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Odds RatioCase-Control StudiesRisk FactorsLogistic ModelsConfidence IntervalsCohort StudiesGenetic Predisposition to DiseasePrevalenceCross-Sectional StudiesMultivariate AnalysisGenotypeProspective StudiesRetrospective StudiesPolymorphism, Single NucleotidePolymorphism, GeneticRisk AssessmentSmokingUnited StatesQuestionnairesPregnancyAge FactorsTreatment OutcomeRiskSex FactorsInfant, NewbornEuropean Continental Ancestry GroupRegression AnalysisFollow-Up StudiesTime FactorsSocioeconomic FactorsGene FrequencyChi-Square DistributionAllelesPredictive Value of TestsAsian Continental Ancestry GroupIncidenceComorbidityBody Mass IndexChinaJapanSeverity of Illness IndexHaplotypesRegistriesLongitudinal StudiesPrognosisSex DistributionSwedenHealth SurveysAfrican AmericansHospital MortalityRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicEnvironmental ExposureBreast NeoplasmsAlcohol DrinkingEthnic GroupsCaliforniaEducational StatusObesityStrokeBiological MarkersEpidemiologic MethodsParityAfrican Continental Ancestry GroupGenetic Association StudiesAge DistributionHospitalizationHispanic AmericansHypertensionItalyMyocardial InfarctionPregnancy OutcomeHIV InfectionsConfounding Factors (Epidemiology)Diabetes MellitusResidence CharacteristicsPopulation SurveillanceDenmarkFranceDietGermanyPregnancy ComplicationsOccupational DiseasesSpainColorectal NeoplasmsDemographyGreat BritainLinkage DisequilibriumContinental Population GroupsHealth StatusPremature BirthPostoperative ComplicationsGenetic VariationOccupationsUrban PopulationLife StyleRural PopulationAsthmaWashingtonGenome-Wide Association StudyRepublic of KoreaNetherlandsPublication BiasAge of OnsetOccupational ExposureROC CurveNew YorkLength of StayNorwaySensitivity and SpecificityDatabases, FactualMassachusettsMass ScreeningCoronary Artery DiseaseTaiwanPesticidesBirth WeightRecurrenceEuropeNorth CarolinaCanadaMetabolic Syndrome XDepressionBreast FeedingChronic DiseaseCausalityMothersInterviews as TopicAbortion, SpontaneousAcute DiseaseLinear ModelsCardiovascular DiseasesSurvival AnalysisTobacco Smoke PollutionBias (Epidemiology)Gestational AgeDisease ProgressionMaternal ExposureDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2San FranciscoPatient Acceptance of Health CarePolymerase Chain ReactionHousingPrenatal Exposure Delayed EffectsAnalysis of VarianceInfant, Low Birth WeightCoronary DiseaseProbabilityIndiaSexual BehaviorHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeFinlandData CollectionSurvival RateContraceptives, OralOutcome Assessment (Health Care)Lung NeoplasmsMexicoHealth BehaviorUrban HealthEnglandSocial ClassOverweightFamily HealthTexasHealth Services AccessibilityProstatic NeoplasmsBostonIntensive Care UnitsDiabetes ComplicationsHealthcare DisparitiesPhysician's Practice PatternsMaternal AgeLos AngelesWounds and InjuriesPatient ComplianceC-Reactive ProteinCookingMeta-Analysis as TopicHomozygoteMarital StatusPennsylvaniaSelf ReportSmoking CessationRespiratory SoundsPostmenopauseReference ValuesNew HampshireNeoplasmsAnti-Bacterial AgentsMethylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)Stress, PsychologicalOntarioNutrition SurveysPhiladelphiaModels, StatisticalBrain IschemiaFamily CharacteristicsParentsIncomeGravidityEmergency Service, Hospital
Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.Confidence Intervals: A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.Genetic Predisposition to Disease: A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide: A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.Polymorphism, Genetic: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.Risk Assessment: The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)Smoking: Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.United StatesQuestionnaires: Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Risk: The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.Sex Factors: Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth.European Continental Ancestry Group: Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Europe.Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.Gene Frequency: The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.Chi-Square Distribution: A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.Alleles: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.Predictive Value of Tests: In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.Asian Continental Ancestry Group: Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the southeastern and eastern areas of the Asian continent.Incidence: The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.Body Mass Index: An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)China: A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.JapanSeverity of Illness Index: Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers.Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.Prognosis: A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.Sex Distribution: The number of males and females in a given population. The distribution may refer to how many men or women or what proportion of either in the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.SwedenHealth Surveys: A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.African Americans: Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the black groups of Africa.Hospital Mortality: A vital statistic measuring or recording the rate of death from any cause in hospitalized populations.Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic: Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.Breast Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.Alcohol Drinking: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships.CaliforniaEducational Status: Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.Obesity: A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).Stroke: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Epidemiologic Methods: Research techniques that focus on study designs and data gathering methods in human and animal populations.Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.African Continental Ancestry Group: Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Africa.Genetic Association Studies: The analysis of a sequence such as a region of a chromosome, a haplotype, a gene, or an allele for its involvement in controlling the phenotype of a specific trait, metabolic pathway, or disease.Age Distribution: The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.Hospitalization: The confinement of a patient in a hospital.Hispanic Americans: Persons living in the United States of Mexican (MEXICAN AMERICANS), Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin. The concept does not include Brazilian Americans or Portuguese Americans.Hypertension: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.ItalyMyocardial Infarction: NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.HIV Infections: Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).Confounding Factors (Epidemiology): Factors that can cause or prevent the outcome of interest, are not intermediate variables, and are not associated with the factor(s) under investigation. They give rise to situations in which the effects of two processes are not separated, or the contribution of causal factors cannot be separated, or the measure of the effect of exposure or risk is distorted because of its association with other factors influencing the outcome of the study.Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.Residence Characteristics: Elements of residence that characterize a population. They are applicable in determining need for and utilization of health services.Population Surveillance: Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.DenmarkFrance: A country in western Europe bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel, the Mediterranean Sea, and the countries of Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, the principalities of Andorra and Monaco, and by the duchy of Luxembourg. Its capital is Paris.Diet: Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.GermanyPregnancy Complications: Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.Occupational Diseases: Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.Spain: Parliamentary democracy located between France on the northeast and Portugual on the west and bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.Colorectal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.Demography: Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure.Great BritainLinkage Disequilibrium: Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone.Continental Population Groups: Groups of individuals whose putative ancestry is from native continental populations based on similarities in physical appearance.Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures.Premature Birth: CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Occupations: Crafts, trades, professions, or other means of earning a living.Urban Population: The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.Life Style: Typical way of life or manner of living characteristic of an individual or group. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.Asthma: A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).WashingtonGenome-Wide Association Study: An analysis comparing the allele frequencies of all available (or a whole GENOME representative set of) polymorphic markers in unrelated patients with a specific symptom or disease condition, and those of healthy controls to identify markers associated with a specific disease or condition.Republic of Korea: The capital is Seoul. The country, established September 9, 1948, is located on the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Its northern border is shared with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.Netherlands: Country located in EUROPE. It is bordered by the NORTH SEA, BELGIUM, and GERMANY. Constituent areas are Aruba, Curacao, Sint Maarten, formerly included in the NETHERLANDS ANTILLES.Publication Bias: The influence of study results on the chances of publication and the tendency of investigators, reviewers, and editors to submit or accept manuscripts for publication based on the direction or strength of the study findings. Publication bias has an impact on the interpretation of clinical trials and meta-analyses. Bias can be minimized by insistence by editors on high-quality research, thorough literature reviews, acknowledgement of conflicts of interest, modification of peer review practices, etc.Age of Onset: The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.ROC Curve: A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.New YorkLength of Stay: The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.NorwaySensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Databases, Factual: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.MassachusettsMass Screening: Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.Coronary Artery Disease: Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.TaiwanPesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.Birth Weight: The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.EuropeNorth CarolinaCanada: The largest country in North America, comprising 10 provinces and three territories. Its capital is Ottawa.Metabolic Syndrome X: A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)Depression: Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.Breast Feeding: The nursing of an infant at the breast.Chronic Disease: Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)Causality: The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors.Mothers: Female parents, human or animal.Interviews as Topic: Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.Abortion, Spontaneous: Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course.Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.Survival Analysis: A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.Tobacco Smoke Pollution: Contamination of the air by tobacco smoke.Bias (Epidemiology): Any deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation. Bias can result from several sources: one-sided or systematic variations in measurement from the true value (systematic error); flaws in study design; deviation of inferences, interpretations, or analyses based on flawed data or data collection; etc. There is no sense of prejudice or subjectivity implied in the assessment of bias under these conditions.Gestational Age: The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.Maternal Exposure: Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure.Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2: A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.San FranciscoPatient Acceptance of Health Care: The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Housing: Living facilities for humans.Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Infant, Low Birth Weight: An infant having a birth weight of 2500 gm. (5.5 lb.) or less but INFANT, VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT is available for infants having a birth weight of 1500 grams (3.3 lb.) or less.Coronary Disease: An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.Probability: The study of chance processes or the relative frequency characterizing a chance process.IndiaSexual Behavior: Sexual activities of humans.Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice: Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).FinlandData Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.Contraceptives, Oral: Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both.Outcome Assessment (Health Care): Research aimed at assessing the quality and effectiveness of health care as measured by the attainment of a specified end result or outcome. Measures include parameters such as improved health, lowered morbidity or mortality, and improvement of abnormal states (such as elevated blood pressure).Lung Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.MexicoHealth Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural.Urban Health: The status of health in urban populations.EnglandSocial Class: A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income.Overweight: A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standard of acceptable or desirable weight. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal "over fat".Family Health: The health status of the family as a unit including the impact of the health of one member of the family on the family as a unit and on individual family members; also, the impact of family organization or disorganization on the health status of its members.TexasHealth Services Accessibility: The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.Prostatic Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.BostonIntensive Care Units: Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients.Diabetes Complications: Conditions or pathological processes associated with the disease of diabetes mellitus. Due to the impaired control of BLOOD GLUCOSE level in diabetic patients, pathological processes develop in numerous tissues and organs including the EYE, the KIDNEY, the BLOOD VESSELS, and the NERVE TISSUE.Healthcare Disparities: Differences in access to or availability of medical facilities and services.Physician's Practice Patterns: Patterns of practice related to diagnosis and treatment as especially influenced by cost of the service requested and provided.Maternal Age: The age of the mother in PREGNANCY.Los AngelesWounds and Injuries: Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.C-Reactive Protein: A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.Cooking: The art or practice of preparing food. It includes the preparation of special foods for diets in various diseases.Meta-Analysis as Topic: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine.Homozygote: An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.Marital Status: A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc.PennsylvaniaSelf Report: Method for obtaining information through verbal responses, written or oral, from subjects.Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke.Respiratory Sounds: Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.Postmenopause: The physiological period following the MENOPAUSE, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life.Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.New HampshireNeoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.Anti-Bacterial Agents: Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2): A flavoprotein amine oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reversible conversion of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.171.Stress, Psychological: Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.Ontario: A province of Canada lying between the provinces of Manitoba and Quebec. Its capital is Toronto. It takes its name from Lake Ontario which is said to represent the Iroquois oniatariio, beautiful lake. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p892 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p391)Nutrition Surveys: A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to the nutritional status of a human population within a given geographic area. Data from these surveys are used in preparing NUTRITION ASSESSMENTS.PhiladelphiaModels, Statistical: Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.Brain Ischemia: Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.Family Characteristics: Size and composition of the family.Parents: Persons functioning as natural, adoptive, or substitute parents. The heading includes the concept of parenthood as well as preparation for becoming a parent.Income: Revenues or receipts accruing from business enterprise, labor, or invested capital.Gravidity: The number of pregnancies, complete or incomplete, experienced by a female. It is different from PARITY, which is the number of offspring borne. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Emergency Service, Hospital: Hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of immediate medical or surgical care to the emergency patient.

Use of wood stoves and risk of cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract: a case-control study. (1/18160)

BACKGROUND: Incidence rates for cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract in Southern Brazil are among the highest in the world. A case-control study was designed to identify the main risk factors for carcinomas of mouth, pharynx, and larynx in the region. We tested the hypothesis of whether use of wood stoves is associated with these cancers. METHODS: Information on known and potential risk factors was obtained from interviews with 784 cases and 1568 non-cancer controls. We estimated the effect of use of wood stove by conditional logistic regression, with adjustment for smoking, alcohol consumption and for other sociodemographic and dietary variables chosen as empirical confounders based on a change-in-estimate criterion. RESULTS: After extensive adjustment for all the empirical confounders the odds ratio (OR) for all upper aero-digestive tract cancers was 2.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 2.2-3.3). Increased risks were also seen in site-specific analyses for mouth (OR = 2.73; 95% CI: 1.8-4.2), pharyngeal (OR = 3.82; 95% CI: 2.0-7.4), and laryngeal carcinomas (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.2-4.7). Significant risk elevations remained for each of the three anatomic sites and for all sites combined even after we purposefully biased the analyses towards the null hypothesis by adjusting the effect of wood stove use only for positive empirical confounders. CONCLUSIONS: The association of use of wood stoves with cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract is genuine and unlikely to result from insufficient control of confounding. Due to its high prevalence, use of wood stoves may be linked to as many as 30% of all cancers occurring in the region.  (+info)

Body mass decrease after initial gain following smoking cessation. (2/18160)

BACKGROUND: Although smoking cessation is strongly associated with subsequent weight gain, it is not clear whether the initial gain in weight after smoking cessation remains over time. METHOD: Cross-sectional analyses were made, using data from periodic health examinations for workers, on the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and the length of smoking cessation. In addition, linear regression coefficients of BMI on the length of cessation were estimated according to alcohol intake and sport activity, to examine the modifying effect of these factors on the weight of former smokers. RESULTS: Means of BMI were 23.1 kg/m2, 23.3 kg/m2, 23.6 kg/m2 for light/medium smokers, heavy smokers and never smokers, respectively. Among former smokers who had smoked > or = 25 cigarettes a day, odds ratio (OR) of BMI >25 kg/m2 were 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 1.05-3.35), 1.32 (95% CI : 0.74-2.34), 0.66 (95% CI: 0.33-1.31) for those with 2-4 years, 5-7 years, and 8-10 years of smoking cessation, respectively. The corresponding OR among those who previously consumed <25 cigarettes a day were 1.06 (95% CI: 0.58-1.94), 1.00 (95% CI: 0.58-1.71), and 1.49 (95% CI: 0.95-2.32). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that although heavy smokers may experience large weight gain and weigh more than never smokers in the few years after smoking cessation, they thereafter lose weight to the never smoker level, while light and moderate smokers gain weight up to the never smoker level without any excess after smoking cessation.  (+info)

Socioeconomic inequalities in health in the working population: the contribution of working conditions. (3/18160)

BACKGROUND: The aim was to study the impact of different categories of working conditions on the association between occupational class and self-reported health in the working population. METHODS: Data were collected through a postal survey conducted in 1991 among inhabitants of 18 municipalities in the southeastern Netherlands. Data concerned 4521 working men and 2411 working women and included current occupational class (seven classes), working conditions (physical working conditions, job control, job demands, social support at work), perceived general health (very good or good versus less than good) and demographic confounders. Data were analysed with logistic regression techniques. RESULTS: For both men and women we observed a higher odds ratio for a less than good perceived general health in the lower occupational classes (adjusted for confounders). The odds of a less than good perceived general health was larger among people reporting more hazardous physical working conditions, lower job control, lower social support at work and among those in the highest category of job demands. Results were similar for men and women. Men and women in the lower occupational classes reported more hazardous physical working conditions and lower job control as compared to those in higher occupational classes. High job demands were more often reported in the higher occupational classes, while social support at work was not clearly related to occupational class. When physical working conditions and job control were added simultaneously to a model with occupational class and confounders, the odds ratios for occupational classes were reduced substantially. For men, the per cent change in the odds ratios for the occupational classes ranged between 35% and 83%, and for women between 35% and 46%. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial part of the association between occupational class and a less than good perceived general health in the working population could be attributed to a differential distribution of hazardous physical working conditions and a low job control across occupational classes. This suggests that interventions aimed at improving these working conditions might result in a reduction of socioeconomic inequalities in health in the working population.  (+info)

Relation between obesity and breast cancer in young women. (4/18160)

This study was conducted to assess the relation between body size and risk of breast cancer among young women. A case-control study was conducted among women aged 21-45 years living in three counties in Washington State. Cases were women born after 1944 with invasive or in situ breast cancer that was diagnosed between January 1, 1983, and April 30, 1990. Controls were selected using random digit dialing and were frequency-matched to cases on the basis of age and county of residence. Interviews took place between 1986 and 1992. Body size was evaluated using indices from several different time periods. After adjustment for confounders, a decreased risk of breast cancer was found for women in the highest quintile of body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2) as compared with the lowest quintile (for maximum lifetime body mass index, odds ratio = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51-0.94). Age modified the relation between body size and risk of breast cancer. The odds ratio for women in the highest quintile of maximum body mass index who were aged 21-35 years was 0.29 (95% CI 0.16-0.55), as compared with an odds ratio of 1.5 for women aged 36-45 years (95% CI 0.9-2.5) (p for interaction = 0.003). This study supports prior research showing a decreased risk of breast cancer associated with increased body size among premenopausal or young women. More detailed analysis in this study found a strong effect that was limited to the youngest age group (< or = 35 years).  (+info)

Different factors influencing the expression of Raynaud's phenomenon in men and women. (5/18160)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the risk profile for Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is different between men and women. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study of 800 women and 725 men participating in the Framingham Offspring Study, the association of age, marital status, smoking, alcohol use, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia with prevalent RP was examined in men and women separately, after adjusting for relevant confounders. RESULTS: The prevalence of RP was 9.6% (n = 77) in women and 5.8% (n = 42) in men. In women, marital status and alcohol use were each associated with prevalent RP (for marital status adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.3, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.4-3.9; for alcohol use OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-5.2), whereas these factors were not associated with RP in men (marital status OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.6-3.5; alcohol use OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.2-4.4). In men, older age (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0-5.2) and smoking (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.3) were associated with prevalent RP; these factors were not associated with RP in women (older age OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.4-1.6; smoking OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.4-1.1). Diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia were not associated with RP in either sex. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that risk factors for RP differ between men and women. Age and smoking were associated with RP in men only, while the associations of marital status and alcohol use with RP were observed in women only. These findings suggest that different mechanisms influence the expression of RP in men and women.  (+info)

Premature morbidity from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. (6/18160)

OBJECTIVE: To determine rates of morbidity due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases among women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: I used the California Hospital Discharge Database, which contains information on all discharges from acute care hospitals in California, to identify women with SLE who had been hospitalized for treatment of either acute myocardial infarction (AMI), congestive heart failure (CHF), or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) from 1991 to 1994. I compared the proportions of hospitalizations for each cause among women with SLE with those in a group of women without SLE, for 3 age strata (18-44 years, 45-64 years, and > or =65 years). RESULTS: Compared with young women without SLE, young women with SLE were 2.27 times more likely to be hospitalized because of AMI (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.08-3.46), 3.80 times more likely to be hospitalized because of CHF (95% CI 2.41-5.19), and 2.05 times more likely to be hospitalized because of CVA (95% CI 1.17-2.93). Among middle-aged women with SLE, the frequencies of hospitalization for AMI and CVA did not differ from those of the comparison group, but the risk of hospitalization for CHF was higher (odds ratio [OR] 1.39, 95% CI 1.05-1.73). Among elderly women with SLE, the risk of hospitalization for AMI was significantly lower (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51-0.89), the risk of hospitalization for CHF was higher (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.01-1.49), and the risk of hospitalization for CVA was not significantly different from those in the comparison group. CONCLUSION: Young women with SLE are at substantially increased risk of AMI, CHF, and CVA. The relative odds of these conditions decrease with age among women with SLE.  (+info)

Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus: population based study of coronary heart disease. (7/18160)

OBJECTIVE: To study possible associations between coronary heart disease and serological evidence of persistent infection with Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus. DESIGN: Population based, case-control study, nested within a randomised trial. SETTING: Five general practices in Bedfordshire, UK. INDIVIDUALS: 288 patients with incident or prevalent coronary heart disease and 704 age and sex matched controls. RESULTS: High concentrations of serum IgG antibodies to H pylori were present in 54% of cases v 46% of controls, with corresponding results for C pneumoniae seropositivity (33% v 33%), and cytomegalovirus seropositivity (40% v 31%). After adjustments for age, sex, smoking, indicators of socioeconomic status, and standard risk factors, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for coronary heart disease of seropositivity to these agents were: 1.28 (0.93 to 1.75) for H pylori, 0.95 (0.66 to 1.36) for C pneumoniae, and 1.40 (0.96 to 2. 05) for cytomegalovirus. CONCLUSIONS: There is no good evidence of strong associations between coronary heart disease and serological markers of persistent infection with H pylori, C pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus. To determine the existence of moderate associations between these agents and disease, however, larger scale studies will be needed that can keep residual confounders to a minimum.  (+info)

Cytomegalovirus seropositivity and incident ischaemic heart disease in the Caerphilly prospective heart disease study. (8/18160)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in primary ischaemic heart disease. METHODS: Plasma specimens collected during 1979-83 from men in Caerphilly, south Wales, were analysed for IgG antibodies to CMV by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and latex tests. Incident ischaemic heart disease events were ascertained after five and 10 years from death certificates, hospital records, and ECG changes; 195 incident ischaemic heart disease cases were compared with 216 controls of a similar age drawn from the rest of the cohort. RESULTS: 164 cases (84%) and 180 controls (83%) were seropositive for CMV. Optical density, an indicator of CMV antibody titre, was similar for cases and controls. Among controls, seropositivity was not associated with age, socioeconomic status currently or in childhood, smoking, height, body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, fibrinogen, plasma viscosity, or leucocyte count. The unadjusted odds ratio relating CMV seropositivity to incident ischaemic heart disease was 1.06 (95% confidence interval 0.63 to 1.79) and was little changed (1.11, 0.63 to 1.97) after adjustment for age, smoking, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and socioeconomic status currently and in childhood. CONCLUSIONS: CMV infection is unlikely to be a strong risk factor for development of myocardial infarction in middle aged men.  (+info)

Interpretation of Genetic Association Studies: Markers with Replicated Highly Significant Odds Ratios May Be Poor ClassifiersInterpretation of Genetic Association Studies: Markers with Replicated Highly Significant Odds Ratios May Be Poor Classifiers
Recent successful discoveries of potentially causal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for complex diseases hold great promise, and commercialization of genomics in personalized medicine has already begun. The hope is that genetic testing will benefit patients and their families, and encourage positive lifestyle changes and guide clinical decisions. However, for many complex diseases, it is arguable whether the era of genomics in personalized medicine is here yet. We focus on the clinical validity of genetic testing with an emphasis on two popular statistical methods for evaluating markers. The two methods, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, are applied to our age-related macular degeneration dataset. By using an additive model of the CFH, LOC387715, and C2 variants, the odds ratios are 2.9, 3.4, and 0.4, with p-values of 10−13, 10−13, and 10−3, respectively. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) is 0.79, but assuming prevalences of 15%, 5.5%, and 1.5%
Alternative Confidence interval for Odds Ratio $\hat{p}\over{1-\hat{p}}$ from Logistic Regression? - Cross ValidatedAlternative Confidence interval for Odds Ratio $\hat{p}\over{1-\hat{p}}$ from Logistic Regression? - Cross Validated
I have a question about confidence interval calculations for the odds ratio $\hat{p}\over{1-\hat{p}}$ from a logistic regression model (perhaps obtained from the method of Generalized Estimating Equations, but thats of secondary importance). Its best asked after a bit of background and an example:. Lets assume we have a simple logistic regression model with a single binary independent variable ($X={0,1} $ ). For $X=1$, we can estimate the log odds by:. $\log({\hat{p}\over{1-\hat{p}}})=\hat{\beta}_0+\hat{\beta}_1$. To obtain a 95% confidence interval (CI) for the odds ratio, textbooks that Ive consulted indicate that you calculate the 95% CI for the odds-ratio, ${\hat{p}\over{1-\hat{p}}}$, by:. Lower Bound= $e^{[\hat{\beta}_0+\hat{\beta}_1-1.96Var(\hat{\beta}_0+\hat{\beta}_1)]}$. Upper Bound= $e^{[\hat{\beta}_0+\hat{\beta}_1+1.96Var(\hat{\beta}_0+\hat{\beta}_1)]}$. What I am wondering is if it is appropriate to use the the Delta Method to obtain the variance of the odds ratio ...
Odds Ratio and Relative Risks :: SAS/STAT(R) 13.1 Users GuideOdds Ratio and Relative Risks :: SAS/STAT(R) 13.1 User's Guide
The value of the odds ratio can be any nonnegative number. When the row and column variables are independent, the true value of the odds ratio equals 1. An odds ratio greater than 1 indicates that the odds of a positive response are higher in row 1 than in row 2. An odds ratio less than 1 indicates that the odds of positive response are higher in row 2. The strength of association increases with the deviation from 1. For details, see Stokes, Davis, and Koch (2000); Agresti (2007). PROC SURVEYFREQ constructs confidence limits for the odds ratio by using the log transform. The ...
Epidemiology - Odds Ratio (OR) | Bean Around The WorldEpidemiology - Odds Ratio (OR) | Bean Around The World
PLEASE WHATS THE FORMULA TO GET THE ODDS IF WE HAVE THE RISK COS I DONT KNOW HOW YOU. This is a basic introduction to interpreting odds ratios, confidence Efficacy of drugs: 3 examples to get you to truly understand Number. Definition The Odds Ratio is a measure of association which compares the Formulae OR = (odds of disease in exposed) / (odds of disease in the Great analogy, really helped me to understand odds ration in a simple. I will use this in my teachings. Try out an online to check your math when you first get started. Specifically, the OR measures the ratio of the odds that an event or result will occur to the odds of the event not happening. Olli Raitakari December 2, at 9: Read sporting odds as the likelihood that one team, athlete, or horse, will win. Odds ratios https://www.facebook.com/BeGambleAware/photos/a.1069882653087425.1073741831.1022075201201504/1482759451799741/?type=3 one of a category of statistics clinicians often use to make treatment decisions. The ...
Can you add up different genes odds ratios to get a general odds ratio? - Cross ValidatedCan you add up different genes' odds ratios to get a general odds ratio? - Cross Validated
If you are using a generalized linear model to obtain odds ratio estimates, assuming that there are no interactions between the genes, then you can simply multiply the odds ratios for the two present genes to get the OR for disease.. From your example, assuming the presence of A does not affect how much B contributes to the risk of disease and vice versa, then the OR is 0.8*1.2=0.96.. If the presence of one gene affects how another gene contributes to the disease (ie. there are interactions) then you would also need to multiply the ORs of the interactions.. Edit: Just noticed that these ORs are obtained from 3 different studies. In this case, no it would not be appropriate to combine the ORs in the way I described above. This is because there is no way for you to find out if there are interactions or not.. ...
Theres Nothing Odd about the Odds Ratio: Interpreting Binary Logistic Regression - Statistics SolutionsThere's Nothing Odd about the Odds Ratio: Interpreting Binary Logistic Regression - Statistics Solutions
As we covered above, one of these predictors is binary and the other is continuous. This means we have to interpret the two a little bit differently. First is the binary score: gender. We first look at the p value. It is below .05, telling us that it is significant, and we can safely interpret the odds ratio. To interpret this result, we have to know what a 0 (low) and a 1 (high) correspond to, and our researcher recalls that she coded this as 0 = female, and 1 = male. She finds this to be a good thing because when the odds ratio is greater than 1, it describes a positive relationship. The positive relationship means that as gender "increases," the odds of being eaten increases. Based on our coding, an "increase" in gender means a gender of 1 instead of 0 - in other words, being male. This can be interpreted to mean that being in the (1) group, or being male, puts you at 5 times greater odds of being eaten.. If the odds ratio for gender had been below 1, she would have been in trouble, as an ...
IJERPH | Free Full-Text | Computing Power and Sample Size for Informational Odds RatioIJERPH | Free Full-Text | Computing Power and Sample Size for Informational Odds Ratio
The informational odds ratio (IOR) measures the post-exposure odds divided by the pre-exposure odds (i.e., information gained after knowing exposure status). A desirable property of an adjusted ratio estimate is collapsibility, wherein the combined crude ratio will not change after adjusting for a variable that is not a confounder. Adjusted traditional odds ratios (TORs) are not collapsible. In contrast, Mantel-Haenszel adjusted IORs, analogous to relative risks (RRs) generally are collapsible. IORs are a useful measure of disease association in case-referent studies, especially when the disease is common in the exposed and/or unexposed groups. This paper outlines how to compute power and sample size in the simple case of unadjusted IORs.
rs3918242 - SNPediars3918242 - SNPedia
rs3918242 is one of two SNPs in the MMP9 gene associated with increased risk for myocardial infarction, but not coronary artery disease. The relatively weak odds ratios for carriers of one rs3918242(T) allele was 1.14 (p=0.06), and for (T;T) homozygotes, 1.33 (p=0.19). However, this study of 5,000+ Caucasian patients with heart disease also indicated that a composite genotype (i.e. unphased haplotype) of the two MMP9 SNPs (rs3918242 and rs17576, respectively) yielded a significant odds ratio of 1.25 (CI: 1.07 - 1.48, p=0.007) for the (C;T)/(A;G) combination compared to (C;C)/(G;G) combination genotypes.[PMID 17893005 ...
Odds Ratio Proc Logistic Question - SAS Support CommunitiesOdds Ratio Proc Logistic Question - SAS Support Communities
I am running several proc logistic models, utilizing the odds ratio estimates. Although SAS will produce the point estimate, and 95% wald confidence
Geeglm odds ratio geepack r exampleGeeglm odds ratio geepack r example
What is an odds ratio? Odds ratios are used to compare the relative odds of the occurrence of the outcome of interest This example illustrates a few important
ExploringDataBlog: Computing Odds Ratios in RExploringDataBlog: Computing Odds Ratios in R
Including "alpha = 0.05" in the parameter list fixes the default value for alpha at 0.05, which yields the 95% confidence intervals for the computed odds ratio, based on the Wald approximation described above. An important practical point is that these intervals become infinitely wide if any of the four numbers Nij are equal to zero; also, note that in this case, the computed odds ratio is either zero or infinite. Finally, it is worth noting that if the numbers Nij are large enough, the procedure just described can encounter numerical overflow problems (i.e., the products in either the numerator or the denominator become too large to be represented in machine arithmetic). If this is a possibility, a better alternative is to regroup the computations as follows ...
Odds ratio interpretation | Statistics Help @ Talk Stats ForumOdds ratio interpretation | Statistics Help @ Talk Stats Forum
This comes from SAS odds ratio out put. The second column is the odds ratio SAS prints out (for example .615 for race_p 0 vs 1). One in the DV is being...
absolute risk, relative risk, and odds ratio | Term Papers Writerabsolute risk, relative risk, and odds ratio | Term Papers Writer
post a definition of the following terms: absolute risk, relative risk, and odds ratio. Make sure you include how to calculate the relative risk and the odds
Odds ratios (OR)† and corresponding 95% confidence in | Open-iOdds ratios (OR)† and corresponding 95% confidence in | Open-i
Odds ratios (OR)† and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for human papillomavirus (HPV) positivity by education level. The International Agency for R
Fascination About case study solutionsFascination About case study solutions
The covariates obtainable for all databases had been normally forced to enter the product, supplied they reached at the least 5% prevalence amongst controls. Other covariates had been bundled, delivered they have been substantially (P0.ten for removal). Secondly, we utilised a random outcomes meta-analytic model29 30 to estimate a summary odds ratio (and ninety five% self-confidence interval) throughout databases for current use of each unique NSAID (supplied that a point estimate was available from a minimum of two databases), as opposed with past utilization of any NSAID. Heterogeneity concerning databases specific odds ratios was assessed by Cochrans Q and Higgins I2 figures.31 ...
Risk and Odds · Part OneRisk and Odds · Part One
Relative Risk and Odds Ratios are both methods of comparing the likelihood of an outcome occurring between two groups. The difference, and particularly the concept of odds ratios, are commonly confused. Relative risk tends be much more intuitive than odds ratios. Imagine a trial has been performed, where group A was exposed group:. ...
The best Side of case study solutionThe best Side of case study solution
The covariates accessible for all databases had been usually compelled to enter the design, presented they arrived at a minimum of 5% prevalence between controls. Other covariates ended up provided, delivered they ended up drastically (P0.ten for elimination). Secondly, we used a random results meta-analytic model29 30 to estimate a summary odds ratio (and ninety five% self-confidence interval) across databases for existing use of each and every specific NSAID (provided that some extent estimate was obtainable from not less than two databases), when compared with earlier usage of any NSAID. Heterogeneity involving databases specific odds ratios was assessed by Cochrans Q and Higgins I2 figures. ...
Odds ratio of 1.00 while the IV is statistically significant | Statistics Help @ Talk Stats ForumOdds ratio of 1.00 while the IV is statistically significant | Statistics Help @ Talk Stats Forum
I apologize in advance for the stupid question. I am new to statistics. I got an odds ratio of 1.00 while the independent variable is statistically...
Logistic Regression ExampleLogistic Regression Example
7) OR=Odds Ratio. The odds of a change in the dependent variable (vote) given a one unit change in age is 1.03. Note: if the OR is ,1, odds increase; if OR ,1, odds decrease; if OR =1, odds are unchanged by this variable. In this example, the odds of voting increases with a one unit increase in age ...
Odds Ratio Confidence Intervals in SNP TestOdds Ratio Confidence Intervals in SNP Test
Hello, I am using SNP Test to do association testing and generate relevant statistics. One of my SNPs appeared strongly associated, p=1.09*10-6; OR = 1.16, 95% CI 0.99 -1.35.. I was just wondering what is being used to calculate the OR CI since it crosses 1, but the p-value appears highly significant.. Can anyone explain this to me?. ...
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... , Odds Ratio, Relative Risk, and Risk Difference: How to Use Odds Ratio, Relative Risk, and Risk Difference to Describe the Association Between Two Categorical...
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Considered odd medical - Things You Didnt KnowConsidered odd medical - Things You Didn't Know
Considered odd medical - If I show symptoms for HIV 6 hours post exposure, will I be considered odd in medical history? No such thing. There are no such symptoms of hiv. Your luster of parasthesia is meaningless and not a symptom of any disease.
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The Definitive Guide to case study assistanceThe Definitive Guide to case study assistance
By Conference, ninety five% certainty is taken into account superior ample for researchers to draw conclusions that can be generalised from samples to populations. If were comparing two groups making use of relative measures, such as relative dangers or odds ratios, and navigate to these guys see that the 95% CI incorporates the worth of 1 in its selection, we will say that there is no distinction between the groups ...
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14 Facts about Inauguration Day14 Facts about Inauguration Day
The peaceful transfer of power has occurred on every inauguration day, the events surrounding this notable occasion have on occasion taken an odd turn.
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Odds Ratio and Attributable Risk (Retrospective) - StatsDirectOdds Ratio and Attributable Risk (Retrospective) - StatsDirect
Odds ratio (OR) = (a*d)/(b*c). Estimate of population exposure (Px) = c/(c+d). Estimate of population attributable risk% = 100*(Px*(OR-1))/(1+(Px*(OR-1))). In retrospective studies you select subjects by outcome and look back to see if they have a characteristic factor such as a risk factor or a protection factor for a disease. The odds ratio ((a/c)/(b/d)) looks at the likelihood of an outcome in relation to a characteristic factor. In epidemiological terms, the odds ratio is used as a point estimate of the relative risk in retrospective studies. Odds ratio is the key statistic for most case-control studies.. In prospective studies, Attributable risk or risk difference is used to quantify risk in the exposed group that is attributable to the exposure. In retrospective studies, attributable risk can not be calculated directly but population attributable risk can be estimated. Population attributable risk estimates the proportion of disease in the study population that is attributable to the ...
Odds Ratio and Attributable Risk (Retrospective) - StatsDirectOdds Ratio and Attributable Risk (Retrospective) - StatsDirect
Odds ratio (OR) = (a*d)/(b*c). Estimate of population exposure (Px) = c/(c+d). Estimate of population attributable risk% = 100*(Px*(OR-1))/(1+(Px*(OR-1))). In retrospective studies you select subjects by outcome and look back to see if they have a characteristic factor such as a risk factor or a protection factor for a disease. The odds ratio ((a/c)/(b/d)) looks at the likelihood of an outcome in relation to a characteristic factor. In epidemiological terms, the odds ratio is used as a point estimate of the relative risk in retrospective studies. Odds ratio is the key statistic for most case-control studies.. In prospective studies, Attributable risk or risk difference is used to quantify risk in the exposed group that is attributable to the exposure. In retrospective studies, attributable risk can not be calculated directly but population attributable risk can be estimated. Population attributable risk estimates the proportion of disease in the study population that is attributable to the ...
Tom Prophet Hsiung » Why the Odds Ratio Can Be Used as an Estimate for Relative Risk in a Case-Control StudyTom 'Prophet' Hsiung » Why the Odds Ratio Can Be Used as an Estimate for Relative Risk in a Case-Control Study
The latter term is the odds ratio of the population (literally, the ratio of the odds of disease in those with the risk factor, a/b, to the odds of disease in those without the risk factor, c/d). a/c in the population equals a/c in the sample is the cases are representative of all cases in the population (i.e., have the same prevalence of the risk factor). Similarly, b/d equals b/d if the controls are representative. Therefore, the population parameters in this last term can be replaced by the sample parameters, and we are left with the fact that the odds ratio observed in the sample, ad/bc, is a close approximation of the relative risk in the population [a/(a + b)]/[c/(c + d)], provided that the disease is rare. Why cant calculate risk in a case-control study? For most people, the risk of some particular outcome, being akin to probability, makes more sense and is easier to interpret than the odds for that same outcome. To calculate the risk, you need to know two things: the total ...
Logistic Regression (Multiple Logistic, Odds Ratio) - StatsDirectLogistic Regression (Multiple Logistic, Odds Ratio) - StatsDirect
Approximate confidence intervals are given for the odds ratios derived from the covariates.. Bootstrap estimates A bootstrap procedure may be used to cross-validate confidence intervals calculated for odds ratios derived from fitted logistic models (Efron and Tibshirani, 1997; Gong, 1986). The bootstrap confidence intervals used here are the bias-corrected type.. The mechanism that StatsDirect uses is to draw a specified number of random samples (with replacement, i.e. some observations are drawn once only, others more than once and some not at all) from your data. These re-samples are fed back into the logistic regression and bootstrap estimates of confidence intervals for the model parameters are made by examining the model parameters calculated at each cycle of the process. The bias statistic shows how much each mean model parameter from the bootstrap distribution deviates from observed model parameters.. Classification and ROC curve The confidence interval given with the likelihood ...
Polygenic Risk Scores: Odds ratio or Beta-coefficient?Polygenic Risk Scores: Odds ratio or Beta-coefficient?
Hi all, I have recently started a project on modelling a polygenic risk score model to evaluate its utilitiy in predicting a certain disease. After doing some reading, I have come across various models for unweighted and weighted Genetic Risk Score models. I am wondering about the use of odds ratio (OR) versus the Beta-coefficient of each SNP variant in a risk score model. For instance, here they used the Beta-coefficient in their model, while here they used the odds ratio. Is there any difference in using the odds ratio versus the Beta-coefficient in a risk score model? Also, I noticed that some papers use log(OR) rather than ln(OR), is there a major difference between both?. Thanks!. ...
21st Century Researchers: Stata: Export Logistic Regression (Coefficient/Odds ratio) to Word or Excel21st Century Researchers: Stata: Export Logistic Regression (Coefficient/Odds ratio) to Word or Excel
Stata provides two commands for logistic regression: logit and logistic. Logit reports coefficients; whereas logistic reports odds ratios. The general command for logistic regression appears like this ...
case study analysis for Dummiescase study analysis for Dummies
19, P = 0.003). It is a vintage example of confounding, Because the altered odds ratio differed from the crude odds ratio (0.7) due to the fact zidovudine use was a lot more likely among the equally case people and controls after exposure characterized by one or more of the 4 possibility components inside the design. These hazard components have been much more commonplace between case clients than among the controls, indicating the case patients had far more major publicity in comparison to the controls; for this reason, the crude odds ratio for zidovudine use was seriously confounded ...
The best Side of case study helpThe best Side of case study help
19, P = 0.003). This is the common illustration of confounding, For the reason that modified odds ratio differed from the crude odds ratio (0.7) because zidovudine use was far more very likely amid both equally case sufferers and controls immediately after publicity characterised by one or more with the four possibility variables from the model. These hazard elements ended up much more prevalent amid case people than amid controls, indicating which the case patients experienced additional significant publicity as opposed to controls; thats why, the crude odds ratio for zidovudine use was severely confounded ...
The best Side of case study helpThe best Side of case study help
19, P = 0.003). This can be a basic illustration of confounding, since the altered odds ratio differed in the crude odds ratio (0.7) because zidovudine use was browse around here more very likely amongst both equally case sufferers and controls after publicity characterized by a number of of your 4 danger things while in the model. These chance variables were extra common amid case people than among the controls, indicating the case clients had far more severe exposure in comparison to the controls; as a result, the crude odds ratio for zidovudine use was seriously confounded ...
R] glm: getting the confidence interval for an Odds Ratio, when using predict()R] glm: getting the confidence interval for an Odds Ratio, when using predict()
Case solved. Thanks a lot Peter! Dominic C. -----Message dorigine----- De : peter dalgaard [mailto:pdalgd at gmail.com] Envoyé : 20 mars 2012 07:57 À : Dominic Comtois Cc : r-help at r-project.org help Objet : Re: [R] glm: getting the confidence interval for an Odds Ratio, when using predict() [Oops, forgot cc. to list] On Mar 20, 2012, at 04:40 , Dominic Comtois wrote: , I apologize for the errors in the previous code. Here is a reworked example. It works, but I suspect problems in the se calculation. I changed, from the 1st prediction to the 2nd only one covariate, so that the ORs CI should be equal to the exponentiated variables coefficient and ci. And we get something different: Yep. Classical rookie mistake: Forgot to take sqrt() in the se. I then get , se ,- sqrt(contr %*% V %*% t(contr)) , , # display the CI , exp(contr %*% coef(model) + qnorm(c(.025,.50,.975))*se) [1] 0.655531 1.686115 4.336918 , , # the point estimate is ok, as verified with , exp(model$coefficients[3]) x2cat2 ...
R] Plot of odds ratios obtained from a logistic modelR] Plot of odds ratios obtained from a logistic model
Hi all! I am trying to develop a plot a figure in which I would like to show the odds ratios obtained from a logistic model. I have tried with the dotplot option but no success. Could you help me? Is there any option when modelling the logistic model in R? Thank you in advance ...
Whats the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomesWhat's the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes
Logistic regression is used frequently in cohort studies and clinical trials. When the incidence of an outcome of interest is common in the study population (|10%), the adjusted odds ratio derived from the logistic regression can no longer approximate the risk ratio. The more frequent the outcome …
Journal: Journal of the American College of Nutrition / Source: 2019 v.38 no.5 / Subject: odds ratio - PubAg Search ResultsJournal: Journal of the American College of Nutrition / Source: 2019 v.38 no.5 / Subject: odds ratio - PubAg Search Results
This meta-analysis aimed to summarize the association between anthocyanin consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer. All relative articles were located on online databases, including PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library as of June 11, 2018. Risk ratios (RRs) or odds ratio and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated through the STATA 12.0 software package. A total of seven stud ...
Plus itPlus it
Validity of responses to film questions-To evaluate the validity of adolescents recollection of films they had seen, we re-contacted 49 adolescents who had participated in a longitudinal study in which they reported each month the films they had seen in the past week. Adolescents had excellent recognition of the films they reported seeing during the previous year, identifying films correctly 88% of the time. In addition, the adolescents rarely reported seeing false film titles with false actors (3.0%) or false film titles with real actors (2.7%).. Statistical analysis-We used the χ2 test or analysis of variance to evaluate the association between trying smoking and each of the confounding variables. We used logistic regression to determine the crude odds ratios, adjusted odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals. Firstly, we used a crude model in which exposure to smoking in films was entered as four categories that corresponded to fourths of exposure in the student population. Next, we added ...
Matched Pairs Odds Ratio ExampleMatched Pairs Odds Ratio Example
Problems due to Small Samples and Sparse Data in - died Odds Ratio Std. Err. z P>|z| Cohort matched-pair risk ratio 298 Estimating adjusted risk ratios for matched and unmatched data:.
ChB3-CDFOR2LRR: Convert CDF Odds Ratio to Logged Relative Risks in PwrGSD: Power in a Group Sequential DesignChB3-CDFOR2LRR: Convert CDF Odds Ratio to Logged Relative Risks in PwrGSD: Power in a Group Sequential Design
Given the values of the baseline hazard and odds ratio of the CDF at a grid of time points find the corresponding logged risk ratio.
The Estimation of the Odds Ratio by Petos Method<...The Estimation of the Odds Ratio by Peto's Method<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The Estimation of the Odds Ratio by Petos Method. AU - Scott, William F. PY - 2004. Y1 - 2004. M3 - Article. VL - 29. SP - 45. EP - 48. JO - Mathematical Sciences. JF - Mathematical Sciences. SN - 0312-3685. ER - ...
combinatorics - What is the probability that a 1 was sent, given that 1 was received? - Mathematics Stack Exchangecombinatorics - What is the probability that a 1 was sent, given that 1 was received? - Mathematics Stack Exchange
Lets start out simply:. The odds of a 0 being sent are 0.3. The odds of a 1 being sent are 0.4. The odds of a 2 being sent are 0.3.. The odds of a 1 being received given that a 0 was sent are 0.2. Out of the total sample space, thats odds of 0.3 * 0.2 = 0.06.. Likewise, odds of a 2 being sent and a 1 being received (out of total sample space) is 0.3 * 0.1 = 0.03.. Total odds (out of total sample space) of a 1 being received when something else was sent is then 0.03 + 0.06 = 0.09.. Odds of a 1 being sent and received is 0.4 * 0.7 = 0.28. (Note: Given that a 1 was sent, odds of a 0 being received are 0.2. Given that a 1 was sent, odds of a 2 being received are 0.1. Thus, given that a 1 was sent, odds of a 1 being received are 0.7.). So given that a 1 was received, the odds that it was actually a 1 that was sent are 0.28 / (0.28 + 0.09) = 0.28 / 0.37 = 28/37 $\approx$ 0.757.. ...
HomVEE - Child First - Effects Shown in Research & Outcome Measure DetailsHomVEE - Child First - Effects Shown in Research & Outcome Measure Details
For a uniform approach, HomVEE calculates mean differences as the program group mean minus the comparison group mean. In some studies, authors did this calculation in the opposite direction.. The odds ratio is the odds of an event occurring in one group divided by the odds of an event occurring in another group. If the odds of an event occurring in group A equals 3 and the odds of an event occurring in group B equals 2, the odds ratio equals 1.5. In other words, there is a 1.5 times greater likelihood the event will occur in group A than in group B.. ...
HomVEE - Parents as Teachers (PAT)<sup>®</sup> - Effects Shown in Research & Outcome...HomVEE - Parents as Teachers (PAT)<sup>®</sup> - Effects Shown in Research & Outcome...
For a uniform approach, HomVEE calculates mean differences as the program group mean minus the comparison group mean. In some studies, authors did this calculation in the opposite direction.. The odds ratio is the odds of an event occurring in one group divided by the odds of an event occurring in another group. If the odds of an event occurring in group A equals 3 and the odds of an event occurring in group B equals 2, the odds ratio equals 1.5. In other words, there is a 1.5 times greater likelihood the event will occur in group A than in group B.. ...
Quantitative Bias Analysis for Epidemiologic DataQuantitative Bias Analysis for Epidemiologic Data
List of 4 ## $ obs.data : num [1:2, 1:2] 215 668 1449 4296 ## ..- attr(*, dimnames)=List of 2 ## .. ..$ : chr [1:2] BC+ BC- ## .. ..$ : chr [1:2] Smoke+ Smoke- ## $ obs.measures: num [1:2, 1:3] 0.965 0.954 0.852 0.809 1.093 ... ## ..- attr(*, dimnames)=List of 2 ## .. ..$ : chr [1:2] Observed Relative Risk: Observed Odds Ratio: ## .. ..$ : chr [1:3] 2.5% 97.5% ## $ adj.measures: num [1:4, 1:3] 0.943 0.925 0.936 0.916 0.882 ... ## ..- attr(*, dimnames)=List of 2 ## .. ..$ : chr [1:4] Relative Risk -- systematic error: Odds Ratio -- systematic error: Relative Risk -- systematic and random error: Odds Ratio -- systematic and random error: ## .. ..$ : chr [1:3] Median 2.5th percentile 97.5th percentile ## $ sim.df :data.frame: 50000 obs. of 12 variables: ## ..$ seca : num [1:50000] 0.772 0.897 0.802 0.921 0.935 ... ## ..$ seexp : num [1:50000] 0.772 0.897 0.802 0.921 0.935 ... ## ..$ spca : num [1:50000] 0.919 0.94 0.912 0.943 0.965 ... ## ..$ spexp : ...
2008.01479] Interaction between two exposures: determining odds ratios and confidence intervals for risk estimates2008.01479] Interaction between two exposures: determining odds ratios and confidence intervals for risk estimates
Abstract: In epidemiological research, it is common to investigate the interaction between risk factors for an outcome such as a disease and hence to estimate the risk associated with being exposed for either or both of two risk factors under investigation. Interactions can be estimated both on the additive and multiplicative scale using the same regression model. We here present a review for calculating interaction and estimating the risk and confidence interval of two exposures using a single regression model and the relationship between measures, particularly the standard error for the combined exposure risk group ...
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Results of epidemiological studies need to be expressed in understandable terms if they are to be of practical use to clinicians and policy makers. Case-control studies are often used to study adverse effects of treatment; odds ratios from these are used to express the magnitude of adverse effects, but are not intuitively understandable estimates of risk. A more understandable and informative means of expressing the risk of adverse events in case-control studies is "the number of patients needed to be treated for one additional patient to be harmed". This is calculated from the odds ratio and the unexposed event ratemdash;that is, the rate of occurrence of the adverse event of interest in people not exposed to the treatment. ...
Poker Implied OddsPoker Implied Odds
Implied odds are a very useful extension of pot odds that will help you to make more profitable decisions with drawing hands. Use this guide to help you learn how to use implied odds.
Odds help - Learning Poker - CardsChat™Odds help - Learning Poker - CardsChat™
Hello everyone, I have a question about odds / pot odds. The formula for the pot odds is: for example I have 3 outs (14.67: 1 flop to turn,
北京市18~65岁居民高胆固醇血症流行现状与影响因素分析 - 中华流行病学杂志北京市18~65岁居民高胆固醇血症流行现状与影响因素分析 - 中华流行病学杂志
结果. 17 662例有效样本中，血清胆固醇均值为（4.69±0.95）mmol/L，高胆固醇血症患病率为6.26%，边缘值升高率为21.34%。男性高胆固醇血症患病率为6.33%，女性为6.20%，差异无统计学意义（Z=1.64，P=0.10）；城区居民患病率为6.73%，高于郊区居民的5.59%（Z=-7.27，P,0.01）。高胆固醇血症患病率随年龄增加呈上升趋势（趋势检验χ2=308.85，P,0.01），其中男性（χ2=81.65，P,0.01）、女性（χ2=318.04，P,0.01）、城区居民（χ2=201.77，P,0.01）、郊区居民（χ2=114.65，P,0.01）均呈相同趋势。多因素logistic回归分析显示，高年龄组、女性（OR=1.23，95%CI：1.04~1.45）、超重（OR=1.56，95%CI：1.34~1.81）、肥胖（OR=1.82，95%CI：1.54~2.16）、每天吸烟（OR=1.24，95%CI：1.03~1.50）、每天饮酒（OR=1.40，95%CI：1.12~1.75）、牛羊肉摄入每周,1次（OR=1.19，95%CI：1.02~1.39）是高胆固醇血症的危险因素。 ...
Converting probability to oddsConverting probability to odds
Having problems converting some probabilities into odds. Need to turn these probabilities into odds as 1 in X chance 0.192 0.01408 0.00128 0.000192 0.00000256 0.00000128 0.000000256
Ill Take Those Odds Achievement in F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin (JP)I'll Take Those Odds Achievement in F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin (JP)
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Search of: 19431006 [PUBMED-IDS] - List Results - ClinicalTrials.govSearch of: 19431006 [PUBMED-IDS] - List Results - ClinicalTrials.gov
The odds ratio was the primary outcome measure of association between the the occurrence of complications and exposure to health providers in the past 12 months ...
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About 2 1/2 weeks ago, I thought I was having a flare, but it turned out to be part of a virus/flu. I had 3 days of mild diarrhea, my lower left was raw, but then.....
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Behavioural geneticsBehavioural genetics
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Log-linear analysisLog-linear analysis
Logistic regressionLogistic regression
EpidemiologyEpidemiology
Binary classificationBinary classification
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Differential diagnoses of depressionDifferential diagnoses of depression
Cross-sectional studyCross-sectional study
Sensitivity and specificitySensitivity and specificity
Multinomial logistic regressionMultinomial logistic regression
Retrospective cohort studyRetrospective cohort study
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H2 antagonistH2 antagonist
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Multifactor dimensionality reductionMultifactor dimensionality reduction
War of the Ring (SPI game)War of the Ring (SPI game)
Evaluation of binary classifiersEvaluation of binary classifiers
Preventive fractionPreventive fraction
Genome-wide association studyGenome-wide association study
Human mortality from H5N1Human mortality from H5N1
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Glossary of North American horse racingGlossary of North American horse racing
CoccolithophoreCoccolithophore
Birth weightBirth weight
Coefficient of colligationCoefficient of colligation
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Predictive genomicsPredictive genomics
Long-term effects of alcohol consumptionLong-term effects of alcohol consumption
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MiscarriageMiscarriage
Apolipoprotein EApolipoprotein E
Group B streptococcal infectionGroup B streptococcal infection
Medical malpracticeMedical malpractice
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Ronald J. FalkRonald J. Falk
Penile cancerPenile cancer
Sally ClarkSally Clark
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Porcelain gallbladderPorcelain gallbladder
Thai lotteryThai lottery
Cohens hCohen's h
5-HT2A receptor5-HT2A receptor
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Differential item functioningDifferential item functioning
Binomial regressionBinomial regression
Quantitative trait locusQuantitative trait locus
HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2
Sports bettingSports betting
AntidepressantAntidepressant
Bayesian econometricsBayesian econometrics
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Clave (rhythm)Clave (rhythm)
Level of measurementLevel of measurement
DownwindersDownwinders
TranslationTranslation
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Open accessOpen access
ReproducibilityReproducibility
Television licensing in the United KingdomTelevision licensing in the United Kingdom
ProbabilityProbability
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Genetic linkageGenetic linkage
Design of experimentsDesign of experiments
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Wolbachia, a enciclopedia libreWolbachia, a enciclopedia libre
DiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
Odds RatioCase-Control StudiesRisk FactorsLogistic ModelsConfidence IntervalsCohort StudiesGenetic Predisposition to DiseasePrevalenceCross-Sectional StudiesMultivariate AnalysisGenotypeProspective StudiesRetrospective StudiesPolymorphism, Single NucleotidePolymorphism, GeneticRisk AssessmentSmokingUnited StatesQuestionnairesPregnancyAge FactorsTreatment OutcomeRiskSex FactorsInfant, NewbornEuropean Continental Ancestry GroupRegression AnalysisFollow-Up StudiesTime FactorsSocioeconomic FactorsGene FrequencyChi-Square DistributionAllelesPredictive Value of TestsAsian Continental Ancestry GroupIncidenceComorbidityBody Mass IndexChinaJapanSeverity of Illness IndexHaplotypesRegistriesLongitudinal StudiesPrognosisSex DistributionSwedenHealth SurveysAfrican AmericansHospital MortalityRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicEnvironmental ExposureBreast NeoplasmsAlcohol DrinkingEthnic GroupsCaliforniaEducational StatusObesityStrokeBiological MarkersEpidemiologic MethodsParityAfrican Continental Ancestry GroupGenetic Association StudiesAge DistributionHospitalizationHispanic AmericansHypertensionItalyMyocardial InfarctionPregnancy OutcomeHIV InfectionsConfounding Factors (Epidemiology)Diabetes MellitusResidence CharacteristicsPopulation SurveillanceDenmarkFranceDietGermanyPregnancy ComplicationsOccupational DiseasesSpainColorectal NeoplasmsDemographyGreat BritainLinkage DisequilibriumContinental Population GroupsHealth StatusPremature BirthPostoperative ComplicationsGenetic VariationOccupationsUrban PopulationLife StyleRural PopulationAsthmaWashingtonGenome-Wide Association StudyRepublic of KoreaNetherlandsPublication BiasAge of OnsetOccupational ExposureROC CurveNew YorkLength of StayNorwaySensitivity and SpecificityDatabases, FactualMassachusettsMass ScreeningCoronary Artery DiseaseTaiwanPesticidesBirth WeightRecurrenceEuropeNorth CarolinaCanadaMetabolic Syndrome XDepressionBreast FeedingChronic DiseaseCausalityMothersInterviews as TopicAbortion, SpontaneousAcute DiseaseLinear ModelsCardiovascular DiseasesSurvival AnalysisTobacco Smoke PollutionBias (Epidemiology)Gestational AgeDisease ProgressionMaternal ExposureDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2San FranciscoPatient Acceptance of Health CarePolymerase Chain ReactionHousingPrenatal Exposure Delayed EffectsAnalysis of VarianceInfant, Low Birth WeightCoronary DiseaseProbabilityIndiaSexual BehaviorHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeFinlandData CollectionSurvival RateContraceptives, OralOutcome Assessment (Health Care)Lung NeoplasmsMexicoHealth BehaviorUrban HealthEnglandSocial ClassOverweightFamily HealthTexasHealth Services AccessibilityProstatic NeoplasmsBostonIntensive Care UnitsDiabetes ComplicationsHealthcare DisparitiesPhysician's Practice PatternsMaternal AgeLos AngelesWounds and InjuriesPatient ComplianceC-Reactive ProteinCookingMeta-Analysis as TopicHomozygoteMarital StatusPennsylvaniaSelf ReportSmoking CessationRespiratory SoundsPostmenopauseReference ValuesNew HampshireNeoplasmsAnti-Bacterial AgentsMethylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)Stress, PsychologicalOntarioNutrition SurveysPhiladelphiaModels, StatisticalBrain IschemiaFamily CharacteristicsParentsIncomeGravidityEmergency Service, Hospital
IJERPH | Free Full-Text | Computing Power and Sample Size for Informational Odds RatioIJERPH | Free Full-Text | Computing Power and Sample Size for Informational Odds Ratio
Odds Ratio and Relative Risks :: SAS/STAT(R) 13.1 Users GuideOdds Ratio and Relative Risks :: SAS/STAT(R) 13.1 User's Guide
Interpretation of Genetic Association Studies: Markers with Replicated Highly Significant Odds Ratios May Be Poor ClassifiersInterpretation of Genetic Association Studies: Markers with Replicated Highly Significant Odds Ratios May Be Poor Classifiers
Theres Nothing Odd about the Odds Ratio: Interpreting Binary Logistic Regression - Statistics SolutionsThere's Nothing Odd about the Odds Ratio: Interpreting Binary Logistic Regression - Statistics Solutions
Odds ratio interpretation | Statistics Help @ Talk Stats ForumOdds ratio interpretation | Statistics Help @ Talk Stats Forum
Odds Ratio Confidence Intervals in SNP TestOdds Ratio Confidence Intervals in SNP Test
Odds Ratio Proc Logistic Question - SAS Support CommunitiesOdds Ratio Proc Logistic Question - SAS Support Communities
Geeglm odds ratio geepack r exampleGeeglm odds ratio geepack r example
ExploringDataBlog: Computing Odds Ratios in RExploringDataBlog: Computing Odds Ratios in R
absolute risk, relative risk, and odds ratio | Term Papers Writerabsolute risk, relative risk, and odds ratio | Term Papers Writer
Odds ratios (OR)† and corresponding 95% confidence in | Open-iOdds ratios (OR)† and corresponding 95% confidence in | Open-i
Logistic Regression ExampleLogistic Regression Example
When can odds ratios mislead? | The BMJWhen can odds ratios mislead? | The BMJ
Odds ratio - WikipediaOdds ratio - Wikipedia
Relative risks or odds ratios? | CMAJRelative risks or odds ratios? | CMAJ
RE: st: Odds ratioRE: st: Odds ratio
Diagnostic odds ratio - WikipediaDiagnostic odds ratio - Wikipedia
R] Odds ratios from lrm plotR] Odds ratios from lrm plot
Believability of relative risks and odds ratios in abstracts: cross sectional study | The BMJBelievability of relative risks and odds ratios in abstracts: cross sectional study | The BMJ
Analysis of biomarker data: logs, odds ratios, and receiver operating characteristic curves. - PubMed - NCBIAnalysis of biomarker data: logs, odds ratios, and receiver operating characteristic curves. - PubMed - NCBI
Association & Odds Ratios | Page 5 | CAUSEwebAssociation & Odds Ratios | Page 5 | CAUSEweb
The Odds Ratio Estimates Table :: SAS/STAT(R) 13.2 Users GuideThe Odds Ratio Estimates Table :: SAS/STAT(R) 13.2 User's Guide
Odds ratio | definition of odds ratio by Medical dictionaryOdds ratio | definition of odds ratio by Medical dictionary
R] Getting Odds ratios for tree branches-CART modelR] Getting Odds ratios for tree branches-CART model
NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search - 20033772 - Comparing odds ratios measuring improvement or deterioration across repeated...NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search - 20033772 - Comparing odds ratios measuring improvement or deterioration across repeated...
odds ratio - Math Help Forumodds ratio - Math Help Forum
Down with odds ratios! | BMJ Evidence-Based MedicineDown with odds ratios! | BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine
Odds Ratio and Attributable Risk (Retrospective) - StatsDirectOdds Ratio and Attributable Risk (Retrospective) - StatsDirect
Measuring association using odds ratios | R-bloggersMeasuring association using odds ratios | R-bloggers
Odds ratios of work related deaths in United States workers. | Occupational & Environmental MedicineOdds ratios of work related deaths in United States workers. | Occupational & Environmental Medicine
Relative Risk Ratio and Odds Ratio - Statistics.comRelative Risk Ratio and Odds Ratio - Statistics.com
Association between suicidal ideation and suicide: meta-analyses of odds ratios, sensitivity, specificity and positive...Association between suicidal ideation and suicide: meta-analyses of odds ratios, sensitivity, specificity and positive...
Odds ratio - LesswrongwikiOdds ratio - Lesswrongwiki
New resource can help you assess hazards and risks and odds ratios | Association of Health Care JournalistsNew resource can help you assess hazards and risks and odds ratios | Association of Health Care Journalists
Table 7 Odds ratios relating change in home smoke-free status and other selected characteristics to smokers quitting in a two...Table 7 Odds ratios relating change in home smoke-free status and other selected characteristics to smokers' quitting in a two...
CRAN - Package oddsratioCRAN - Package oddsratio
Download Unconditional Small Sample Confidence Intervals For The Odds RatioDownload Unconditional Small Sample Confidence Intervals For The Odds Ratio
Difference between revisions of Odds ratio - LesswrongwikiDifference between revisions of "Odds ratio" - Lesswrongwiki
Multivariate odds ratios of chronic kidney disease | ZanranMultivariate odds ratios of chronic kidney disease | Zanran
DiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
Odds RatioCase-Control StudiesRisk FactorsLogistic ModelsConfidence IntervalsCohort StudiesGenetic Predisposition to DiseasePrevalenceCross-Sectional StudiesMultivariate AnalysisGenotypeProspective StudiesRetrospective StudiesPolymorphism, Single NucleotidePolymorphism, GeneticRisk AssessmentSmokingUnited StatesQuestionnairesPregnancyAge FactorsTreatment OutcomeRiskSex FactorsInfant, NewbornEuropean Continental Ancestry GroupRegression AnalysisFollow-Up StudiesTime FactorsSocioeconomic FactorsGene FrequencyChi-Square DistributionAllelesPredictive Value of TestsAsian Continental Ancestry GroupIncidenceComorbidityBody Mass IndexChinaJapanSeverity of Illness IndexHaplotypesRegistriesLongitudinal StudiesPrognosisSex DistributionSwedenHealth SurveysAfrican AmericansHospital MortalityRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicEnvironmental ExposureBreast NeoplasmsAlcohol DrinkingEthnic GroupsCaliforniaEducational StatusObesityStrokeBiological MarkersEpidemiologic MethodsParityAfrican Continental Ancestry GroupGenetic Association StudiesAge DistributionHospitalizationHispanic AmericansHypertensionItalyMyocardial InfarctionPregnancy OutcomeHIV InfectionsConfounding Factors (Epidemiology)Diabetes MellitusResidence CharacteristicsPopulation SurveillanceDenmarkFranceDietGermanyPregnancy ComplicationsOccupational DiseasesSpainColorectal NeoplasmsDemographyGreat BritainLinkage DisequilibriumContinental Population GroupsHealth StatusPremature BirthPostoperative ComplicationsGenetic VariationOccupationsUrban PopulationLife StyleRural PopulationAsthmaWashingtonGenome-Wide Association StudyRepublic of KoreaNetherlandsPublication BiasAge of OnsetOccupational ExposureROC CurveNew YorkLength of StayNorwaySensitivity and SpecificityDatabases, FactualMassachusettsMass ScreeningCoronary Artery DiseaseTaiwanPesticidesBirth WeightRecurrenceEuropeNorth CarolinaCanadaMetabolic Syndrome XDepressionBreast FeedingChronic DiseaseCausalityMothersInterviews as TopicAbortion, SpontaneousAcute DiseaseLinear ModelsCardiovascular DiseasesSurvival AnalysisTobacco Smoke PollutionBias (Epidemiology)Gestational AgeDisease ProgressionMaternal ExposureDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2San FranciscoPatient Acceptance of Health CarePolymerase Chain ReactionHousingPrenatal Exposure Delayed EffectsAnalysis of VarianceInfant, Low Birth WeightCoronary DiseaseProbabilityIndiaSexual BehaviorHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeFinlandData CollectionSurvival RateContraceptives, OralOutcome Assessment (Health Care)Lung NeoplasmsMexicoHealth BehaviorUrban HealthEnglandSocial ClassOverweightFamily HealthTexasHealth Services AccessibilityProstatic NeoplasmsBostonIntensive Care UnitsDiabetes ComplicationsHealthcare DisparitiesPhysician's Practice PatternsMaternal AgeLos AngelesWounds and InjuriesPatient ComplianceC-Reactive ProteinCookingMeta-Analysis as TopicHomozygoteMarital StatusPennsylvaniaSelf ReportSmoking CessationRespiratory SoundsPostmenopauseReference ValuesNew HampshireNeoplasmsAnti-Bacterial AgentsMethylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)Stress, PsychologicalOntarioNutrition SurveysPhiladelphiaModels, StatisticalBrain IschemiaFamily CharacteristicsParentsIncomeGravidityEmergency Service, Hospital
LogisticEstimateEstimatesCalculateConfidenceOutcomeWaldRiskProbabilityProbabilitiesHazard ratiosRisksCoefficientsLogitMeta-analysesTerms of odds ratiosEstimates of odds ratiosCalculation of odds ratiosEpidemiologyBayesOutcomesInterpret odds ratiosRegressionCommonlyConvertIntervalsRelative riskProportional odds ratioPLoS GeneticsPredictorsAttributable riskCoefficientObtain the oddsConfounderSimplifiesCalculatesExposure odds ratioLikelihood ratiosComputeStatisticalConfidence limitsMarginal oddsHaving a myocardial infarctionEstimationPercentageDifferencesConditional oddsPlotQuartilesMathematicallyPrevalence ratioEffectAlleleInferenceCalculate the odds ratioCohort
Logistic3
Estimate3
Estimates1
  • The estimates table does not give these comparisons as displayed in the odds ratio table. (sas.com)
Calculate1
Confidence1
Outcome1
Wald1
  • Calculates risk ratio by unconditional maximum likelihood estimation (Wald), and small sample adjustment (small). (myorigami.site)
Risk2
  • The post absolute risk, relative risk, and odds ratio appeared first on College Nursing Assignments. (termpaperswriter.com)
  • Most situations where we want these statistics, I think relative risk ratios are much better, more intutitive, and easier to explain. (myorigami.site)
Probability41
Probabilities13
Hazard ratios9
Risks10
Coefficients5
Logit3
Meta-analyses1
  • Pair-Matched Case -Control Table and the McNemar test and the Pair-Matched Odds Ratio to evaluate whether an association It looks like there are no examples One relative risk versus two odds ratios: implications for meta-analyses involving paired and unpaired binary data. (mastersgfp.org)
Terms of odds ratios1
  • The reviewer commented that all results are expressed in terms of odds ratios which makes it very difficult to assess the magnitude of the effect. (stata.com)
Estimates of odds ratios1
Calculation of odds ratios1
Epidemiology1
Bayes1
  • The odds ratio form of Bayes' rule is one way mathematicians can give back to doctors. (cornell.edu)
Outcomes3
  • Odds ratios (95% CIs) comparing those with fatty kidney to those without fatty kidney are presented for dichotomous outcomes. (zanran.com)
  • An approach for modelling multiple correlated outcomes in a network of interventions using odds ratios. (semanticscholar.org)
  • If an event has an X% chance of happening, the odds that it happens are (X%)/(100-X%). The basic problem with odds ratios is that long ago someone (we should figure out who and curse their name) realized that for rare outcomes, an OR is approximately a relative risk, or (% chance thing occurs in treatment group)/(% chance thing occurs in control group). (jasonkerwin.com)
Interpret odds ratios1
Regression19
Commonly6
Convert5
Intervals24
Relative risk29
Proportional odds ratio1
  • We propose a model, the proportional odds ratio (POR) model, which makes no assumptions about the shape of OR p , a baseline function capturing the way OR changes across papers. (biomedcentral.com)
PLoS Genetics1
Predictors5
Attributable risk1
Coefficient3
  • For instance, here they used the Beta-coefficient in their model, while here they used the odds ratio. (biostars.org)
  • The odds ratio (OR) is the exponent of the beta coefficient. (biostars.org)
  • Note that Wald = 3.015 for both the coefficient for gender and for the odds ratio for gender (because the coefficient and the odds ratio are two ways of saying the same thing). (ucla.edu)
Obtain the odds1
  • This ratio is the odds ratio (OR) and can be computed following these steps: For a given individual that has "B" compute the odds that the same individual has "A" For a given individual that does not have "B" compute the odds that the same individual has "A" Divide the odds from step 1 by the odds from step 2 to obtain the odds ratio (OR). (wikipedia.org)
Confounder3
Simplifies2
  • For simplicity, suppose x and y are two binary variables of interest and assume that they are coded so that they each take the values 0 or 1 - this assumption is easily relaxed, as discussed below, but it simplifies the basic description of the odds ratio. (r-bloggers.com)
  • This new definition of the odds ratio then simplifies to the traditional odds ratio under certain independence conditions. (andershuitfeldt.net)
Calculates2
Exposure odds ratio1
Likelihood ratios4
Compute5
Statistical1
  • In this paper, we investigate dichotomisation for statistical inference about odds ratios in a situation where two underlying distributions from which independent samples are drawn are skewed and unknown. (lboro.ac.uk)
Confidence limits1
  • PROC SURVEYFREQ constructs confidence limits for the odds ratio by using the log transform. (sas.com)
Marginal odds1
Having a myocardial infarction3
Estimation1
  • If you request BRR variance estimation ( VARMETHOD=BRR ), PROC SURVEYFREQ estimates the variance of the odds ratio as described in the section Balanced Repeated Replication (BRR) . (sas.com)
Percentage3
Differences2
Conditional odds1
Plot6
Quartiles2
Mathematically1
  • The diagnostic odds ratio is defined mathematically as: Diagnostic odds ratio, DOR = T P / F P F N / T N {\displaystyle {\text{Diagnostic odds ratio, DOR}}={\frac {TP/FP}{FN/TN}}} where T P {\displaystyle TP} , F N {\displaystyle FN} , F P {\displaystyle FP} and T N {\displaystyle TN} are the number of true positives, false negatives, false positives and true negatives respectively. (wikipedia.org)
Prevalence ratio1
Effect7
  • Your effect size can come from the log of the odds-ratio, but the variance will be determined by the actual proportions involved in calculating the OR. (stata.com)
  • You can actually generate those effect size numbers (d) if you report an Odds Ratio with CI95 and a sample size, but that is more convoluted. (stata.com)
  • Odds ratios are a common measure of the size of an effect and may be reported in case-control studies, cohort studies, or clinical trials. (bmj.com)
  • We also compared the prediction error (PE) measure of effect with a predicted matched odds ratio (MOR) for final model selection and testing. (elsevier.com)
  • In meta-analysis of analgesic effect, the odds ratio (OR) was used as an index of the validity of the analgesic effect, and was presented at a 95 percent confidence interval (CI). (theveganapprentice.com)
  • The moral of the story is that (to me) odds ratios sound bigger than they really are, and effect sizes sound smaller, so you should be really careful comparing two studies that report their results differently. (fullybooked.club)
  • I frequently hear criticism of adjusted effect ratios to the effect "How do you know your model is correct? (fharrell.com)
Allele2
  • In genetic case-control association studies the OR typically represents the ratio of the odds of disease if allele A is carried compared to if allele B is carried. (genomesunzipped.org)
  • In the present study we rigorously tested MDR-PDTwith new cross-validation (CV) (both 5- and 10-fold) and omnibus model selection algorithms by simulating a range of heritabilities, odds ratios, minor allele frequencies, sample sizes, and numbers of interacting loci. (elsevier.com)
Inference2
Calculate the odds ratio1
Cohort1
  • 3 An example of a matched-pair cohort study The matched-pair odds ratio for cocaine use among those who used In an actual analysis of matched cohort data, the perform a matched analysis (that is, retaining the pair matching of one control for each case) using condi- mate of the odds ratio. (mastersgfp.org)
Interpretation of Genetic Association Studies: Markers with Replicated Highly Significant Odds Ratios May Be Poor Classifiers
Interpretation of Genetic Association Studies: Markers with Replicated Highly Significant Odds Ratios May Be Poor Classifiers (journals.plos.org)
Principles of Epidemiology: Lesson 6, Section 2|Self-Study Course SS1978|CDC
Principles of Epidemiology: Lesson 6, Section 2|Self-Study Course SS1978|CDC (cdc.gov)
Meta-analysis: Principles and procedures | The BMJ
Meta-analysis: Principles and procedures | The BMJ (bmj.com)
Recession and income inequality have fuelled HIV infections in European drug users | aidsmap
Recession and income inequality have fuelled HIV infections in European drug users | aidsmap (aidsmap.com)
IAS: Aciclovir treatment doesn't significantly reduce HIV or HSV-2 shedding in genital secretions | aidsmap
IAS: Aciclovir treatment doesn't significantly reduce HIV or HSV-2 shedding in genital secretions | aidsmap (aidsmap.com)
'Nuanced' sero-adaptive behaviours being used by Australian and American gay men |...
'Nuanced' sero-adaptive behaviours being used by Australian and American gay men |... (aidsmap.com)
Newest 'dummy-variable' Questions - Stack Overflow
Newest 'dummy-variable' Questions - Stack Overflow (stackoverflow.com)
Glossary of scientific terms
Glossary of scientific terms (wcrf.org)
Frontiers | The Experience of Sexual Stigma and the Increased Risk of Attempted Suicide in Young Brazilian People from Low...
Frontiers | The Experience of Sexual Stigma and the Increased Risk of Attempted Suicide in Young Brazilian People from Low... (frontiersin.org)
Manning | Machine Learning with R, the tidyverse, and mlr
Manning | Machine Learning with R, the tidyverse, and mlr (manning.com)
Relative risks or odds ratios? | CMAJ
Relative risks or odds ratios? | CMAJ (cmaj.ca)
Designing and Conducting Analytic Studies in the Field | Epidemic Intelligence Service | CDC
Designing and Conducting Analytic Studies in the Field | Epidemic Intelligence Service | CDC (cdc.gov)
GWIS - model-free, fast and exhaustive search for epistatic interactions in case-control GWAS | BMC Genomics | Full Text
GWIS - model-free, fast and exhaustive search for epistatic interactions in case-control GWAS | BMC Genomics | Full Text (bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com)
Tuberculosis Outbreak Associated with a Homeless Shelter - Kane County, Illinois, 2007-2011
Tuberculosis Outbreak Associated with a Homeless Shelter - Kane County, Illinois, 2007-2011 (cdc.gov)
Principles of Epidemiology: Lesson 6 Quiz|Self-Study Course SS1978|CDC
Principles of Epidemiology: Lesson 6 Quiz|Self-Study Course SS1978|CDC (cdc.gov)
Outbreak of Campylobacteriosis Associated with a Long-Distance Obstacle Adventure Race - Nevada, October 2012
Outbreak of Campylobacteriosis Associated with a Long-Distance Obstacle Adventure Race - Nevada, October 2012 (cdc.gov)
Agronomy | Free Full-Text | Comparison of Frequentist and Bayesian Meta-Analysis Models for Assessing the Efficacy of Decision...
Agronomy | Free Full-Text | Comparison of Frequentist and Bayesian Meta-Analysis Models for Assessing the Efficacy of Decision... (mdpi.com)
Community-Based Services to Improve Testing and Linkage to Care Among Non-U.S.-Born Persons with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus...
Community-Based Services to Improve Testing and Linkage to Care Among Non-U.S.-Born Persons with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus... (cdc.gov)
Pet Dogs and Children's Health: Opportunities for Chronic Disease Prevention?
Pet Dogs and Children's Health: Opportunities for Chronic Disease Prevention? (cdc.gov)