Nucleic acid conformation. Medical search

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

DNA analogs containing neutral amide backbone linkages composed of aminoethyl glycine units instead of the usual phosphodiester linkage of deoxyribose groups. Peptide nucleic acids have high biological stability and higher affinity for complementary DNA or RNA sequences than analogous DNA oligomers.

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of DNA or RNA from one original template.

Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.

Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

NMR spectroscopy on small- to medium-size biological macromolecules. This is often used for structural investigation of proteins and nucleic acids, and often involves more than one isotope.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A computer simulation developed to study the motion of molecules over a period of time.

Variation in a population's DNA sequence that is detected by determining alterations in the conformation of denatured DNA fragments. Denatured DNA fragments are allowed to renature under conditions that prevent the formation of double-stranded DNA and allow secondary structure to form in single stranded fragments. These fragments are then run through polyacrylamide gels to detect variations in the secondary structure that is manifested as an alteration in migration through the gels.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA.

Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

An isothermal in-vitro nucleotide amplification process. The process involves the concomitant action of a RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE, a ribonuclease (RIBONUCLEASES), and DNA-DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASES to synthesize large quantities of sequence-specific RNA and DNA molecules.

A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.

A group of 13 or more deoxyribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

The scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. Analysis of the crystal structure of materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and registering the diffraction image of the rays (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY). (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Disruption of the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining the three-dimensional shape and activity of the native protein.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Double-stranded nucleic acid molecules (DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA) which contain regions of nucleotide mismatches (non-complementary). In vivo, these heteroduplexes can result from mutation or genetic recombination; in vitro, they are formed by nucleic acid hybridization. Electron microscopic analysis of the resulting heteroduplexes facilitates the mapping of regions of base sequence homology of nucleic acids.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

The accumulation of an electric charge on a object

Nucleotide sequences, generated by iterative rounds of SELEX APTAMER TECHNIQUE, that bind to a target molecule specifically and with high affinity.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

The branch of science that deals with the geometric description of crystals and their internal arrangement. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Higher-order DNA and RNA structures formed from guanine-rich sequences. They are formed around a core of at least 2 stacked tetrads of hydrogen-bonded GUANINE bases. They can be formed from one two or four separate strands of DNA (or RNA) and can display a wide variety of topologies, which are a consequence of various combinations of strand direction, length, and sequence. (From Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(19):5402-15)

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Analysis of the intensity of Raman scattering of monochromatic light as a function of frequency of the scattered light.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The assembly of the QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE of multimeric proteins (MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES) from their composite PROTEIN SUBUNITS.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

A type of FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY using two FLUORESCENT DYES with overlapping emission and absorption spectra, which is used to indicate proximity of labeled molecules. This technique is useful for studying interactions of molecules and PROTEIN FOLDING.

Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The most common form of DNA found in nature. It is a right-handed helix with 10 base pairs per turn, a pitch of 0.338 nm per base pair and a helical diameter of 1.9 nm.

Agents that are capable of inserting themselves between the successive bases in DNA, thus kinking, uncoiling or otherwise deforming it and therefore preventing its proper functioning. They are used in the study of DNA.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.

A group of ribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in MOLECULAR GENETICS to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION.

A group of 13 or more ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.

Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.

Scattering of a beam of electromagnetic or acoustic RADIATION, or particles, at small angles by particles or cavities whose dimensions are many times as large as the wavelength of the radiation or the de Broglie wavelength of the scattered particles. Also know as low angle scattering. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed) Small angle scattering (SAS) techniques, small angle neutron (SANS), X-ray (SAXS), and light (SALS, or just LS) scattering, are used to characterize objects on a nanoscale.

A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

The modification of the reactivity of ENZYMES by the binding of effectors to sites (ALLOSTERIC SITES) on the enzymes other than the substrate BINDING SITES.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

A representation, generally small in scale, to show the structure, construction, or appearance of something. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.

Molecules of DNA that possess enzymatic activity.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.

The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

The physical phenomena describing the structure and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Short fragments of DNA or RNA that are used to alter the function of target RNAs or DNAs to which they hybridize.

A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

A purine nucleoside that has guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is a component of ribonucleic acid and its nucleotides play important roles in metabolism. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.

Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

An isoform of DNA that occurs in an environment rich in SODIUM and POTASSIUM ions. It is a right-handed helix with 11 base pairs per turn, a pitch of 0.256 nm per base pair and a helical diameter of 2.3 nm.

A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids.

The measurement of the quantity of heat involved in various processes, such as chemical reactions, changes of state, and formations of solutions, or in the determination of the heat capacities of substances. The fundamental unit of measurement is the joule or the calorie (4.184 joules). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form.

The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

The use of devices which use detector molecules to detect, investigate, or analyze other molecules, macromolecules, molecular aggregates, or organisms.

The reformation of all, or part of, the native conformation of a nucleic acid molecule after the molecule has undergone denaturation.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of polypeptides and their associated ligands. Although they take part in the assembly process, molecular chaperones are not components of the final structures.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques used in the diagnosis of disease.

The ability of a protein to retain its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to physical or chemical manipulations.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

RNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. It may function even in the absence of protein. There are numerous examples of RNA species that are acted upon by catalytic RNA, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate.

The physical characteristics and processes of biological systems.

The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.

A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.

Spectrophotometry in the infrared region, usually for the purpose of chemical analysis through measurement of absorption spectra associated with rotational and vibrational energy levels of molecules. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Substances produced from the reaction between acids and bases; compounds consisting of a metal (positive) and nonmetal (negative) radical. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

The degree of 3-dimensional shape similarity between proteins. It can be an indication of distant AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and used for rational DRUG DESIGN.

DNA or RNA bound to a substrate thereby having fixed positions.

Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Polydeoxyribonucleotides made up of deoxyadenine nucleotides and thymine nucleotides. Present in DNA preparations isolated from crab species. Synthetic preparations have been used extensively in the study of DNA.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.

Databases containing information about NUCLEIC ACIDS such as BASE SEQUENCE; SNPS; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; and other properties. Information about the DNA fragments kept in a GENE LIBRARY or GENOMIC LIBRARY is often maintained in DNA databases.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Measurement of the polarization of fluorescent light from solutions or microscopic specimens. It is used to provide information concerning molecular size, shape, and conformation, molecular anisotropy, electronic energy transfer, molecular interaction, including dye and coenzyme binding, and the antigen-antibody reaction.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolases of ester bonds within DNA. EC 3.1.-.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Proteins produced from GENES that have acquired MUTATIONS.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

Small proteinaceous infectious particles which resist inactivation by procedures that modify NUCLEIC ACIDS and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. The abnormal (scrapie) isoform is PrPSc (PRPSC PROTEINS) and the cellular isoform PrPC (PRPC PROTEINS). The primary amino acid sequence of the two isoforms is identical. Human diseases caused by prions include CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME; GERSTMANN-STRAUSSLER SYNDROME; and INSOMNIA, FATAL FAMILIAL.

The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A method of generating a large library of randomized nucleotides and selecting NUCLEOTIDE APTAMERS by iterative rounds of in vitro selection. A modified procedure substitutes AMINO ACIDS in place of NUCLEOTIDES to make PEPTIDE APTAMERS.

A site on an enzyme which upon binding of a modulator, causes the enzyme to undergo a conformational change that may alter its catalytic or binding properties.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

The phenomenon whereby certain chemical compounds have structures that are different although the compounds possess the same elemental composition. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of viruses, and VIRUS DISEASES.

RNA, usually prepared by transcription from cloned DNA, which complements a specific mRNA or DNA and is generally used for studies of virus genes, distribution of specific RNA in tissues and cells, integration of viral DNA into genomes, transcription, etc. Whereas DNA PROBES are preferred for use at a more macroscopic level for detection of the presence of DNA/RNA from specific species or subspecies, RNA probes are preferred for genetic studies. Conventional labels for the RNA probe include radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. RNA probes may be further divided by category into plus-sense RNA probes, minus-sense RNA probes, and antisense RNA probes.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A group of guanine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each guanine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

Evidence on the conformation of HeLa-cell 5.8S ribosomal ribonucleic acid from the reaction of specific cytidine residues with sodium bisulphite. (1/22440)

The reaction of HeLa-cell 5.8S rRNA with NaHSO3 under conditions in which exposed cytidine residues are deaminated to uridine was studied. It was possible to estimate the reactivities of most of the 46 cytidine residues in the nucleotide sequence by comparing 'fingerprints' of the bisulphite-treated RNA with those of untreated RNA. The findings were consistent with the main features of the secondary-structure model for mammalian 5.85S rRNA proposed by Nazar, Sitz, & Busch [J. Biol. Chem (1975) 250, 8591--8597]. Five out of six regions that are depicted in the model as single-stranded loops contain cytidine residues that are reactive towards bisulphite at 25 degrees C (the other loop contains no cytidine). The cytidine residue nearest to the 3'-terminus is also reactive. Several cytidines residues that are internally located within proposed double-helical regions show little or no reactivity towards bisulphite, but the cytidine residues of several C.G pairs at the ends of helical regions show some reactivity, and one of the proposed loops appears to contain six nucleotides, rather than the minimum of four suggested by the primary structure. Two cytidine residues that are thought to be 'looped out' by small helix imperfections also show some reactivity. (+info)

Four dimers of lambda repressor bound to two suitably spaced pairs of lambda operators form octamers and DNA loops over large distances. (2/22440)

Transcription factors that are bound specifically to DNA often interact with each other over thousands of base pairs [1] [2]. Large DNA loops resulting from such interactions have been observed in Escherichia coli with the transcription factors deoR [3] and NtrC [4], but such interactions are not, as yet, well understood. We propose that unique protein complexes, that are not present in solution, may form specifically on DNA. Their uniqueness would make it possible for them to interact tightly and specifically with each other. We used the repressor and operators of coliphage lambda to construct a model system in which to test our proposition. lambda repressor is a dimer at physiological concentrations, but forms tetramers and octamers at a hundredfold higher concentration. We predict that two lambda repressor dimers form a tetramer in vitro when bound to two lambda operators spaced 24 bp apart and that two such tetramers interact to form an octamer. We examined, in vitro, relaxed circular plasmid DNA in which such operator pairs were separated by 2,850 bp and 2,470 bp. Of these molecules, 29% formed loops as seen by electron microscopy (EM). The loop increased the tightness of binding of lambda repressor to lambda operator. Consequently, repression of the lambda PR promoter in vivo was increased fourfold by the presence of a second pair of lambda operators, separated by a distance of 3,600 bp. (+info)

Tight binding of the 5' exon to domain I of a group II self-splicing intron requires completion of the intron active site. (3/22440)

Group II self-splicing requires the 5' exon to form base pairs with two stretches of intronic sequence (EBS1 and EBS2) which also bind the DNA target during retrotransposition of the intron. We have used dimethyl sulfate modification of bases to obtain footprints of the 5' exon on intron Pl.LSU/2 from the mitochondrion of the alga Pylaiella littoralis, as well as on truncated intron derivatives. Aside from the EBS sites, which are part of the same subdomain (ID) of ribozyme secondary structure, three distant adenines become either less or more sensitive to modification in the presence of the exon. Unexpectedly, one of these adenines in subdomain IC1 is footprinted only in the presence of the distal helix of domain V, which is involved in catalysis. While the loss of that footprint is accompanied by a 100-fold decrease in the affinity for the exon, both protection from modification and efficient binding can be restored by a separate domain V transcript, whose binding results in its own, concise footprint on domains I and III. Possible biological implications of the need for the group II active site to be complete in order to observe high-affinity binding of the 5' exon to domain I are discussed. (+info)

Structural basis for the specificity of the initiation of HIV-1 reverse transcription. (4/22440)

Initiation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcription requires specific recognition of the viral genome, tRNA3Lys, which acts as primer, and reverse transcriptase (RT). The specificity of this ternary complex is mediated by intricate interactions between HIV-1 RNA and tRNA3Lys, but remains poorly understood at the three-dimensional level. We used chemical probing to gain insight into the three-dimensional structure of the viral RNA-tRNA3Lys complex, and enzymatic footprinting to delineate regions interacting with RT. These and previous experimental data were used to derive a three-dimensional model of the initiation complex. The viral RNA and tRNA3Lys form a compact structure in which the two RNAs fold into distinct structural domains. The extended interactions between these molecules are not directly recognized by RT. Rather, they favor RT binding by preventing steric clashes between the nucleic acids and the polymerase and inducing a viral RNA-tRNA3Lys conformation which fits perfectly into the nucleic acid binding cleft of RT. Recognition of the 3' end of tRNA3Lys and of the first template nucleotides by RT is favored by a kink in the template strand promoted by the short junctions present in the previously established secondary structure. (+info)

Pseudouridine mapping in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spliceosomal U small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) reveals that pseudouridine synthase pus1p exhibits a dual substrate specificity for U2 snRNA and tRNA. (5/22440)

Pseudouridine (Psi) residues were localized in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spliceosomal U small nuclear RNAs (UsnRNAs) by using the chemical mapping method. In contrast to vertebrate UsnRNAs, S. cerevisiae UsnRNAs contain only a few Psi residues, which are located in segments involved in intermolecular RNA-RNA or RNA-protein interactions. At these positions, UsnRNAs are universally modified. When yeast mutants disrupted for one of the several pseudouridine synthase genes (PUS1, PUS2, PUS3, and PUS4) or depleted in rRNA-pseudouridine synthase Cbf5p were tested for UsnRNA Psi content, only the loss of the Pus1p activity was found to affect Psi formation in spliceosomal UsnRNAs. Indeed, Psi44 formation in U2 snRNA was abolished. By using purified Pus1p enzyme and in vitro-produced U2 snRNA, Pus1p is shown here to catalyze Psi44 formation in the S. cerevisiae U2 snRNA. Thus, Pus1p is the first UsnRNA pseudouridine synthase characterized so far which exhibits a dual substrate specificity, acting on both tRNAs and U2 snRNA. As depletion of rRNA-pseudouridine synthase Cbf5p had no effect on UsnRNA Psi content, formation of Psi residues in S. cerevisiae UsnRNAs is not dependent on the Cbf5p-snoRNA guided mechanism. (+info)

Comparative sequence analysis of human minisatellites showing meiotic repeat instability. (6/22440)

The highly variable human minisatellites MS32 (D1S8), MS31A (D7S21), and CEB1 (D2S90) all show recombination-based repeat instability restricted to the germline. Mutation usually results in polar interallelic conversion or occasionally in crossovers, which, at MS32 at least, extend into DNA flanking the repeat array, defining a localized recombination hotspot and suggesting that cis-acting elements in flanking DNA can influence repeat instability. Therefore, comparative sequence analysis was performed to search for common flanking elements associated with these unstable loci. All three minisatellites are located in GC-rich DNA abundant in dispersed and tandem repetitive elements. There were no significant sequence similarities between different loci upstream of the unstable end of the repeat array. Only one of the three loci showed clear evidence for putative coding sequences near the minisatellite. No consistent patterns of thermal stability or DNA secondary structure were shared by DNA flanking these loci. This work extends previous data on the genomic environment of minisatellites. In addition, this work suggests that recombinational activity is not controlled by primary or secondary characteristics of the DNA sequence flanking the repeat array and is not obviously associated with gene promoters as seen in yeast. (+info)

Specificity from steric restrictions in the guanosine binding pocket of a group I ribozyme. (7/22440)

The 3' splice site of group I introns is defined, in part, by base pairs between the intron core and residues just upstream of the splice site, referred to as P9.0. We have studied the specificity imparted by P9.0 using the well-characterized L-21 Scal ribozyme from Tetrahymena by adding residues to the 5' end of the guanosine (G) that functions as a nucleophile in the oligonucleotide cleavage reaction: CCCUCUA5 (S) + NNG <--> CCCUCU + NNGA5. UCG, predicted to form two base pairs in P9.0, reacts with a (kcat/KM) value approximately 10-fold greater than G, consistent with previous results. Altering the bases that form P9.0 in both the trinucleotide G analog and the ribozyme affects the specificity in the manner predicted for base-pairing. Strikingly, oligonucleotides incapable of forming P9.0 react approximately 10-fold more slowly than G, for which the mispaired residues are simply absent. The observed specificity is consistent with a model in which the P9.0 site is sterically restricted such that an energetic penalty, not present for G, must be overcome by G analogs with 5' extensions. Shortening S to include only one residue 3' of the cleavage site (CCCUCUA) eliminates this penalty and uniformly enhances the reactions of matched and mismatched oligonucleotides relative to guanosine. These results suggest that the 3' portion of S occupies the P9.0 site, sterically interfering with binding of G analogs with 5' extensions. Similar steric effects may more generally allow structured RNAs to avoid formation of incorrect contacts, thereby helping to avoid kinetic traps during folding and enhancing cooperative formation of the correct structure. (+info)

The influence of junction conformation on RNA cleavage by the hairpin ribozyme in its natural junction form. (8/22440)

In the natural form of the hairpin ribozyme the two loop-carrying duplexes that comprise the majority of essential bases for activity form two adjacent helical arms of a four-way RNA junction. In the present work we have manipulated the sequence around the junction in a way known to perturb the global folding properties. We find that replacement of the junction by a different sequence that has the same conformational properties as the natural sequence gives closely similar reaction rate and Arrhenius activation energy for the substrate cleavage reaction. By comparison, rotation of the natural sequence in order to alter the three-dimensional folding of the ribozyme leads to a tenfold reduction in the kinetics of cleavage. Replacement with the U1 four-way junction that is resistant to rotation into the antiparallel structure required to allow interaction between the loops also gives a tenfold reduction in cleavage rate. The results indicate that the conformation of the junction has a major influence on the catalytic activity of the ribozyme. The results are all consistent with a role for the junction in the provision of a framework by which the loops are presented for interaction in order to create the active form of the ribozyme. (+info)

Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (Web Server issue): W529-33. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl212. PMC 1538886. PMID 16845064. Wenta N, Strauss H ... protein complex that occupies the promoter DNA and the amino acid sequence of the cofactor determine its spatial conformation. ... Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (Database issue): D1182-7. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1016. PMC 3965000. PMID 24174544. Matys V, Kel- ... Nucleic Acids Research. 37 (17): 5641-55. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp610. PMC 2761276. PMID 19625488. Teif VB, Rippe K (October 2010 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor

Nucleic Acids Research 40(10): e79. Fraga MF, Esteller M (September 2002). "DNA methylation: a profile of methods and ... This method is based on the single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCA) method developed for single-nucleotide ... April 2000). "MethyLight: a high-throughput assay to measure DNA methylation". Nucleic Acids Research. 28 (8): 32e-0. doi: ... March 2002). "Tumour class prediction and discovery by microarray-based DNA methylation analysis". Nucleic Acids Research. 30 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisulfite_sequencing

Nucleic Acids Research. 37 (17): 5641-55. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp610. PMC 2761276. PMID 19625488. Boyer (2009). "The chromatin ... General loss of methylation, combined with the addition of acetyl groups results in a more accessible chromatin conformation ... Valproic acid (as Mg valproate) in phase III trials for cervical cancer and ovarian cancer. Started pivotal phase II clinical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin_remodeling

... utilizes the specificity of Watson-Crick basepairing to construct well-defined structures out of DNA and other nucleic acids. ... to cause single-molecule components to automatically arrange themselves into some useful conformation. Atomic force microscope ... of molecular self-assembly and/or supramolecular chemistry to automatically arrange themselves into some useful conformation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology

He was also a pioneer of ideas in the area of nucleic acid compaction. In 1961, he showed that ribonuclease could be refolded ... thereby suggesting that all the information required by protein to adopt its final conformation is encoded in its amino-acid ... especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation (see Anfinsen's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen

... nucleic acid conformation MeSH G06.184.603.790.486.100 - base pairing MeSH G06.184.603.790.709 - protein conformation MeSH ... amino acid MeSH G06.184.842.200.820 - structural homology, protein MeSH G06.184.842.550 - sequence homology, nucleic acid MeSH ... nucleic acid MeSH G06.184.603.080.689.330 - enhancer elements (genetics) MeSH G06.184.603.080.689.330.240 - e-box elements MeSH ... nucleic acid MeSH G06.184.603.080.708.330 - interspersed repetitive sequences MeSH G06.184.603.080.708.330.200 - dna ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(G06)

Nucleic Acids Research, 37 (Database issue), D224-8. ... The conformation search engine, which is notable for its high ... Finding related conformations in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) is essential in many areas of bioinformatics. To assist this task ... The database contains information such as amino acid sequence, secondary structure, disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and atoms ... speed and interactive feedback, is expected to assist scientists in discovering conformation homologs and predicting protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Segment_Finder

"Thermophoretic melting curves quantify the conformation and stability of RNA and DNA". Nucleic Acids Res. 39 (8): e52. doi ... A Rapid and Precise Method to Quantify Protein-Nucleic Acid Interactions in Solution. Methods in Molecular Biology. Methods in ... The fluorescence of a target molecule can be extrinsic or intrinsic (aromatic amino acids) and is altered in temperature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscale_thermophoresis

Folding, including the secondary and tertiary structure of biopolymers (nucleic acids and proteins). ... The gauche conformation on the right is a conformer, while the eclipsed conformation on the left is a transition state between ... Conformation-dependent reactions[edit]. Reaction rates are highly dependent on the conformation of the reactants. This theme is ... The staggered conformation includes the gauche (±60°) and anti (180°) conformations, depending on the spatial orientations of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational_isomerism

Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol.. - 1990. - Т. Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology. - С. 37-89. - ISBN 978-0-12 ... Protein structure and conformations of the pure (Na+ +K+)-ATPase (англ.) // Biochim. Biophys. Acta (англ.)русск. : journal. - ...

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP1B3

Pseudoknots fold into knot-shaped three-dimensional conformations but are not true topological knots. The base pairing in ... Nucleic acid secondary structure is the basepairing interactions within a single nucleic acid polymer or between two polymers. ... In a non-biological context, secondary structure is a vital consideration in the nucleic acid design of nucleic acid structures ... "Paradigms for computational nucleic acid design". Nucleic Acids Research. 32 (4): 1392-1403. doi:10.1093/nar/gkh291. PMC 390280 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_secondary_structure

... and sugar pucker conformations. For large-scale structure, these local parameters must be supplemented with other structural ... Nucleic acid NMR uses similar techniques as protein NMR, but has several differences. Nucleic acids have a smaller percentage ... Nucleic acid NMR is the use of NMR spectroscopy to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of nucleic acid ... exploit the chemical properties of nucleic acids using specific reagents and conditions to assay the structure of nucleic acids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_structure_determination

satellites (nucleic acid molecules with or without a capsid that require a helper virus for infection and reproduction), and ... proteins that can exist in a pathological conformation that induces other prion molecules to assume that same conformation).[3] ... The most useful and most widely used classification system distinguishes viruses according to the type of nucleic acid they use ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virology

The conformation of the DNA molecule can significantly affect the movement of the DNA, for example, supercoiled DNA usually ... Once the nucleic acid is properly prepared, the samples of the nucleic acid solution are placed in the wells of the gel and a ... Voltage is, however, not the sole factor in determining electrophoresis of nucleic acids. The nucleic acid to be separated can ... Nucleic acid electrophoresis is an analytical technique used to separate DNA or RNA fragments by size and reactivity. Nucleic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis_of_nucleic_acids

Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (Web Server issue): W529-33. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl212. PMC 1538886. PMID 16845064.. ... protein complex that occupies the promoter DNA and the amino acid sequence of the cofactor determine its spatial conformation. ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (Database issue): D1182-7. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1016. PMC 3965000. PMID 24174544.. ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (Database issue): D108-10. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj143. PMC 1347505. PMID 16381825.. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor

In its lifetime, NCp7 facilitates the unwinding of tRNA, acts as a primer for reverse transcription, chaperones nucleic acids ... They react with the cysteine residues on the zinc finger of the NCp7 and cause a covalent conformation change which ejects the ... Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (2): 472-484. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj442. PMC 1351370 . PMID 16434700. Musah, Rabi Ann (2004). "The HIV- ... These motifs contain two peptide units of Cys-X2-Cys-X4-His-X4-Cys (CCHC), where the X represents a substituted amino acid, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_finger_inhibitor

Singer, V. L.; Lawlor, T. E.; Yue, S. (1999). "Comparison of SYBR Green I nucleic acid gel stain mutagenicity and ethidium ... Intercalation of EtBr can alter properties of the DNA molecule, such as charge, weight, conformation, and flexibility. Since ... Detection typically involves a gel containing nucleic acids placed on or under an ultraviolet lamp. Since ultraviolet light is ... Waring, M. J. (1965). "Complex formation between ethidium bromide and nucleic acids". Journal of Molecular Biology. 13 (1): 269 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethidium_bromide

... of proteins onto nucleic acids has also been shown. A classical example is the binding of the lambda phage ... In 1969, Wyman proposed such a model with "mixed conformations" (i.e. some protomers in the R state, some in the T state) for ... Cooperative binding is observed in many biopolymers, including proteins and nucleic acids. Cooperative binding has been shown ... In this model, a subunit does not automatically change conformation upon ligand binding (as in the KNF model), nor do all ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_binding

Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid, Nature 171, 737-738 Franklin, R. E. & Gosling, ... USA 37, 205-211 Corey, R. B. & Pauling, L. (1951). The pleated sheet, a new layer conformation of polypeptide chains, Proc. ... 1984 - Aaron Klug and his colleagues provide an advance in determining the structure of protein-nucleic acid complexes when ... Molecular structure of deoxypentose nucleic acids, Nature 171, 738-740 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954" Kendrew, J. C. et al ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_crystallography

... and sugar pucker conformations. The presence or absence of imino proton resonances, or of coupling between 15N atoms across a ... Nucleic acid NMR uses techniques similar to those of protein NMR, but has several differences. Nucleic acids have a smaller ... Because nucleic acids have a relatively large number of protons which are solvent-exchangeable, nucleic acid NMR is generally ... deoxyadenosine are incorporated into the nucleic acid strand, as natural nucleic acids do not contain any fluorine atoms. 1H ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy_of_nucleic_acids

PA is a member of the PD(D/E)XK nuclease family, which uses divalent metal ions to cleave nucleic acid. However, it has a ... which potentially promotes viral transcription by changing the conformation of the RdRp. Additionally, by reducing Pol II ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_snatching

Nucleic Acids Res. 29 (16): 3424-32. PMID 11504880. doi:10.1093/nar/29.16.3424. ... 2001). "X-ray structure of the orphan nuclear receptor RORbeta ligand-binding domain in the active conformation.". Embo J. 20 ( ... 2003). "All-trans retinoic acid is a ligand for the orphan nuclear receptor ROR beta.". Nat. Struct. Biol. 10 (10): 820-5. PMID ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAR-srodni_orfan_receptor_beta

"Nucleic acid NMR" is the use of NMR spectroscopy to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of polynucleic acids, ... It is now a common tool for the determination of Conformation Activity Relationships where the structure before and after ... Nucleic acids[edit]. Main article: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of nucleic acids ... Nucleic acid and protein NMR spectroscopy are similar but differences exist. Nucleic acids have a smaller percentage of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMR_spectroscopy

Cimino, G. D.; Gamper, H. B.; Isaacs, S. T.; Hearst, J. E. (1985). "Psoralens as photoactive probes of nucleic acid structure ... "Influence of cisplatin intrastrand crosslinking on the conformation, thermal stability, and energetics of a 20-mer DNA duplex ... Nucleic Acids Research. 27 (8): 1837-1846. doi:10.1093/nar/27.8.1837. ISSN 0305-1048. PMC 148391. PMID 10101191. "Cisplatin". ... Nitrous acid is formed as a byproduct in the stomach from dietary sources of nitrites and can lead to crosslink lesions in DNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosslinking_of_DNA

... nucleic acids, and polysaccharides to fold into well-defined conformations, such as helices and β-sheets. The structure of a ... β-peptides are composed of amino acids containing an additional CH 2 unit between the amine and carboxylic acid. They are more ... Using a heteroligopeptide consisting of α-amino acids and cis-β-aminocyclopropanecarboxulic acids (cis-β-ACCs) they found the ... while nucleotidomimetic foldamers are based on the interactions in nucleic acids. Abiotic foldamers are stabilized by aromatic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foldamer

Watson J, Crick F (1953). "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid" (PDF). Nature. 171 ( ... The conformation of the ribozyme published in this paper was eventually shown to be one of several possible states, and ... Watson JD, Crick FH (April 1953). "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid" (PDF). ... nucleic acids, among which the most famous is deoxyribonucleic acid (or DNA), the constituent of genes, and 2) proteins, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology

... and the genetic material they interact with is composed of nucleic acids. Modeling protein-nucleic acid complexes presents some ... The unbound structures of the component proteins being available, conformation changes can be assessed. They are significant in ... Protein-nucleic acid interactions feature prominently in the living cell. Transcription factors, which regulate gene expression ... van Dijk M, Bonvin AM (August 2008). "A protein-DNA docking benchmark". Nucleic Acids Research. 36 (14): e88. doi:10.1093/nar/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecular_docking

2006). "Target prediction for small, noncoding RNAs in bacteria". Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (9): 2791-2802. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl356 ... Binding to Hfq alters the conformation of OxyS. The 109 nucleotide RNA is thought to be composed of three stem-loops. A number ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OxyS_RNA

... nucleic acids) recognition, this means that LRRs recognizes many different molecules but each LRRs usually has a very specific ... NLRs shifts its conformation from ADP state to and ATP state which allows it to send as signal transduction. The activation of ... A known priming inducer is called β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is a non-protein amino acid. Transgenic plants that produce ... Pectin has abundant galacturonic acids which is the compound that WAKs recognizes after a foreign invasion in the plant. Every ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_gene

Nucleic acidsEdit. Nucleic acids have an important range of interactions with Mg2+. The binding of Mg2+ to DNA and RNA ... to either alter the conformation of the enzyme or take part in the chemistry of the catalytic reaction. In either case, because ... "Hexahydrated magnesium ions bind in the deep major groove and at the outer mouth of A-form nucleic acid duplexes". Nucleic ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 11 (9): 2665-2679. doi:10.1093/nar/11.9.2665. PMC 325916 . PMID 6856472.. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_magnesium

... nucleic acid constituents, carbohydrates and ionophore complexes.[218]. Lithium naturally only occurs in traces in biological ... The heavier alkali metals also favour the sterically congested conformation.[142] Several crystal structures of organopotassium ... Sodium salts of fatty acids are used as soap.[197] Pure sodium metal also has many applications, including use in sodium-vapour ... Indeed, transferring of protons between chemicals is the basis of acid-base chemistry.[10]:43 Also unique is hydrogen's ability ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal

... is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of a nucleic acid sequence with ... The extended conformation of the chromosomes allows dramatically higher resolution - even down to a few kilobases. The ... The hybridization signals for each probe when a nucleic abnormality is detected.[9] Each probe for the detection of mRNA and ... or adopting a chromosome territory conformation, as in interphase FISH. This is accomplished by applying mechanical shear along ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization

"Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (9): 2653-62. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl338. PMC 1464108. PMID 16714444.. ... The most basic such formation is the 10 nm fiber or beads on a string conformation. This involves the wrapping of DNA around ... The single-letter amino acid abbreviation (e.g., K for Lysine) and the amino acid position in the protein ... compared amino acid compositions in the same histone from different organisms, and compared amino acid sequences of the same ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_modification

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy_of_nucleic_acids

"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[۲۹] ... especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[۲۶] ... "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[۲۹] ... his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid- ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/فهرست_یهودیان_برنده_جایزه_نوبل

... pre-RNA nucleic acids have included peptide nucleic acid (PNA), threose nucleic acid (TNA) or glycol nucleic acid (GNA).[23][24 ... The hydroxyl group also forces the ribose into the C3'-endo sugar conformation unlike the C2'-endo conformation of the ... A candidate nucleic acid is peptide nucleic acid (PNA), which uses simple peptide bonds to link nucleobases.[89] PNA is more ... Threose nucleic acid (TNA) has also been proposed as a starting point, as has glycol nucleic acid (GNA), and like PNA, also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world

"Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (16): 10618-31. doi:10.1093/nar/gku734. PMC 4176335. PMID 25120263.. ... When the cytoplasmic receptors MDA5 and RIG-I recognize a virus the conformation between the caspase-recruitment domain (CARD) ... Sweat, desquamation, flushing,[2] organic acids[2] Gastrointestinal tract. Peristalsis, gastric acid, bile acids, digestive ... such as salicylic acid or jasmonic acid. Some of these travel through the plant and signal other cells to produce defensive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system

... amino acid chains) and polysaccharides (chains of monosaccharides/simple sugars) but lipids and nucleic acids become antigens ... Antigen specificity is due primarily to the side-chain conformations of the antigen. It is measurable and need not be linear or ... Lipids and nucleic acids are antigenic only when combined with proteins and polysaccharides.[citation needed] Non-microbial non ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen

"Nucleic Acids Res. 29 (3): 753-758. doi:10.1093/nar/29.3.753. PMC 30388. PMID 11160898.. ... The conversion of PrPC to PrPSc conformation is the mechanism of transmission of fatal, neurodegenerative transmissible ... fatal familial insomnia - aspartic acid-178 is replaced by asparagine while methionine is present at amino acid 129[51] ... Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - glutamic acid-200 is replaced by lysine while valine is present at amino acid 129 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRNP

"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[72] ... especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[64] ... "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[72] ... "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"[61] ...

https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/کیمیاء_میں_نوبیل_انعام_وصول_کنندگان_کی_فہرست

டி.என்.ஏ (DNA) அல்லது தாயனை என்பது ஆக்சிசனற்ற ரைபோ கரு அமிலம் (Deoxyribonucleic acid அல்லது Deoxyribose nucleic acid - DNA) ... "Single-stranded adenine-rich DNA and RNA retain structural characteristics of their respective double-stranded conformations ... Saenger, Wolfram (1984). Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-90762-9. ... "A more unified picture for the thermodynamics of nucleic acid duplex melting: a characterization by calorimetric and volumetric ...

https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/ஆக்சிஜனற்ற_ரைபோ_கரு_அமிலம்

Nucleic Acids Research. 28 (1): 304-05. doi:10.1093/nar/28.1.304. PMC 102465. PMID 10592255. Archived from the original (PDF) ... which forces the CO-NH amide moiety into a fixed conformation.[1] The side chains of the standard amino acids, detailed in the ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (D1): D1112-D1116. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw978. PMC 5210655. PMID 27789699.. ... Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_synthesis

"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[79] ... especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[71] ... "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[79] ... "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"[68] ...

https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/வேதியியலுக்கான_நோபல்_பரிசு_பெற்றவர்கள்

Watson JD, Crick FH (1953). "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid". Nature. 171 (4356 ... researchers in the Cambridge lab were attempting to determine the most stable helical conformation of amino acid chains in ... it cannot flow back to nucleic acids. In other words, the final step in the flow of information from nucleic acids to proteins ... He also explored the many theoretical possibilities by which short nucleic acid sequences might code for the 20 amino acids. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick

Kurt Wüthrich (1986). NMR of proteins and nucleic acids. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-82893-9.. ... A set of conformations, determined by NMR or X-ray crystallography may be a better representation of the experimental data of a ... "Determination of three-dimensional structures of proteins and nucleic acids in solution". CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry ... and also nucleic acids, and their complexes. The field was pioneered by Richard R. Ernst and Kurt Wüthrich at the ETH,[1] and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy

... while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from ... the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 33 (19): 6151-63. doi:10.1093/nar/gki930. PMC 1283523. PMID 16286368.. ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (20): 5982-92. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg791. PMC 219472. PMID 14530446.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribozyme

Nucleic acids and small molecules are sometimes considered antibody mimetics, but not artificial antibodies, antibody fragments ... Al-Lazikani B, Lesk AM, Chothia C (1997). "Standard conformations for the canonical structures of immunoglobulins". J Mol Biol ... α and γ contain approximately 450 amino acids, whereas μ and ε have approximately 550 amino acids.[2] ... They have sugar chains (glycans) added to conserved amino acid residues.[4][21] In other words, antibodies are glycoproteins.[4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

J. A. McCammon, S. C. Harvey (1987) Dynamics of Proteins and Nucleic Acids. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30750-3 ( ... It is not trivial to obtain a canonical ensemble distribution of conformations and velocities using these algorithms. How this ... About half the atoms in a protein or nucleic acid are non-polar hydrogens, so the use of united atoms can provide a substantial ... and nucleic acids. For example, instead of treating all four atoms of a CH3 methyl group explicitly (or all three atoms of CH2 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_dynamics

"Nucleic Acids Res. 39: D663-669. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq1022. PMC 3013650 . PMID 21051350.. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link ... Thus, all subunits must exist in the same conformation. The model further holds that, in the absence of any ligand (substrate ... For example, the GABAA receptor has two active sites that the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) binds, but also ... Thus, all enzyme subunits do not necessitate the same conformation. Moreover, the sequential model dictates that molecules of a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotropic_allosteric_interaction

"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA; for their ... especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation; for their ... contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids". *^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981". ... "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry". ...

https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_över_nobelpristagare_i_kemi

"Nucleic Acids Research. 15 (16): 6733. doi:10.1093/nar/15.16.6733. PMC 306135 . PMID 2888085.. ... "The 14-3-3 protein affects the conformation of the regulatory domain of human tyrosine hydroxylase". Biochemistry. 47 (6): 1768 ... amino acid binding. • monooxygenase activity. • protein domain specific binding. Cellular component. • cytoplasm. • cytosol. • ... aromatic amino acid family metabolic process. • response to lipopolysaccharide. • cerebral cortex development. • response to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_3-monooxygenase

... lipids and nucleic acids.[22] These glycosylation products accumulate on the proteins of vessel wall collagen, forming an ... Conformation kidney biopsy should only be performed if non-diabetic kidney disease is suspected. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy

"Nucleic Acids Res. 26 (3): 847-53. doi:10.1093/nar/26.3.847. PMC 147327. PMID 9443979.. ... Both of these possibilities can occur in a single protein in a variety of different conformations.[33] The C-terminal BRCT ... In their unanimous decision on October 7, 2015 the "high court found that an isolated nucleic acid, coding for a BRCA1 protein ... fatty acid metabolic process. • positive regulation of gene expression. • negative regulation of histone H3-K4 methylation. • ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA1

"The physical basis of nucleic acid base stacking in water". Biophys J. 80 (1): 140-8. Bibcode:2001BpJ....80..140L. doi:10.1016/ ... The NMR chemical shifts of the two conformations were distinct and could be used to determine the ratio of the two states, ... and that the term should be specified for larger rings in stacked conformations which do seem to exhibit a cooperative pi ... which stack in a parallel displaced conformation, as a model system for pi stacking interactions. In their system, a methylene ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacking_

"Nucleic Acids Research. 41 (13): 6729-6738. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt321. PMC 3711452 . PMID 23649835. Retrieved 23 November 2014.. ... The range of conformations adopted by tRNA as it transits the A/T through P/E sites on the ribosome. The Protein Data Bank (PDB ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (21): 6137-6146. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl725. PMC 1693877 . PMID 17088292. Retrieved 23 November 2014.. ... Nucleic Acids Research. 10 (18): 5393-5406. doi:10.1093/nar/10.18.5393. PMC 320884 . PMID 6924209. Retrieved 23 November 2014. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticodon

... is a component in liquid/liquid phenol-chloroform extraction technique used in molecular biology for obtaining nucleic acids ... A recent in silico comparison of the gas phase acidities of the vinylogues of phenol and cyclohexanol in conformations that ... On page 69 of volume 31, Runge names phenol "Karbolsäure" (coal-oil-acid, carbolic acid). Runge characterizes phenol in: F. F. ... "Carbolic acid" redirects here. It is not to be confused with carbonic acid. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenoxide

One of the important properties of lactoferrin is its ability to bind with nucleic acids. The fraction of protein extracted ... Their tertiary structures are different; apolactoferrin is characterized by "open" conformation of the N-lobe and the "closed" ... N-lobe corresponds to amino acid residues 1-333 and C-lobe to 345-692, and the ends of those domains are connected by a short α ... There are differences in amino acid sequences: 8 in Homo sapiens, 6 in Mus musculus, 6 in Capra hircus, 10 in Bos taurus and 20 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferrin

Natural-occurring Z-conformations in nucleic acids: probed by the Zα domain of human RNA editing enzyme. ... Here, a protein probe that could specifically bind to Z-conformation was used to map the Z-DNA distribution in the human genome ... Besides the common right-handed B- or A- structures, the alternate Z-conformation, which is left-handed, can be formed in both ... However, formation of Z-conformation in living organisms and its biological significance remains largely elusive. ...

https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/handle/10356/47999

ATP-PEPTIDE CONJUGATEPROTO-ONCOGENE TYROSINE-PROTEIN KINASE ABL1Magnesium IonThiophosphoric Acid O-((Adenosyl-Phospho)phospho)- ... "MMDB and VAST+: tracking structural similarities between macromolecular complexes.Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan; 42(Database ... 2G1T: A Src-Like Inactive Conformation In The Abl Tyrosine Kinase Domain. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/pdb/2G1T

Nucleic Acid Database. *wwPDB Partners. *RCSB PDB. *PDBe. *PDBj. *BMRB. RCSB PDB (citation) is hosted by ... and BCL-W adopts a conformation extremely similar to the ligand-free conformation of its closest relative BCL-XL in both ... Co-crystallization with conformation-specific designed ankyrin repeat proteins explains the conformational flexibility of BCL-W ... Co-Crystallization with Conformation-Specific Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins Explains the Conformational Flexibility of BCL-W ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4K5B

Nucleic Acid Database. *wwPDB Partners. *RCSB PDB. *PDBe. *PDBj. *BMRB. RCSB PDB (citation) is hosted by ... THE ANTIGENIC IDENTITY OF PEPTIDE(SLASH)MHC COMPLEXES: A COMPARISON OF THE CONFORMATION OF FIVE PEPTIDES PRESENTED BY HLA-A2. * ... The antigenic identity of peptide-MHC complexes: a comparison of the conformations of five viral peptides presented by HLA-A2. ... the main chain and side chain conformations of each peptide are strikingly different in the center of the binding site, and ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1hhh

Nucleic Acids Res 34: W596-W599.. *CrossRef,. *PubMed,. *CAS,. *Web of Science® Times Cited: 58 ... Catalano FA, Meador-Parton J, Popham DL & Driks A (2001) Amino acids in the Bacillus subtilis morphogenetic protein SpoIVA with ... An autoinhibitory conformation of the Bacillus subtilis spore coat protein SpoIVA prevents its premature ATP-independent ... An autoinhibitory conformation of the Bacillus subtilis spore coat protein SpoIVA prevents its premature ATP-independent ...

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1574-6968.12452/references

Nucleic Acids Res 38:W540-544.. OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text. *↵. *Schueler-Furman O, ... 4). For the split-fusion PCNA-Ub, the χ2 fit went from 23.8 to 4.35 for the best ensemble of three conformations. For the cross ... E113G and G178S, two key amino acid substitutions in PCNA that disrupt TLS, are located at the subunit-subunit interface and ... Based on the representation of each conformation in solution, we calculated the frequency in which the ubiquitin would have ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/108/43/17672

Effect of conformation, base composition and methylation of nucleic acids on the interaction with H1 and histone models and on ... Condensed states of nucleic acids. III. psi(+) and psi(-) conformational transitions of DNA induced by ethanol and salt. (opens ... Condensed states of nucleic acids. II. Effects of molecular size, base composition, and presence of intercalating agents on the ... Synthesis, conformation, and interaction with DNA of statistical copolymers (Lys x,Ala y)n. (opens in new tab) ...

https://www.meta.org/papers/basic-polypeptides-as-histone-models-effect-of/1257058

... have been used to study the effect of different ions on the stability and conformation of PNA-DNA, PNA-PNA, and DNA-DNA ... Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a DNA analogue in which the negatively charged sugar phosphate backbone has been substituted by ... Ionic effects on the stability and conformation of peptide nucleic acid complexes Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 1996 ... Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a DNA analogue in which the negatively charged sugar phosphate backbone has been substituted by ...

https://research.chalmers.se/publication/143474

We developed 4C technology (chromosome conformation capture (3C)-on-chip), which allows for an unbiased genome-wide search for ... Nucleic Acid Conformation* * Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / methods* Substances * Chromatin * DNA-Binding Proteins ... Nuclear organization of active and inactive chromatin domains uncovered by chromosome conformation capture-on-chip (4C) Nat ... We developed 4C technology (chromosome conformation capture (3C)-on-chip), which allows for an unbiased genome-wide search for ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17033623/

Nucleic Acid Conformation* * Organ Specificity * Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / genetics * Promoter Regions, Genetic / ... Chromosome conformation elucidates regulatory relationships in developing human brain Nature. 2016 Oct 27;538(7626):523-527. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27760116/

IPD-the Immuno Polymorphism Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 38: D863-D869.. OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text ... 2C). The binding specificity of mAb 177407 was recently shown to be sensitive to the folding conformation of KIR3DL1 (28). ... Antigenic properties and amino acid sequences around the site of glycosylation. J. Biol. Chem. 252: 7555-7567. ... The intracellular retention of KIR3DL1*004 depends on two amino acid substitutions, Leu86 and Ser182, respectively, in the D0 ...

https://www.jimmunol.org/content/186/1/62?ijkey=535a1675c25ecaabbb14b9b89c097559688ea346&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Thanks to this multi-layer approach, we focus on the interplay of chromatin conformation and cancer mutations in different ... Thanks to this multi-layer approach, we focus on the interplay of chromatin conformation and cancer mutations in different ... In particular, the integration of data about cancer mutations, gene functional annotations, genome conformation, epigenetic ... In particular, the integration of data about cancer mutations, gene functional annotations, genome conformation, epigenetic ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2016.00194/full

Holm, L. & Rosenström, P. (2010). Nucleic Acids Res. 38, W545-W549. Web of Science CrossRef CAS PubMed. Hunter, R. L., Olsen, M ... Cantarel, B. L., Coutinho, P. M., Rancurel, C., Bernard, T., Lombard, V. & Henrissat, B. (2009). Nucleic Acids Res. 37, D233- ... Open and closed TS conformations. The crystal structure of MtTS showed two conformations (Roy et al., 2013. ). In one ... However, the apo D. radiodurans AS (DrAS) showed a strikingly different conformation in which the β2-α2 loop is disordered and ...

http://journals.iucr.org/d/issues/2014/12/00/mh5150/index.html

Holm, L. & Laakso, L. M. (2016). Nucleic Acids Res. 44, W351-W355. Web of Science CrossRef CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Jarrell, ... Buchan, D. W. A., Minneci, F., Nugent, T. C. O., Bryson, K. & Jones, D. T. (2013). Nucleic Acids Res. 41, W349-W357. Web of ... Thompson, J. D., Gibson, T. J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. & Higgins, D. G. (1997). Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 4876-4882. Web of ... as metabolites and nucleic acids), eventually yielded proteins that were suitable for biomolecular analysis and crystallization ...

https://journals.iucr.org/f/issues/2019/09/00/no5164/index.html

Molecular conformation (1). * Nucleic acids (1). Date Choose a date option to show results from those dates only. * Today ...

https://www.nature.com/search?author=%22Xiao-Hong%20Fu%22&error=cookies_not_supported&code=bdb17195-6c5f-498f-b116-f0328c9795ea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_secondary_structure

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor

Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 65:197-259. doi:10.1016/S0079-6603(00)65006-7. ... Systematic characterization of the conformation and dynamics of budding yeast chromosome XII. J. Cell Biol. 202:201-210. doi: ... Global reorganization of budding yeast chromosome conformation in different physiological conditions. Elisa Dultz, Harianto ... A single tether has local effects only. (A) Computational model of chr II conformation. Fraction of loci localized in ...

http://jcb.rupress.org/content/212/3/321

Simplifying Nucleic Acid Extraction and Cutting Down Waste. Simplifying Nucleic Acid Extraction and Cutting Down Waste ... Chromatin Conformation Computed. By manipulating DNA sequences that guide genome-folding, researchers confirm an existing model ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/daily-news/chromatin-conformation-computed-34648

Protein Conformation. Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid*. RNA Polymerase II. Unique Identifier: 86302779. Chemical Identifiers ...

http://levity.com/alchemy/frm0600.html

Nucleic Acids Res. 20:6605-6611.. OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text. *↵ Cobbe, N., and M.M. Heck. 2000. SMCs in the world of ... We propose that the "closed" conformation of condensin and the "open" conformation of cohesin are important structural ... Condensin and cohesin display different arm conformations with characteristic hinge angles. David E. Anderson, Ana Losada, ... 1 C, second row, last panel). This structural feature was also found in a holocomplex with the open-V conformation (Fig. 1 B, ...

http://jcb.rupress.org/content/156/3/419.long

Nucleic Acids Res. 2014; 42(7):4145-59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar. *. 16. ... Stable chromosome condensation revealed by chromosome conformation capture. Cell. 2015; 163(4):934-46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar ... These conformations can modulate the expression of genetic information by altering the frequency of interaction between a ... Here we apply dense neural networks (DNNs) to the problem of chromatin conformation. We show that using DNNs one is not only ...

https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1186%2Fs12859-018-2286-z

Tracking flavin conformations in protein crystal structures with Raman spectroscopy and QM/MM calculations. by Åsmund K Røhr ... Nucleic Acids Res. *H M Berman, J Westbrook, +5 authors P E Bourne ... Crystal structure of a membrane-bound l-amino acid deaminase from Proteus vulgaris.. *Yingchen Ju, Shuilong Tong, +7 authors ... Tracking flavin conformations in protein crystal structures with Raman spectroscopy and QM/MM calculations.. @article{ ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Tracking-flavin-conformations-in-protein-crystal-R%C3%B8hr-Hersleth/d89b3e945fd1bc792de4bd98e6c8f512cc909940

Nucleic acids.- Proteins.- Acidic proteins.- Histones.- 4.2 Physico-Chemical Properties of Nucleohistones.- 4.2.1 Solubility.- ... 3.2.2 Analysis of the primary structure of histones for possible conformations.- 3.2.3 Physical studies of the conformations of ... Conformation of nucleohistones.- Anisotropy and orientation of chromophores.- Conformation of nucleoprotamines.- Ultraviolet ... 3.3 The Conformation of Nucleohistone.- 3.3.1 X-Ray diffraction studies of nucleohistones.- 3.3.2 Evidence for the "supercoiled ...

http://www.worldcat.org/title/histones-and-nucleohistones/oclc/840287783

c) Each nucleic acid does exist as a single strand, however, DNA in its native state is found in. a double helix conformation. ... Amino acids are synthesized from other free amino acids and also from -keto acids by . ... a) Every amino acid residue has its own tRNA.. b) In a codon, the first two base pairs remain constant for a given amino acid ... d) Both nucleic acids are involved directly in the transcription process of protein synthesis. ...

https://es.scribd.com/document/396770506/Biotech-Multiple-Choice-Questions

... detecting DNA mismatches between heteroduplex strands produced between wildtype and mutation containing nucleic acid species. ... Nucleic Acids Res. 19: 879-895); single-strand conformation polymorphism (Orita et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: ... for detecting genetic mutations and mismatches between nucleic acid heteroduplex strands in nucleic acids of all nucleic acid- ... Ganguly et al., Nucleic Acids Research 18 (13) : 3933-3939 (1990).. 15. *. Hongyo et al., 1993, Nucleic Acids Res. 21:3637 3642 ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US6080544?dq=%22virtual+interaction+configuration%22

Purchase Advances in Nanomedicine for the Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN ... Locked nucleic acids: structure. *6.3. Locked nucleic acids: hybridization and conformation properties ... Therapeutic applications of locked nucleic acids. *6.7. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of locked nucleic acid and locked ... for the Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids addresses several issues related to safe and effective delivery of nucleic acids ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/advances-in-nanomedicine-for-the-delivery-of-therapeutic-nucleic-acids/nimesh/978-0-08-100557-6

Nucleic Acids Res. 41, W597-W600 [PMC free article] [PubMed]. 32. Jin L., Wei W., Jiang Y., Peng H., Cai J., Mao C., Dai H., ... Nucleic Acids Res. 42, W252-W258 [PMC free article] [PubMed]. 20. Arnold K., Bordoli L., Kopp J., Schwede T. (2006) The SWISS- ... Nucleic Acids Res. 38, W695-W699 [PMC free article] [PubMed]. 31. McWilliam H., Li W., Uludag M., Squizzato S., Park Y. M., ... Nucleic Acids Res. 37, D387-D392 [PMC free article] [PubMed]. 22. Guex N., Peitsch M. C., Schwede T. (2009) Automated ...

http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC4375505/

Genome sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis MoPn and Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39.Nucleic Acids Res.28200013971406. ... in addition to conformation-dependent domains of several ligand receptor molecules (18, 24, 42). Once C. pneumoniaespecies- ... An MS sample plate was spotted with 0.5 μl of matrix consisting of 20 mg of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid (Aldrich, ... Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences for the four variable domains of the major outer membrane proteins of the 15 ...

https://iai.asm.org/content/69/5/3082

This well-established method has been widely used in the field of protein-nucleic acid interactions (27). First, increasing ... which we found to be important for stabilizing the closed Tlg2p conformation (Fig. 5). Consistent with its open conformation ... One site is formed by the central cleft of Munc18a and the closed conformation of syntaxin 1a (Fig. 1A, mode 1; ref. 7). In ... Although the closed conformation seemed to be the predominant mode of the Munc18a-syntaxin 1a interaction, the syntaxin 1a N- ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/106/34/14303

Thanks to this multi-layer approach, we focus on the interplay of chromatin conformation and cancer mutations in different pathways, such as metabolic processes, that are very important for tumor development. (frontiersin.org)
These simulations have been successful in corroborating that interactions between factors together with topological constraints may be responsible for driving chromatin conformation. (springer.com)
This suggests that specific interactions with chromatin binding factors are not required to maintain the global chromatin conformation observed in exponentially growing budding yeast cells. (rupress.org)
We identified dynamic HoxA cluster chromatin conformation signatures associated with cellular differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
Genome-wide chromatin conformation signature identification might uniquely identify disease-associated states and represent an entirely novel class of human disease biomarkers. (biomedcentral.com)
Measuring significant changes in chromatin conformation with ACCOST. (washington.edu)

Biomolecular NMR Assignments provides a forum for publishing sequence-specific resonance assignments for proteins and nucleic acids as Assignment Notes. (springer.com)
You'll get: Molecular, subcellular, physiological, anatomical, and environmental biophysics The laws of thermodynamics as they apply to biophysical systems Forces affecting conformation in biological molecules The composition and structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids The fluid mosaic model Simple enough for a beginner, but challenging enough for an advanced student, Biophysics Demystified makes this interdisciplinary subject easy to master. (mheducation.com)
Noncoding" sequences are not translated into proteins, and nucleic acids with such motifs need not deviate from the typical shape (e.g. the "B-form" DNA double helix). (wikipedia.org)

Here, a protein probe that could specifically bind to Z-conformation was used to map the Z-DNA distribution in the human genome. (ntu.edu.sg)
We find that both SMC protein complexes share the two-armed structure, but display different arm conformations with characteristic hinge angles. (rupress.org)
Tracking flavin conformations in protein crystal structures with Raman spectroscopy and QM/MM calculations. (semanticscholar.org)
We conclude that propofol inhibits the mammalian deacetylase SIRT2 through a conformation-specific, allosteric protein site that is unique from the previously described binding sites of other inhibitors. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
The problem becomes even more challenging due to the fact that a typical protein can contain several hundreds of amino acids or several thousands of atoms. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, the search space made out of all possible conformations that a protein can assume is large and its enumeration is practically impossible. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein conformation, enzymatic mechanisms and selected metabolic pathways will be analyzed. (amherst.edu)
Additional topics may include: nucleic acid conformation, DNA/protein interactions, signal transduction and transport phenomena. (amherst.edu)
Structure and conformation of nucleic acids and protein-nucleic acid interactions. (springer.com)
Isolated, purified, and recombinant nucleic acids and proteins corresponding to the human GC6 gene and its mRNA and protein products, as well as peptides and antibodies corresponding to the GC6 protein can be used to identify. (google.es)
Here, we review the functions of retroviral MA proteins, with an emphasis on the nucleic-acid-binding capability of the HIV-1 MA protein, and its effects on membrane binding. (frontiersin.org)
An Assignment Note generally will be considered for a protein of at least 100 amino acid residues in size based on data collected under non-denaturating conditions for the active form of the protein. (springer.com)
An Assignment Note for a cooperatively folded protein of less than 100 amino acid residues or of unfolded/non-native states may be considered, provided that the authors present a convincing reason for publication of the data in the cover letter accompanying submission. (springer.com)
He postulated that there must be "adaptor molecules" that would translate the RNA alphabet into a protein version to produce a polypeptide composed of the many different types of amino acids. (mdpi.com)
Biomolecules and the forces that influence their structure and conformation are also covered, as are protein, nucleic acid, and membrane biophysics. (mheducation.com)
To make a protein, the two strands of DNA that make up a gene are separated and one strand acts as a template to make molecules of messenger ribonucleic acid (or mRNA for short). (elifesciences.org)
Upon absorption of a photon, retinal changes conformation, causing a conformational change in the bacterioopsin protein which drives proton transport. (wikipedia.org)

Besides the common right-handed B- or A- structures, the alternate Z-conformation, which is left-handed, can be formed in both DNA and RNA molecules. (ntu.edu.sg)
In a non-biological context, secondary structure is a vital consideration in the nucleic acid design of nucleic acid structures for DNA nanotechnology and DNA computing, since the pattern of basepairing ultimately determines the overall structure of the molecules. (wikipedia.org)
The double helix is an important tertiary structure in nucleic acid molecules which is intimately connected with the molecule's secondary structure. (wikipedia.org)
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules have been degraded except for that portion of the molecule or molecules that are protected from degradation by hybridization to the non-nucleotide probe. (google.com)
How does temperature impact the conformation of single DNA molecules below melting temperature? (ipbs.fr)
Stable isotope labeled nucleic acids play a significant rolein studying the links between the structure and dynamicsof the overall global conformation of RNA and DNA molecules. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Crick first predicted the existence of Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules that mediate the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) codons into corresponding amino acids even before they were discovered [ 1 ]. (mdpi.com)
In the simplest form, there would exist 20 adaptor molecules, one for each amino acid. (mdpi.com)
prions ( proteins that can exist in a pathological conformation that induces other prion molecules to assume that same conformation). (wikipedia.org)

Nucleic acid secondary structure is the basepairing interactions within a single nucleic acid polymer or between two polymers. (wikipedia.org)
Melting is the process by which the interactions between the strands of the double helix are broken, separating the two nucleic acid strands. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, the Tlg2p N-peptide competes with the closed conformation for binding, suggesting a fundamental regulatory mechanism for SM-syntaxin interactions in SNARE assembly and membrane fusion. (pnas.org)
r3Cseq: an R/Bioconductor package for the discovery of long-range genomic interactions from chromosome conformation capture and next-generation sequencing data. (cnrs.fr)
Research on intra-chromosomal interactions was limited by inadequate techniques until 2002, when the lab of Job Dekker published the first biochemical approach for observing long-range chromatin interactions which he called chromosome conformation capture , or 3C for short. (activemotif.com)
Chromosome conformation capture is a research method that allows researchers to observe interactions between genetic loci that are in close contact in the 3-dimensional structure of a chromosome but can be megabases apart in the linear sequence. (activemotif.com)
You will learn about the different composition and roles of nucleic acids in the cell, their interactions with each other and the use of ribozymes, aptamers, antisense and hybridization as tools in molecular research. (nottingham.ac.uk)
In this report, we identify interactions and characteristics of nucleic acid probes that maximize BSI signal upon binding the respiratory syncytial virus nucleocapsid gene RNA biomarker. (nih.gov)
Thus, the backbone conformational states, able to translate information included in the sequence into structural properties, appears as a dynamical element inextricably involved in a complete understanding of specific recognition nucleic acid ligand interactions. (jbsdonline.com)
However, the effort is worthwhile and the article is a timely reminder that we cannot treat nucleic acids as mere abstractions, but that they are complex organic macromolecules capable of equally complex, but nevertheless important, interactions. (google.com)
The methods provide useful information about the structure, conformation, relative location and/or interactions of macromolecules. (google.co.uk)

Livak KJ, Flood SJ, Marmaro J, Giusti W and Deetz K (1995) Oligonucleotides with fluorescent dyes at opposite ends provide a quenched probe system useful for detecting PCR product and nucleic-acid hybridization. (springer.com)
10. A method according to claim 8 , wherein said oligonucleotide is indirectly linked to said solid phase by hybridization with said nucleic acid. (google.es)
A nucleic acid hybridization assay employing an immobilized or immobilizable polynucleotide probe selected to form DNA.RNA or RNA.RNA hybrids with the particular polynucleotide sequence to be determined. (google.ca)
No immobilization or labeling of sample nucleic acids is necessary and hybridization can be performed entirely in solution. (google.ca)
This invention relates to nucleic acid hybridization assay methods and reagent systems for detecting specific polynucleotide sequences. (google.ca)
The principle of nucleic acid hybridization assays was developed by workers in the recombinant DNA field as a means for determining and isolating particular polynucleotide base sequences of interest. (google.ca)
Figure 2 ) and nucleic acid hybridization. (thermofisher.com)

While the peptide termini and their second and C-terminal anchor side chains are bound similarly in all five cases, the main chain and side chain conformations of each peptide are strikingly different in the center of the binding site, and these differences are accessible to direct TCR recognition. (rcsb.org)
Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a DNA analogue in which the negatively charged sugar phosphate backbone has been substituted by uncharged N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine units. (chalmers.se)
These modes include binding of the SM to a closed conformation of syntaxin, binding to the N-terminal peptide of syntaxin, binding to assembled SNARE complexes, and/or binding to nonsyntaxin SNAREs. (pnas.org)
Thus, the N-peptide interaction appears to be the most common mode of binding, and the closed conformation interaction has been hypothesized to be specific to the neuronal Munc18a ( 6 ). (pnas.org)
6. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the non-nucleotide probe or probes are peptide nucleic acid. (google.com)
Pipkorn R, Wiessler M, Waldeck W, Hennrich U, Nokihara K, Beining M, Braun K. Improved Synthesis Strategy for Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA) appropriate for Cell-specific Fluorescence Imaging. (medsci.org)
A search for the very first documentations of peptide nucleic acids (PNA) led to Miller's and Urey's experiments in the year 1953. (medsci.org)

Further, PNAs have applications in analysis of biosensor chips for identification of nucleic acids [ 22 ]. (medsci.org)

Selection of zinc fingers that bind single-stranded telomeric DNA in the G-quadruplex conformation," Biochemistry, vol. 40, No. 3, Jan. 23, 2001, pp. 830-836. (patentgenius.com)

It can be represented as a list of bases which are paired in a nucleic acid molecule. (wikipedia.org)
The fluorescence of a target molecule can be extrinsic or intrinsic (aromatic amino acids ) and is altered in temperature gradients due to two distinct effects. (wikipedia.org)
7 . The method of claim 4 wherein said derivative comprises substitution of an oxygen molecule with a thiol, alkyl, carbonyl, amine, alcohol, aryl or an animo acid group. (google.ca)
1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID No: 15. (google.es)
2. A recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a promoter sequence operably linked to a nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1. (google.es)
3. A recombinant nucleic acid vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1. (google.es)
4. A host cell comprising a recombinant nucleic acid molecule according to claim 2. (google.es)
6. An isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1, wherein the molecule comprises the nucleic acid sequence shown in SEQ ID No: 16. (google.es)
The present invention relates to isolated or purified molecule(s) capable of binding to one or more of telomeric, G-quadruplex, or G-quartet nucleic acid(s). (patentgenius.com)
1. An isolated Cys2 His2 zinc finger polypeptide that binds to a molecule selected from the group consisting of telomeric nucleic acid, G-quadruplex nucleic acid and G-quartetnucleic acid. (patentgenius.com)

In particular, the integration of data about cancer mutations, gene functional annotations, genome conformation, epigenetic patterns, gene expression, and metabolic pathways in our multi-layer representation will allow a better interpretation of the mechanisms behind a complex disease such as cancer. (frontiersin.org)
Sarkar G, Yoon HS and Sommer SS (1992) Screening for mutations by RNA single strand conformation (rSSCP): comparison with DNA-SSCP. (springer.com)

Crystal structures of the ligand binding-competent conformation exist for all anti-apoptotic family members, with the exception of BCL-W, due to the flexibility of the BCL-W groove region. (rcsb.org)
We now determined two high-resolution crystal structures of human BCL-W in complex with different DARPins at resolutions 1.5 and 1.85Å, in which the structure of BCL-W is virtually identical, and BCL-W adopts a conformation extremely similar to the ligand-free conformation of its closest relative BCL-XL in both structures. (rcsb.org)
We present high-resolution structures of Deinococcus radiodurans (Dra)Nramp in multiple conformations to provide a thorough description of the Nramp transport cycle by identifying the key intramolecular rearrangements and changes to the metal coordination sphere. (elifesciences.org)
This unit helps you understand the properties of nucleotides and how they contribute to secondary and tertiary structures of nucleic acids at the molecular level. (nottingham.ac.uk)
The unusual BII phosphate conformation detected in B-DNA structures was found sequence dependant and associated to large changes in inter base-pair helical parameters. (jbsdonline.com)

The nucleic acid double helix is a spiral polymer, usually right-handed, containing two nucleotide strands which base pair together. (wikipedia.org)
This invention pertains to methods, kits and compositions suitable for the detection, identification and/or quantitation of nucleic acids which are electrostatically immobilized to matrices using non-nucleotide probes which sequence specifically hybridize to one or more target sequences of the nucleic. (google.com)
Once the nucleic acid is immobilized, the detectable non-nucleotide probe/target sequence complex, formed before or after the immobilization of the nucleic acid, can be detected, identified or quantitated under a wide range of assay conditions as a means to detect, identify or quantitate the target sequence in the sample. (google.com)
In biology, a sequence motif is a nucleotide or amino-acid sequence pattern that is widespread and usually assumed to be related to biological function of the macromolecule. (wikipedia.org)

All of the chromosome conformation capture assays (and their derivatives) share the same basic principles and to some degree, have overlapping methodologies. (activemotif.com)
Below we discuss the basic methodology and applications for the most commonly used subset of chromosome conformation capture-based assays. (activemotif.com)

It was concluded that formation and structure of complexes depend selectively on the DNA conformation and base composition. (meta.org)
Both complexes display the two-armed structure characteristic of SMC proteins, but their conformations are remarkably different. (rupress.org)
We classified the conformation of planar estrogens or angular TPE complexes as "estrogen-like" or "antiestrogen-like" complexes, respectively. (aspetjournals.org)

The present invention provides methods for specifically detecting DNA mismatches between heteroduplex strands produced between wildtype and mutation containing nucleic acid species. (google.com)

Physico-chemical Properties of Nucleic Acids, Volume II basically deals with the structural studies on nucleic acids and other biopolymers. (elsevier.com)

Exposure to acid causes the loss of purine residues, though specific enzymes exist in cells to repair these lesions. (britannica.com)

UV and circular dichroism spectroscopy as well as isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) have been used to study the effect of different ions on the stability and conformation of PNA-DNA, PNA-PNA, and DNA-DNA duplexes having the same base sequences. (chalmers.se)
Probes for specific nucleic acid sequences can be immobilized as arrays on solid phase surfaces for detection of multiple nucleic acid sequences simultaneously from electrophoresis gels and from aqueous solutions. (google.es)

However, formation of Z-conformation in living organisms and its biological significance remains largely elusive. (ntu.edu.sg)
In this work, we propose a model for multi-omic data integration (i.e., genetic variations, gene expression, genome conformation, and epigenetic patterns), which exploits a multi-layer network approach to analyse, visualize, and obtain insights from such biological information, in order to use achieved results at a macroscopic level. (frontiersin.org)
Light induced charge and energy transport in nucleic acids and proteins is the basis of fundamental biological processes such as photosynthesis, vision, DNA-photostability, DNA-photodamage and photosensing. (rsc.org)
After two German chemists, Emil Fischer and Franz Hofmeister, independently stated in 1902 that proteins are essentially polypeptides consisting of many amino acids , an attempt was made to classify proteins according to their chemical and physical properties, because the biological function of proteins had not yet been established. (britannica.com)
Apart from revealing a general lack of appreciation of many important aspects of the chemical properties of poly adenylic acid, the literature also shows that there is a great gulf between those who study the biological role of polyadenylic acid. (google.com)

Topology Links RNA Secondary Structurewith Global Conformation, Dynamics, and Adaptation. (sigmaaldrich.com)

We developed 4C technology (chromosome conformation capture (3C)-on-chip), which allows for an unbiased genome-wide search for DNA loci that contact a given locus in the nuclear space. (nih.gov)
Chromosome conformation capture methods are being increasingly used to study three-dimensional genome architecture in multiple cell types and species. (biomedcentral.com)
In fact, the sheer number of available chromosome conformation capture methods can be overwhelming at first glance. (activemotif.com)
Chromosome conformation capture (3C) was the first chromatin structure assay on the scene in 2002. (activemotif.com)

Many chemical mutagens, such as chlorinated hydrocarbons and nitrites, owe their toxicity to the production of halides and nitrous acid during their metabolism in the body. (britannica.com)

The histone chaperones Nap1 and Vps75 bind histones H3 and H4 in a tetrameric conformation. (warwick.ac.uk)
Nucleosome Histone Tail Conformation and Dynamics: Impacts of Lysine Acetylation and a Nearby Minor Groove Benzo[a]pyrene-Derived Lesion. (nyu.edu)

This finding implied a degree of flexibility inherent in the Ub-PCNA complex that would allow it to transition into a conformation competent to bind the TLS polymerase. (pnas.org)

Several binding sites were conserved between E. coli and human ribosomes, revealing that formation of Z-like RNA conformations might be a conserved property of the dynamic ribosome structure during translation. (ntu.edu.sg)
Nucleic acid secondary structure is generally divided into helices (contiguous base pairs), and various kinds of loops (unpaired nucleotides surrounded by helices). (wikipedia.org)
Crystal structure of a membrane-bound l-amino acid deaminase from Proteus vulgaris. (semanticscholar.org)
a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. (scienceblogs.com)
Structure of a B-DNA dodecamer: conformation and dynamics. (scienceblogs.com)
Crystal structure of Thermoplasma acidophilum XerA recombinase shows large C-shape clamp conformation and cis-cleavage mode for nucleophilic tyrosine. (semanticscholar.org)
A fluorescently labeled nucleic acid having a hairpin structure between the fluorophore label and a point of attachment to a solid phase is useful as a probe to detect nucleic acid from a sample. (google.es)
Chromatin structure-dependent conformations of the H1 CTD. (rochester.edu)
Terbium(3+) as a probe of nucleic acids structure. (deepdyve.com)
We start with an extensive article by T. P. Karpetsky, M. S. Boguski and C. C. Levy on the structure, properties and possible functions of polyadenylic acid. (google.com)

To define the conformation of the TPE:estrogen receptor (ER) complex, we employed a previously validated assay using the induction of transforming growth factor α (TGF α ) mRNA in situ in MDA-MB 231 cells stably transfected with wild-type ER (MC2) or D351G ER mutant (JM6). (aspetjournals.org)

Orita M, Iwahana H, Kanazana H, Hayashi K and Sekiya T (1989) Detection of polymorphisms of human DNA by gel electrophoresis as single-strand conformation polymorphisms. (springer.com)
Nucleic acid electrophoresis is utilized in many research applications of molecular biology to examine experimental outcomes and, in some cases, to isolate and purify samples, before proceeding to a subsequent step. (thermofisher.com)
Therefore, applications of routine nucleic acid electrophoresis can be generally categorized as analytical or preparative, respectively, both of which rely on the technique to separate, resolve, and quantitate. (thermofisher.com)
The analytical applications of nucleic acid electrophoresis provide ways to examine experimental results of a prior step before continuing the workflow or another set of experiments. (thermofisher.com)

Resulting hybrids are detected by binding of an antibody reagent, preferably labeled with a detectable chemical group, selective for binding the hybrids in the presence of the single stranded sample and probe nucleic acids. (google.ca)
By labeling such complementary probe nucleic acids with some readily detectable chemical group, it was then made possible to detect the presence of any polynucleotide sequence of interest in a test medium containing sample nucleic acids in single stranded form. (google.ca)

In terms of nucleic acid packing, dsDNA viruses, which lack genome segmentation and intra-capsid transcriptional machinery, predominantly display single-spooled genome organizations. (pdbj.org)
We find that in this group of viruses, RNA-dependent RNA polymerases do not direct genome ordering, and the dsRNA can adopt multiple conformations. (pdbj.org)
We build a model that encompasses 90% of the genome, and use this to quantify variation in the packing density and to characterize the different liquid crystalline geometries that are exhibited by the tightly compacted nucleic acid. (pdbj.org)

e) a detecting reagent for detecting specific binding of the immunological reagent to chemically modified mismatched heteroduplex nucleic acid. (google.com)

These probes and methods for their use can be combined with known solid phases, particularly those used for plasmon surface detection and electron transfer detection of nucleic acid. (google.es)
We also demonstrated that locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes improved sensitivity approximately 4-fold compared to DNA probes of the same sequence. (nih.gov)

To capture its ligand binding-competent conformation by counteracting the conformational flexibility of the BCL-W groove, we had selected high-affinity groove-binding designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) using ribosome display. (rcsb.org)

9 . The method of claim 1 wherein said nucleic acid duplex is bound to a solid support. (google.ca)
Histones , which are less alkaline, apparently occur only in cell nuclei , where they are bound to nucleic acids . (britannica.com)

DNA and RNA, such as obtained by denaturing their double stranded forms, will hybridize or recombine under appropriate conditions with complementary single stranded nucleic acids. (google.ca)

This organization of subtelomeric and telomeric areas however does not include a telomeric cis-loopback conformation. (biomedcentral.com)

The A-to-B transition in DNA has also served as a prototype case for testing out and validating empirical energy functions and force fields used in molecular dynamics simulations on nucleic acids (2-4). (redorbit.com)

In addition, staining nucleic acids with a fluorescent dye that has high sensitivity and a wide dynamic range can further improve gel quantitation. (thermofisher.com)

Structural modeling and in vitro experiments with recombinant human SIRT2 determined that propofol and [ 3 H]AziP m only bind specifically and competitively to the enzyme when co-equilibrated with other substrates, which suggests that the anesthetic site is either created or stabilized in enzymatic conformations that are induced by substrate binding. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
To prevent degradation by chemical and enzymatic processes, DNA is often stored as a precipitate in ethanol, at -80 °C. This increases nucleic acids stability, but means that the ethanol must be removed prior to use. (news-medical.net)

Sheffield VC, Beck JS, Kwitek AE, Sandstrom DW and Stone EW (1993) The sensitivity of single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis for the detection of single base substitutions. (springer.com)
These labeled nucleic acids help to improve NMR methodologies by enhancing experimental sensitivity and spectral resolution, as well as facilitating the measurement of local and long-range distance restraints. (sigmaaldrich.com)

It was found that single stranded nucleic acids, e.g. (google.ca)
3. A zinc finger polypeptide according to claim 1 wherein said nucleic acid comprises single-stranded DNA. (patentgenius.com)

We show that single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, using the mutation detection enhancement (MDE TM ) matrix, is efficient at detecting sequence polymorphisms in PCR amplicons. (springer.com)

Further studies revealed that ZαADAR1 could bind to ribosomes and inhibit translation in both E. coli and mammalian systems in a Z-conformation dependent manner. (ntu.edu.sg)

1.12.1 Amino acid composition. (worldcat.org)

wherein said matrix comprises charged functional groups that are suitable for binding nucleic acid under electrostatic binding conditions. (google.com)
8. A method according to claim 6 , wherein said solid phase further comprises a nucleic acid comprising a quenching moiety. (google.es)
11. A method according to claim 8 , wherein said solid phase comprises an array of discrete regions wherein each region contains a nucleic acid comprising a quenching moiety. (google.es)
12. A method according to claim 11 , wherein said array comprises a plurality of different nucleic acids. (google.es)
6. A zinc finger polypeptide according to claim 1 wherein said nucleic acid comprises Hoogsteen base pairing. (patentgenius.com)

Volume II begins with Chapter 10 as continuation of Volume I and discusses the infrared and Raman spectroscopy of nucleic acids and polynucleotides. (elsevier.com)

The last two chapters discuss the concept of thermodynamic and hydrodynamic properties of conformation transitions and changes. (elsevier.com)

2. A zinc finger polypeptide according to claim 1 wherein said nucleic acid is not in a double-helical conformation. (patentgenius.com)
4. A zinc finger polypeptide according to claim 1 wherein said nucleic acid is contained in a chromosome end. (patentgenius.com)
5. A zinc finger polypeptide according to claim 1 wherein said nucleic acid is in a non-Watson-Crick base paired conformation. (patentgenius.com)
8. A zinc finger polypeptide according to claim 1 wherein said polypeptide has an affinity for G-quadruplex nucleic acid which is different from its affinity for duplex nucleic acid. (patentgenius.com)
and (iv) monitoring the binding of said zinc finger polypeptide to said telomerase treated nucleic acid sample. (patentgenius.com)
15. A method for discriminating between duplex and quadruplex nucleic acid comprising contacting a sample of nucleic acid with a zinc finger polypeptide according to claim 8 and monitoring the binding of said zinc finger polypeptide to saidnucleic acid. (patentgenius.com)

Anatomy2

Organisms3

Chemicals and Drugs6

Phenomena and Processes10

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities1

Information Science7

Health Care2

Evidence on the conformation of HeLa-cell 5.8S ribosomal ribonucleic acid from the reaction of specific cytidine residues with sodium bisulphite. (1/22440)

Four dimers of lambda repressor bound to two suitably spaced pairs of lambda operators form octamers and DNA loops over large distances. (2/22440)

Tight binding of the 5' exon to domain I of a group II self-splicing intron requires completion of the intron active site. (3/22440)

Structural basis for the specificity of the initiation of HIV-1 reverse transcription. (4/22440)

Pseudouridine mapping in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spliceosomal U small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) reveals that pseudouridine synthase pus1p exhibits a dual substrate specificity for U2 snRNA and tRNA. (5/22440)

Comparative sequence analysis of human minisatellites showing meiotic repeat instability. (6/22440)

Specificity from steric restrictions in the guanosine binding pocket of a group I ribozyme. (7/22440)

The influence of junction conformation on RNA cleavage by the hairpin ribozyme in its natural junction form. (8/22440)

Nucleic Acid Conformation

Protein Conformation

Peptide Nucleic Acids

Molecular Conformation

Nucleic Acid Probes

DNA

Molecular Sequence Data

Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques

Nucleic Acid Denaturation

Amino Acid Sequence

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Crystallography, X-Ray

RNA

Binding Sites

Circular Dichroism

Protein Structure, Secondary

Protein Binding

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Thermodynamics

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Kinetics

Hydrogen Bonding

Oligonucleotides

Solutions

Structure-Activity Relationship

Protein Folding

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular

Escherichia coli

Mutation

Base Sequence

Temperature

Spectrometry, Fluorescence

Models, Chemical

Molecular Structure

Ligands

Peptides

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational

Oligodeoxyribonucleotides

Proteins

RNA, Viral

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Base Pairing

Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet

Self-Sustained Sequence Replication

DNA, Single-Stranded

Polydeoxyribonucleotides

Protein Structure, Quaternary

Computer Simulation

X-Ray Diffraction

DNA, Viral

Dimerization

Carbohydrate Conformation

Recombinant Proteins

Nucleotides

Protein Denaturation

Catalytic Domain

Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Static Electricity

Aptamers, Nucleotide

RNA, Bacterial

Fluorescent Dyes

Crystallography

Substrate Specificity

G-Quadruplexes

Bacterial Proteins

Water

Guanine

Sensitivity and Specificity

DNA, Bacterial

DNA Probes

Cell Line

Amino Acid Substitution

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Peptide Fragments

Catalysis

Sequence Alignment

Spectrum Analysis, Raman