Odds Ratio
The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.
Case-Control Studies
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Risk Factors
Logistic Models
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Confidence Intervals
Cohort Studies
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Prevalence
Cross-Sectional Studies
Multivariate Analysis
Genotype
Prospective Studies
Retrospective Studies
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Polymorphism, Genetic
The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.
Risk Assessment
Questionnaires
Pregnancy
Age Factors
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Treatment Outcome
Risk
Sex Factors
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
European Continental Ancestry Group
Regression Analysis
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
Follow-Up Studies
Socioeconomic Factors
Gene Frequency
Chi-Square Distribution
A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.
Alleles
Predictive Value of Tests
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Incidence
Comorbidity
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
Body Mass Index
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Severity of Illness Index
Haplotypes
Registries
Longitudinal Studies
Prognosis
Sex Distribution
Health Surveys
African Americans
Hospital Mortality
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Environmental Exposure
Alcohol Drinking
Ethnic Groups
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)
Biological Markers
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Epidemiologic Methods
Parity
African Continental Ancestry Group
Genetic Association Studies
Age Distribution
Hispanic Americans
Hypertension
Myocardial Infarction
Pregnancy Outcome
HIV Infections
Confounding Factors (Epidemiology)
Factors that can cause or prevent the outcome of interest, are not intermediate variables, and are not associated with the factor(s) under investigation. They give rise to situations in which the effects of two processes are not separated, or the contribution of causal factors cannot be separated, or the measure of the effect of exposure or risk is distorted because of its association with other factors influencing the outcome of the study.
Diabetes Mellitus
Residence Characteristics
Population Surveillance
France
Pregnancy Complications
Spain
Colorectal Neoplasms
Demography
Linkage Disequilibrium
Continental Population Groups
Health Status
Premature Birth
Postoperative Complications
Life Style
Asthma
Genome-Wide Association Study
Republic of Korea
Netherlands
Publication Bias
The influence of study results on the chances of publication and the tendency of investigators, reviewers, and editors to submit or accept manuscripts for publication based on the direction or strength of the study findings. Publication bias has an impact on the interpretation of clinical trials and meta-analyses. Bias can be minimized by insistence by editors on high-quality research, thorough literature reviews, acknowledgement of conflicts of interest, modification of peer review practices, etc.
Age of Onset
Occupational Exposure
ROC Curve
Sensitivity and Specificity
Databases, Factual
Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.
Mass Screening
Coronary Artery Disease
Pesticides
Birth Weight
Canada
Metabolic Syndrome X
A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)
Depression
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Causality
The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors.
Interviews as Topic
Abortion, Spontaneous
Linear Models
Cardiovascular Diseases
Survival Analysis
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
Bias (Epidemiology)
Any deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation. Bias can result from several sources: one-sided or systematic variations in measurement from the true value (systematic error); flaws in study design; deviation of inferences, interpretations, or analyses based on flawed data or data collection; etc. There is no sense of prejudice or subjectivity implied in the assessment of bias under these conditions.
Gestational Age
Disease Progression
Maternal Exposure
Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
Analysis of Variance
Infant, Low Birth Weight
Coronary Disease
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Data Collection
Survival Rate
Contraceptives, Oral
Outcome Assessment (Health Care)
Health Behavior
Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural.
Social Class
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standard of acceptable or desirable weight. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal "over fat".
Family Health
Health Services Accessibility
Intensive Care Units
Diabetes Complications
Physician's Practice Patterns
Wounds and Injuries
C-Reactive Protein
Cooking
Meta-Analysis as Topic
A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine.
Marital Status
Self Report
Smoking Cessation
Respiratory Sounds
Postmenopause
Reference Values
Neoplasms
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)
Ontario
A province of Canada lying between the provinces of Manitoba and Quebec. Its capital is Toronto. It takes its name from Lake Ontario which is said to represent the Iroquois oniatariio, beautiful lake. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p892 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p391)
Nutrition Surveys
Models, Statistical
Brain Ischemia
Parents
Gravidity
Emergency Service, Hospital
Use of wood stoves and risk of cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract: a case-control study. (1/18160)
BACKGROUND: Incidence rates for cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract in Southern Brazil are among the highest in the world. A case-control study was designed to identify the main risk factors for carcinomas of mouth, pharynx, and larynx in the region. We tested the hypothesis of whether use of wood stoves is associated with these cancers. METHODS: Information on known and potential risk factors was obtained from interviews with 784 cases and 1568 non-cancer controls. We estimated the effect of use of wood stove by conditional logistic regression, with adjustment for smoking, alcohol consumption and for other sociodemographic and dietary variables chosen as empirical confounders based on a change-in-estimate criterion. RESULTS: After extensive adjustment for all the empirical confounders the odds ratio (OR) for all upper aero-digestive tract cancers was 2.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 2.2-3.3). Increased risks were also seen in site-specific analyses for mouth (OR = 2.73; 95% CI: 1.8-4.2), pharyngeal (OR = 3.82; 95% CI: 2.0-7.4), and laryngeal carcinomas (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.2-4.7). Significant risk elevations remained for each of the three anatomic sites and for all sites combined even after we purposefully biased the analyses towards the null hypothesis by adjusting the effect of wood stove use only for positive empirical confounders. CONCLUSIONS: The association of use of wood stoves with cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract is genuine and unlikely to result from insufficient control of confounding. Due to its high prevalence, use of wood stoves may be linked to as many as 30% of all cancers occurring in the region. (+info)Body mass decrease after initial gain following smoking cessation. (2/18160)
BACKGROUND: Although smoking cessation is strongly associated with subsequent weight gain, it is not clear whether the initial gain in weight after smoking cessation remains over time. METHOD: Cross-sectional analyses were made, using data from periodic health examinations for workers, on the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and the length of smoking cessation. In addition, linear regression coefficients of BMI on the length of cessation were estimated according to alcohol intake and sport activity, to examine the modifying effect of these factors on the weight of former smokers. RESULTS: Means of BMI were 23.1 kg/m2, 23.3 kg/m2, 23.6 kg/m2 for light/medium smokers, heavy smokers and never smokers, respectively. Among former smokers who had smoked > or = 25 cigarettes a day, odds ratio (OR) of BMI >25 kg/m2 were 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 1.05-3.35), 1.32 (95% CI : 0.74-2.34), 0.66 (95% CI: 0.33-1.31) for those with 2-4 years, 5-7 years, and 8-10 years of smoking cessation, respectively. The corresponding OR among those who previously consumed <25 cigarettes a day were 1.06 (95% CI: 0.58-1.94), 1.00 (95% CI: 0.58-1.71), and 1.49 (95% CI: 0.95-2.32). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that although heavy smokers may experience large weight gain and weigh more than never smokers in the few years after smoking cessation, they thereafter lose weight to the never smoker level, while light and moderate smokers gain weight up to the never smoker level without any excess after smoking cessation. (+info)Socioeconomic inequalities in health in the working population: the contribution of working conditions. (3/18160)
BACKGROUND: The aim was to study the impact of different categories of working conditions on the association between occupational class and self-reported health in the working population. METHODS: Data were collected through a postal survey conducted in 1991 among inhabitants of 18 municipalities in the southeastern Netherlands. Data concerned 4521 working men and 2411 working women and included current occupational class (seven classes), working conditions (physical working conditions, job control, job demands, social support at work), perceived general health (very good or good versus less than good) and demographic confounders. Data were analysed with logistic regression techniques. RESULTS: For both men and women we observed a higher odds ratio for a less than good perceived general health in the lower occupational classes (adjusted for confounders). The odds of a less than good perceived general health was larger among people reporting more hazardous physical working conditions, lower job control, lower social support at work and among those in the highest category of job demands. Results were similar for men and women. Men and women in the lower occupational classes reported more hazardous physical working conditions and lower job control as compared to those in higher occupational classes. High job demands were more often reported in the higher occupational classes, while social support at work was not clearly related to occupational class. When physical working conditions and job control were added simultaneously to a model with occupational class and confounders, the odds ratios for occupational classes were reduced substantially. For men, the per cent change in the odds ratios for the occupational classes ranged between 35% and 83%, and for women between 35% and 46%. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial part of the association between occupational class and a less than good perceived general health in the working population could be attributed to a differential distribution of hazardous physical working conditions and a low job control across occupational classes. This suggests that interventions aimed at improving these working conditions might result in a reduction of socioeconomic inequalities in health in the working population. (+info)Relation between obesity and breast cancer in young women. (4/18160)
This study was conducted to assess the relation between body size and risk of breast cancer among young women. A case-control study was conducted among women aged 21-45 years living in three counties in Washington State. Cases were women born after 1944 with invasive or in situ breast cancer that was diagnosed between January 1, 1983, and April 30, 1990. Controls were selected using random digit dialing and were frequency-matched to cases on the basis of age and county of residence. Interviews took place between 1986 and 1992. Body size was evaluated using indices from several different time periods. After adjustment for confounders, a decreased risk of breast cancer was found for women in the highest quintile of body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2) as compared with the lowest quintile (for maximum lifetime body mass index, odds ratio = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51-0.94). Age modified the relation between body size and risk of breast cancer. The odds ratio for women in the highest quintile of maximum body mass index who were aged 21-35 years was 0.29 (95% CI 0.16-0.55), as compared with an odds ratio of 1.5 for women aged 36-45 years (95% CI 0.9-2.5) (p for interaction = 0.003). This study supports prior research showing a decreased risk of breast cancer associated with increased body size among premenopausal or young women. More detailed analysis in this study found a strong effect that was limited to the youngest age group (< or = 35 years). (+info)Different factors influencing the expression of Raynaud's phenomenon in men and women. (5/18160)
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the risk profile for Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is different between men and women. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study of 800 women and 725 men participating in the Framingham Offspring Study, the association of age, marital status, smoking, alcohol use, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia with prevalent RP was examined in men and women separately, after adjusting for relevant confounders. RESULTS: The prevalence of RP was 9.6% (n = 77) in women and 5.8% (n = 42) in men. In women, marital status and alcohol use were each associated with prevalent RP (for marital status adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.3, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.4-3.9; for alcohol use OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-5.2), whereas these factors were not associated with RP in men (marital status OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.6-3.5; alcohol use OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.2-4.4). In men, older age (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0-5.2) and smoking (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.3) were associated with prevalent RP; these factors were not associated with RP in women (older age OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.4-1.6; smoking OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.4-1.1). Diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia were not associated with RP in either sex. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that risk factors for RP differ between men and women. Age and smoking were associated with RP in men only, while the associations of marital status and alcohol use with RP were observed in women only. These findings suggest that different mechanisms influence the expression of RP in men and women. (+info)Premature morbidity from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. (6/18160)
OBJECTIVE: To determine rates of morbidity due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases among women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: I used the California Hospital Discharge Database, which contains information on all discharges from acute care hospitals in California, to identify women with SLE who had been hospitalized for treatment of either acute myocardial infarction (AMI), congestive heart failure (CHF), or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) from 1991 to 1994. I compared the proportions of hospitalizations for each cause among women with SLE with those in a group of women without SLE, for 3 age strata (18-44 years, 45-64 years, and > or =65 years). RESULTS: Compared with young women without SLE, young women with SLE were 2.27 times more likely to be hospitalized because of AMI (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.08-3.46), 3.80 times more likely to be hospitalized because of CHF (95% CI 2.41-5.19), and 2.05 times more likely to be hospitalized because of CVA (95% CI 1.17-2.93). Among middle-aged women with SLE, the frequencies of hospitalization for AMI and CVA did not differ from those of the comparison group, but the risk of hospitalization for CHF was higher (odds ratio [OR] 1.39, 95% CI 1.05-1.73). Among elderly women with SLE, the risk of hospitalization for AMI was significantly lower (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51-0.89), the risk of hospitalization for CHF was higher (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.01-1.49), and the risk of hospitalization for CVA was not significantly different from those in the comparison group. CONCLUSION: Young women with SLE are at substantially increased risk of AMI, CHF, and CVA. The relative odds of these conditions decrease with age among women with SLE. (+info)Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus: population based study of coronary heart disease. (7/18160)
OBJECTIVE: To study possible associations between coronary heart disease and serological evidence of persistent infection with Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus. DESIGN: Population based, case-control study, nested within a randomised trial. SETTING: Five general practices in Bedfordshire, UK. INDIVIDUALS: 288 patients with incident or prevalent coronary heart disease and 704 age and sex matched controls. RESULTS: High concentrations of serum IgG antibodies to H pylori were present in 54% of cases v 46% of controls, with corresponding results for C pneumoniae seropositivity (33% v 33%), and cytomegalovirus seropositivity (40% v 31%). After adjustments for age, sex, smoking, indicators of socioeconomic status, and standard risk factors, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for coronary heart disease of seropositivity to these agents were: 1.28 (0.93 to 1.75) for H pylori, 0.95 (0.66 to 1.36) for C pneumoniae, and 1.40 (0.96 to 2. 05) for cytomegalovirus. CONCLUSIONS: There is no good evidence of strong associations between coronary heart disease and serological markers of persistent infection with H pylori, C pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus. To determine the existence of moderate associations between these agents and disease, however, larger scale studies will be needed that can keep residual confounders to a minimum. (+info)Cytomegalovirus seropositivity and incident ischaemic heart disease in the Caerphilly prospective heart disease study. (8/18160)
OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in primary ischaemic heart disease. METHODS: Plasma specimens collected during 1979-83 from men in Caerphilly, south Wales, were analysed for IgG antibodies to CMV by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and latex tests. Incident ischaemic heart disease events were ascertained after five and 10 years from death certificates, hospital records, and ECG changes; 195 incident ischaemic heart disease cases were compared with 216 controls of a similar age drawn from the rest of the cohort. RESULTS: 164 cases (84%) and 180 controls (83%) were seropositive for CMV. Optical density, an indicator of CMV antibody titre, was similar for cases and controls. Among controls, seropositivity was not associated with age, socioeconomic status currently or in childhood, smoking, height, body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, fibrinogen, plasma viscosity, or leucocyte count. The unadjusted odds ratio relating CMV seropositivity to incident ischaemic heart disease was 1.06 (95% confidence interval 0.63 to 1.79) and was little changed (1.11, 0.63 to 1.97) after adjustment for age, smoking, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and socioeconomic status currently and in childhood. CONCLUSIONS: CMV infection is unlikely to be a strong risk factor for development of myocardial infarction in middle aged men. (+info)
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denoting the slope in a regression equation), or, in the case of binary disease outcomes by the odds ratio O. R. {\displaystyle ... The odds ratio". BMJ. 320 (7247): 1468. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7247.1468. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1127651. PMID 10827061.. ...
Bronchial artery embolization
odds ratio, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.28-0.73; p = 0.001). Omachi et al. of the Hemoptysis and Pulmonary Circulation Center, Kishiwada ... This, in fact, is the ratio of re-hemoptysis mechanism occurring in 9.6% cases in 1 year, and in 14.1% of those in 2 years. ... each underlying disease's ratio is 34.0%, 23.5%, 18.4%, 13.3%, 6.8%, respectively. Other diseases for which BAE is effective ...
Or
Odds ratio, a measure of effect size in statistics. Other uses in science and technology[edit]. *OR, a previous title of the ...
Obesity-associated morbidity
... with an of odds ratio 1.3. Being morbidly obese increases the odds ratio to 2.0. Obesity is related to many complications in ...
Refugee
For depression the odds ratio was 9.50 among Bosnian women.[82] A study by the Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine ... the odds of dying in a motor vehicle crash are 1 in 113, by state sanctioned execution 1 in 111,439, or by dog attack 1 in ...
Effect size
... the odds ratio is 3. Odds ratio statistics are on a different scale than Cohen's d, so this '3' is not comparable to a Cohen's ... This measure of effect size differs from the odds ratio in that it compares probabilities instead of odds, but asymptotically ... In medical research, the odds ratio is commonly used for case-control studies, as odds, but not probabilities, are usually ... The odds ratio (OR) is another useful effect size. It is appropriate when the research question focuses on the degree of ...
Meta-analysis
doi: 10.1111/bmsp.12189 Bonett DG, Price RM (2015). "Varying coefficient meta-analysis methods for odds ratios and risk ratios ... "9.4.4.2 Peto odds ratio method". Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions v 5.1.0. March 2011. Bargaje R, ... AD is more commonly available (e.g. from the literature) and typically represents summary estimates such as odds ratios or ...
Case-control study
Risk difference, Number needed to treat, Number needed to harm, Risk ratio, Relative risk reduction, Odds ratio, Hazard ratio ... We only get odds ratio from a case-control study, which is an inferior measure of strength of association as compared to ... In retrospective studies the odds ratio provides an estimate of relative risk. You should take special care to avoid sources of ... was later shown by Miettinen in 1976 that the odds ratio of exposure can be used to directly estimate the incidence rate ratio ...
Binary classification
Taking the ratio of one of these groups of ratios yields a final ratio, the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). This can also be ... One can take ratios of a complementary pair of ratios, yielding four likelihood ratios (two column ratio of ratios, two row ... ratio of ratios). This is primarily done for the column (condition) ratios, yielding likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing. ... There are thus two pairs of column ratios and two pairs of row ratios, and one can summarize these with four numbers by ...
Poker calculator
A poker odds calculator calculates a player's winning ratio. Winning ratio is defined as, the number of games won divided by ... Both a poker odds and advantage calculators can provide results provided a specific game scenario. Game scenario variables ... Poker calculators come in three flavors: poker advantage calculators, poker odds calculators and poker relative calculators. ... A poker advantage calculator calculates a player's winning ratio and normalizes (see Normalization (statistics)) the winning ...
Differential diagnoses of depression
"Adjusted odds ratio for diagnosis of major depressive disorder... suggested a strong association between restless legs syndrome ...
Cross-sectional study
... not only the odds ratio, but also absolute risks and relative risks from prevalences (sometimes called prevalence risk ratio, ... Lee, James (1994). "Odds Ratio or Relative Risk for Cross-Sectional Data?". International Journal of Epidemiology. 23 (1): 201- ... Schmidt, CO; Kohlmann, T (2008). "When to use the odds ratio or the relative risk?". International Journal of Public Health. 53 ...
Logistic regression
... odds}}=e^{\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x}.} For a continuous independent variable the odds ratio can be defined as: O R = odds ( x + ... meaning that it does not necessarily increase as the odds ratio increases and does not necessarily decrease as the odds ratio ... One limitation of the likelihood ratio R² is that it is not monotonically related to the odds ratio, ... 1 (1). "How to Interpret Odds Ratio in Logistic Regression?". Institute for Digital Research and Education. Everitt, Brian ( ...
Multinomial logistic regression
... red bus odds ratio of 1 : 0.5 : 0.5, thus maintaining a 1 : 1 ratio of car : any bus while adopting a changed car : blue bus ... Suppose the odds ratio between the two is 1 : 1. Now if the option of a red bus is introduced, a person may be indifferent ... Separate odds ratios are determined for all independent variables for each category of the dependent variable with the ... This assumption states that the odds of preferring one class over another do not depend on the presence or absence of other " ...
Sensitivity and specificity
Positive likelihood ratio (LR+) = TPR/FPR. Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) = LR+/LR−. F1 score = 2/1/Recall + 1/Precision. ... Likelihood ratio positive = sensitivity / (1 − specificity) = 0.67 / (1 − 0.91) = 7.4. *Likelihood ratio negative = (1 − ... Sensitivity is not the same as the precision or positive predictive value (ratio of true positives to combined true and false ... "Diagnostic test online calculator calculates sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and predictive values from a 2x2 table ...
H2 antagonist
adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.22) Humphries TJ, Merritt GJ (August 1999). "Review article: drug interactions with agents used to ...
Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution
We will say that the odds ratio is ω = ω1 / ω2. Now we are taking balls randomly in such a way that the probability of taking a ... The two distributions are both equal to the (central) hypergeometric distribution when the odds ratio is 1. Unfortunately, both ... Their odds ratio is given as ω = ω X ω Y = π X / ( 1 − π X ) π Y / ( 1 − π Y ) {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {\omega _{X}}{\ ... The bias or odds can be estimated from an experimental value of the mean. Use Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution ...
Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution
We will say that the odds ratio is ω = ω1 / ω2. Now we are taking n balls, one by one, in such a way that the probability of ... The two distributions are both equal to the (central) hypergeometric distribution when the odds ratio is 1. It is far from ... The equation for the mean is also useful for estimating the odds from experimentally obtained values for the mean. No good way ... The same equation can be used for estimating the odds from an experimentally obtained value of the mean. Wallenius' ...
CIETmap
... odds ratios, risk difference, gains and confidence intervals. An interface with R gives access to most statistical capabilities ...
Log-linear analysis
... odds ratios are used. Odds ratios are preferred over chi-square statistics for two main reasons: 1. Odds ratios are independent ... Odds ratios are not affected by unequal marginal distributions. R with the loglm function of the MASS package (see tutorial) ... If the likelihood ratio chi-square statistic is non-significant, then the model fits well (i.e., calculated expected ... The chi-square difference test is computed by subtracting the likelihood ratio chi-square statistics for the two models being ...
Independence (probability theory)
OddsEdit. Stated in terms of odds, two events are independent if and only if the odds ratio of A. {\displaystyle A}. and B. {\ ... The odds ratio can be defined as O. (. A. ∣. B. ). :. O. (. A. ∣. ¬. B. ). ,. {\displaystyle O(A\mid B):O(A\mid \neg B),}. or ... this is equivalent to the conditional odds being equal to the unconditional odds: O. (. A. ∣. B. ). =. O. (. A. ). and O. (. B ... or to the odds of one event, given the other event, being the same as the odds of the event, given the other event not ...
Predictive analytics
However, the odds ratio is easier to interpret in the logit model. Practical reasons for choosing the probit model over the ... The Wald and likelihood-ratio test are used to test the statistical significance of each coefficient b in the model (analogous ... Computational sociology Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History Disease surveillance Learning analytics Odds algorithm ...
Case-control study
The usual methods of estimating more interpretable parameters than odds ratios -- such as risk ratios, levels, and differences ... the odds ratio of exposure can be used to estimate the relative risk (see rare disease assumption). The validity of the odds ... When the logistic regression model is used to model the case-control data and the odds ratio is of interest, both the ... A case-control study produces only an odds ratio, which is an inferior measure of strength of association compared to relative ...
Multifactor dimensionality reduction
Chung, Yujin; Lee, Seung Yeoun; Elston, Robert C.; Park, Taesung (1 January 2007). "Odds ratio based multifactor-dimensionality ... These include family-based methods, fuzzy methods, covariate adjustment, odds ratios, risk scores, survival methods, robust ... Here, the ratio of counts is 0/1 which is less than our fixed threshold of 1. Since 0/1 < 1 we encode a new attribute (Z) as a ... In this simple example, Y=1 occurs zero times and Y=0 occurs once for the combination of X1=0 and X2=0. With MDR, the ratio of ...
Independence of irrelevant alternatives
It says that the new choice must not change the odds ratio of 1:1 between car and red bus. Since Doe's indifference to color ... Suppose he chooses between these two options with equal probability on a given day (because of weather or whim). The odds ratio ... IIA implies that adding another option or changing the characteristics of a third option does not affect the relative odds ... requires the odds of red and blue bus to be equal, the new probabilities must be: car 0.33, red bus 0.33, blue bus 0.33. The ...
War of the Ring (SPI game)
An odds-ratio combat system is used to play out combat between armies. Players can win with their Ring-based objective from the ...
Magdy Younes
Younes, M.; Ostrowski, M.; Soiferman, M.; Younes, H.; Younes, M.; Raneri, J.; Hanly, P. (April 1, 2015). "Odds Ratio Product of ... and Odds Ratio Product of sleep (ORP). These approaches have led to the development of several medical devices, including the ...
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
... odds ratio= 1.93; 95% CI = 1.93 ± 0.39).[121] In addition, Wyllie et al. report a death rate of 34% within 30 days among people ...
Quantitative trait locus
The odds ratio is related to the Pearson correlation coefficient between the phenotype and the marker genotype for each ... In interval mapping, each locus is considered one at a time and the logarithm of the odds ratio (LOD score) is calculated for ...
Clave (rhythm)
The structure of clave can be understood in terms of cross-rhythmic ratios, above all, three-against-two (3:2).[26] Godfried ... With] clave... the two measures are not at odds, but rather, they are balanced opposites like positive and negative, expansive ...
Level of measurement
Ratio scale[edit]. The ratio type takes its name from the fact that measurement is the estimation of the ratio between a ... despite Michell's characterization as its being quite at odds with measurement in the natural sciences (Michell, 1999). ... Cyclical ratio measurements include angles and times. Counts appear to be ratio measurements, but the scale is not arbitrary ... For instance, Mosteller and Tukey (1977), Nelder (1990)[18] described continuous counts, continuous ratios, count ratios, and ...
HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2
In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients HLA DR3-DQ2.5-C4AQ0, which was strongly associated with SLE (odds ratio [OR] 2.8 ...
Downwinders
... the lifetime odds of developing cancer for men in the U.S. population are 43 percent and the odds of dying of cancer are 23 ... For example, the FGR 13 has estimated that the ratio of thyroid cancer incidence for women as compared to men is 2.14, while ... the findings of BEIR VII suggest that women are even more vulnerable to radiation-induced thyroid cancer at a ratio of 4.76.[23 ...
Translation
... at odds. A 17th-century French critic coined the phrase "les belles infidèles" to suggest that translations, like women, can be ... the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ...
Tomato
The tomato is grown worldwide for its edible fruits, with thousands of cultivars.[46] A fertilizer with an NPK ratio of 5-10-10 ... reducing the odds of the pests from attacking the correct plant.[58] These plants may also subtly affect the flavor of tomato ...
Tuberkulóza - Wikipedie
publikovali v roce 2002 studii designovanou jako retrospektivní analýza případů a kontrol, ve které zjistili, že odds ratio je ...
Open access
Furthermore, the odds are stacked against researchers for whom English is a foreign language. 95% of WoS journals are English[ ... Ratios of article access types for different subjects (averaged 2009 - 2015).[5] ... A 2016 study reported that the odds of an open access journal being referenced on the English Wikipedia are 47% higher than for ...
Reproducibility
relative (Relative risk, Odds ratio, Hazard ratio). *other: Clinical endpoint. *Virulence. *Infectivity ...
Television licensing in the United Kingdom
... male/female ratio is pretty much constant across the whole of the UK and is at odds with statistics for other small crimes .[ ...
Probability
The odds on A. 1. {\displaystyle A_{1}}. to event A. 2. {\displaystyle A_{2}}. is simply the ratio of the probabilities of the ... The sixteenth century Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano demonstrated the efficacy of defining odds as the ratio of favourable ... In probability theory and applications, Bayes' rule relates the odds of event A. 1. {\displaystyle A_{1}}. to event A. 2. {\ ... to unfavourable outcomes (which implies that the probability of an event is given by the ratio of favourable outcomes to the ...
Hyperuricemia
... had odds ratios of 1.92 (95% CI: 1.18-3.10) for renal dysfunction and 2.72 (95% CI: 1.64-4.52) for hyperuricemia.[15][16] ... consumption of four or more sugar-sweetened soft drinks per day gave an odds ratio of 1.82 for hyperuricemia.[20] Increased ...
Genetic linkage
The LOD score (logarithm (base 10) of odds), developed by Newton Morton,[8] is a statistical test often used for linkage ... According to Mendelian genetics, the expected phenotypes would occur in a 9:3:3:1 ratio of PL:Pl:pL:pl. To their surprise, they ... According to Mendelian genetics, the expected phenotypes would occur in a 9:3:3:1 ratio of PL:Pl:pL:pl. To their surprise, they ... By convention, a LOD score greater than 3.0 is considered evidence for linkage, as it indicates 1000 to 1 odds that the linkage ...
Design of experiments
relative (Relative risk, Odds ratio, Hazard ratio). *other: Clinical endpoint. *Virulence. *Infectivity ...
Julius Caesar
Pompey and Crassus had been at odds for a decade, so Caesar tried to reconcile them. The three of them had enough money and ... "Caesar's Alleged Fear of Prosecution and His "Ratio Absentis" in the Approach to the Civil War". Historia: Zeitschrift für ... "Caesar's Alleged Fear of Prosecution and His "Ratio Absentis" in the Approach to the Civil War". Historia: Zeitschrift für ...
Passaic, New Jersey
"Bracha 'Beatie' Deutsch is beating odds, running down the competition Since Deutsch's first marathon she has run three more, ... for a student-teacher ratio of 17.3:1.[129] ...
Socialized medicine
... the ratio of public to private spending on health is lower in the U.S. than that of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, or ... and at odds with the views of conservatives in other countries prepared to defend socialized medicine such as Margaret Thatcher ...
Evidence-based medicine
The pre-test odds of a particular diagnosis, multiplied by the likelihood ratio, determines the post-test odds. (Odds can be ... Likelihood ratio Main article: Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing. ... The differences in likelihood ratio between clinical tests can be used to prioritize clinical tests according to their ...
Go (game)
For example, if a 5k plays a game with a 1k, the 5k would need a handicap of four stones to even the odds. Top-level amateur ... The board is not square; there is a 15:14 ratio in length to width, because with a perfectly square board, from the player's ... software generally lists common follow-up moves that have been played by professionals and gives statistics on win/loss ratio ...
Discrimination
Relative to men, across all source lists, women have a 2.6 greater odds of omission in Wikipedia.[63] In an educational setting ... measured comparable ratios in Belgium. They found that age discrimination is heterogeneous by the activity older candidates ...
Blinded experiment
relative (Risk ratio, Relative risk reduction, Odds ratio, Hazard ratio). *other: Clinical endpoint ...
Road traffic safety
The odds are against it.. See Official Reports Opinions Online *^ A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. ... The average car usage in these countries is around 30km per person-day with varying number of fatalities ratios. These ...
Sheffield
Their most successful moment came in 1998, when, against all the odds they defeated Wigan in the Challenge Cup final, despite ... and Sheffield is claimed to have the highest ratio of trees to people of any city in Europe.[4] ...
Electroencephalography
Signal-to-noise ratio is poor, so sophisticated data analysis and relatively large numbers of subjects are needed to extract ... While in the hospital, seizure medications are usually withdrawn to increase the odds that a seizure will occur during ... EEG technology often involves applying a gel to the scalp which facilitates strong signal-to-noise ratio. This results in more ...
Primidone
... the immense value of anticonvulsants and the probably small odds of any one epileptic woman having a child with a congenital ... causes that share morphological characteristics-enlarged red blood cells with abnormally high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios ...
Travel
Authorities emphasize the importance of taking precautions to ensure travel safety.[13] When traveling abroad, the odds favor a ... Farebox recovery ratio. *Free public transport. *Free travel pass. *Integrated ticketing. *Manual fare collection ...
Vegetarianism
Livio, Mario (2003) [2002]. The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number (First trade paperback ed ... "The gender gap: if you're a vegetarian, odds are you're a woman. Why?". Vegetarian Times (210): 74. ISSN 0164-8497. Retrieved ... A 1999 metastudy combined data from five studies from western countries.[113] The metastudy reported mortality ratios, where ... The study reported the numbers of deaths in each category, and expected error ranges for each ratio, and adjustments made to ...
When can odds ratios mislead? | The BMJ
... odds ratios of greater than one), the odds ratio will be no more than twice the relative risk so long as the odds ratio times ... odds ratios of about 0.1), the odds ratio is only 50% smaller than the relative risk (0.1 for the odds ratio compared with a ... odds ratio)). For studies in which the odds ratio is ,1, the multiplier minus 1 gives the discrepancy ((P1×odds ratio)−P1). ... But by how much? How do we interpret an odds ratio of, say, 0.5 or an odds ratio of 3? A lack of familiarity with odds means ...
Relative risks or odds ratios? | CMAJ
Cristian Baicus is correct in pointing out the inconsistency in terms in our article.1 We intended to refer to relative risks in all instances. The type of analysis (univariate or multivariate) would not determine the type of value generated.. Madhu K. Natarajan Rizwan Afzal Division of Cardiology Population Health Research Institute McMaster University Hamilton, Ont.. ...
RE: st: Odds ratio
Odds ratio The problem is that vastly different sets of numbers can give you the same odds ratio... same odds ratio, with ... RE: st: Odds ratio. From. Garth Rauscher ,[email protected],. To. ,[email protected],. Subject. RE: st: Odds ratio ... Would it hurt to give the proportions? You can actually generate those effect size numbers (d) if you report an Odds Ratio with ... Your effect size can come from the log of the odds-ratio, but the variance will be determined by the actual proportions ...
Dropbox - low cM odds ratios.pdf - Simplify your life
Odds ratios should be avoided when events are common | The BMJ
Odds ratios should be avoided when events are common BMJ 1998; 317 :1318 doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7168.1318 ... Odds ratios should be avoided when events are common. BMJ 1998; 317 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7168.1318 (Published ... Odds ratios should be.... *Odds ratios should be avoided when events are common ...
Odds ratio - Wikipedia
Cohens h Cross-ratio Diagnostic odds ratio Forest plot Hazard ratio Likelihood ratio Rate ratio Szumilas, Magdalena (August ... The odds ratio is the ratio of the odds of an event occurring in one group to the odds of it occurring in another group. The ... The odds ratio is defined as the ratio of the odds of A in the presence of B and the odds of A in the absence of B, or ... Thus the odds ratio equals one if and only if X and Y are independent. The odds ratio is a function of the cell probabilities, ...
R] Odds ratios from lrm plot
Diagnostic odds ratio - Wikipedia
The diagnostic odds ratio is defined mathematically as: Diagnostic odds ratio, DOR = T P / F N F P / T N = T P / F P F N / T N ... As an odds ratio, the logarithm of the diagnostic odds ratio is approximately normally distributed.[clarification needed] The ... We compute the confidence interval for the diagnostic odds ratio of this test as [9, 134]. The diagnostic odds ratio is ... the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) is a measure of the effectiveness of a diagnostic test. It is defined as the ratio of the odds ...
Analysis of biomarker data: logs, odds ratios, and receiver operating characteristic curves. - PubMed - NCBI
... odds ratios are relative to hsCRP=0.5 mg/L, the median of the lowest hsCRP quartile. Circles mark direct odds ratio estimates ... Panel C shows odds ratios estimates (bold solid line) and 95% confidence limits (lighter lines above and below) obtained in a ... Odds ratios obtained from logistic regression describe associations of biomarkers with clinical events; failure to accurately ... Analysis of biomarker data: logs, odds ratios, and receiver operating characteristic curves.. Grund B1, Sabin C. ...
IJERPH | Free Full-Text | Computing Power and Sample Size for Informational Odds Ratio
Adjusted traditional odds ratios (TORs) are not collapsible. In contrast, Mantel-Haenszel adjusted IORs, analogous to relative ... measures the post-exposure odds divided by the pre-exposure odds (i.e., information gained after knowing exposure status). A ... desirable property of an adjusted ratio estimate is collapsibility, wherein the combined crude ratio will not change after ... The informational odds ratio (IOR) measures the post-exposure odds divided by the pre-exposure odds (i.e., information gained ...
hoRatio | Percentage and Ratio Odds Converter
Its a really handy tool for comparing the different odds formats used in poker mathematics. ... hoRatio is a free program for converting ratio odds in to percentage odds and vice versa. ... It converts ratio odds in to percentage odds and percentage odds in to ratio odds, rather than you having to hunt down a ... Simplifies ratio odds also if you like.. Why is it called hoRatio?. Because it converts ratios in to percentages, and Horatio ...
Measuring additive interaction using odds ratios
Measures of interaction on the additive scale have been developed using risk ratios. However, in studies that use odds ratios ... Substituting odds ratios for risk ratios, when calculating measures of additive interaction, may result in misleading ... Measures of interaction on the additive scale have been developed using risk ratios. However, in studies that use odds ratios ... Yet assessing additive interaction based on replacing risk ratios by odds ratios in formulas that were derived using the former ...
The Odds Ratio Estimates Table :: SAS/STAT(R) 13.2 User's Guide
"Odds Ratio Estimates" table). proc glimmix; class A; model y = A x A*x / dist=binary oddsratio; run; By default, odds ratios ... odds ratio estimates. The odds ratios computed for the covariate are based on differencing this set of least squares means with ... It consists of estimates of odds ratios and their confidence limits. Odds ratios are produced for the following: * ... statement are available to obtain customized odds ratio estimates. For customized odds ratios that cannot be obtained with ...
Odds ratio | definition of odds ratio by Medical dictionary
... odds ratio explanation free. What is odds ratio? Meaning of odds ratio medical term. What does odds ratio mean? ... Looking for online definition of odds ratio in the Medical Dictionary? ... odds ratio. Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Financial, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. odds ratio. ratio of two ... odds ratio. Epidemiology Cross-product ratio, exposure odds ratio overdispersion A measure of association in a case-control ...
R] Getting Odds ratios for tree branches-CART model
... jestinah mahachie jmahachie at gmail.com Thu Dec 4 10:56:32 CET 2008 * ... Next message: [R] Getting Odds ratios for tree branches-CART model * Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ ... Next message: [R] Getting Odds ratios for tree branches-CART model * Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ ...
NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search - 20033772 - Comparing odds ratios measuring improvement or deterioration across repeated...
Unbiased estimating equations are used to estimate and compare the odds ratios representing the odds of heightened anxiety ... Unbiased estimating equations are used to estimate and compare the odds ratios representing the odds of heightened anxiety ... Comparing odds ratios measuring improvement or deterioration across repeated exposure or treatment sessions.. ...
odds ratio - Math Help Forum
Down with odds ratios! | BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine
Interpretation of Genetic Association Studies: Markers with Replicated Highly Significant Odds Ratios May Be Poor Classifiers
Odds Ratio and Attributable Risk (Retrospective) - StatsDirect
In epidemiological terms, the odds ratio is used as a point estimate of the relative risk in retrospective studies. Odds ratio ... The odds ratio ((a/c)/(b/d)) looks at the likelihood of an outcome in relation to a characteristic factor. ... Population attributable risk is presented as a percentage with a confidence interval when the odds ratio is greater than or ... A confidence interval (CI) for the odds ratio is calculated using an exact conditional likelihood method (Martin and Austin, ...
Measuring association using odds ratios | R-bloggers
An important practical issue in interpreting odds ratios is that of how much smaller or larger than 1 the computed odds ratio ... Applying these transformation results to the odds ratio for Bruises yields a new odds ratio of 0.100, with a 95% confidence ... is coded as 0 changes the odds ratio from 0.059 to 1/0.059 = 17.857. Since this number is larger than the odds ratio of 9.972 ... that the log of the odds ratio approaches normality faster than the odds ratio itself does, so this approach yields more ...
Computing Odds Ratios in R | R-bloggers
I discussed the use of odds ratios to characterize the association between edibility and binary mushroom characteristics for ... Computing Odds Ratios in R. Posted on May 7, 2011 by Ron Pearson (aka TheNoodleDoodler) in R bloggers, Uncategorized , 0 ... As a reminder, I discuss the odds ratio in Chapter 13 of Exploring Data in Engineering, the Sciences, and Medicine. , which may ... Finally, I noted in my last post that if we are interested in using odds ratios to compare or rank associations, it is useful ...
Odds ratios of work related deaths in United States workers. | Occupational & Environmental Medicine
Relative Risk Ratio and Odds Ratio - Statistics.com
The Relative Risk Ratio and Odds Ratio are both used to measure the medical effect of a treatment to which people are exposed. ... The risk or odds ratio is the risk or odds in the exposed group divided by the risk or odds in the control group. A risk or ... The Relative Risk Ratio and Odds Ratio are both used to measure the medical effect of a treatment or variable to which people ... Home » Blog » Blog Type » Word of the Week » Relative Risk Ratio and Odds Ratio. ...
Association between suicidal ideation and suicide: meta-analyses of odds ratios, sensitivity, specificity and positive...
... meta-analyses of odds ratios, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value - Volume 5 Issue 2 - Catherine M. McHugh, ... To assess the strength of the association between suicidal ideation and later suicide measured by odds ratio (OR), sensitivity ... Association between suicidal ideation and suicide: meta-analyses of odds ratios, sensitivity, specificity and positive ... Association between suicidal ideation and suicide: meta-analyses of odds ratios, sensitivity, specificity and positive ...
Risk Factors for Early-onset Group B Streptococcal Sepsis: Estimation of Odds Ratios by Critical Literature Review | American...
Risk Factors for Early-onset Group B Streptococcal Sepsis: Estimation of Odds Ratios by Critical Literature Review. William E. ... Risk Factors for Early-onset Group B Streptococcal Sepsis: Estimation of Odds Ratios by Critical Literature Review ... Risk Factors for Early-onset Group B Streptococcal Sepsis: Estimation of Odds Ratios by Critical Literature Review ... Risk Factors for Early-onset Group B Streptococcal Sepsis: Estimation of Odds Ratios by Critical Literature Review ...
Odds Ratio - Statistics.com: Data Science, Analytics & Statistics Courses
Odds ratio - Lesswrongwiki
one simply multiplies the prior odds ratio by the likelihood ratio . Odds ratios are commonly written as the ratio of two ... The prior odds of the box containing a diamond are 1:19. The likelihood ratio of a beep is 1/2:1/4 = 2:1. The posterior odds ... Odds ratios are an alternate way of expressing probabilities, which simplifies the process of updating them with new evidence. ... For example, if P(A) = 2/3, the odds ratio would be 2, but this would most likely be written as 2:1. ...
D Table of Odds Ratios | The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families | The National...
Read chapter D Table of Odds Ratios: Experts estimate that nearly 60 percent of all U.S. pregnancies-and 81 percent of ... The OR (odds ratio) is the odds of adverse outcome among exposed persons relative to the odds among unexposed persons. ... The OR (odds ratio) is the odds of adverse outcome among exposed persons relative to the odds among unexposed persons. ... The OR (odds ratio) is the odds of adverse outcome among exposed persons relative to the odds among unexposed persons. ...
ProbabilityProbabilitiesOutcomeHazard ratiosCoefficientsVersusBinaryPlot of odds ratiosEstimates of odds ratiosRegressionLogitBayesAppealing to the asyConvertTerms of oddsComputeRiskCalculate the oddsProportional odds ratioPLoS GeneticsContinuousPredictorsLikelihoodPredictorSimplifiesConfounderStatisticComputationPercentageCalculatesExposure odds ratioStatisticalIntervalsCohortConfidence limitsCurvesOutcomesComputesConditional oddsTrickyQuestions taggedQuartilesContingency tablesFormulaMarginalPrevalence ratioDataAlleleInference
Probability23
- a method of expressing probability, e.g. at odds of 3 to 2 this can be converted to conventional terminology by using each number as the numerator and the sum of them as the denominator, i.e. 3/5, 2/5 or 60% or 40% or 0.6, 0.4. (thefreedictionary.com)
- While the general public's literacy rate with probability (risk) is not super high, its familiarity with odds is even more tenuous. (statistics.com)
- With a probability of 1/100 of having the disease, the odds ratio is 1 : 99. (cornell.edu)
- But once you've been through the probability arguments, I think the odds ratios are a great way to think about these sorts of problems. (cornell.edu)
- Convert A to B odds for winning or losing to probability percentage values for both winning and losing. (bookofranovoline.net)
- The probability estimates, betting odds and Kelly staking plan explained. (fussballgames.eu)
- The probability reflected by the odds is known as the implied probability. (fussballgames.eu)
- The odds of success are defined as the ratio of the probability of success over the probability of failure. (ucla.edu)
- If the probability of success is .5, i.e., 50-50 percent chance, then the odds of success is 1 to 1. (ucla.edu)
- The transformation from probability to odds is a monotonic transformation, meaning the odds increase as the probability increases or vice versa. (ucla.edu)
- Below is a table of the transformation from probability to odds and we have also plotted for the range of p less than or equal to .9. (ucla.edu)
- The table below shows the relationship among the probability, odds and log of odds. (ucla.edu)
- Why do we take all the trouble doing the transformation from probability to log odds? (ucla.edu)
- It maps probability ranging between 0 and 1 to log odds ranging from negative infinity to positive infinity. (ucla.edu)
- The diagnostic odds ratio is a single indicator of how informative a diagnostic test is that is independent of the prevalence or pre-test probability of the target condition of interest (unlike diagnostic accuracy ). (getitglossary.org)
- The plot shows the confidence intervals on the probability of row2 for fixed odds ratio and specified probability for row1. (rdocumentation.org)
- The odds from recovering from the drug in the experimental group = probability of recovering ÷ probability of not recovering = 600 ÷ (1000 - 600) = 3/2. (fullybooked.club)
- Relative risk is a ratio of the probability of the event occurring in the exposed group versus the control (non-exposed) group. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- Odds Ratio, Hazard Ratio and Relative Risk 61 Since we already In statistics and epidemiology, relative risk or risk ratio (RR) is the ratio of the probability of an event occurring (for example, developing a disease, being injured) in an exposed group to the probability of the event occurring in a comparison, non-exposed group. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- Relative risk is a ratio of the probability of the event occurring in the exposed group versus a non (Population) Attributable risk Confidence interval Odds ratio Hazard ratio Number needed to treat (NNT) Number needed to harm (NNH) OpenEpi EpiInfo. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- Also, we are relating 3 things, namely the probability of survival of women , the probability of survival of men and their relative odds OR of survival. (geogebra.org)
- 2016-12-19в в· model used in logistic regression as well as logistic regression on sas enterprise miner regression probability, odds, and odds ratio, advanced analytics with enterprise guide generalized linear models such as logistic regression and poisson and odds ratios based on profile. (greenappleventures.com)
- read probability) ratio is simply the ratio of the probability of a.Converting Sports Betting Odds. (muscle-fitness.ga)
Probabilities10
- My impression is that, although it is true that predicted probabilities might be easier to understand, odds ratios have been used extensively in research when we interpret results from logit models. (stata.com)
- Often, the parameter of greatest interest is actually the RR, which is the ratio of the probabilities analogous to the odds used in the OR. (wikipedia.org)
- One other area where we deal with odds, rather than probabilities, where the latter would seem more natural, is logistic regression. (statistics.com)
- However, after the model is fit, it is possible to convert from odds to probabilities. (statistics.com)
- Odds ratios are an alternate way of expressing probabilities, which simplifies the process of updating them with new evidence. (lesswrong.com)
- Fortunately, Bayes' theorem has a very intuitive formulation, not in terms of probabilities but in terms of odds ratios. (cornell.edu)
- Clearing the denominators reveals that we've just multiplied by an odds ratio of 9, which is the ratio of the two probabilities of getting a positive test result (9/10 in one case, 1/10 in the other). (cornell.edu)
- Whether consciously or subconsciously, your own assessments of the probabilities will be guided by what the odds suggest. (fussballgames.eu)
- In clinical studies and many other settings, the parameter of greatest interest is often actually the RR, which is determined in a way that is similar to the one just described for the OR, except using probabilities instead of odds. (operativeneurosurgery.com)
- Furthermore, we provide code for converting ORs into other measures of test performance like predictive values, post-test probabilities, and likelihood ratios, under mild conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
Outcome25
- Unfortunately, there is a recognised problem that odds ratios do not approximate well to the relative risk when the initial risk (that is, the prevalence of the outcome of interest) is high. (bmj.com)
- For example: "The odds ratio is approximately the same as the relative risk if the outcome of interest is rare. (bmj.com)
- Epidemiology Cross-product ratio, exposure odds ratio overdispersion A measure of association in a case-control study which quantifies the relationship between an exposure and health outcome from a comparative study. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Diagnostic odds ratios less than one indicate that the test can be improved by simply inverting the outcome of the test - the test is in the wrong direction, while a diagnostic odds ratio of exactly one means that the test is equally likely to predict a positive outcome whatever the true condition - the test gives no information. (wikipedia.org)
- In this paper, we evaluate the extent to which three measures of additive interaction - the interaction contrast ratio (ICR), the attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), and the synergy index (S), estimated using odds ratios versus using risk ratios differ as the incidence of the outcome of interest increases in the source population and/or as the magnitude of interaction increases. (nih.gov)
- The odds ratio ((a/c)/(b/d)) looks at the likelihood of an outcome in relation to a characteristic factor. (statsdirect.com)
- Odds is the number having the outcome divided by the number not having the outcome. (statistics.com)
- The more frequent the outcome, the more the odds ratio overestimates the risk ratio when it is more than 1 or underestimates it when it is less than 1. (nih.gov)
- An odds ratio is an estimate of the relative risk, that is, the risk of a poor outcome among the "exposed" group (unintended conception) relative to the risk of a poor outcome among the "unexposed" group (intended conceptions). (nap.edu)
- It's particularly difficult when the outcome is reported in units like standard deviations, but reporting hazard ratios and odds ratios can be confusing as well, especially for those who only occasionally write about medical studies. (healthjournalism.org)
- OR above 1 then there is a greater relative odds of outcome, below 1, lower relative odds of outcome - yup! (talkstats.com)
- An odds ratio (OR) is a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. (wordpress.com)
- The OR represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure. (wordpress.com)
- Odds ratios are used to compare the relative odds of the occurrence of the outcome of interest (e.g. disease or disorder), given exposure to the variable of interest (e.g. health characteristic, the aspect of medical history). (wordpress.com)
- The odds ratio can also be used to determine whether a particular exposure is a risk factor for a particular outcome and to compare the magnitude of various risk factors for that outcome. (wordpress.com)
- Well because we are taught to use a logistic regression for a binary outcome then we might answer yes, as the odds ratio for X changes from 2.25 to 2.66 when we adjust for Z. (frankpopham.co.uk)
- It can calculate the odds of a health outcome given exposure versus non-exposure to a substance or event (2). (comunidadwindows.org)
- If the effect estimate had been risk ratio, this would be true but in this example, because the outcome was so common(about 30%), the odds ratio value is much greater than the actual risk. (wordpress.com)
- The forest plot, shown below, has the line of no effect marked as 1, as the outcome variables are binary such as odds ratio. (projectguru.in)
- A couple weeks ago, I introduced the concept of the odds ratio , the odds of one outcome relative to another. (deeplytrivial.com)
- Odds ratios are often used to present and understand dichotomous outcome data, and researchers using logistic regression - which like linear regression , uses one or more variables to predict an outcome, but unlike linear regression, predicts a dichotomous (not continuous) outcome - will often present results in terms of odds ratios. (deeplytrivial.com)
- And odds ratios are used a lot in news stories because they're a bit easier for us to understand: e.g., people who do X are twice as likely to have this outcome than people who do Z. We're naive statisticians, with a rudimentary understanding of gambling, so we have some understanding of odds. (deeplytrivial.com)
- Because something with 50/50 odds will have an odds ratio of 1.0, a more likely outcome A will be greater than 1 and a less likely outcome A will be the inverse, a fraction between 0 and 1. (deeplytrivial.com)
- But what if you're working with a bunch of odds ratios around an outcome and you know that some will be greater than 1.0 and some will be less than 1.0? (deeplytrivial.com)
- A logistic regression may have multiple predictors, some of which will have a negative coefficient, meaning a less likely outcome A. And if you wanted to do a meta-analysis on something with a binary outcome, your effect size will be odds ratio. (deeplytrivial.com)
Hazard ratios6
- 2) Make sure the results are reported in one of the following units: hazard ratios, odds ratios, relative risk (including risk ratio and rate ratio) or percentage change. (healthjournalism.org)
- Risk Ratio Confidence Interval Standard Errors The odds ratios (ORs), hazard ratios (HRs), incidence-rate ratios (IRRs), and relative-risk ratios (RRRs) are all just univariate transformations of the estimated betas for the logistic, survival, and multinomial Confidence Interval Crosses 1 Specifically, the OR measures the ratio of the odds that an event or result will occur to the odds of the event not happening. (comunidadwindows.org)
- Some studies use relative risks (RRs) to describe results others use odds ratios (ORs).Barnett, M. Tags: critical appraisal, epidemiology, evidence, hazard ratio, hazard ratios, interpreting, patients, research An expense ratio is what each investor pays into a Statistics. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- Tutorial about Hazard Ratios - Students 4 Best Evidence - Hazard Ratios vs. Risk Ratios (or Relative Risk) Hazard ratio is frequently interpreted Open-ended vs. Close-ended Questions in Web Questionnaires 161 may abandon the questionnaire. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- Kaplan-Meier Curves, Hazard Ratios Composite Open-ended vs. Close-ended Questions in Web Questionnaires 161 may abandon the questionnaire.relative risk, odds ratio, attributable risk. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- Odds Ratio, Hazard Ratio and Relative Risk 61 Since we already have relative risk, why would we want to calculate the odds ratio?Can hazard ratios be used instead of risk ratios in population with OR vs HR varies with the Odds Ratio versus Relative Risk. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
Coefficients4
- There is a direct relationship between the coefficients and the odds ratios. (ucla.edu)
- This means that the coefficients in logistic regression are in terms of the log odds, that is, the coefficient 1.695 implies that a one unit change in gender results in a 1.695 unit change in the log of the odds. (ucla.edu)
- 3,25,26 For example, geeglm() function in library (geepack DQGVSHFLI Ordinal Logistic Regression Models and Statistical Software: example to illustrate the One way to interpret the coefficients is via a proportional odds ratio. (isellmx.com)
- Since the coefficients are returned in log odds, exponentiating converts them to odds. (pjs-web.de)
Versus3
- I am wondering about the use of odds ratio (OR) versus the Beta-coefficient of each SNP variant in a risk score model. (biostars.org)
- Is there any difference in using the odds ratio versus the Beta-coefficient in a risk score model? (biostars.org)
- Pair-Matched Case -Control Table and the McNemar test and the Pair-Matched Odds Ratio to evaluate whether an association It looks like there are no examples One relative risk versus two odds ratios: implications for meta-analyses involving paired and unpaired binary data. (mastersgfp.org)
Binary13
- In medical testing with binary classification, the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) is a measure of the effectiveness of a diagnostic test. (wikipedia.org)
- Sensitivity and specificity Binary classification Positive predictive value and negative predictive value Odds ratio Glas, Afina S. (wikipedia.org)
- This second approach can be applied to categorical predictors having any number of levels, but in the case of a binary (i.e., two-level) predictor, an attractive alternative is to measure their association with odds ratios. (r-bloggers.com)
- The odds ratio may be viewed as an association measure between binary variables, and it is defined as follows. (r-bloggers.com)
- For simplicity, suppose x and y are two binary variables of interest and assume that they are coded so that they each take the values 0 or 1 - this assumption is easily relaxed, as discussed below, but it simplifies the basic description of the odds ratio. (r-bloggers.com)
- Further, if x and y are two statistically independent binary random variables, it can be shown that the odds ratio is equal to 1. (r-bloggers.com)
- In my last post, I discussed the use of odds ratios to characterize the association between edibility and binary mushroom characteristics for the mushrooms characterized in the UCI mushroom dataset . (r-bloggers.com)
- As analogies of the intraclass and interclass correlations of a normally distributed trait, we study intraclass and interclass (log) odds ratios for a binary trait. (ubc.ca)
- We propose non-parametric estimators of the odds ratios and derive the asymptotic variances of the estimators under the assumptions of exchangeability and closure of multivariate binary distributions under marginals. (ubc.ca)
- Analyze matched case helps you use the McNemar's test calculator that is part In this example, the odds ratio for the association between risk, Abstract Binary as well as polytomous logistic models have been found useful for estimating odds ratios when the under matched pair example is presented and. (mastersgfp.org)
- Learn Calculation of matched pairs odds ratio ignores ____ pairs because they do not This measure is an example of Paired and Matched Binary Data odds ratio .8028169 .5564015 1.153877 (exact) NOTE 17. (mastersgfp.org)
- Paired and Matched Binary Data odds ratio .8028169 .5564015 1.153877 (exact) NOTE 17. (mastersgfp.org)
- As noted on paragraph 18.4.1 of the book Veterinary Epidemiologic Research, logistic regression is widely used for binary data, with the estimates reported as odds The odds ratio is 3.68 we must address the overdispersion and then fit the overdispersed logistic regression model. (isellmx.com)
Plot of odds ratios3
- get a plot of odds ratios vs x2 instead? (ethz.ch)
- Forest plot of odds ratios of using 'poor' menstrual absorbent vs. 'good' menstrual absorbents in those with confirmed bacterial vaginosis. (figshare.com)
- plot of odds ratios for additive. (greenappleventures.com)
Estimates of odds ratios2
- It consists of estimates of odds ratios and their confidence limits. (sas.com)
- We again reconsider the previous examples and produce estimates of odds ratios and compare these to our estimates of risk differences and relative risks. (mastersgfp.org)
Regression22
- In my discipline (epidemiology) we have relied heavily on odds ratios simply out of habit and convenience (logistic regression) when our interest is almost never in the OR itself, but rather in the risk or prevalence ratio or difference. (stata.com)
- Because of past help I have received on this list I have learned how to convert model-based predictions from logistic regression into risk ratios or differences using marginal standardization with bootstrapped confidence intervals. (stata.com)
- However, logistic regression is designed to estimate log-odds ratios. (stata.com)
- I have a question regarding a reviewer's comment on my use of odds ratio in interpreting the results of a logistic regression, and would appreciate it very much if you can provide any insight or any references for responding to the comment. (stata.com)
- 10%), the adjusted odds ratio derived from the logistic regression can no longer approximate the risk ratio. (nih.gov)
- Yes, odds ratios are analogous to 'effect size' and can be interpreted in the same way for logistic regression and for 2x2 tables. (talkstats.com)
- I believe they're computed the same way in both logistic regression and contingency tables - they're simply the ratio of two odds. (talkstats.com)
- Browse other questions tagged regression logistic odds-ratio or ask your own question . (stackexchange.com)
- How do I interpret the odds ratio of an interaction term in Conditional Logistic Regression? (stackexchange.com)
- In other words, the exponential function of the regression coefficient ( e b1 ) is the odds ratio associated with a one-unit increase in the exposure. (wordpress.com)
- FAQ: How do I interpret odds ratios in logistic regression? (ucla.edu)
- In this page, we will walk through the concept of odds ratio and try to interpret the logistic regression results using the concept of odds ratio in a couple of examples. (ucla.edu)
- Exact Logistic Regression for a Matched Pairs a Matched Pairs case-Control Design with Polytomous in estimating odds ratios under matched pairs case, It only deals with the case of a matched pair: For this example, the odds ratio is computed as 21/4 = 5.25. (mastersgfp.org)
- When averaging two odds ratios (sort of what the adjusted regression is doing), their average will not usually be the unadjusted odds ratio even in the absence of confounding. (frankpopham.co.uk)
- I can derive the the marginal odds ratio, the risk difference and the relative risk from the adjusted logistic regression even though the model results are conditional odds. (frankpopham.co.uk)
- Generalized Linear Models to work with generalized linear models in R. We see that the odds ratio corresponding to income is 1.070, The odds can vary on a scale of 2 Basic R logistic regression models We will illustrate with the Cedegren dataset on the website. (isellmx.com)
- Odds Ratios (ORs) Allele Counting r 1 A + 1 B + 1 C + 1 D Lower limit of 95% CI LHON Example: Con dence Intervals for Odds Ratios (ORs) rs6767450 Cases Controls Cluster vs. Robust Estimation of Risk Ratio using Expanded Logistic Regression. (isellmx.com)
- R: Calculate and interpret odds ratio in logistic regression. (isellmx.com)
- stepwise logistic regression and in the displayed output of proc logistic, the "odds ratio estimates" table contains the odds ratio. (greenappleventures.com)
- Using logistic regression to predict defined discretization along with the odds ratio of default and the log logistic regression to predict credit default. (greenappleventures.com)
- xtitle("odds ratio") how to plot ors and ci - results of a logistic regression. (greenappleventures.com)
- Logistic regression analysis using default the coefficients of the independent variables measured in logged odds, logistic presents the coefficients in odds ratios. (greenappleventures.com)
Logit3
- So let's define the logit function as the log of the odds. (coursera.org)
- P1 minus logit P2, that's the log odds ratio for P1 to P2. (coursera.org)
- Wald statistics: The squared ratio of the unstandardized logit coefficient to its standard error . (wikiversity.org)
Bayes1
- The odds ratio form of Bayes' rule is one way mathematicians can give back to doctors. (cornell.edu)
Appealing to the asy1
- Similarly, confidence intervals for the odds ratio are easily constructed by appealing to the asymptotic normality of log OR, which has a limiting variance given by the square root of the sum of the reciprocals of these four numbers. (r-bloggers.com)
Convert5
- So unless you are familiar with odds or it wasn't too long ago that you were in a math class, it's not always easy to convert ratios to percentages and vice versa in your head. (thepokerbank.com)
- As long as the two numbers in the ratio are separated by a colon ':' or the word 'to', hoRatio will be able to convert it in to a percentage for you. (thepokerbank.com)
- On this page you'll be able to convert sports betting odds across the three different formats, or convert chance of winning percentages to each of the different formats, hassle-free and in a flash. (bookofranovoline.net)
- After entering the numbers, click "Calculate" to convert the odds ratio to NNT. (knowledgetranslation.net)
- Now you can analyze those values and, if you want to present summary statistics as odds ratios instead of log odds ratios, you can just convert them back. (deeplytrivial.com)
Terms of odds1
- The reviewer commented that all results are expressed in terms of odds ratios which makes it very difficult to assess the magnitude of the effect. (stata.com)
Compute7
- The most informative thing to compute would be the risk ratio, RR. (wikipedia.org)
- We compute the confidence interval for the diagnostic odds ratio of this test as [9, 134]. (wikipedia.org)
- As reported elsewhere , you can compute the standard error of the proportion as square root of the product of P * (1 - P) / N, where P is the ratio of patients with events/all patients, and N is the sample size (ie all patients). (stackexchange.com)
- I am not aware of any formula to compute the standard error of an odds, but it is reasonable you could find one. (stackexchange.com)
- For a given individual that has "B" compute the odds that the same individual has "A" For a given individual that does not have "B" compute the odds that the same individual has "A" Divide the odds from step 1 by the odds from step 2 to obtain the odds ratio (OR). (operativeneurosurgery.com)
- Next, we will add another variable to the equation so that we can compute and odds ratio. (ucla.edu)
- In SPSS, the syntax is very similar to Excel: COMPUTE log_oddsratio = LN(oddratio). (deeplytrivial.com)
Risk59
- Odds ratios are hard to comprehend directly and are usually interpreted as being equivalent to the relative risk. (bmj.com)
- However, serious divergence between the odds ratio and the relative risk occurs only with large effects on groups at high initial risk. (bmj.com)
- This short note quantifies the discrepancy between odds ratios and relative risks in different circumstances, and assesses whether such a discrepancy may seriously mislead if an odds ratio is used as an estimate of the relative risk. (bmj.com)
- A second problem with odds is that, although they are related to risk, the relation is not straightforward. (bmj.com)
- For risks of less than about 20% the odds are not greatly dissimilar to the risk, but as the risk climbs above 50% the odds start to look very different. (bmj.com)
- The relative risk of one group compared with another is simply the ratio of the risks in the two groups. (bmj.com)
- table, the column 1 relative risk is the ratio of the column 1 risks for row 1 to row 2. (sas.com)
- PROC SURVEYFREQ constructs confidence limits for the relative risk by using the log transform, which is similar to the odds ratio computations described previously. (sas.com)
- ratio of two odds, but as used in the analysis of data from a case control study, a simple calculation, also called the cross-products ratio, which yields an approximate value for the relative risk of the exposure that has been examined in a case control study. (thefreedictionary.com)
- If the condition being studied is rare, the odds ratio is a close approximation to the relative risk. (thefreedictionary.com)
- See odds ratio and relative risk ratio (below). (thefreedictionary.com)
- Note that the odds ratio is symmetric in the two events, and there is no causal direction implied (correlation does not imply causation): a positive OR does not establish that B causes A, or that A causes B. Two similar statistics that are often used to quantify associations are the risk ratio (RR) and the absolute risk reduction (ARR). (wikipedia.org)
- but then D E / ( D E + H E ) ≈ D E / H E , {\displaystyle D_{E}/(D_{E}+H_{E})\approx D_{E}/H_{E},} in other words, for the exposed population, the risk of developing the disease is approximately equal to the odds. (wikipedia.org)
- Measures of interaction on the additive scale have been developed using risk ratios. (nih.gov)
- However, in studies that use odds ratios as the sole measure of effect, the calculation of these measures of additive interaction is usually performed by directly substituting odds ratios for risk ratios. (nih.gov)
- Yet assessing additive interaction based on replacing risk ratios by odds ratios in formulas that were derived using the former may be erroneous. (nih.gov)
- Substituting odds ratios for risk ratios, when calculating measures of additive interaction, may result in misleading conclusions. (nih.gov)
- This function calculates odds ratios and population attributable risk with confidence intervals. (statsdirect.com)
- In epidemiological terms, the odds ratio is used as a point estimate of the relative risk in retrospective studies. (statsdirect.com)
- Population attributable risk is presented as a percentage with a confidence interval when the odds ratio is greater than or equal to one ( Sahai and Kurshid, 1996 ). (statsdirect.com)
- The Relative Risk Ratio and Odds Ratio are both used to measure the medical effect of a treatment or variable to which people are exposed. (statistics.com)
- The risk or odds ratio is the risk or odds in the exposed group divided by the risk or odds in the control group. (statistics.com)
- A risk or odds ratio = 1 indicates no difference between the groups. (statistics.com)
- This obviously presents a problem for DTC companies because they must use odds ratio estimates to predict disease risk without considering the environment in which customers reside. (genomesunzipped.org)
- This course will teach you clinical trial designs including randomized controlled trials, ROC curves, CI and tests for relative risk and odds ratio, and an introduction to survival analysis. (statistics.com)
- We propose a simple method to approximate a risk ratio from the adjusted odds ratio and derive an estimate of an association or treatment effect that better represents the true relative risk. (nih.gov)
- Use of the prevalence ratio v the prevalence odds ratio as a measure of risk in cross sectional studies. (bmj.com)
- The finding in relative risk, hazard ratio, percentage change or odds ratio. (healthjournalism.org)
- Polygenic Risk Scores: Odds ratio or Beta-coefficient? (biostars.org)
- around the odds or risk ratio being the total number of matched pairs in the study. (mastersgfp.org)
- Greater precision produces a smaller odds ratio The matched pairs design in the The estimator of the risk ratio from the matched pairs matched pair odds ratio based the risk ratio associated with exposure. (mastersgfp.org)
- That is a difference of 0.2, a relative risk of 1.53, and an odds ratio of 2.25. (frankpopham.co.uk)
- So that's a difference of 0.4-0.2, a relative risk of 0.4 / 0.2 and an odds ratio of (0.4 / (1-0.4) / ) / (0.2 / (1-0.2)).That is 0.2, 2, and 2.66. (frankpopham.co.uk)
- We get average adjusted effects, difference = 0.2, relative risk = 1.53, and odds ratio = 2.66. (frankpopham.co.uk)
- We can work out the marginal difference, relative risk and odds ratio as before. (frankpopham.co.uk)
- Relative risk is a statistical term used to describe the chances of a We can calculate relative risk using our example: How do I calculate an odds ratio? (isellmx.com)
- Statistical Issues in Estimation of Adjusted Risk Ratio in from odds ratios. (isellmx.com)
- Mar 12, 2019 · Smoking - The risk related to 'any smoking' in pregnancy carries an odds ratio of 1.23, which increased to 1.32 when evaluating the pregnancy in which miscarriage occurred. (theveganapprentice.com)
- In general, people with alcohol consumption had an increased risk of GERD (odds ratio [OR], 1.48) when. (theveganapprentice.com)
- The odds differ from the absolute risk, in that the former uses the number of subject who have an event divided by the number that do not, whereas the latter uses the number of subjects who have an event divided by the total subjects in the group. (robertbarrington.net)
- In most cases, the odds ratio and the relative risk will give a similar value and can in most cases be considered as interchangeable. (robertbarrington.net)
- For example, if the treatment and control groups have the same number of events (i.e. the treatment effect is small), the odds ratio and relative risk will both be the same (1). (robertbarrington.net)
- In contrast, as the treatment effect increases, the odds ratio and relative risk will diverge. (robertbarrington.net)
- Odds ratio.Hazard ratio is frequently interpreted as risk ratio (or relative risk), but they are not technically the same. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- The odds ratio is always further away from 1 than the relative risk, but they are more similar when the baseline risk is small. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- Odds Ratio, Hazard Ratio and Relative Risk - Odds Ratio, Hazard Ratio and Relative Risk 61 Since we already have relative risk, why wouldYouTube. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- what are the difference between odds ratio and relative risk? (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- Odds ratios are also commonly used in epidemiological studies to describe the likely harm an exposure might cause Bandolier therefore turned to Jon Deeks, PDF Prevalence odds ratio versusconvert hazard ratio to relative risk. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- Odds ratio (OR) is a statistic commonly encountered in professional or scientific medical literature.Posted in UncategorizedTagged odds ratio vs relative risk usmle, relationship between odds ratio and relative risk, relative risk and Statistical ratios. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- So if the relative risk (RR) or hazard ratio (HR) is 1.0, the two groups have the same chance of having whatever the study is measuring, be it an heart attack or stroke or death or whatever.Help with difference between odds ratio and relative risk (example included)? (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- 1. Odds Ratio It is defined as the ratio of the odds of an event occurring in one group to the odds of it occurring in another group or to a Relative risk, odds ratio, attributable risk and number needed to treat.RATE, RISK, HAZARD, AND ODDS Depending upon the focus, different indices are used to assess disease occurrence in a group of subjects. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- So, given a rare condition, the Odds Ratio approximates the Relative Risk (or Risk Ratio). (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- hazard ratio vs relative risk reduction.are hazard ratio and relative risk the same thing. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- where D is having aRelative risk includes two important features: (i) a comparison of 19 Mar 2011 Odds Ratio Vs Relative Risk. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- La plupart des commentaires des acheteurs disent que le Hazard Ratio Vs Relative Risk Vs Odds Ratio sont excellent produit. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
- In comparison with a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and nucleoside backbone (odds ratio 1.0), the risk of a DDI was much lower with dolutegravir or raltegravir and nucleoside backbone (odds ratio 0.02), but higher with a boosted antiretroviral and nucleoside backbone (odds ratio 4.12). (aidsmap.com)
- Illustration of the distortion between the odds ratio and the risk ratio (RR). (muscle-fitness.ga)
- How do we set the odds on Inter not losing at home again or Wigan sneaking victory over title-chasing Arsenal.Horse betting odds function, essentially, as a reward-to-risk ratio.Particularly in the world of gambling, odds are sometimes. (muscle-fitness.ga)
- This includes the odds ratio, relative risk and risk difference. (coursera.org)
Calculate the odds2
- Odds Calculator You can calculate the odds of the bet you wish to take and work out how much the bet would return if it was a winner by using our simple bet calculator. (bookofranovoline.net)
- you have to learn how to calculate the odds ratio. (muscle-fitness.ga)
Proportional odds ratio1
- We propose a model, the proportional odds ratio (POR) model, which makes no assumptions about the shape of OR p , a baseline function capturing the way OR changes across papers. (biomedcentral.com)
PLoS Genetics1
- Somewhat reassuringly, a recent study published in PLoS Genetics showed that odds ratios at 19 Type II diabetes associated SNPs were consistent across European Americans, African Americans, Latinos, Japanese Americans, and Native Hawaiians. (genomesunzipped.org)
Continuous2
- Consider the following PROC GLIMMIX statements that fit a logistic model with one classification effect, one continuous variable, and their interaction (the ODDSRATIO option in the MODEL statement requests the "Odds Ratio Estimates" table). (sas.com)
- How to manually calculate odds ratio for continuous variables? (stackexchange.com)
Predictors5
- Provides structured output (data frame) of all predictors and their corresponding odds ratios and confident intervals for further analyses. (fiocruz.br)
- It helps to avoid false references of predictors and increments by specifying these parameters in a list instead of using 'exp(coef(model))' (standard approach of odds ratio calculation for GLMs) which just returns a plain numeric output. (fiocruz.br)
- For GAM(M)s, odds ratio calculation is highly simplified with this package since it takes care of the multiple 'predict()' calls of the chosen predictor while holding other predictors constant. (fiocruz.br)
- Usually you just create a vector which stores the increments of your predictors you want to calculate odds ratios for. (pjs-web.de)
- output (which is usually the intercept) because you only want to calculate odds ratios for your predictors! (pjs-web.de)
Likelihood2
- A confidence interval (CI) for the odds ratio is calculated using an exact conditional likelihood method ( Martin and Austin, 1991 ). (statsdirect.com)
- The likelihood ratio of a beep is 1/2:1/4 = 2:1. (lesswrong.com)
Predictor4
- Also, this package allows odds ratio calculation of percentage steps across the whole predictor distribution range for GAM(M)s. (fiocruz.br)
- We want odds ratios showing the change in odds for a specific predictor change! (pjs-web.de)
- So you can directly see how "safe" your odds ratio calculation is based on the underlying fitted model for the specific predictor. (pjs-web.de)
- Due to the non-linear behavior of this model type, odds ratios of specific increment steps are different for every value combination and not constant throughout the value range of each predictor as for GLMs. (pjs-web.de)
Simplifies2
- Simplifies ratio odds also if you like. (thepokerbank.com)
- This package simplifies the calculation of odds ratios in binomial models. (pjs-web.de)
Confounder4
- A desirable property of an adjusted ratio estimate is collapsibility, wherein the combined crude ratio will not change after adjusting for a variable that is not a confounder. (mdpi.com)
- Hi, So we have been given odds ratio for males and females in four different scenarios to find out if sex is a confounder or effect modifier in a study looking at the association between lung cancer and smoking. (talkstats.com)
- I'm not sure as to how to interpret these ratios in order to say if sex is a confounder or effect modifier. (talkstats.com)
- But it is common to see papers comparing odds ratios before and after confounder adjustment as a method of judging the extent of confounding. (frankpopham.co.uk)
Statistic2
- The rationale for the diagnostic odds ratio is that it is a single indicator of test performance (like accuracy and Youden's J statistic) but which is independent of prevalence (unlike accuracy) and is presented as an odds ratio, which is familiar to medical practitioners. (wikipedia.org)
- Odds ratio is the key statistic for most case-control studies. (statsdirect.com)
Computation1
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Percentage5
- It converts ratio odds in to percentage odds and percentage odds in to ratio odds, rather than you having to hunt down a percentage to ratio odds converter chart all the time. (thepokerbank.com)
- Ratio odds and percentage odds are always being interchanged in poker books, strategy articles and poker forums. (thepokerbank.com)
- Converts ratio odds in to percentage odds. (thepokerbank.com)
- In percentage method: I calc from those pot odds how much of the whole pot is mine. (stackexchange.com)
- Every book and every site covering poker "explain" this without actually explaining why this work (the comparison of hand and pot odds in either ratio or percentage method) and these are the only explanations I have been able to come up with. (stackexchange.com)
Calculates2
- Free online Odds Ratio (OR) statistical calculator calculates Odds Ratio with 95% Confidence Interval from a 2x2 table. (bookofranovoline.net)
- pari mutuel system that calculates and continually updates betting odds. (muscle-fitness.ga)
Exposure odds ratio1
- The exposure odds ratio is equal to the disease odds ratio. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
Statistical1
- In this paper, we investigate dichotomisation for statistical inference about odds ratios in a situation where two underlying distributions from which independent samples are drawn are skewed and unknown. (lboro.ac.uk)
Intervals19
- produces a plot of log odds vs x2 with 0.95 confidence intervals. (ethz.ch)
- Including "alpha = 0.05" in the parameter list fixes the default value for alpha at 0.05, which yields the 95% confidence intervals for the computed odds ratio, based on the Wald approximation described above. (r-bloggers.com)
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- How To Report Odds Ratios And Confidence Intervals For a child without hay fever, the proportion with eczema is 420/13 945 (3.0%) and the odds is 420/13 525. (comunidadwindows.org)
- Also, automatically confident intervals (CI) of odds ratios are calculated and returned. (pjs-web.de)
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Cohort3
- Odds ratios are a common measure of the size of an effect and may be reported in case-control studies, cohort studies, or clinical trials. (bmj.com)
- Odds ratios are most commonly used in case-control studies, however, they can also be used in cross-sectional and cohort study designs as well (with some modifications and/or assumptions). (wordpress.com)
- 3 An example of a matched-pair cohort study The matched-pair odds ratio for cocaine use among those who used In an actual analysis of matched cohort data, the perform a matched analysis (that is, retaining the pair matching of one control for each case) using condi- mate of the odds ratio. (mastersgfp.org)
Confidence limits1
- PROC SURVEYFREQ constructs confidence limits for the odds ratio by using the log transform. (sas.com)
Curves1
- Analysis of biomarker data: logs, odds ratios, and receiver operating characteristic curves. (nih.gov)
Outcomes2
- Odds ratios (95% CIs) comparing those with fatty kidney to those without fatty kidney are presented for dichotomous outcomes. (zanran.com)
- An approach for modelling multiple correlated outcomes in a network of interventions using odds ratios. (semanticscholar.org)
Computes1
- DIFF=FIRST computes differences from the first level, and DIFF=ALL computes odds ratios based on all pairwise differences. (sas.com)
Conditional odds1
- The joint distributions are used to calculate conditional odds ratios. (mastersgfp.org)
Tricky3
- If you have a tricky ratio for whatever reason like '9 to 4' (basically anything other than x to 1), you can simplify this by ticking the 'simplify ratio' box. (thepokerbank.com)
- Odds ratios are tricky. (stephanieevergreen.com)
- And it gets more tricky with other odds ratios. (deeplytrivial.com)
Questions tagged3
- Browse other questions tagged r mathematical-statistics meta-analysis odds-ratio or ask your own question . (stackexchange.com)
- Browse other questions tagged odds-ratio theory calculus or ask your own question . (stackexchange.com)
- Browse other questions tagged pot-odds or ask your own question . (stackexchange.com)
Quartiles2
- Circles mark direct odds ratio estimates comparing higher hsCRP quartiles to the lowest quartile. (nih.gov)
- The odds of hypertension decreased across quartiles of 3-MU. (theveganapprentice.com)
Contingency tables1
- How to calculate overall odds ratios from two 2X2 contingency tables with correlated variables? (stackexchange.com)
Formula1
- This formula is identical to the Odds Ratio. (automarket-mongolia.tk)
Marginal2
- Evaluation of the propensity score methods for estimating marginal odds ratios in case of small sample size. (inserm.fr)
- There is nothing wrong here, it is just that the marginal and conditional (on Z) odds ratios will often differ even in the absence of confounding. (frankpopham.co.uk)
Prevalence ratio1
- Prevalence odds ratio v prevalence ratio. (bmj.com)
Data12
- Traditional meta-analytic techniques such as inverse-variance weighting can be used to combine log diagnostic odds ratios computed from a number of data sources to produce an overall diagnostic odds ratio for the test in question. (wikipedia.org)
- From these data we have evidence that the odds of developing oral cancer is around two and a half times higher for heavy smokers compared with lighter (less than 16 per day) or non-smokers of cigarettes. (statsdirect.com)
- Breslow, N. E. (1981), Odds ratio estimators when the data are sparse. (springer.com)
- Liang, K. Y. (1985), Odds ratio inference with dependent data. (springer.com)
- But I intuitively feel that the lowest one is more valid and I have only got these odds due to lack of training data. (stackexchange.com)
- 19/01/2012В В· I do an example of setting up a Matched Pairs Mean t Matched Pairs t Confidence Interval Calculating Matched Pairs Odds Ratio, Analysis of data from case-control studies. (mastersgfp.org)
- library(geepack) rndTidy(geeglm(y ~ rx, data = di, the ICC has no impact on the expected value of the log-odds ratio, but when variability is higher The R package geeglm will be discussed in the attached paper reference. (isellmx.com)
- They had important data on the odds that people with histories of sexual violence will also have other health conditions. (stephanieevergreen.com)
- So ultimately, we decided to visualize the odds ratios as a simple bar graph, which textboxes that interpret the top bar of data. (stephanieevergreen.com)
- The image below shows the result for meta-analysis of the odds ratio data, for both random and fixed effects model. (projectguru.in)
- Performing meta-analysis for Events rate and Odds ratio data. (projectguru.in)
- On one hand, the event rate data did not yield significant association, whereas odds ratio analysis result was opposite. (projectguru.in)
Allele2
- In genetic case-control association studies the OR typically represents the ratio of the odds of disease if allele A is carried compared to if allele B is carried. (genomesunzipped.org)
- In the present study we rigorously tested MDR-PDTwith new cross-validation (CV) (both 5- and 10-fold) and omnibus model selection algorithms by simulating a range of heritabilities, odds ratios, minor allele frequencies, sample sizes, and numbers of interacting loci. (elsevier.com)
Inference1
- Okay, so let's talk about exact inference odds ratios. (coursera.org)