Norepinephrine. Medical search

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of noradrenergic neurons. They remove NOREPINEPHRINE from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE by high affinity reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. It regulates signal amplitude and duration at noradrenergic synapses and is the target of ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS.

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.

Drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin.

A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.

Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.

One of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors that were originally defined by the relative potencies of various adrenergic compounds. The alpha receptors were initially described as excitatory receptors that post-junctionally stimulate SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction. However, further analysis has revealed a more complex picture involving several alpha receptor subtypes and their involvement in feedback regulation.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic alpha-antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.

Cell-surface proteins that bind epinephrine and/or norepinephrine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. The two major classes of adrenergic receptors, alpha and beta, were originally discriminated based on their cellular actions but now are distinguished by their relative affinity for characteristic synthetic ligands. Adrenergic receptors may also be classified according to the subtypes of G-proteins with which they bind; this scheme does not respect the alpha-beta distinction.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.

Bluish-colored region in the superior angle of the FOURTH VENTRICLE floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY.

A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they signal through Gi-Go G-PROTEINS. While postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors play a traditional role in mediating the effects of ADRENERGIC AGONISTS, the subset of alpha-2 receptors found on presynaptic membranes signal the feedback inhibition of NEUROTRANSMITTER release.

An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems.

One of two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. The beta adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulating CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation, and GLYCOGENOLYSIS.

Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.

Drugs that mimic the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.

A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.

The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters.

Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids.

A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors that mediate contraction of SMOOTH MUSCLE in a variety of tissues such as ARTERIOLES; VEINS; and the UTERUS. They are usually found on postsynaptic membranes and signal through GQ-G11 G-PROTEINS.

Nerve fibers liberating catecholamines at a synapse after an impulse.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.

A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.

Drugs that inhibit the transport of neurotransmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. For many transmitters, uptake determines the time course of transmitter action so inhibiting uptake prolongs the activity of the transmitter. Blocking uptake may also deplete available transmitter stores. Many clinically important drugs are uptake inhibitors although the indirect reactions of the brain rather than the acute block of uptake itself is often responsible for the therapeutic effects.

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. Adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.

The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.

Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors.

Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.

An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the same direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS.

A precursor of noradrenaline that is used in the treatment of parkinsonism. The racemic form (DL-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine) has also been used, and has been investigated in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension. There is a deficit of noradrenaline as well as of dopamine in Parkinson's disease and it has been proposed that this underlies the sudden transient freezing seen usually in advanced disease. Administration of DL-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine has been claimed to result in an improvement in this phenomenon but controlled studies have failed to demonstrate improvement. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.

Drugs that inhibit the actions of the sympathetic nervous system by any mechanism. The most common of these are the ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS and drugs that deplete norepinephrine or reduce the release of transmitters from adrenergic postganglionic terminals (see ADRENERGIC AGENTS). Drugs that act in the central nervous system to reduce sympathetic activity (e.g., centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, see ADRENERGIC ALPHA-AGONISTS) are included here.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is EPINEPHRINE.

A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.

An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.

A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology.

A thermogenic form of adipose tissue composed of BROWN ADIPOCYTES. It is found in newborns of many species including humans, and in hibernating mammals. Brown fat is richly vascularized, innervated, and densely packed with MITOCHONDRIA which can generate heat directly from the stored lipids.

Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines.

Dopamines with a hydroxy group substituted in one or more positions.

Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4.

A paravertebral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.

A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.

An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)

The neural systems which act on VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE to control blood vessel diameter. The major neural control is through the sympathetic nervous system.

Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of serotonergic neurons. They are different than SEROTONIN RECEPTORS, which signal cellular responses to SEROTONIN. They remove SEROTONIN from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE by high affinity reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. Regulates signal amplitude and duration at serotonergic synapses and is the site of action of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS.

Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.

The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.

A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.

Sympathectomy using chemicals (e.g., 6-hydroxydopamine or guanethidine) which selectively and reversibly destroy adrenergic nerve endings while leaving cholinergic nerve endings intact.

A strain of Rattus norvegicus used as a normotensive control for the spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR).

The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.

Nerve fibers which project from sympathetic ganglia to synapses on target organs. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers use norepinephrine as transmitter, except for those innervating eccrine sweat glands (and possibly some blood vessels) which use acetylcholine. They may also release peptide cotransmitters.

An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.

Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.

A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.

The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.

A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.

A group of compounds that are methyl derivatives of the amino acid TYROSINE.

Part of the arm in humans and primates extending from the ELBOW to the WRIST.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.

A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.

A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)

Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include, but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.

Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of dopaminergic neurons. They remove DOPAMINE from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE by high affinity reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS and are the target of DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITORS.

The inner portion of the adrenal gland. Derived from ECTODERM, adrenal medulla consists mainly of CHROMAFFIN CELLS that produces and stores a number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS, mainly adrenaline (EPINEPHRINE) and NOREPINEPHRINE. The activity of the adrenal medulla is regulated by the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.

A strain of Rattus norvegicus with elevated blood pressure used as a model for studying hypertension and stroke.

A chemically heterogeneous group of drugs that have in common the ability to block oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. (From Gilman, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p414)

A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.

The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells.

A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS.

Diseases of the parasympathetic or sympathetic divisions of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; which has components located in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Autonomic dysfunction may be associated with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES; BRAIN STEM disorders; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. Manifestations include impairments of vegetative functions including the maintenance of BLOOD PRESSURE; HEART RATE; pupil function; SWEATING; REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY PHYSIOLOGY; and DIGESTION.

Veins which return blood from the intestines; the inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein.

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-1 receptors are equally sensitive to EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE and bind the agonist DOBUTAMINE and the antagonist METOPROLOL with high affinity. They are found in the HEART, juxtaglomerular cells, and in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Compounds that specifically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.

An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.

The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

A class of histamine receptors discriminated by their pharmacology and mode of action. Histamine H3 receptors were first recognized as inhibitory autoreceptors on histamine-containing nerve terminals and have since been shown to regulate the release of several neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (From Biochem Soc Trans 1992 Feb;20(1):122-5)

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.

A light-sensitive neuroendocrine organ attached to the roof of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain. The pineal gland secretes MELATONIN, other BIOGENIC AMINES and NEUROPEPTIDES.

The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.

Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.

A progressive neurodegenerative condition of the central and autonomic nervous systems characterized by atrophy of the preganglionic lateral horn neurons of the thoracic spinal cord. This disease is generally considered a clinical variant of MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY. Affected individuals present in the fifth or sixth decade with ORTHOSTASIS and bladder dysfunction; and later develop FECAL INCONTINENCE; anhidrosis; ATAXIA; IMPOTENCE; and alterations of tone suggestive of basal ganglia dysfunction. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p536)

The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.

A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.

A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the propanolamine (NH2CH2CHOHCH2) group and its derivatives.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.

Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.

A degenerative disease of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM that is characterized by idiopathic ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION and a greatly reduced level of CATECHOLAMINES. No other neurological deficits are present.

A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.

Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery.

The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.

A methyltransferase that catalyzes the reaction of S-adenosyl-L-methionine and phenylethanolamine to yield S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and N-methylphenylethanolamine. It can act on various phenylethanolamines and converts norepinephrine into epinephrine. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.1.1.28.

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-2 receptors are more sensitive to EPINEPHRINE than to NOREPINEPHRINE and have a high affinity for the agonist TERBUTALINE. They are widespread, with clinically important roles in SKELETAL MUSCLE; LIVER; and vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary SMOOTH MUSCLE.

The volume of BLOOD passing through the HEART per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with STROKE VOLUME (volume per beat).

The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS supplying the abdominal VISCERA.

1,4-Diethylene dioxides. Industrial solvents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), dioxane itself may "reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen." (Merck Index, 11th ed)

Cell surface proteins that bind catecholamines with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The catecholamine messengers epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are synthesized from tyrosine by a common biosynthetic pathway.

The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.

Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems.

The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.

The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries.

A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Tumors or cancer of the ADRENAL GLANDS.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

The front portion of the HYPOTHALAMUS separated into the preoptic region and the supraoptic region. The preoptic region is made up of the periventricular GRAY MATTER of the rostral portion of the THIRD VENTRICLE and contains the preoptic ventricular nucleus and the medial preoptic nucleus. The supraoptic region contains the PARAVENTRICULAR HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS, the SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS, the ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS, and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

The HEART and the BLOOD VESSELS by which BLOOD is pumped and circulated through the body.

Substances that contain a fused three-ring moiety and are used in the treatment of depression. These drugs block the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into axon terminals and may block some subtypes of serotonin, adrenergic, and histamine receptors. However the mechanism of their antidepressant effects is not clear because the therapeutic effects usually take weeks to develop and may reflect compensatory changes in the central nervous system.

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-1 RECEPTORS.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.

A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.

A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)

A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251)

The excretory duct of the testes that carries SPERMATOZOA. It rises from the SCROTUM and joins the SEMINAL VESICLES to form the ejaculatory duct.

Organelles in CHROMAFFIN CELLS located in the adrenal glands and various other organs. These granules are the site of the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.

The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.

Drugs that block the transport of DOPAMINE into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS also inhibit dopamine uptake.

The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs.

Any of the tubular vessels conveying the blood (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins).

The circulation of the BLOOD through the vessels of the KIDNEY.

Middle portion of the hypothalamus containing the arcuate, dorsomedial, ventromedial nuclei, the TUBER CINEREUM and the PITUITARY GLAND.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.

Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).

LIPOLYSIS of stored LIPIDS in the ADIPOSE TISSUE to release FREE FATTY ACIDS. Mobilization of stored lipids is under the regulation of lipolytic signals (CATECHOLAMINES) or anti-lipolytic signals (INSULIN) via their actions on the hormone-sensitive LIPASE. This concept does not include lipid transport.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTORS.

A group of TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENES containing a keto oxygen.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

The position or attitude of the body.

Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine.

Removal of an autonomic or sensory ganglion by any means.

Contractile activity of the MYOCARDIUM.

Extra-vesicular binding of noradrenaline and guanethidine in the adrenergic neurones of the rat heart: a proposed site of action of adrenergic neurone blocking agents. (1/10407)

1 The binding and efflux characteristics of [14C]-guanethidine and [3H]-noradrenaline were studied in heart slices from rats which were pretreated with reserpine and nialamide. 2 Binding of both compounds occurred at extra-vesicular sites within the adrenergic neurone. After a brief period of rapid washout, the efflux of [14C]-guanethidine and [3H]-noradrenaline proceeded at a steady rate. The efflux of both compounds appeared to occur from a single intraneuronal compartment. 3 (+)-Amphetamine accelerated the efflux of [14C]-noradrenaline; this effect was inhibited by desipramine. 4 Unlabelled guanethidine and amantadine also increased the efflux of labelled compounds. Cocaine in high concentrations increased slightly the efflux of [14C]-guanethidine but not that of [3H]-noradrenaline. 5 Heart slices labelled with [3H]-noradrenaline became refractory to successive exposures to releasing agents although an appreciable amount of labelled compound was still present in in these slices. 6 It is suggested that [14C]-guanethidine and [3H]-noradrenaline are bound at a common extravesicular site within the adrenergic neurone. Binding of guanethidine to the extra-vesicular site may be relevant to its pharmacological action, i.e., the blockade of adrenergic transmission. (+info)

Long-term effects of N-2-chlorethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride on noradrenergic neurones in the rat brain and heart. (2/10407)

1 N-2-Chlorethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride (DSP 4) 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally, produced a long-term decrease in the capacity of brain homogenates to accumulate noradrenaline with significant effect 8 months after the injection. It had no effect on the noradrenaline uptake in homogenates from the striatum (dopamine neurones) and on the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in various brain regions. 2 In vitro DSP 4 inhibited the noradrenaline uptake in a cortical homogenate with an IC50 value of 2 muM but was more than ten times less active on the dopamine uptake in a striatal homogenate and the 5-HT uptake in a cortical homogenate. 3 DSP 4 (50 mg/kg i.p.) inhibited the uptake of noradrenaline in the rat heart atrium in vitro but this action was terminated within 2 weeks. 4 DSP 4 (50 mg/kg i.p.) cuased a decrease in the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in the rat brain and heart. The onset of this effect was slow; in heart a lag period of 2-4 days was noted. In brain the DBH-activity in cerebral cortex was much more decreased than that in hypothalamus which was only slightly affected. A significant effect was still found 8 months after the injection. The noradrenaline concentration in the brain was greatly decreased for at least two weeks, whereas noradrenaline in heart was only temporarily reduced. 5 The long-term effects of DSP 4 on the noradrenaline accumulation, the DBH activity and noradrenaline concentration in the rat brain were antagonized by desipramine (10 mg/kg i.p.). 6 It is suggested that DSP 4 primarily attacks the membranal noradrenaline uptake sites forming a covalent bond and that the nerve terminals, as a result of this binding, degenerate. (+info)

Studies on the mechanism of action of amantadine. (3/10407)

1 The effect of amantadine hydrochloride on various aspects of catecholamine metabolism in the rat brain has been investigated. 2 Amantadine failed to have any significant effect on brain concentrations of dopamine or noradrenaline even when administered daily for 9 days. 3 Amantadine had no effect on the rate of decline of noradrenaline and dopamine concentrations after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. 4 In vitro amantadine inhibited dopamine uptake into synaptosomes only at high concentrations, and caused little release of dopamine from synaptosomes. 5 There is no evidence from these results to suggest that the anti-Parkinsonian effect of amantadine is related to an action on dopaminergic mechanisms. (+info)

Further evidence that prostaglandins inhibit the release of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerve terminals by restriction of availability of calcium. (4/10407)

1 Guinea-pig vasa deferentia were continuously superfused after labelling the transmitter stores with [3H](-)-noradrenaline. Release of [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline was induced by transmural nerve stimulation. 2 Prostglandin E2 (14 nM) drastically reduced the release of [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline, while tetraethylammonium (2 mM), rubidium (6 mM), phenoxybenzamine (3 muM) each in the presence or absence of Uptake 1 or 2 blockade, and prolonged pulse duration (from 0.5 to 2.0 ms) all significantly increased the release of [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline per nerve impulse. 3 The inhibitory effect of prostaglandin E2 on evoked release of [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline was significantly reduced by tetraethylammonium, rubidium and prolonged pulse duration, whilst it was actually enhanced by phenoxybenzamine. This indicates that increased release of noradrenaline per nerve impulse does not per se counteract the inhibitory effect of prostaglandin E2. 4 It is concluded that tetraethylammonium, rubidium and prolonged pulse duration counteracted the inhibitory effect of prostaglandin E2 on T3H]-(-)-noradrenaline release by promoting calcium influx during the nerve action potential. The results are consistent with, and add more weight to the view that prostaglandins inhibit the release of noradrenaline by restriction of calcium availability. (+info)

Modulation of long-term synaptic depression in visual cortex by acetylcholine and norepinephrine. (5/10407)

In a slice preparation of rat visual cortex, we discovered that paired-pulse stimulation (PPS) elicits a form of homosynaptic long-term depression (LTD) in the superficial layers when carbachol (CCh) or norepinephrine (NE) is applied concurrently. PPS by itself, or CCh and NE in the absence of synaptic stimulation, produced no lasting change. The LTD induced by PPS in the presence of NE or CCh is of comparable magnitude with that obtained with prolonged low-frequency stimulation (LFS) but requires far fewer stimulation pulses (40 vs 900). The cholinergic facilitation of LTD was blocked by atropine and pirenzepine, suggesting involvement of M1 receptors. The noradrenergic facilitation of LTD was blocked by urapidil and was mimicked by methoxamine, suggesting involvement of alpha1 receptors. beta receptor agonists and antagonists were without effect. Induction of LTD by PPS was inhibited by NMDA receptor blockers (completely in the case of NE; partially in the case of CCh), suggesting that one action of the modulators is to control the gain of NMDA receptor-dependent homosynaptic LTD in visual cortex. We propose that this is a mechanism by which cholinergic and noradrenergic inputs to the neocortex modulate naturally occurring receptive field plasticity. (+info)

Allyl-containing sulfides in garlic increase uncoupling protein content in brown adipose tissue, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats. (6/10407)

The effects of garlic supplementation on triglyceride metabolism were investigated by measurements of the degree of thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats fed two types of dietary fat. In Experiment 1, rats were given isoenergetic high-fat diets containing either shortening or lard with or without garlic powder supplementation (8 g/kg of diet). After 28 d feeding, body weight, plasma triglyceride levels and the weights of perirenal adipose tissue and epididymal fat pad were significantly lower in rats fed diets supplemented with garlic powder than in those fed diets without garlic powder. The content of mitochondrial protein and uncoupling protein (UCP) in IBAT, and urinary noradrenaline and adrenaline excretion were significantly greater in rats fed a lard diet with garlic powder than in those fed the same diet without garlic. Other than adrenaline secretion, differences due to garlic were significant in rats fed shortening, also. In Experiment 2, the effects of various allyl-containing sulfides present in garlic on noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion were evaluated. Administration of diallyldisulfide, diallyltrisulfide and alliin, organosulfur compounds present in garlic, significantly increased plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations, whereas the administration of disulfides without allyl residues, diallylmonosulfide and S-allyl-L-cysteine did not increase adrenaline secretion. These results suggest that in rats, allyl-containing sulfides in garlic enhance thermogenesis by increasing UCP content in IBAT, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion. (+info)

Sympathetic nerve alterations assessed with 123I-MIBG in the failing human heart. (7/10407)

Norepinephrine (NE) reuptake function is impaired in heart failure and this may participate in myocyte hyperstimulation by the neurotransmitter. This alteration can be assessed by 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy. METHODS: To determine whether the impairment of neuronal NE reuptake was reversible after metoprolol therapy, we studied 18 patients (43+/-7 y) with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy who were stabilized at least for 3 mo with captopril and diuretics. Patients underwent, before and after 6 mo of therapy with metoprolol, measurements of radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), maximal oxygen consumption and plasma NE concentration. The cardiac adrenergic innervation function was scintigraphically assessed with MIBG uptake and release measurements on the planar images obtained 20 min and 4 h after tracer injection. To evaluate whether metoprolol had a direct interaction with cardiac MIBG uptake and release, six normal subjects were studied before and after a 1-mo metoprolol intake. RESULTS: In controls, neither cardiac MIBG uptake and release nor circulating NE concentration changed after the 1-mo metoprolol intake. Conversely, after a 6-mo therapy with metoprolol, patients showed increased cardiac MIBG uptake (129%+/-10% versus 138%+/-17%; P = 0.009), unchanged cardiac MIBG release and decreased plasma NE concentration (0.930+/-412 versus 0.721+/-0.370 ng/mL; P = 0.02). In parallel, patients showed improved New York Heart Association class (2.44+/-0.51 versus 2.05+/-0.23; P = 0.004) and increased LVEF (20%+/-8% versus 27%+/-8%; P = 0.0005), whereas maximal oxygen uptake remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: Thus, a parallel improvement of myocardial NE reuptake and of hemodynamics was observed after a 6-mo metoprolol therapy, suggesting that such agents may be beneficial in heart failure by directly protecting the myocardium against excessive NE stimulation. (+info)

Influence of vesicular storage and monoamine oxidase activity on [11C]phenylephrine kinetics: studies in isolated rat heart. (8/10407)

[11C]Phenylephrine (PHEN) is a radiolabeled analogue of norepinephrine that is transported into cardiac sympathetic nerve varicosities by the neuronal norepinephrine transporter and taken up into storage vesicles localized within the nerve varicosities by the vesicular monoamine transporter. PHEN is structurally related to two previously developed sympathetic nerve markers: [11C]-meta-hydroxyephedrine and [11C]epinephrine. To better characterize the neuronal handling of PHEN, particularly its sensitivity to neuronal monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, kinetic studies in an isolated working rat heart system were performed. METHODS: Radiotracer was administered to the isolated working heart as a 10-min constant infusion followed by a 110-min washout period. Two distinctly different approaches were used to assess the sensitivity of the kinetics of PHEN to MAO activity. In the first approach, oxidation of PHEN by MAO was inhibited at the enzymatic level with the MAO inhibitor pargyline. In the second approach, the two hydrogen atoms on the a-carbon of the side chain of PHEN were replaced with deuterium atoms ([11C](-)-alpha-alpha-dideutero-phenylephrine [D2-PHEN]) to inhibit MAO activity at the tracer level. The importance of vesicular uptake on the kinetics of PHEN and D2-PHEN was assessed by inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter-mediated storage into vesicles with reserpine. RESULTS: Under control conditions, PHEN initially accumulated into the heart at a rate of 0.72+/-0.15 mL/min/g wet. Inhibition of MAO activity with either pargyline or di-deuterium substitution did not significantly alter this rate. However, MAO inhibition did significantly slow the clearance of radioactivity from the heart during the washout phase of the study. Blocking vesicular uptake with reserpine reduced the initial uptake rates of PHEN and D2-PHEN, as well as greatly accelerated the clearance of radioactivity from the heart during washout. CONCLUSION: These studies indicate that PHEN kinetics are sensitive to neuronal MAO activity. Under normal conditions, efficient vesicular storage of PHEN serves to protect the tracer from rapid metabolism by neuronal MAO. However, it is likely that leakage of PHEN from the storage vesicles and subsequent metabolism by MAO lead to an appreciable clearance of radioactivity from the heart. (+info)

The general function of norepinephrine is to mobilize the brain and body for action. Norepinephrine release is lowest during ... A significant part of the damage is due to the effects of sustained norepinephrine release, because of norepinephrine's general ... Once in the synapse, norepinephrine binds to and activates receptors. After an action potential, the norepinephrine molecules ... with the functions of norepinephrine in vertebrates. It has been argued that octopamine evolved to replace norepinephrine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine

This requires norepinephrine to diffuse from the site it is released to the transporter for reuptake. Norepinephrine ... norepinephrine) transporter and consequently a phenotype of impaired neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine has been implicated in ... norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs or NERIs) and the tricyclic ... "Sodium-dependent norepinephrine-induced currents in norepinephrine-transporter-transfected HEK-293 cells blocked by cocaine and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter

Norepinephrine acts more on alpha receptors than the beta receptors. Norepinephrine is the INN while noradrenaline is the BAN. ... Norepinephrine works by binding and activating alpha adrenergic receptors. Norepinephrine was discovered in 1946 and was ... "Norepinephrine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Norepinephrine bitartrate". Drug Information ... Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is a medication used to treat people with very low blood pressure. It is the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_(medication)

Norepinephrine and dopamine disinhibitors (NDDIs) are a class of drugs which act at specific sites to disinhibit downstream ... Flibanserin disinhibits norepinephrine and dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex by activating 5-HT1A receptors in this ... Agomelatine, an antidepressant which disinhibits norepinephrine and dopamine release in the frontal cortex by antagonizing 5- ... Stahl SM (October 2007). "Novel mechanism of antidepressant action: norepinephrine and dopamine disinhibition (NDDI) plus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine–dopamine_disinhibitor

A norepinephrine releasing agent (NRA), also known as an adrenergic releasing agent, is a catecholaminergic type of drug that ... A closely related type of drug is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI). Another class of drugs that stimulates adrenergic ... ISBN 978-0-7817-6879-5.[permanent dead link] Media related to Norepinephrine releasing agents at Wikimedia Commons (All ... This in turn leads to increased extracellular concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine therefore an increase in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_releasing_agent

A norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI, NERI) or noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor or adrenergic reuptake inhibitor (ARI), is ... However, norepinephrine has been implicated as acting synergistically with dopamine when actions on the two neurotransmitters ... A closely related type of drug is a norepinephrine releasing agent (NRA). Many NRIs exist, including the following: Selective ... Monoamine reuptake inhibitor Beta blocker, similar type of drugs used to block epinephrine and norepinephrine beta receptors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor

... normal levels of norepinephrine in the synaptic clefts. Overall, inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake induced by TCAs leads to ... while milnacipran is three times more selective for norepinephrine than serotonin. Elevation of norepinephrine levels is ... "Discovery and structure-activity relationships of novel selective norepinephrine and dual serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake ... Norepinephrine has activating effects in the body and therefore can cause insomnia in some patients if taken at bedtime. SNRIs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin–norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor

A serotonin-norepinephrine releasing agent (SNRA) is a type of drug which induces the release of serotonin and norepinephrine ( ... A closely related type of drug is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). Monoamine releasing agent Serotonin ... releasing agent Norepinephrine releasing agent Serotonin-dopamine releasing agent Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing ... a norepinephrine releasing agent, is a functional SNRA that was formerly used as an appetite suppressant for the treatment of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin–norepinephrine_releasing_agent

A norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (NDRA) is a type of drug which induces the release of norepinephrine (and epinephrine ... A closely related type of drug is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). Monoamine releasing agent Media related ... to Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents at Wikimedia Commons v t e (Commons category link is on Wikidata, Norepinephrine- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine–dopamine_releasing_agent

Atomoxetine selectively inhibits norepinephrine reuptake by blocking the presynaptic norepinephrine transporter(NET) in the ... Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (sNRIs) are a class of drugs that have been marketed as antidepressants and are ... Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor Monoamine reuptake inhibitor Ding, Y.-S.; Naganawa, M.; Gallezot, J.-D.; Nabulsi, N.; Lin, S ... Norepinephrine (NE), also known as noradrenaline, is a neurotransmitter that is released predominantly from the ends of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor

A norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) is a drug used for the treatment of clinical depression, attention deficit ... The drug acts as a reuptake inhibitor for the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine by blocking the action of the ... A closely related type of drug is a norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (NDRA). Many NDRIs exist, including the following: ... This in turn leads to increased extracellular concentrations of both norepinephrine and dopamine and, therefore, an increase in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine–dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor

... norepinephrine, and dopamine. It does this by concomitantly inhibiting the serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine ... A serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI), also known as a triple reuptake inhibitor (TRI), is a type of ... The mood changes induced by AMPT may be mediated by decreases in norepinephrine, while changes in selective attention and ... They are also similar to serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents (SNDRAs) like MDMA ("ecstasy") and α- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor

Monoamine releasing agent Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent Serotonin-dopamine releasing agent Serotonin-norepinephrine ... A serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA), also known as a triple releasing agent (TRA), is a type of drug ... A closely related type of drug is a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI). Stahl uses the term " ... Media related to Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents at Wikimedia Commons v t e (Articles with short description ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine_releasing_agent

But neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine is limited sharply by some antipsychotics, e.g. ziprasidone. Increased norepinephrine ... which is why weight gain occurs with some antipsychotics if the norepinephrine is not inhibited. Inhibition of norepinephrine ... "Epinephrine and Norepinephrine". Boundless.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016. " ... "norepinephrine". Cardiosmart.org. December 15, 2010. Retrieved September 30, 2016. Veves A, Malik RA (February 1, 2008). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic

... is reported to act as a triple reuptake inhibitor (serotonin > norepinephrine > dopamine) and 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5- ... piperidine with combined serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition for the treatment of adhd, melancholia, treatment ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedatioxetine

Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. The only medication of ... Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are potent inhibitors of the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. ... serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs). Adverse effects have been ... Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs or NERIs) are a type of drug that acts as a reuptake inhibitor for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant

Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline; Levophed, etc.) Epinephrine (Adrenaline; Adrenalin, EpiPen, Twinject, etc.) v t e (Articles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-DOPA

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline). In neurons of the A2 cell group in the nucleus of the solitary tract), norepinephrine co-exists ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide

This inhibits the synthesis of norepinephrine by inhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase. The S-enantiomer of methyldopa is a ... LAAD converts it into alpha-methyldopamine, a false prescursor to norepinephrine, which in turn reduces synthesis of ... Norepinephrine (noradrenaline; Levophed, etc.) Epinephrine (adrenaline; Adrenalin, EpiPed, Twinject, etc.) "Methyldopa". The ... norepinephrine in the vesicles. Dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) converts alpha-methyldopamine into alpha-methylnorepinephrine, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyldopa

... norepinephrine − sexual arousal; oxytocin and melanocortins − sexual attraction), and gonadal hormone cycles and further ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)

The cells form clusters around fenestrated capillaries where they release norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood. As a ... norepinephrine) include increased heart rate and blood pressure, blood vessel constriction in the skin and gastrointestinal ... norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and a small amount of dopamine, in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons ... norepinephrine, and dopamine. Because the ANS, specifically the sympathetic division, exerts direct control over the chromaffin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla

Sofuoglu M, Sewell RA (April 2009). "Norepinephrine and stimulant addiction". Addiction Biology. 14 (2): 119-129. doi:10.1111/j ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-113

... norepinephrine transporter (20,000 nM) > dopamine transporter (52,000 nM). Etoperidone is metabolized in part to meta- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoperidone

Hanna, Mona M. (2007). "Synthesis of some tropane derivatives of anticipated activity on the reuptake of norepinephrine and/or ... Norepinephrine transporter selective compounds". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 48 (11): 3852-3857. doi:10.1021/jm058164j. ... and norepinephrine transporters". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 36 (20): 2886-2890. doi:10.1021/jm00072a007. PMID 8411004. ... 3-Phenyltropane Analogs with High Affinity for the Dopamine and Serotonin Transporters and Low Affinity for the Norepinephrine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phenyltropanes

Norepinephrine: strong reuptake inhibition. Desipramine has more affinity to norepinephrine transporter than imipramine. ... Imipramine appears to work by increasing levels of serotonin and norepinephrine and by blocking certain serotonin, adrenergic, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine

Norepinephrine transporter selective compounds". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 48 (11): 3852-3857. doi:10.1021/jm058164j. ... November 2002). "Atomoxetine increases extracellular levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rat: a ... Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors, Stimulants, Substance dependence). ... WIN 35065-2 and WIN 34,428 are mostly dopamine selective reuptake inhibitors with some residual actions at the norepinephrine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenyltropane

In his famous work Ahlquist chose six agonists, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, α-methyl noradrenaline and isoprenaline ... norepinephrine" in the heart. Ahlquist concluded that there are two different receptors for agonists. The receptors with the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_P._Ahlquist

Sofuoglu M, Sewell RA (April 2009). "Norepinephrine and stimulant addiction". Addiction Biology. 14 (2): 119-129. doi:10.1111/j ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanfacine

Isolation and norepinephrine content". Life Sciences. 4 (2): 193-201. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(65)90119-0. PMID 14288585. H. J. ... L. G. Whitby; J. Axelrod; H. Weil-Malherbe (1961). "The fate of H3-norepinephrine in animals". Journal of Pharmacology and ... The catecholamines comprise the endogenous substances dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and adrenaline (epinephrine), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_catecholamine_research

Serotonin-norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors (SNRIs) act by blocking both SERTs and NETs. Triple re-uptake inhibitors (TRIs) ... The norepinephrine transporter, NET. The serotonin transporter, SERT. DAT is responsible for the Na +/Cl − -dependent reuptake ... Identification of norepinephrine transporter selective ligands and broad-spectrum transporter inhibitors". J. Med. Chem. 48 (25 ... It has been recently observed that serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine may all be involved in depression. Therefore, drugs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_transporter

Norepinephrine; Nor-adrenaline; Noradrenaline; L-noradrenaline; (R)-(-)-Norepinephrine; Norepinephrine; 4-[(1R)-2-Amino-1- ... norepinephrine; (R)-4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol; (R)-(-)-norepinephrine; (-)-noradrenaline; 4-[(1R)-2-amino-1- ... Media in category "Norepinephrine". The following 59 files are in this category, out of 59 total. ... L-Norepinephrine; 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol; L-Arterenol; Norepirenamine; L-alpha-(Aminomethyl)-3,4- ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Norepinephrine

... and heteroreceptors resulting in increased central norepinephrine and serotonin activity. Histamine H2 receptors are also ... Dysphoric mania induced by high-dose mirtazapine: a case for norepinephrine syndrome? Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Nov;17(6 ... central norepinephrine hyperactivity as the basis for development of mania with mirtazapine. ... and heteroreceptors resulting in increased central norepinephrine and serotonin activity. Histamine H2 receptors are also ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12409687/

Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 1959;38(11):1935-1941. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI103972 ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/103972/scanned-page/1939

Rho Kinase/Norepinephrine Transporter Inhibitor. Class Summary. These agents increase aqueous humor outflow through the ... In December 2017, the FDA approved netarsudil, a first-in-class inhibitor of rho kinase and norepinephrine transporter, for the ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1207470-199332/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-antiglaucoma-beta-blockers-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-ocular-hypertension

Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. Class Summary. These agents inhibit neuronal serotonin and norepinephrine ... They have central effects on pain transmission, and they block the active re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/308284-medication

Serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Class Summary. These agents inhibit neuronal serotonin and norepinephrine ... MAO-A and MAO-B catabolize neurotransmitter amines in CNS (eg, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin). Indicated for treating ... Inhibits neuronal serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. In addition, causes beta-receptor down-regulation. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/290854-medication

Partilla JS Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine ... Both amphetamine and cocaine increase norepinephrine (NE) via stimulation of release and inhibition of reuptake, respectively. ... "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and ... "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and ...

https://erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=900&S=Rothman_RB&SField=Author

ROLE OF BRAIN NOREPINEPHRINE IN AUDIOGENIC SEIZURE IN THE RAT. PHILLIP C. JOBE, ALBERT L. PICCHIONI and LINCOLN CHIN ... ROLE OF BRAIN NOREPINEPHRINE IN AUDIOGENIC SEIZURE IN THE RAT. PHILLIP C. JOBE, ALBERT L. PICCHIONI and LINCOLN CHIN ... ROLE OF BRAIN NOREPINEPHRINE IN AUDIOGENIC SEIZURE IN THE RAT. PHILLIP C. JOBE, ALBERT L. PICCHIONI and LINCOLN CHIN ... ROLE OF BRAIN NOREPINEPHRINE IN AUDIOGENIC SEIZURE IN THE RAT Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from ...

https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/184/1/1/tab-article-info

LOINC Code LG50051-8 Norepinephrine,Pt,Plas,169.18 g/mole ... LG50051-8Norepinephrine,. Pt,. Plas,. 169.18 g/moleActive. ... Norepinephrine [Mass/volume] in Plasma. LOINC Copyright. Copyright © 2022 Regenstrief Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. To ...

https://loinc.org/LG50051-8/

These findings may open up new avenues to treatment that target norepinephrine rather than or in addition to dopamine or ... Depression and Resilience Linked to Norepinephrine. April 25, 2016 · Posted in Neurobiology, Neurochemistry ... showed that animals that cannot release norepinephrine are vulnerable to depression following chronic stress, but increasing ... those that contain the neurotransmitter norepinephrine) control the activity of dopaminergic neurons and that these ...

https://bipolarnews.org/?p=3722

The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell or group of cells. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and it acts as a hormone ...

https://www.yeastrc.org/pdr/viewGONode.do?acc=GO:0048243

4-Diaminopyridine-evoked norepinephrine release and B-50 (GAP-43) phosphorylation ... 3,4-Diaminopyridine-evoked norepinephrine release and B-50 (GAP-43) phosphorylation Hua-Yu Huang, Tong Tang, Xiu-Fang Chen ... 3,4-Diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP 100 mumol.L-1) evoked [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) release in rat hippocampal slices preincubated ... 3,4-Diaminopyridine-evoked norepinephrine release and B-50 (GAP-43) phosphorylation ...

http://www.chinaphar.com/article/view/8708

... Weselek G, Keiner S, Fauser M, ... 2020). Norepinephrine is a negative regulator of the adult periventricular neural stem cell niche. Stem Cells, 38(9), 1188-1201 ... Norepinephrine is a negative regulator of the adult periventricular neural stem cell niche. Stem Cells, 38(9), p 1188-1201. ... Norepinephrine is a negative regulator of the adult periventricular neural stem cell niche. Stem Cells. 2020;38(9):1188-1201. ...

https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/record/2944623

Norepinephrine Bitratrate (Injection). Antidote for Extravasation Ischemia. *To prevent sloughing and necrosis in areas in ...

https://blackboxrx.com/app/display/357

de Rossi, L., Scholz, T., Eckermann, T. et al. Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on endotoxin-induced tissue factor ... Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on endotoxin-induced tissue factor expression in blood monocytes. *L de Rossi1, ... Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on endotoxin-induced tissue factor expression in blood monocytes ... and norepinephrine (NOREPI) may also affect TF expression. ...

https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/cc763

Norepinephrine; Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; antagonists & inhibitors; Posture; Supine Position; ... Norepinephrine transporter inhibition alters the hemodynamic response to hypergravity. Authors:. Authors. Institution or Email ... Norepinephrine transporter inhibition alters the hemodynamic response to hypergravity. Journal of Applied Physiology, 104 (3), ...

https://elib.dlr.de/58491/

... for Norepinephrine. Available for instant download from Affygility Solutions. ... norepinephrine bitartrate anhydrous (CAS RN 51-40-1), and norepinephrine hydrochloride (CAS RN 55-27-6). Norepinephrine ... Norepinephrine functions as a peripheral vasoconstrictor (alpha-adrenergic action) and as an inotropic stimulator of the heart ... To order an OEL/ADE monograph for Norepinephrine, just click the ADD TO CART button. ...

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Ventricular myocytes from 1-day-old Wistar rats were isolated and cultured in DMEM/F12 with 1 μmol/L norepinephrine in the ... These data suggest that STA attenuates norepinephrine-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and has potential protective effects ... on norepinephrine (NE) induced hypertrophy and the changes of calcium transients in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. ... From: Effects of stachydrine on norepinephrine-induced neonatal rat cardiac myocytes hypertrophy and intracellular calcium ...

https://bmccomplementmedtherapies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6882-14-474/figures/5

Alpha 1-adrenergic receptor mRNA level is regulated by norepinephrine in rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells. ... Alpha 1-adrenergic receptor mRNA level is regulated by norepinephrine in rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells. Journal Article ( ... A cDNA for the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor was used to assess the effect of norepinephrine on alpha 1-adrenergic receptor mRNA ... Norepinephrine caused a transient decrease (81% +/- 5%; n = 9) in alpha 1-adrenergic receptor mRNA. The effect was ...

https://scholars.duke.edu/display/pub871929

All of the rats treated with high norepinephrine doses died early. Using an intermediate norepinephrine infusion rate, in ... We chose to study norepinephrine rather than vasopressin because norepinephrine is widely available and widely used in clinical ... Improved Survival after Resuscitation with Norepinephrine in a Murine Model of Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock Marie-Pierre ... Blood loss, which was highest in this group, was much reduced on infusing 50 μg · 100 g−1· h−1norepinephrine (BP80 NE50; 0.70 ...

https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/107/4/591/8938/Improved-Survival-after-Resuscitation-with

Patients with sepsis and atrial fibrillation on phenylephrine vs norepinephrine had lower heart rates and a greater HR decline ... In patients with sepsis and atrial fibrillation, how does treatment with phenylephrine vs norepinephrine affect heart rate?. ... Sepsis With Atrial Fibrillation: Effect of Phenylephrine vs Norepinephrine on Heart Rate. Pam Brick ... Of the 1847 patients with sepsis and AF identified in the search, 946 (51%) were given norepinephrine and 901 (49%) received ...

https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/home/topics/critical-care/phenylephrine-and-heart-rate-in-sepsis-with-atrial-fibrillation/

This pilot study offers preliminary results regarding the effect of allelic variations in SNPs related to norepinephrine and ... This pilot study offers preliminary results regarding the effect of allelic variations in SNPs related to norepinephrine and ... This pilot study offers preliminary results regarding the effect of allelic variations in SNPs related to norepinephrine and ... This pilot study offers preliminary results regarding the effect of allelic variations in SNPs related to norepinephrine and ...

https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/influence-of-allelic-variations-in-relation-to-norepinephrine-and

Inhibition of insulin release by norepinephrine in man.. scientific article published in May 1966 ...

https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44804200

Norepinephrine. a hormone that is produced before epinephrine (adrenalin) and results in a similar reaction in the body. (See ...

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/risk/prhs/glossary.html

1 Double Your Laughs. "A 1998 study showed that the average toddler laughs 400 times a day, but the average American adult only laughs 15 times a day," says Martha Beck, Ph.D., a Phoenix-based life coach and author of The Joy Diet (Three Rivers Press, 2003). Thats a shame because laughter relaxes your muscles, boosts immunity, and may even extend your life. So aim to laugh at least 30 times a day. To help, stash a joke book in your desk drawer ...

http://mail.encognitive.com/taxonomy/term/574

Read more about Increased synthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine in the intact rat during exercise and exposure to cold, ... Read More about Increased synthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine in the intact rat during exercise and exposure to cold, ...

http://hyperthermicwellness.com/tag/norepinephrine/

Shepherd, A. P. ; Riedel, G. L. ; Keeton, T. K. / Perfused rat intestine for study of norepinephrine release. In: American ... Shepherd, A. P., Riedel, G. L., & Keeton, T. K. (1988). Perfused rat intestine for study of norepinephrine release. American ... Shepherd, AP, Riedel, GL & Keeton, TK 1988, Perfused rat intestine for study of norepinephrine release, American Journal of ... Perfused rat intestine for study of norepinephrine release. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology. ...

https://scholars.uthscsa.edu/en/publications/perfused-rat-intestine-for-study-of-norepinephrine-release

Norepinephrine. Indapamide, like the thiazides, may decrease arterial responsiveness to norepinephrine, but this diminution is ...

https://www.rxlist.com/lozol-drug.htm

Posts about norepinephrine written by psychneuro

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Find information on Norepinephrine (Levophed) in Daviss Drug Guide including dosage, side effects, interactions, nursing ... norepinephrine is a topic covered in the Daviss Drug Guide. To view the entire topic, please log in or purchase a subscription ... "Norepinephrine." Daviss Drug Guide, 18th ed., F.A. Davis Company, 2023. Pediatrics Central, peds.unboundmedicine.com/ ... pedscentral/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/51550/all/norepinephrine. Vallerand AHA, Sanoski CAC, Quiring CC. Norepinephrine. Daviss ...

https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/51550/all/norepinephrine?q=oxaliplatin

Free illustration of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) in a 3D rendering as a ball-and-stick model with indicated surface model on a green background. (medicalgraphics.de)
Widely referred to in the US by the trade name Levophed, and in British-descent nations as "noradrenaline," norepinephrine has become our first-line pressor for most routine use. (critcon.org)
The adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of many catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) produced by the body, but also many medications like beta blockers , beta-2 (β2) agonists and alpha-2 (α2) agonists, which are used to treat high blood pressure and asthma, for example. (hyperleap.com)
Beta blockers are competitive antagonists that block the receptor sites for the endogenous catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) on adrenergic beta receptors , of the sympathetic nervous system, which mediates the fight-or-flight response. (hyperleap.com)
Tapendadol causes large increases in levels of extracellular norepinephrine (NE) due to a dual mechanism of action involving mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonism as well as noradrenaline reuptake inhibition. (pillzone.co)
Tapentadol is a μ opioid receptor agonist and a noradrenaline (norepinephrine) reuptake inhibitor. (pillzone.co)

New research in animals suggests for the first time that noradrenergic neurons (those that contain the neurotransmitter norepinephrine) control the activity of dopaminergic neurons and that these noradrenergic neurons can make the difference between vulnerability to depression or resilience to stress. (bipolarnews.org)
Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and it acts as a hormone and as a neurotransmitter of most of the sympathetic nervous system. (yeastrc.org)
Norepinephrine acts as a stress hormone and neurotransmitter. (medicalgraphics.de)
As a neurotransmitter, norepinephrine is produced in the locus caeruleus of the brain and plays a role in increasing alertness, wakefulness, and concentration, among other functions. (medicalgraphics.de)
If so, then you know that norepinephrine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter involved in the fight or flight response. (natureknowsproducts.com)
This can inhibit the reuptake of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine . (healthline.com)
This group also saw a reduction of blood concentration levels of norepinephrine, a hormone and neurotransmitter that constricts blood vessels and elevates blood pressure. (medicaldaily.com)

Both dopamine and norepinephrine are important for attention and learning. (brainmatrix.com)
[6] [7] Sensitivity to amphetamines has shown to result from the balance of dopamine and norepinephrine. (brainmatrix.com)
Evidence suggests that dopamine and norepinephrine may contribute differently to attention and learning depending on the context and may contribute in distinct ways within specific contexts. (brainmatrix.com)
Dopamine and norepinephrine appear to have distinct roles in immune functioning. (brainmatrix.com)
however, it is broadly accepted that people with low catecholamines , including dopamine and norepinephrine , are more likely to be depressed [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. (natureknowsproducts.com)

These findings may open up new avenues to treatment that target norepinephrine rather than or in addition to dopamine or serotonin, which is targeted by SSRI antidepressants, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. (bipolarnews.org)
That's why some of the most common antidepressant medications are serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors , or SNRIs . (natureknowsproducts.com)
Antidepressants that affect the norepinephrine and serotonin neurotransmitters are collectively known as serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors or SNRIs. (backpaincenters.com)
Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are similar to SSRIs. (medlineplus.gov)

Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor, ClinCalc DrugStats Database, Version 2022.08. (clincalc.com)
The dual serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SNRIs) venlafaxine (Effexor) and duloxetine (Cymbalta) may also have efficacy in OCD, and they have safety and tolerability profiles comparable to those of the SSRIs. (medscape.com)
p06dd code dodge caravan Strattera, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is the first FDA approved non-stimulant to treat ADHD and provide full-symptom relief. (cassefortisicure.it)

These agents inhibit neuronal serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. (medscape.com)
Potent inhibitor of neuronal serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. (medscape.com)

We comparatively examined the effects of norepinephrine (NE) as an endogenous candidate regulator of PGN neurogenesis in the SVZ as well as the periventricular hypothalamus and the periaqueductal midbrain. (uni-bielefeld.de)
The authors examined the effects of norepinephrine in combination with saline infusion in uncontrolled hemorrhage in rats. (asahq.org)

Today's most popular antidepressants generally affect one of three neurotransmitters: serotonin, norepinephrine or dopamine. (backpaincenters.com)

The Surviving Sepsis Guidelines recommend using norepinephrine as the primary treatment for septic shock, but the drug can cause unwanted changes in heart rate. (pulmonologyadvisor.com)

Consistent with a potential role of norepinephrine levels in psychosis, people with schizophrenia have been observed to have lower levels of DBH. (brainmatrix.com)
DBH deficiency leads to reduced exercise capacity, pointing to a potential role of norepinephrine or epinephrine in physiological functioning during exercise. (brainmatrix.com)
I think something that did not come up in your Podcast is the role of norepinephrine to combat vasoplegia in the setting of ACEi/ARB use. (accrac.com)

A cDNA for the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor was used to assess the effect of norepinephrine on alpha 1-adrenergic receptor mRNA level in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells from the rabbit aorta. (duke.edu)
Actinomycin D also blocked the norepinephrine-induced decrease in mRNA level, further suggesting that the effect of norepinephrine requires induction of transcription, presumably leading to synthesis of a labile factor that is necessary for the effect of norepinephrine on alpha 1-adrenergic receptor mRNA level. (duke.edu)
110) and analyzed the treatment effect of norepinephrine and phenylephrine by heart rate . (pulmonologyadvisor.com)

But they can also dilate as a response to norepinephrine, which, along with adrenaline, is responsible for the fight, flight, or freeze response that happens when you face a threat. (healthline.com)
Effect of NaF and calcium in rats mastocytes in response to norepinephrine]. (bvsalud.org)

Among other genes and biomarkers relevant to the amygdala, norepinephrine and mineralocorticoid receptors might both play a role in psychopathy due to their association with traits peripheral to psychopathy. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
The purpose is to examine if allelic variations in single nucleotide polymorphisms related to norepinephrine and mineralocorticoid receptors play a role in the display of psychopathic traits and executive functions. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
This pilot study offers preliminary results regarding the effect of allelic variations in SNPs related to norepinephrine and mineralocorticoid receptors on the presence of psychopathic traits. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
Regardless of how and where it is released, norepinephrine acts on target cells by binding to and activating adrenergic receptors located on the cell surface. (hyperleap.com)

Purpose: Taking full advantage of positron emission tomography (PET) technology, fluorine-18-labelled radiotracers targeting norepinephrine transporter (NET) have potential applications in the diagnosis and assessment of cardiac sympathetic nerve conditions as well as the delineation of neuroendocrine tumours. (elsevier.com)
WAY-260022 is a selective inhibitor of the norepinephrine transporter. (medkoo.com)
The norepinephrine transporter gene is a candidate gene for panic disorder. (cdc.gov)

Some researchers speculate that other neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, take over the function of norepinephrine in this population [ 9 ]. (natureknowsproducts.com)
Reduced levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine may also contribute to the development of ADHD. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The main depression symptoms are attributed to brain functional deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters like norepinephrine (NE), 5-HT, and/or dopamine (DA), in contrast with the fact that mania is caused by functional excess of monoamines at critical synapses in the brain [9]. (sciencerepository.org)

Both amphetamine and cocaine increase norepinephrine (NE) via stimulation of release and inhibition of reuptake, respectively. (erowid.org)

Inhibition of insulin release by norepinephrine in man. (wikidata.org)
It also increases norepinephrine concentrations in the brains of rats via inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake. (pillzone.co)

Please note, this OEL/ADE monograph also applies to norepinephrine bitartrate (CAS RN 108341-18-0), norepinephrine bitartrate anhydrous (CAS RN 51-40-1), and norepinephrine hydrochloride (CAS RN 55-27-6). (affygility.com)
Norepinephrine bitartrate is used to treat low blood pressure and as an adjunct to treatments for heart stoppage. (affygility.com)

Thus, information on the role of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), which is the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine, is important for distinguishing the specific implications of alterations in dopamine versus norepinephrine signaling. (brainmatrix.com)
Dysfunctional DBH causes norepinephrine deficiency because this enzyme converts dopamine into norepinephrine . (natureknowsproducts.com)

In patients with sepsis and atrial fibrillation (AF), treatment with phenylephrine is associated with a moderately lower heart rate than treatment with norepinephrine. (pulmonologyadvisor.com)
Researchers from the Boston University School of Medicine therefore sought to compare how phenylephrine vs norepinephrine affect heart rate in patients with sepsis and AF. (pulmonologyadvisor.com)
Investigators performed a systematic search of the Medical Information Mart in Intensive Care (MIMIC)-IV database for patients with sepsis and AF who were given norepinephrine or phenylephrine. (pulmonologyadvisor.com)
Of the 1847 patients with sepsis and AF identified in the search, 946 (51%) were given norepinephrine and 901 (49%) received phenylephrine. (pulmonologyadvisor.com)
The best evidence for norepinephrine is in sepsis, particularly compared against dopamine, and the current guidelines (from the 2016 Surviving Sepsis campaign) do recommend norepinephrine as the first-line pressor in that situation. (critcon.org)
I discuss the CENSER trial looking at early norepinephrine in sepsis as well as a paper looking at preemptive norepinephrine in open cystectomies and a review article of trials looking at pressor use in free flap surgery. (accrac.com)
Este documento abarca el reconocimiento y manejo inicial de sepsis en adultos. (bvsalud.org)

When you experience significant physical or emotional stress, your adrenal gland produces two other hormones, called norepinephrine and dopamine, in addition to adrenaline and cortisol. (livestrong.com)
Along with adrenaline, norepinephrine and dopamine belong to a class of substances called catecholamines. (livestrong.com)
According to Michigan Medicine , your doctor may test your blood or urine for the presence of excessive catecholamines if you have high blood pressure or a tumor called a pheochromocytoma, which is known to abnormally increase levels of both adrenaline and norepinephrine. (livestrong.com)
However, he developed a hemorrhagic shock due to sudden splenic rupture and continued to deteriorate despite treatment with selective embolization of a branch of the splenic artery, blood transfusion, and administration of norepinephrine and adrenaline. (ajmc.com)

As a hormone, norepinephrine increases heart rate and blood pressure by constricting blood vessels. (medicalgraphics.de)
After persuading her for what weight loss drug increases the release of norepinephrine stopped sobbing, best gnc supplements face with a pillow, afraid that weight loss product seen on sharks her swollen eyes from crying I couldn't help laughing and said, Ha, are you still shy? (maplesmanagement.com)
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Previous preparations for studying the neuronal release of norepinephrine (NE) employed relatively large vessels, nonsanguinous perfusates, and the preloading of [ 3 H]NE. (uthscsa.edu)

Moreover, patients with a higher heart rate when initiating phenylephrine experience greater heart rate declines than patients receiving norepinephrine, according to findings of a recent analysis published in Chest . (pulmonologyadvisor.com)
There is limited literature examining the use of phenylephrine in septic shock, and even fewer studies specifically examining the effect of phenylephrine on heart rate compared to norepinephrine during AF," the authors observed. (pulmonologyadvisor.com)
The data also showed that the higher the heart rate before vasopressor administration, the greater the decline in the heart rate of patients receiving phenylephrine compared with those getting norepinephrine. (pulmonologyadvisor.com)
I actually prefer a norepinephrine infusion over a phenylephrine infusion during intraoperative care (I am a general anesthesiologist). (accrac.com)
To play devil's advocate - I could not find any head to head literature of phenylephrine vs. norepinephrine in otherwise healthy, not septic, intraoperative patients. (accrac.com)
I know where I practice (NW Pennsylvania) the culture is to first reach for phenylephrine and then norepinephrine. (accrac.com)
I think a lot of practitioners are more comfortable with phenylephrine because for a long time it wasn't thought to be safe to use norepinephrine peripherally and it's very hard to change old habits. (accrac.com)

The role of the sympathetic nervous system, epinephrine, norepinephrine, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and the renin angiotensin aldosterone system in the control of blood pressure was discussed. (cdc.gov)

The early use of norepinephrine in uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats significantly improved survival when infused at a rate of 50 microg.100 g(-1).h(-1) in normotensive and hypotensive resuscitation strategies. (asahq.org)
Effects of intrahypothalamic and intraventricular microinjections of norepinephrine (NE) were studied in fasted albino rats. (who.int)

Because cocaine results in more norepinephrine, it can similarly cause your pupils to dilate. (healthline.com)

People with bipolar depression have been shown to have low levels of DBH specifically during mania, suggesting that acute changes in norepinephrine or epinephrine could contribute to or result from specific psychiatric symptoms. (brainmatrix.com)
Those with psychotic depression are more likely to have lower serum DBH activity than those with nonpsychotic depression, suggesting that norepinephrine levels may play a role in psychosis. (brainmatrix.com)
Norepinephrine can regulate emotions, fight depression, and improve mood . (natureknowsproducts.com)
During depression, serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmission are usually significantly lower than normal [ 21 , 22 ]. (natureknowsproducts.com)
Depression » Norepinephrine - Will It Change Your Life for the Better? (undepress.net)

2020). Norepinephrine is a negative regulator of the adult periventricular neural stem cell niche. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Norepinephrine is a negative regulator of the adult periventricular neural stem cell niche", Stem Cells , vol. 38, 2020, pp. 1188-1201. (uni-bielefeld.de)

Arterial blood samples were obtained to evaluate plasma renin activity (PRA) and norepinephrine (NE). (unthsc.edu)

People who are deficient in DBH are deficient in the autonomic regulation of cardiovascular functioning, suggesting that norepinephrine or epinephrine may play a role in this type of regulation. (brainmatrix.com)

However, studies on resuscitation using norepinephrine in uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock are lacking. (asahq.org)

Exposing tail arteries in situ to 1 mM norepinephrine (NE) for 15 min induced the greatest vasoconstriction and vacuolation. (cdc.gov)

Our observations indicate that (1) both pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons are receptive to norepinephrine via α 2A AR, (2) α 2A AR synthesis is robust prior to synaptogenesis, and (3) α 2A AR operates both pre-and postsynaptically. (nyu.edu)

The maximum decrease occurred after 4 hr of exposure to norepinephrine and was followed by a gradual return to control levels by 24 hr. (duke.edu)
The decrease in alpha 1-adrenergic receptor mRNA caused by norepinephrine exceeds that caused by actinomycin D, suggesting that norepinephrine may cause a decrease in the stability of alpha 1-adrenergic receptor mRNA. (duke.edu)
Some medications reduce blood pressure and decrease norepinephrine. (natureknowsproducts.com)

Norepinephrine released by the locus coeruleus affects brain function in a number of ways. (natureknowsproducts.com)
La norepinefrina es el principal transmisor de la mayoría de las fibras simpáticas posganglionares y del sistema de proyección difusa del encéfalo que se origina en el LOCUS COERULEUS. (bvsalud.org)
Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers, and of the diffuse projection system in the brain that arises from the LOCUS CERULEUS . (bvsalud.org)

Norepinephrine or epinephrine may contribute to eyelid function, as infants, children, and adults who are deficient in DBH often have ptosis of the eyelids in combination with hypotension. (brainmatrix.com)
In this 135th episode I discuss my argument for using low dose norepinephrine to treat or even prevent hypotension in the OR and ICU. (accrac.com)
Epinephrine may be superior to norepinephrine for treating refractory hypotension and preventing arrhythmias (Grade D) . (crashingpatient.com)

The patient was intubated, and intravenous antibiotics, norepinephrine, and hydrocortisone were initiated to treat presumed septic shock. (ajmc.com)

Weight-based dosing is a good practice, but some units still use straight doses, for which a norepinephrine dose is around 1-300 mcg/min. (critcon.org)

They have central effects on pain transmission, and they block the active re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. (medscape.com)
Our data indicate that norepinephrine has opposite effects on the two fundamental neurogenic niches of the adult brain with norepinephrine being a negative regulator of adult periventricular neurogenesis. (uni-bielefeld.de)
For instance, in a patient exhibiting significant tachycardia (a 20-year-old trauma patient with sinus tach in the 140s), one could argue that the chronotropic effects of norepinephrine-relatively weak as they may be-are not needed and may even be deleterious. (critcon.org)
Delineating the effects of changes in dopamine and changes in norepinephrine is complicated by the fact that dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine. (brainmatrix.com)
You may have just landed here from one of our previous articles on the function and effects of norepinephrine. (natureknowsproducts.com)
Norepinephrine has many crucial effects in the brain and body. (natureknowsproducts.com)

Droxidopa is converted to norepinephrine not by DBH, but by another enzyme called L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase [ 4 ]. (natureknowsproducts.com)

The leading cause of norepinephrine deficiency is a genetic disorder called dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) deficiency. (natureknowsproducts.com)

Norepinephrine functions as a peripheral vasoconstrictor (alpha-adrenergic action) and as an inotropic stimulator of the heart and dilator of coronary arteries (beta-adrenergic action). (affygility.com)

does norepinephrine raise blood sugar Blood Sugar Levels Chart, What Causes Low Blood Sugar using a blood sugar monitor Low Blood Sugar. (iringkomerc.com)
DBH levels have been observed to be altered in patients with psychiatric diseases, suggesting that norepinephrine or epinephrine may play a critical role in these diseases. (brainmatrix.com)
Knockout studies that enable mice to show increased norepinephrine and decreased dopamine levels or vice versa have demonstrated that locomotor activity tends to depend specifically on dopamine rather than norepinephrine. (brainmatrix.com)
Your body has powerful systems in place to make sure norepinephrine levels remain in a healthy range - but sometimes things go wrong. (natureknowsproducts.com)
however, children with CIPA have extremely low - sometimes completely undetectable - levels of norepinephrine [ 10 , 11 ]. (natureknowsproducts.com)

You aren t born with diabetes, but Type 1 diabetes normally seems in childhood Prediabetes and diabetes develop slowly over time years Gestational diabetes happens during being pregnantScientists do imagine that genetics may play a task or contribute to the development of does norepinephrine raise blood sugar What Is Normal Blood Sugar Type 1 diabetes Something within the environment or a virus could trigger its development. (iringkomerc.com)

Magnesium is a co-factor for creating enzymes that degrade norepinephrine and epinephrine and can therefore help calm over excitement in the brain. (purepharmacy.com)

The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell or group of cells. (yeastrc.org)
Keeton, T. K. / Perfused rat intestine for study of norepinephrine release . (uthscsa.edu)

Anatomy41

Organisms9

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs130

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes26

Health Care2

Extra-vesicular binding of noradrenaline and guanethidine in the adrenergic neurones of the rat heart: a proposed site of action of adrenergic neurone blocking agents. (1/10407)

Long-term effects of N-2-chlorethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride on noradrenergic neurones in the rat brain and heart. (2/10407)

Studies on the mechanism of action of amantadine. (3/10407)

Further evidence that prostaglandins inhibit the release of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerve terminals by restriction of availability of calcium. (4/10407)

Modulation of long-term synaptic depression in visual cortex by acetylcholine and norepinephrine. (5/10407)

Allyl-containing sulfides in garlic increase uncoupling protein content in brown adipose tissue, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats. (6/10407)

Sympathetic nerve alterations assessed with 123I-MIBG in the failing human heart. (7/10407)

Influence of vesicular storage and monoamine oxidase activity on [11C]phenylephrine kinetics: studies in isolated rat heart. (8/10407)

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Norepinephrine

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