Three teens with COVID-19 developed sudden severe psychiatric symptoms. Why?
Image of the olfactory bulb. The green in the image shows immunostained cerebrospinal fluid from one patient containing neural ...
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-10-teens-covid-sudden-severe-psychiatric.html
Retinal projection to the olfactory tubercle and basal telencephalon in primates | Semantic ScholarRetinal projection to the olfactory tubercle and basal telencephalon in primates | Semantic Scholar
... and in particular the olfactory tubercle, constitutes a region of visual and olfactory convergence. This sensory integration ... Within the olfactory tubercle, terminal distribution of label is observed in the mediocaudal region along the granular cell ... In all Primates the retinal projection to olfactory tubercle is bilateral. In prosimians label is predominantly contralateral ... hypothalamic area and then proceed further rostrally and laterally below the diagonal band of Broca towards the olfactory ...
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Retinal-projection-to-the-olfactory-tubercle-and-in-Mick-Cooper/33151e1a18761b5176acc51b59e97fd8ffe0a789
Olfactory Bulb Signal Abnormality in Patients with COVID-19 Who Present with Neurologic Symptoms | Neuro News NowOlfactory Bulb Signal Abnormality in Patients with COVID-19 Who Present with Neurologic Symptoms | Neuro News Now
A retrospective case-control study compared the olfactory bulb and olfactory tract signal intensity on thin-section T2WI and ... Olfactory bulb 3D T2 FLAIR signal intensity was greater in the patients with COVID-19 and neurologic symptoms compared with an ... Home Neuroscience Olfactory Bulb Signal Abnormality in Patients with COVID-19 Who Present with Neurologic... ... Olfactory Bulb Signal Abnormality in Patients with COVID-19 Who Present with Neurologic Symptoms. By ...
http://neuronewsnow.com/2020/12/12/olfactory-bulb-signal-abnormality-in-patients-with-covid-19-who-present-with-neurologic-symptoms/
Investigation of spatio-temporal coding in the olfactory bulb of larval Xenopus laevis using fast confocal imagingInvestigation of spatio-temporal coding in the olfactory bulb of larval Xenopus laevis using fast confocal imaging
The olfactory bulb (OB) is the only central processing station of the vertebrate olfactory system. It is assumed that odors are ... Investigation of spatio-temporal coding in the olfactory bulb of larval Xenopus laevis using fast confocal imaging. ... Keywords: Neuroscience; olfaction; coding; calcium imaging; confocal microscopy; xenopus; olfactory bulb; latency; activity ... Der olfaktorische Bulb (OB) ist die einzige zentrale Verarbeitungsstation des Geruchssinns. Gerüche werden im OB durch räumlich ...
https://ediss.uni-goettingen.de/handle/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B506-E?locale-attribute=en
Mouse Balbc Cartilage Total RNA | MR-109-BLC | ZYAGENMouse Balbc Cartilage Total RNA | MR-109-BLC | ZYAGEN
Mouse Balbc Olfactory Bulb Total RNA , MR-213-BLC , ZyagenTotal RNA is routinely extracted from single healthy normal donor ... Mouse Balbc Olfactory Bulb Total RNA , MR-213-BLC Zyagen Mouse Balbc Total RNA ...
https://delos.info/mouse-balbc-cartilage-total-rna-mr-109-blc/
Main olfactory bulbMouse olfactory bulbNeurons in the adult olfactoryEpitheliumAccessory olfactory bulbsPiriform cortexNerveMammalian olfactory systemNeuralReceptorsBrainCerebral cortexOdorExternal tuftedVertebrate olfactoryMitral cellsGlomeruliDiagnosis of COVID-19Thousands of olfactoryNeuronalCholinergicHippocampusLimbic SystemCortical FeedbackInhibitoryReceptorPrimary olfactorySubventricular zoneIncorporating the mitralAdultNasalRatsAnosmiaOlfactionTractSystemMucosaGlutamatergicSense of smHumansInhibitionObtained to assessFlavorsStimuliNewbornEarliestSmellMarker proteinNervesSynapticDysfunction
Main olfactory bulb6
  • Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain project heavily to the main olfactory bulb, the first processing station in the olfactory pathway. (nature.com)
  • The projections innervate multiple layers of the main olfactory bulb and strongly influence odor discrimination, detection, and learning. (nature.com)
  • The precise underlying circuitry of this cholinergic input to the main olfactory bulb remains unclear, however. (nature.com)
  • Here, we identify a specific basal forebrain cholinergic projection that innervates select neurons concentrated in the internal plexiform layer of the main olfactory bulb. (nature.com)
  • Dong HW, Ennis M. Activation of Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Suppresses Excitability of Mouse Main Olfactory Bulb External Tufted and Mitral Cells. (uthsc.edu)
  • Dong HW, Ennis M. Activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors enhances persistent sodium current and rhythmic bursting in main olfactory bulb external tufted cells. (uthsc.edu)
Mouse olfactory bulb2
  • In 400 μm thick mouse olfactory bulb slices, we detected a steady average basal level of 87 nM NO in the extracellular space of mitral or granule cell layers. (princeton.edu)
  • Zhou FW, Dong HW, Ennis M. Activation of β-noradrenergic receptors enhances rhythmic bursting in mouse olfactory bulb external tufted cells. (uthsc.edu)
Neurons in the adult olfactory1
  • Nicotinic receptors regulate the survival of newborn neurons in the adult olfactory bulb. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Epithelium4
  • However, when airborne viruses are inhaled, they travel through the nasal passages and interact with a tissue called the olfactory epithelium, which is responsible for our sense of smell. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Neurons in the olfactory epithelium also offer an easy way for viruses to bypass traditional central nervous system barriers by providing a direct a pathway to the brain. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • To determine the source of synapsin II immunoreactivity in the glomeruli, the olfactory epithelium was damaged to decrease the primary afferent input to the bulb. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
Accessory olfactory bulbs1
  • Bilateral lesions of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs were produced to assess the effects of bulbar damage on the retention of preoperatively conditioned flavor aversions. (elsevier.com)
Piriform cortex3
  • Summary The olfactory bulb receives rich glutamatergic projections from the piriform cortex. (cshl.edu)
  • Integration in the Olfactory Bulb (OB)-Piriform Cortex (PC) Circuit. (uthsc.edu)
  • de Almeida L, Reiner SJ, Ennis M, Linster C. Computational modeling suggests distinct, location-specific function of norepinephrine in olfactory bulb and piriform cortex. (uthsc.edu)
Nerve14
  • First, ET cell pairs of the same glomerulus receive spontaneous synchronous fast excitatory synaptic input that can also be evoked by olfactory nerve stimulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • 2) Do they respond in a similar way to olfactory nerve and mitral/tufted cell stimulation? (jneurosci.org)
  • Although modern baleen whales (Mysticeti) retain a functional olfactory system that includes olfactory bulbs, cranial nerve I and olfactory receptor genes, their olfactory capabilities have been reduced to a great degree. (peerj.com)
  • Electrical stimulation of olfactory nerve fibers evoked transient (peak at 10 s) increments in NO levels 90-100 nM above baseline. (princeton.edu)
  • The scientists concluded that neurogenesis does occur in the adult primate hippocampus and olfactory bulbs, but found no evidence of new nerve cell growth in the neocortex. (washington.edu)
  • Prokineticin 2 and its receptor play a role in the development of a group of nerve cells that are specialized to process smells (olfactory neurons). (medlineplus.gov)
  • If olfactory nerve cells do not extend to the olfactory bulb, a person's sense of smell will be impaired or absent. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. (bvsalud.org)
  • The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. (bvsalud.org)
  • The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. (bvsalud.org)
  • translocate along the olfactory nerve into the olfactory bulb. (cdc.gov)
  • bulbs are consistent with earlier studies in nonhuman primates and rodents that demonstrated that intranasally instilled solid UFP translocate along axons of the olfactory nerve into the CNS. (cdc.gov)
  • We conclude from our study that the CNS can be targeted by airborne solid ultrafine particles and that the most likely mechanism is from deposits on the olfactory mucosa of the nasopha- ryngeal region of the respiratory tract and subsequent translocation via the olfactory nerve. (cdc.gov)
  • Head anatomy with olfactory nerve. (medscape.com)
Mammalian olfactory system2
  • We are interested in sensory processing at the cellular and subcellular level, in particular in the first relay station of the mammalian olfactory system, the olfactory bulb. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • A spiking neural network model of self-organized pattern recognition in the early mammalian olfactory system. (ox.ac.uk)
Neural4
  • We hypothesize that APOE-4 dysregulates neural circuits leading to excitation-inhibition imbalance and neural hyperactivity in the olfactory bulb (OB) to cause OD at the early stage of AD based on the following evidence. (grantome.com)
  • The neural circuits of a genetically identified olfactory bulb glomerulus labeled using volume electroporation (Schwarz et al 2018) and an electron micrograph with glomeruli outlined in orange and yellow. (crick.ac.uk)
  • I later learned that while most people are born with two olfactory bulbs, the neural structure heavily involved in smell, I was born with just half of one. (slate.com)
  • In neonates, this area is a dense neural sheet, but, in children and adults, the respiratory and olfactory tissues interdigitate. (medscape.com)
Receptors7
  • Olfactory sensory neurons that express the same olfactory receptors in rodents generally project to two specific glomeruli in an olfactory bulb, implying an approximate 1:2 ratio of the number of olfactory receptors to the number of glomeruli. (peerj.com)
  • Terrestrial mammals generally have a well-developed sense of smell that can discriminate millions of odors using hundreds or thousands of olfactory receptors (ORs) ( Nei, Niimura & Nozawa, 2008 ). (peerj.com)
  • Cholinergic axons and nicotinic receptors are abundant in all layers of the olfactory bulb (OB), the main region of newborn neuron integration in the adult brain. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
  • A major focus of our work is to understand how norepinephrine and dopamine transmitter systems, as well as metabotropic glutamate receptors, modulate the olfactory bulb network at cellular, synaptic, network and behavioral levels. (uthsc.edu)
  • The highest concentration of ACE2 receptors is in the olfactory bulb, the brain structure involved in the sense of smell. (eurekalert.org)
  • It is a specialized pseudostratified neuroepithelium containing the primary olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)
  • To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)
Brain20
  • Neurons in the nose respond to inhaled odors and send this information to a region of the brain referred to as the olfactory bulb. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Although the location of nasal neurons and their exposure to the outside environment make them an easy target for infection by airborne viruses, viral respiratory infections rarely make their way from the olfactory bulb to the rest of the brain, where they could cause potentially fatal encephalitis. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • We are interested in understanding immune responses that develop at the interface between nasal olfactory neurons, which end in the olfactory bulb, and the rest of the brain. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • These results indicate that the distribution of the synapsins in the olfactory bulb differs from most other brain regions. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In 1998, Princeton University scientists and others announced that they had observed neurogenesis in the hippocampus and olfactory bulbs of the adult primate brain. (washington.edu)
  • This article briefly reviews the mechanisms of AD-related oxidative stress damage and neuroinflammation causedatmospheric fine particulate matter entering the brain via olfactory bulb pathway. (shsmu.edu.cn)
  • These neurons move (migrate) from the developing nose to a structure in the front of the brain called the olfactory bulb, which is critical for the perception of odors. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Studies suggest that a loss of this signaling disrupts the migration and survival of olfactory neurons and GnRH-producing neurons in the developing brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This study evaluated whether QDs (CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals) could be transported from the olfactory tract to the brain via inhalation. (cdc.gov)
  • We conclude that, following short-term inhalation of solid QD nanoparticles, there is rapid olfactory uptake and axonal transport to the brain/olfactory bulb with observed activation of microglial cells, indicating a pro-inflammatory response. (cdc.gov)
  • To our knowledge, this is the first study to clearly demonstrate that QDs can be rapidly transported from the nose to the brain by olfactory uptake via axonal transport following inhalation. (cdc.gov)
  • Here we use our previously developed semi-intact nose-brain preparation to unravel the cellular mechanisms of spontaneous theta oscillations within the bulb. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • The olfactory bulb connects with the hippocampus, a brain structure primarily responsible for short-term memory. (eurekalert.org)
  • One tempting working hypothesis is that pathological changes in the peripheral olfactory system where the body is exposed to many adverse environmental stressors may have a causal role for the brain alteration. (elsevier.com)
  • Nevertheless, whether and how peripheral olfactory disturbance impacts brain function is becoming even a hotter topic in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, given the risk of long-term changes of mental status associated with olfactory infection of SARS-CoV-2. (elsevier.com)
  • During embryonic development, GnRH neurons migrate along olfactory and vomeronasal axons through the nose into the brain, where they project to the median eminence to release GnRH. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • This diagnostic finding is of prognostic importance and indicates that the olfactory entry point to the brain should be further investigated to improve our understanding of COVID infectious pathophysiology. (stanford.edu)
  • There were also indications that the olfactory bulb of the brain was targeted. (cdc.gov)
  • They're known to directly affect the brain's limbic system (the emotional part of the brain) via the olfactory bulb that sits just above the nose. (motherhoodcommunity.com)
  • While our other senses communicate directly to the thalamus, which is essentially the 'switchboard' in our brain, scent is processed in the olfactory bulb within our limbic system, which is also where our brain stores memories and emotions, explaining why scent can evoke such intense feelings and vivid memories so quickly. (lihabeauty.com)
Cerebral cortex2
  • The relative levels of the synapsins in the core region of the olfactory bulb were similar to the cerebral cortex. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Autopsy findings include hemorrhagic necrosis of the olfactory bulbs and cerebral cortex. (cdc.gov)
Odor7
  • In the olfactory bulb (OB), the spatial patterning of both sensory inputs and synaptic interactions is crucial for processing odor information, although this patterning alone is not sufficient. (nih.gov)
  • Recent studies have suggested that representations of odor may already be distributed and dynamic in the first olfactory relay. (nih.gov)
  • 1 . Davison AP, Feng J, Brown D (2003) Dendrodendritic inhibition and simulated odor responses in a detailed olfactory bulb network model. (yale.edu)
  • These findings suggest dual roles for NO signaling in the olfactory bulb: tonic inhibitory control of principal neurons, and regulation of circuit dynamics during odor information processing. (princeton.edu)
  • We propose that cortical feedback differentially impacts these two output channels of the bulb by specifically decorrelating mitral cell responses to enable odor separation. (cshl.edu)
  • Our recent findings imply that the formation of an odor percept may be implemented already at the level of the olfactory bulb, by linking specifically co-active glomerular columns via granule-cell mediated lateral inhibition. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • Bendahmane M, Ogg MC, Ennis M, Fletcher ML. Increased olfactory bulb acetylcholine bi-directionally modulates glomerular odor sensitivity. (uthsc.edu)
External tufted2
  • In rat olfactory bulb slices, external tufted (ET) cells spontaneously generate spike bursts. (jneurosci.org)
  • In olfactory bulb slices, external tufted (ET) cells exhibit synchronous spontaneous spike bursting that persists and, indeed, becomes more regular in the presence of blockers of fast synaptic transmission (Hayar et al. (jneurosci.org)
Vertebrate olfactory1
  • The olfactory bulb (OB) is the only central processing station of the vertebrate olfactory system. (uni-goettingen.de)
Mitral cells2
  • In the rodent olfactory bulb the smooth dendrites of the principal glutamatergic mitral cells (MCs) form reciprocal dendrodendritic synapses with large spines on GABAergic granule cells (GC), where unitary release of glutamate can trigger postsynaptic local activation of voltage-gated Na + -channels (Na v s), that is a spine spike. (elifesciences.org)
  • The olfactory bulb neuronal network consists of a two-stage circuit, first the glomerular layer where processing is distributed within a high diversity of local interneurons, and second the external plexiform layer, where most processing takes place between the principal excitatory mitral cells and the inhibitory axonless granule cells. (uni-regensburg.de)
Glomeruli4
  • The glomeruli that occur in the olfactory bulb can be divided into two non-overlapping domains, a dorsal domain and a ventral domain. (peerj.com)
  • Here we show that olfactory bulbs of bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus ) lack glomeruli on the dorsal side, consistent with the molecular data. (peerj.com)
  • In addition, we estimate that there are more than 4,000 glomeruli elsewhere in the bowhead whale olfactory bulb, which is surprising given that bowhead whales possess only 80 intact olfactory receptor genes. (peerj.com)
  • Odorants are detected by ORs expressed in the cell membrance of the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), which project to the glomeruli of the olfactory bulbs (OBs). (peerj.com)
Diagnosis of COVID-192
  • After a positive diagnosis of COVID-19 and approximately 2 months duration of anosmia, an MRI was performed that showed clear interval olfactory bulb atrophy. (stanford.edu)
  • It is feasible to argue the hypothesis of the involvement of the foetus' olfactory bulb as one of the indelible pathophysiological manifestations to the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 with neurosensory olfactory deficit in foetuses and newborns affected by intrauterine infection. (bvsalud.org)
Thousands of olfactory1
Neuronal2
  • Second, humanized APOE-4 knock-in mice exhibit a behavioral OD coincidently with neuronal hyperactivity in the OB but not in the primary olfactory cortex at the age before AD pathogenesis. (grantome.com)
  • We are investigating how neuronal membrane properties and extrinsic/intrinsic neurotransmitter systems modulate information processing and output from the olfactory bulb circuit using molecular biological, functional imaging and neurophysiological approaches in vivo and in vitro. (uthsc.edu)
Cholinergic4
  • They also indicate that an increase in the number of granule cells does not necessarily correlate with better olfactory performance and further highlight the importance of cholinergic afferents for olfactory processing. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
  • Toward this, we utilized fiber photometry and the genetically encoded acetylcholine indicator GAChR2.0 to define temporal patterns of cholinergic signaling in the basal forebrain during olfactory-guided, motivated behaviors and learning. (frontiersin.org)
  • We show that cholinergic signaling reliably increased during reward seeking behaviors, but was strongly suppressed by reward delivery in a go/no-go olfactory-cued discrimination task. (frontiersin.org)
  • Escanilla O, Alperin S, Youssef M, Ennis M, Linster C. Noradrenergic but not cholinergic modulation of olfactory bulb during processing of near threshold concentration stimuli. (uthsc.edu)
Hippocampus1
  • The next logical challenge for scientists is to discover why and how neurogenesis occurs in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb. (washington.edu)
Limbic System1
  • The olfactory bulb is part of your brain's limbic system, which is not under conscious control. (selfgrowth.com)
Cortical Feedback1
  • Here, we use multiphoton calcium imaging to monitor cortical feedback in the olfactory bulb of awake mice and further probe its impact on the bulb output. (cshl.edu)
Inhibitory2
  • A detailed network model of the dual-layer dendro-dendritic inhibitory microcircuits in the rat olfactory bulb comprising compartmental mitral, granule and PG cells developed by Aditya Gilra, Upinder S. Bhalla (2015). (yale.edu)
  • The data thus implicate neurotransmitter co-transmission in the basal forebrain regulation of this inhibitory olfactory microcircuit. (nature.com)
Receptor6
  • Recent molecular studies revealed that all modern whales have lost olfactory receptor genes and marker genes that are specific to the dorsal domain. (peerj.com)
  • Olfactory receptor neurons that express a single common odorant receptor project to one glomerulus in the OB. (uthsc.edu)
  • Channel kinetics come from garcia (2010) for olfactory receptor neurons (orn), davison et al. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
  • Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
  • Odorants diffuse into the mucous and are transported to the olfactory receptor. (medscape.com)
Primary olfactory1
  • We organize this review article at three levels: 1) olfactory bulb (OB) and peripheral structures of the olfactory system, 2) primary olfactory cortical and subcortical regions, and 3) associated higher-order cortical regions. (elsevier.com)
Subventricular zone1
  • Here, we demonstrate that CREB regulates specific phases of adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone/olfactory bulb (SVZ/OB) system. (unito.it)
Incorporating the mitral1
  • A biologically-detailed model of the mammalian olfactory bulb, incorporating the mitral and granule cells and the dendrodendritic synapses between them. (yale.edu)
Adult3
  • Our Review synthesises current knowledge of prenatal, postnatal and adult olfactory bulb development, focusing on the maturation, morphology, functions and interactions of its diverse constituent. (biologists.com)
  • In olfactory bulb adult neurogenesis , the transcription factor PBX1 controls. (biologists.com)
  • Adult C57BL/6 mice were exposed to an aerosol of QDs for 1 h via nasal inhalation, and nanoparticles were detected 3 h post-exposure within the olfactory tract and olfactory bulb by a wide range of techniques, including visualisation via fluorescent and transmission electron microscopy. (cdc.gov)
Nasal4
  • Neurons at the edge of the olfactory system extend small projections through the bone lining the nasal cavity. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • These oscillations are entrained by nasal respiration and driven by the olfactory bulb. (mpi.nl)
  • The olfactory neuroepithelium is located at the upper area of each nasal chamber adjacent to the cribriform plate, superior nasal septum, and superior-lateral nasal wall. (medscape.com)
  • Third- add to the perfect storm, of wrong flora, in the wrong location, a trauma to the nasal mucosa, allowing those organisms into a broken small vessel, adjacent to the olfactory bulb. (substack.com)
Rats1
  • Morphologic Alteration Of The Olfactory Bulb After Acute Ozone Exposure In Rats', Neuroscience Letters , Vol 274 (1999), p1-4. (harvoa.org)
Anosmia4
  • There was a significant difference in normalized olfactory bulb T2 FLAIR signal intensity between the patients with COVID-19 and the controls with anosmia ( P = .003). (neuronewsnow.com)
  • COVID-19-induced anosmia associated with olfactory bulb atrophy. (stanford.edu)
  • We present a novel case of COVID-19 anosmia with definitive olfactory bulb atrophy compared with pre-COVID imaging. (stanford.edu)
  • Patients with CHARGE syndrome may also have anosmia due to olfactory bulb hypoplasia or aplasia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, making this syndrome clinically similar to KS. (medscape.com)
Olfaction2
  • In olfaction, sensory input activity is initially processed in the olfactory bulb (OB), serving as the first central relay before being transferred to the olfactory cortex. (pasteur.fr)
  • Modern cetaceans are known to have reduced the olfactory capabilities profoundly during their evolution, and living odontocetes have no nervous system structures that mediate olfaction ( Oelschläger, Ridgway & Knauth, 2010 ). (peerj.com)
Tract1
  • A retrospective case-control study compared the olfactory bulb and olfactory tract signal intensity on thin-section T2WI and postcontrast 3D T2 FLAIR images in patients with COVID-19 and neurologic symptoms, and age-matched controls imaged for olfactory dysfunction. (neuronewsnow.com)
System4
  • Taking advantage of special viruses that can be tracked with fluorescent microscopy, the researchers led by Dorian McGavern, Ph.D., senior investigator at NINDS, found that a viral infection that started in the nose was halted right before it could spread from the olfactory bulb to the rest of the central nervous system. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Overall, our findings support earlier research studies showing morphometric and functional changes in the olfactory system in patients with schizophrenia. (harvard.edu)
  • Animals expressing the human APOE-4 gene evince OD symptoms before AD pathogenesis, indicating a role of APOE-4 in functional disorders of the olfactory system. (grantome.com)
  • Relation to other properties of the olfactory system and possible decoding strategies are discussed. (uni-goettingen.de)
Mucosa2
  • A TWiV duo reviews how SARS-CoV-2 attacks the olfactory mucosa but spares the olfactory bulb, vaccination with BNT162b2 induces virus-specific stem cell memory T cells, and development of an oral protease inhibitor for the treatment of COVID-19. (microbe.tv)
  • 20% of the UFP deposited on the olfactory mucosa of the rat can be translocated to the olfactory bulb. (cdc.gov)
Glutamatergic1
  • Here, we describe a novel mechanism to gate glutamatergic feedback selectively from the anterior olfactory cortex (AOC) to the OB. (pasteur.fr)
Sense of sm1
  • The olfactory bulbs are important for the sense of smell. (washington.edu)
Humans3
  • 4 allele of human apolipoprotein E (APOE-4) gene, a well-documented strongest genetic risk factor for development of the late-onset AD, associates tightly with the earliest AD symptom - olfactory deficit (OD) in humans. (grantome.com)
  • Respiration modulates olfactory memory consolidation in humans. (mpi.nl)
  • As humans age, the number of olfactory neurons steadily decreases. (medscape.com)
Inhibition1
  • The olfactory bulb (OB) receives top-down inputs from the olfactory cortex that produce direct excitation and feedforward inhibition onto mitral and tufted cells, the principal neurons. (pasteur.fr)
Obtained to assess1
  • Additional measures were obtained to assess olfactory function. (harvard.edu)
Flavors1
  • Watson ingested notes taken by IBM researchers during a collaboration with James Briscione, a chef instructor at the Institute of Culinary Education in Manhattan, along with '20,000 recipes, data on the chemistry of food ingredients, and measured ratings of flavors people like in categories like 'olfactory pleasantness',' and created a breakfast pastry called a 'Spanish crescent. (typepad.com)
Stimuli1
  • Our study focused on gamma (40-100 Hz) network oscillations in the mammalian OB, which is a form of temporal patterning in bulbar activity elicited by olfactory stimuli. (nih.gov)
Newborn1
  • This study aims to investigate if newborn children of women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy have olfactory sensory changes. (bvsalud.org)
Earliest2
  • Olfactory dysfunction is often the earliest indicator of disease in a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. (elsevier.com)
  • In adults, olfactory loss is one of the earliest and most frequent acute clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. (bvsalud.org)
Smell1
  • Olfactory cells are very susceptible to viral invasion and are particularly targeted by SARS-CoV-2, and that's why one of the prominent symptoms of COVID-19 is loss of smell. (eurekalert.org)
Marker protein1
  • Three to four days later, olfactory bulb sections were double labeled with anti-olfactory marker protein (OMP) antibodies and anti-synapsin II antibodies. (ox.ac.uk)
Nerves1
  • For who can measure a conversation between sun and flower, between stamens, petals, olfactory nerves and human fingertips? (judithbergerherbalist.com)
Synaptic1
  • Synaptic Integration and Information Processing in the Olfactory Bulb. (uthsc.edu)
Dysfunction1
  • Olfactory bulb 3D T2 FLAIR signal intensity was greater in the patients with COVID-19 and neurologic symptoms compared with an age-matched control group with olfactory dysfunction, and this was qualitatively apparent in 4 of 12 patients with COVID-19. (neuronewsnow.com)
Protocadherin-α Family Is Required for Serotonergic Projections to Appropriately Innervate Target Brain Areas | Journal of...
Protocadherin-α Family Is Required for Serotonergic Projections to Appropriately Innervate Target Brain Areas | Journal of... (jneurosci.org)
Olfactory Bulb External Tufted Cells Are Synchronized by Multiple Intraglomerular Mechanisms | Journal of Neuroscience
Olfactory Bulb External Tufted Cells Are Synchronized by Multiple Intraglomerular Mechanisms | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Stereo and serial sniffing guide navigation to an odour source in a mammal | Nature Communications
Stereo and serial sniffing guide navigation to an odour source in a mammal | Nature Communications (nature.com)
Three teens with COVID-19 developed sudden severe psychiatric symptoms. Why?
Three teens with COVID-19 developed sudden severe psychiatric symptoms. Why? (medicalxpress.com)
MicrocircuitDB: Olfactory bulb microcircuits model with dual-layer inhibition (Gilra & Bhalla 2015)
MicrocircuitDB: Olfactory bulb microcircuits model with dual-layer inhibition (Gilra & Bhalla 2015) (senselab.med.yale.edu)
PROK2 gene: MedlinePlus Genetics
PROK2 gene: MedlinePlus Genetics (medlineplus.gov)
EP3R-Expressing Glutamatergic Preoptic Neurons Mediate Inflammatory Fever | Journal of Neuroscience
EP3R-Expressing Glutamatergic Preoptic Neurons Mediate Inflammatory Fever | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Neuroscience for Kids - New Neurons in Neocortex?
Neuroscience for Kids - New Neurons in Neocortex? (faculty.washington.edu)
Disorders of Taste and Smell: Introduction and Background, Anatomy and Physiology, Etiology of Smell and Taste Disorders
Disorders of Taste and Smell: Introduction and Background, Anatomy and Physiology, Etiology of Smell and Taste Disorders (medscape.com)
Olfactory Neurons Expressing Closely Linked and Homologous Odorant Receptor Genes Tend to Project Their Axons to Neighboring...
Olfactory Neurons Expressing Closely Linked and Homologous Odorant Receptor Genes Tend to Project Their Axons to Neighboring... (jneurosci.org)
Figure 5 - Characteristics of 263K Scrapie Agent in Multiple Hamster Species - Volume 15, Number 2-February 2009 - Emerging...
Figure 5 - Characteristics of 263K Scrapie Agent in Multiple Hamster Species - Volume 15, Number 2-February 2009 - Emerging... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Index by author - December 06, 2017, 37 (49) | Journal of Neuroscience
Index by author - December 06, 2017, 37 (49) | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Table of Contents - November 18, 2015, 35 (46) | Journal of Neuroscience
Table of Contents - November 18, 2015, 35 (46) | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Genetically encoded optical indicators for the analysis of neuronal circuits | Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Genetically encoded optical indicators for the analysis of neuronal circuits | Nature Reviews Neuroscience (nature.com)
Peganum harmala enhanced GLP-1 and restored insulin signaling to alleviate AlCl3-induced Alzheimer-like pathology model |...
Peganum harmala enhanced GLP-1 and restored insulin signaling to alleviate AlCl3-induced Alzheimer-like pathology model |... (nature.com)
Tatsuya Tsukahara, Ph.D. | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
Tatsuya Tsukahara, Ph.D. | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst (connects.catalyst.harvard.edu)
Experimental Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection of Cats - Volume 16, Number 11-November 2010 - Emerging Infectious Diseases...
Experimental Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection of Cats - Volume 16, Number 11-November 2010 - Emerging Infectious Diseases... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Professur für Neurophysiologie - Universität Regensburg
Professur für Neurophysiologie - Universität Regensburg (uni-regensburg.de)
Index by author - August 10, 2016, 36 (32) | Journal of Neuroscience
Index by author - August 10, 2016, 36 (32) | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Bosma arhinia microphthalmia syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics
Bosma arhinia microphthalmia syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics (medlineplus.gov)
Characteristics of 263K Scrapie Agent in Multiple Hamster Species - Volume 15, Number 2-February 2009 - Emerging Infectious...
Characteristics of 263K Scrapie Agent in Multiple Hamster Species - Volume 15, Number 2-February 2009 - Emerging Infectious... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Zinc: MedlinePlus Supplements
Zinc: MedlinePlus Supplements (medlineplus.gov)
Re-evaluation of neuronal P2X7 expression using novel mouse models and a P2X7-specific nanobody | eLife
Re-evaluation of neuronal P2X7 expression using novel mouse models and a P2X7-specific nanobody | eLife (elifesciences.org)
COVID smell loss: The people who could never smell since birth have a warning.
COVID smell loss: The people who could never smell since birth have a warning. (slate.com)
Microglia in the olfactory bulb have a nose for protecting the brain from infection | National Institute of Neurological...
Microglia in the olfactory bulb have a nose for protecting the brain from infection | National Institute of Neurological... (ninds.nih.gov)
Long-Term Smell Loss in COVID-19 Tied to Brain Damage
Long-Term Smell Loss in COVID-19 Tied to Brain Damage (medscape.com)
Sensory Nutrition and Disease Workshop | 2019 | NIDDK
Sensory Nutrition and Disease Workshop | 2019 | NIDDK (niddk.nih.gov)
PDF] Reduced olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sensitivity in patients with acute major depression | Semantic Scholar
PDF] Reduced olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sensitivity in patients with acute major depression | Semantic Scholar (semanticscholar.org)
Scientific Publications | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Scientific Publications | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (mpg.de)
Loss of Smell Linked to Brain Abnormality, Transition to AD
Loss of Smell Linked to Brain Abnormality, Transition to AD (medscape.com)
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Deficiency in Adults Treatment & Management: Medical Care
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Deficiency in Adults Treatment & Management: Medical Care (emedicine.medscape.com)
(emedicine.medscape.com)
PDF) Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) - a review and proposed strategies toward a better understanding of...
PDF) Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) - a review and proposed strategies toward a better understanding of... (researchgate.net)
Neuropeptide feedback modifies odor-evoked dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans olfactory neurons | Nature Neuroscience
Neuropeptide feedback modifies odor-evoked dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans olfactory neurons | Nature Neuroscience (nature.com)
Frontiers | Connexin-Dependent Neuroglial Networking as a New Therapeutic Target
Frontiers | Connexin-Dependent Neuroglial Networking as a New Therapeutic Target (frontiersin.org)
Disorders of Taste and Smell: Introduction and Background, Anatomy and Physiology, Etiology of Smell and Taste Disorders
Disorders of Taste and Smell: Introduction and Background, Anatomy and Physiology, Etiology of Smell and Taste Disorders (medscape.com)