Nociceptors. Medical search

Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the unmyelinated nerve fibers are small in diameter and usually several are surrounded by a single MYELIN SHEATH. They conduct low-velocity impulses, and represent the majority of peripheral sensory and autonomic fibers, but are also found in the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptor cells include the INNER EAR hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.

An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.

Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.

An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

Cellular receptors which mediate the sense of temperature. Thermoreceptors in vertebrates are mostly located under the skin. In mammals there are separate types of thermoreceptors for cold and for warmth and NOCICEPTORS which detect cold or heat extreme enough to cause pain.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after vanilloid receptor. They are very sensitive to TEMPERATURE and hot spicy food and CAPSAICIN. They have the TRP domain and ANKYRIN repeats. Selectivity for CALCIUM over SODIUM ranges from 3 to 100 fold.

Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that is expressed in nociceptors, including spinal and trigeminal sensory neurons. It plays a role in the transmission of pain signals induced by cold, heat, and mechanical stimuli.

Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.

Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.

The sensation of cold, heat, coolness, and warmth as detected by THERMORECEPTORS.

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.

The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.

Any of several BRASSICA species that are commonly called mustard. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncea is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. The plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted or used as SPICES, and for its greens used as VEGETABLES or ANIMAL FEED. There is no relationship to MUSTARD COMPOUNDS.

Drugs that act on neuronal sensory receptors resulting in an increase, decrease, or modification of afferent nerve activity. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p367)

The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.

Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The semilunar-shaped ganglion containing the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve. It is situated within the dural cleft on the cerebral surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and gives off the ophthalmic, maxillary, and part of the mandibular nerves.

The branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the action of drugs upon various parts of the nervous system.

Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.

A broad group of eukaryotic six-transmembrane cation channels that are classified by sequence homology because their functional involvement with SENSATION is varied. They have only weak voltage sensitivity and ion selectivity. They are named after a DROSOPHILA mutant that displayed transient receptor potentials in response to light. A 25-amino-acid motif containing a TRP box (EWKFAR) just C-terminal to S6 is found in TRPC, TRPV and TRPM subgroups. ANKYRIN repeats are found in TRPC, TRPV & TRPN subgroups. Some are functionally associated with TYROSINE KINASE or TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES.

Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.

A family of proton-gated sodium channels that are primarily expressed in neuronal tissue. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and are implicated in the signaling of a variety of neurological stimuli, most notably that of pain in response to acidic conditions.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.

An increased response to stimulation that is mediated by amplification of signaling in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS).

Sensing of noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli by NOCICEPTORS. It is the sensory component of visceral and tissue pain (NOCICEPTIVE PAIN).

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype found in the neurons of the NERVOUS SYSTEM and DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. It may play a role in the generation of heat and mechanical pain hypersensitivity.

Rapidly decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after administration of a few doses. In immunology, it is the rapid immunization against the effect of toxic doses of an extract or serum by previous injection of small doses. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.

An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.

An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically.

A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans the fibers of the radial nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C5 to T1), travel via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and supply motor innervation to extensor muscles of the arm and cutaneous sensory fibers to extensor regions of the arm and hand.

The functions of the skin in the human and animal body. It includes the pigmentation of the skin.

Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.

Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.

The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.

The process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. It can occur in both cells specialized for sensing mechanical cues such as MECHANORECEPTORS, and in parenchymal cells whose primary function is not mechanosensory.

A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from KALLIDIN in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from MAST CELLS during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.

A subclass of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS that are generally considered to be coupled to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN which causes up regulation of CYCLIC AMP.

Biological actions and events that constitute the functions of the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A condition where damage to the peripheral nervous system (including the peripheral elements of the autonomic nervous system) is associated with chronic ingestion of alcoholic beverages. The disorder may be caused by a direct effect of alcohol, an associated nutritional deficiency, or a combination of factors. Clinical manifestations include variable degrees of weakness; ATROPHY; PARESTHESIAS; pain; loss of reflexes; sensory loss; diaphoresis; and postural hypotension. (From Arch Neurol 1995;52(1):45-51; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1146)

Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.

Agents, usually topical, that relieve itching (pruritus).

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.

Drugs that act principally at one or more sites within the peripheral neuroeffector systems, the autonomic system, and motor nerve-skeletal system. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p75)

The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot.

The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.

An antigen solution emulsified in mineral oil. The complete form is made up of killed, dried mycobacteria, usually M. tuberculosis, suspended in the oil phase. It is effective in stimulating cell-mediated immunity (IMMUNITY, CELLULAR) and potentiates the production of certain IMMUNOGLOBULINS in some animals. The incomplete form does not contain mycobacteria.

The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

The inferior (caudal) ganglion of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. The unipolar nodose ganglion cells are sensory cells with central projections to the medulla and peripheral processes traveling in various branches of the vagus nerve.

A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; neurotrophin 4, neurotrophin 5. It plays a crucial role in pain sensation and thermoregulation in humans. Gene mutations that cause loss of receptor function are associated with CONGENITAL INSENSITIVITY TO PAIN WITH ANHIDROSIS, while gene rearrangements that activate the protein-tyrosine kinase function are associated with tumorigenesis.

The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.

The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

The founding member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family. It was originally characterized as a NERVE GROWTH FACTOR promoting the survival of MIDBRAIN dopaminergic NEURONS, and it has been studied as a potential treatment for PARKINSON DISEASE.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

The TEMPERATURE at the outer surface of the body.

Sensation of making physical contact with objects, animate or inanimate. Tactile stimuli are detected by MECHANORECEPTORS in the skin and mucous membranes.

The outermost of the three MENINGES, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord.

A purinergic P2X neurotransmitter receptor involved in sensory signaling of TASTE PERCEPTION, chemoreception, visceral distension, and NEUROPATHIC PAIN. The receptor comprises three P2X3 subunits. The P2X3 subunits are also associated with P2X2 RECEPTOR subunits in a heterotrimeric receptor variant.

NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.

Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.

Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.

A richly vascularized and innervated connective tissue of mesodermal origin, contained in the central cavity of a tooth and delimited by the dentin, and having formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after melastatin protein. They have the TRP domain but lack ANKYRIN repeats. Enzyme domains in the C-terminus leads to them being called chanzymes.

Compounds that bind to and stimulate ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS.

The process by which PAIN is recognized and interpreted by the brain.

Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.

The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.

A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)

A subgroup of TRP cation channels that contain 3-4 ANKYRIN REPEAT DOMAINS and a conserved C-terminal domain. Members are highly expressed in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Selectivity for calcium over sodium ranges from 0.5 to 10.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A heterogenous group of transient or low voltage activated type CALCIUM CHANNELS. They are found in cardiac myocyte membranes, the sinoatrial node, Purkinje cells of the heart and the central nervous system.

A water-soluble extractive mixture of sulfated polysaccharides from RED ALGAE. Chief sources are the Irish moss CHONDRUS CRISPUS (Carrageen), and Gigartina stellata. It is used as a stabilizer, for suspending COCOA in chocolate manufacture, and to clarify BEVERAGES.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A protein kinase C subtype that was originally characterized as a CALCIUM-independent, serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHORBOL ESTERS and DIACYLGLYCEROLS. It is targeted to specific cellular compartments in response to extracellular signals that activate G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTORS; and intracellular protein tyrosine kinase.

A vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in the DIENCEPHALON and lower brainstem regions of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The process in which specialized SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS transduce peripheral stimuli (physical or chemical) into NERVE IMPULSES which are then transmitted to the various sensory centers in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717)

Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.

Oils derived from plants or plant products.

Disorders of sensory information received from superficial and deep regions of the body. The somatosensory system conveys neural impulses which pertain to proprioception, tactile sensation, thermal sensation, pressure sensation, and pain. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and BRAIN DISEASES may be associated with impaired or abnormal somatic sensation.

A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.

Adenoviral gene transfer into the normal and injured spinal cord: enhanced transgene stability by combined administration of temperature-sensitive virus and transient immune blockade. (1/1699)

This study characterized gene transfer into both normal and injured adult rat dorsal spinal cord using first (E1-/E3-) or second (E1-/E2A125/E3-, temperature-sensitive; ts) generation of replication-defective adenoviral (Ad) vectors. A novel immunosuppressive regimen aimed at blocking CD4/CD45 lymphocytic receptors was tested for improving transgene persistence. In addition, the effect of gene transfer on nociception was also evaluated. Seven days after treatment, numerous LacZ-positive cells were observed after transfection with either viral vector. By 21 days after transfection, beta-galactosidase staining was reduced and suggestive of ongoing cytopathology in both Ad-treated groups, despite the fact that the immunogenicity of LacZ/Adts appeared less when compared with that elicited by the LacZ/Ad vector. In contrast, immunosuppressed animals showed a significant (P < or = 0.05) increase in the number of LacZ-positive cells not displaying cytopathology. In these animals, a concomitant reduction in numbers of macrophages/microglia and CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes was observed. Only animals that received LacZ/Adts and immunosuppression showed transgene expression after 60 days. Similar results were observed in animals in which the L4-L5 dorsal roots were lesioned before transfection. Gene transfer into the dorsal spinal cord did not affect nociception, independent of the adenovirus vector. These results indicate that immune blockade of the CD4/CD45 lymphocytic receptors enhanced transgene stability in adult animals with normal or injured spinal cords and that persistent transgene expression in the spinal cord does not interfere with normal neural function. (+info)

Uninjured C-fiber nociceptors develop spontaneous activity and alpha-adrenergic sensitivity following L6 spinal nerve ligation in monkey. (2/1699)

We investigated whether uninjured cutaneous C-fiber nociceptors in primates develop abnormal responses after partial denervation of the skin. Partial denervation was induced by tightly ligating spinal nerve L6 that innervates the dorsum of the foot. Using an in vitro skin-nerve preparation, we recorded from uninjured single afferent nerve fibers in the superficial peroneal nerve. Recordings were made from 32 C-fiber nociceptors 2-3 wk after ligation and from 29 C-fiber nociceptors in control animals. Phenylephrine, a selective alpha1-adrenergic agonist, and UK14304 (UK), a selective alpha2-adrenergic agonist, were applied to the receptive field for 5 min in increasing concentrations from 0.1 to 100 microM. Nociceptors from in vitro control experiments were not significantly different from nociceptors recorded by us previously in in vivo experiments. In comparison to in vitro control animals, the afferents found in lesioned animals had 1) a significantly higher incidence of spontaneous activity, 2) a significantly higher incidence of response to phenylephrine, and 3) a higher incidence of response to UK. In lesioned animals, the peak response to phenylephrine was significantly greater than to UK, and the mechanical threshold of phenylephrine-sensitive afferents was significantly lower than for phenylephrine-insensitive afferents. Staining with protein gene product 9.5 revealed an approximately 55% reduction in the number of unmyelinated terminals in the epidermis of the lesioned limb compared with the contralateral limb. Thus uninjured cutaneous C-fiber nociceptors that innervate skin partially denervated by ligation of a spinal nerve acquire two abnormal properties: spontaneous activity and alpha-adrenergic sensitivity. These abnormalities in nociceptor function may contribute to neuropathic pain. (+info)

The effects of inflammation and inflammatory mediators on nociceptive behaviour induced by ATP analogues in the rat. (3/1699)

1. We have studied the behavioural effects of intraplantar injections of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and related compounds in freely moving rats and investigated whether these nociceptive effects are augmented in the presence of inflammatory mediators. 2. We find that in normal animals ATP and analogues produce dose-dependent nocifensive behaviour (seen as bursts of elevation of the treated hindpaw), and localized thermal hyperalgesia. The rank order of potency was: alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate (alpha,beta-methylene ATP) > 2-methylthioadenosine triphosphate (2-methylthio ATP) > ATP. After neonatal treatment with capsaicin, to destroy small calibre primary sensory neurones, nocifensive behaviour was largely absent. 3. The effects of ATP analogues were assessed in three models of peripheral sensitization: 2 h after dilute intraplantar carrageenan (0.25% w v(-1)); 24 h after irradiation of the hindpaw with ultraviolet (U.V.) B; immediately following prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) treatment. In all models the effect of alpha,beta-methylene ATP was greatly augmented. After carrageenan, significant hindpaw-lifting behaviour activity was induced by injection of only 0.05 nmol of alpha,beta-methylene ATP, some 100 times less than necessary in normal skin. 4. Our data suggest that it is much more likely that endogenous levels of ATP will reach levels capable of exciting nociceptors in inflamed versus normal skin. Our data also suggest the involvement of P2X3 receptor subunits in ATP-induced nociception. (+info)

The distribution of neurons expressing calcium-permeable AMPA receptors in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord dorsal horn. (4/1699)

The superficial dorsal horn is a major site of termination of nociceptive primary afferents. Fast excitatory synaptic transmission in this region is mediated mainly by release of glutamate onto postsynaptic AMPA and NMDA receptors. NMDA receptors are known to be Ca2+-permeable and to provide synaptically localized Ca2+ signals that mediate short-term and long-term changes in synaptic strength. Less well known is a subpopulation of AMPA receptors that is Ca2+-permeable and has been shown to be synaptically localized on dorsal horn neurons in culture (Gu et al., 1996) and expressed by dorsal horn neurons in situ (Nagy et al., 1994; Engelman et al., 1997). We used kainate-induced cobalt uptake as a functional marker of neurons expressing Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors and combined this with markers of nociceptive primary afferents in the postnatal rat dorsal horn. We have shown that cobalt-positive neurons are located in lamina I and outer lamina II, a region strongly innervated by nociceptors. These cobalt-positive neurons colocalize with afferents labeled by LD2, and with the most dorsal region of capsaicin-sensitive and IB4- and LA4-positive afferents. In contrast, inner lamina II has a sparser distribution of cobalt-positive neurons. Some lamina I neurons expressing the NK1 receptor, the receptor for substance P, are also cobalt positive. These neurons are likely to be projection neurons in the nociceptive pathway. On the basis of all of these observations, we propose that Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors are localized to mediate transmission of nociceptive information. (+info)

Role of protein kinase A in the maintenance of inflammatory pain. (5/1699)

Although the initiation of inflammatory pain (hyperalgesia) has been demonstrated to require the cAMP second messenger signaling cascade, whether this mechanism and/or other mechanisms underlie the continued maintenance of the induced hyperalgesia is unknown. We report that injection of adenylyl cyclase inhibitors before but not after injection of direct-acting hyperalgesic agents (prostaglandin E2 and purine and serotonin receptor agonists) resulted in reduction in hyperalgesia, evaluated by the Randall-Selitto paw-withdrawal test. In contrast, injection of protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors either before or after these hyperalgesic agents resulted in reduced hyperalgesia, suggesting that hyperalgesia after its activation was maintained by persistent PKA activity but not by adenylyl cyclase activity. To evaluate further the role of PKA activity in the maintenance of hyperalgesia, we injected the catalytic subunit of PKA (PKACS) that resulted in hyperalgesia similar in magnitude to that induced by the direct-acting hyperalgesic agents but much longer in duration (>48 vs 2 hr). Injection of WIPTIDE (a PKA inhibitor) at 24 hr after PKACS reduced hyperalgesia, suggesting that PKACS hyperalgesia is not independently maintained by steps downstream from PKA. In summary, our results indicate that, once established, inflammatory mediator-induced hyperalgesia is no longer maintained by adenylyl cyclase activity but rather is dependent on ongoing PKA activity. An understanding of the mechanism maintaining hyperalgesia may provide important insight into targets for the treatment of persistent pain. (+info)

Alteration of descending modulation of nociception during the course of monoarthritis in the rat. (6/1699)

Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC), which involve supraspinal structures and modulate the transmission of nociceptive signals, were investigated at different stages during the development of adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in the rat. After behavioral evaluation, recordings of trigeminal convergent neurons were performed in anesthetized animals with acute (24-48 hr) or chronic (3-4 weeks) monoarthritis of the ankle. Inhibitions of C-fiber-evoked neuronal responses during and after the application of noxious conditioning stimuli to the ankle were measured to evaluate DNIC. The conditioning stimuli consisted of mechanical (maximal flexion and graded pressures) and graded thermal stimuli and were applied alternately to normal and arthritic ankles. Behaviorally, the two groups of animals exhibited a similar increased sensitivity to mechanical stimuli applied to the arthritic joint (i.e., an increased ankle-bend score and a decreased vocalization threshold to pressure stimuli). However, they showed different electrophysiological profiles. In the animals with acute monoarthritis, the DNIC-induced inhibitions produced by mechanical or thermal stimulation of the arthritic joint were significantly increased at all intensities compared with the normal joint. In contrast, in the chronic stage of monoarthritis, the DNIC-induced inhibitions triggered by thermal or pressure stimuli were similar for both ankles, except with the most intense mechanical stimuli. This discrepancy between the behavioral and electrophysiological findings suggests that inputs activated during chronic monoarthritis may fail to recruit DNIC and may thus be functionally different from those activated in the acute stage of inflammation. (+info)

Activity-dependent slowing of conduction differentiates functional subtypes of C fibres innervating human skin. (7/1699)

1. The effects of impulse activity on conduction in cutaneous C fibres have been examined in 46 microneurographic recordings from 11 normal subjects and 11 diabetic patients with normal nerve conduction. A tungsten microelectrode was inserted into a cutaneous nerve, usually the superficial peroneal close to the ankle, and intraneural microstimulation was used to identify an area of skin innervated. Three minute trains of 0.25 ms stimuli at 1, 2 and 4 Hz were then delivered to the surface of the skin, separated by intervals of 6 min with stimulation at 0.25 Hz. Slowing and block of conduction were measured from the nerve responses for up to seven C units per stimulation sequence. 2. Three types of C unit were distinguished by their responses to repetitive stimulation: type 1 units slowed progressively during the 3 min trains; slowing of type 2 units reached a plateau within 1 min; while type 3 units hardly slowed at all. Data from normal and diabetic subjects did not differ and were pooled. After 3 min at 2 Hz, the percentage increases in latency were for type 1, 28.3 +/- 9.7 (n = 63 units, mean +/- s.d.); for type 2, 5.2 +/- 1.6 (n = 14); and for type 3, 0.8 +/- 0.5 (n = 5), with no overlap. After 3 min at 4 Hz, 58 % of type 1 units (but no type 2 or 3 units) blocked intermittently. Recovery of latency after stimulation was faster for type 2 than for type 1 units, but conduction velocities of the three types were similar. 3. Type 1 units were identified as nociceptors and 7 type 2 units were identified as 'cold' fibres, activated by non-noxious cold, with no overlap in modality. None of the units tested was activated by weak mechanical stimuli or reflex sympathetic activation. 4. Spike waveforms were averaged for 18 type 1, 10 type 2 and 6 type 3 units. All units had predominantly triphasic action potentials with a major negative peak, but those of type 3 units were on average both smaller and briefer than those of type 1 and type 2 units. 5. It is concluded that repetitive electrical stimulation reliably differentiates nociceptive from cold-specific C fibres innervating human hairy skin, as has previously been shown for the rat. Cold fibres can propagate impulses continuously at much higher rates than nociceptive fibres. The nature of the type 3 units is unclear. (+info)

Ketamine-induced peripheral analgesia in rats. (8/1699)

AIM: To examine whether ketamine may directly act at peripheral nociceptors to produce analgesia. METHODS: Wistar rats were anesthetized with urethane. As a nociceptive flexion reflex (FR), C responses from the posterior biceps semitendinosus (PBST) muscle was evoked by electrical stimulation (2 ms, 80 V, 2-3 pulses, 0.5 Hz) via a pair of stainless steel needles inserted subcutaneously applied to the two toes of ipsilateral hindpw. RESULTS: Subcutaneous injection of ketamine (36 mmol.L-1, 5 microL) into the ipsilateral hindpaw produced an inhibition of C responses. At 9 min after application of ketamine, injection of naloxone (1%, 5 microL) into the same area annulled ketamine-induced inhibition. CONCLUSION: Ketamine as a dissociate anesthetic acts on peripheral nociceptors to produce analgesia, which is related to activity of peripheral opioid receptors. (+info)

Nociceptors[edit]. Main article: Nociceptor. Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending signals to the ... Mechanical nociceptors respond to excess pressure or mechanical deformation.. *Chemical nociceptors respond to a wide variety ... Nociceptors detect different kinds of damaging stimuli or actual damage. Those that only respond when tissues are damaged are ... Thermal nociceptors are activated by noxious heat or cold at various temperatures. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_system

Therefore, they satisfy accepted definitions of nociceptors. They also show similarities to vertebrate Aδ nociceptors, ... There have been numerous studies of learning and memory using nociceptors in the sea hare, Aplysia.[18][19][20] Many of these ... Acids are also known to activate nociceptors in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and in Hirudo medicinalis, commonly known ... Nociceptors are sensory receptors that respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending nerve signals to the brain. Although ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates

Some nociceptors are unspecialized free nerve endings that have their cell bodies outside the spinal column in the dorsal root ... Nociceptors are categorized according to the axons which travel from the receptors to the spinal cord or brain. After nerve ... Nociceptors have a certain threshold; that is, they require a minimum intensity of stimulation before they trigger a signal. ... Other nociceptors rely on specialised structures in the skin to transduce noxious information such as nociceptive schwann cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociception

In particular, there are no known nociceptors in groups such as plants, fungi, and most insects, except for instance in fruit ... Dozens of different types of nociceptor ion channels have so far been identified, and their exact functions are still being ... Superficial somatic pain is initiated by activation of nociceptors in the skin or other superficial tissue, and is sharp, well- ... At the peripheral end of the nociceptor, noxious stimuli generate currents that, above a given threshold, send signals along ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain

Lynn B (1984). "Cutaneous nociceptors". In Winlow W; Holden AV (eds.). The neurobiology of pain: Symposium of the Northern ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_to_live

Lynn B (1984). "Cutaneous nociceptors". In Winlow W, Holden AV (ed.). The neurobiology of pain: Symposium of the Northern ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-preservation

ISBN 978-1-4377-1604-7. Belmonte, Carlos; Gallar Juana (1996). "6: Corneal Nociceptors". Neurobiology of Nociceptors. Oxford ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornea

Activation of nociceptors is not necessary to cause the sensation of pain.[11] Damage or injury to nerve fibers that normally ... This alteration of normal activity is explained by molecular and cellular changes of the primary afferent nociceptors in ... Readings of afferent discharges from C nociceptors identified by marking method have also proved helpful in revealing the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_C_nerve_fiber

Learning and memory using nociceptors in the sea hare, Aplysia has been described. Mollusk neurons are able to detect ... Nociceptors: a phylogenetic view. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 195: 1089-1106 Wasserthal, Lutz T. (1998). Chapter 25: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate

Her publications include: Braithwaite, Victoria (2003). "Do fishes have nociceptors? Evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate ... nociceptors). She showed that fish produce pain-killing opioids in the same way that mammals do. She then investigated whether ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Braithwaite

Nerve impulses from nociceptors may reach the brain, where information about the stimulus (e.g. quality, location, and ... Most insects do not possess nociceptors, one known exception being the fruit fly. In vertebrates, endogenous opioids are ... St John Smith, E.; Lewin, G.R. (2009). "Nociceptors: a phylogenetic view". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 195 (12): 1089- ... 2003). "Do fishes have nociceptors? Evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate sensory system". Proc Biol Sci. 270 (1520): 1115 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_animals

Following beak trimming of older or adult hens, the nociceptors in the beak stump show abnormal patterns of neural discharge, ... The beak is a complex, functional organ with an extensive nervous supply including nociceptors that sense pain and noxious ... "Guidance on keeping of Chickens" (PDF). Breward, J., (1984). Cutaneous nociceptors in the chicken beak. Proceedings of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debeaking

Following beak trimming of older or adult hens, the nociceptors in the beak stump show abnormal patterns of neural discharge, ... Breward, J., (1984). Cutaneous nociceptors in the chicken beak. Proceedings of the Journal of Physiology, London 346: 56 Gentle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry_farming

Pain receptors are known as nociceptors. Two main types of nociceptors exist, A-fiber nociceptors and C-fiber nociceptors. A- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)

Rainbow trout also have corneal nociceptors. Out of 27 receptors investigated in one study, seven were polymodal nociceptors ... Bony fish possess nociceptors that are similar in function to those in mammals. There are two types of nerve fibre relevant to ... ISBN 978-0-7432-4769-6. Rose, J.D. (2003) A Critique of the paper: "Do fish have nociceptors: Evidence for the evolution of a ... Rose concludes there is little evidence that sharks and rays possess the nociceptors required to initiate pain detection in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_fish

Brain Brain tissue itself contains no nociceptors; brain tumors cause pain by pressing on blood vessels or the membrane that ... Invasion of soft tissue by a tumor can cause pain by inflammatory or mechanical stimulation of nociceptors, or destruction of ... Tumors can cause pain by crushing or infiltrating tissue, or by releasing chemicals that make nociceptors responsive to stimuli ... and they release chemicals that stimulate nociceptors. As they grow, tumors compress, consume, infiltrate or cut off blood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_cancer_pain

Mechano-sensitive C nociceptors, also known as polymodal C nociceptors are activated by several kinds of stimuli, i.e. ... The mechano-insensitive C nociceptors, also known as silent nociceptors, differ from polymodal afferents in other respects as ... The mechano-insensitive nociceptors may be sensitized particularly by inflammatory mediators to render them mechano-responsive ... Most studies are focused on C nociceptors. The nociceptive C-fibers constitute a very large proportion of somatic afferent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microneurography

Fitzgerald, Maria (1978). The sensitization of cutaneous nociceptors (PhD thesis). University College London. OCLC 926251169. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_David_Wall

Fitzgerald studies the developmental physiology and neurobiology of nociceptor circuits in the brain and spinal cord. Her work ... Fitzgerald, Maria (1978). The sensitization of cutaneous nociceptors (PhD thesis). University College London. OCLC 926251169. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Fitzgerald

Once a danger receptor (called 'nociceptor') has been stimulated, the signal travels via the sensory nerve to the dorsal ( ... Interneuron Nociceptor Reflex Solomon; Schmidt (1990). "13". In Carol, Field (ed.). Human Anatomy & physiology (2 ed.). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_reflex

"Bradykinin Induces TRPV1 Exocytotic Recruitment in Peptidergic Nociceptors". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 7: 178. doi:10.3389/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin

Puri, S. & Faulkes, Z. (2010). "Do decapod crustaceans have nociceptors for extreme pH?". PLOS ONE. 5 (4): e10244. Bibcode: ... which may be specialized nociceptors. The common brown shrimp Crangon crangon and the prawns Palaemon serratus and Palaemon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans

Mechanical nociceptors respond to excess pressure or mechanical deformation, such as a pinch. Chemical nociceptors respond to a ... Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending signals to the spinal cord and brain. This process, called ... They are found in internal organs as well as on the surface of the body to "detect and protect". Nociceptors detect different ... Nociceptors are responsible for processing pain and temperature changes. The burning pain and irritation experienced after ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_neuron

Therefore, not all noxious stimuli are adequate stimuli of nociceptors. The adequate stimuli of nociceptors are termed ... A nociceptive stimulus is defined as "an actually or potentially tissue damaging event transduced and encoded by nociceptors." ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noxious_stimulus

... people with the condition also have hyper-excitable nociceptors. When people with fibromyalgia are subjected to intense stimuli ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_overload

Thermal nociceptors are activated by noxious heat or cold at various temperatures. Mechanical nociceptors respond to excess ... Chemical nociceptors respond to a wide variety of chemicals, some of which are signs of tissue damage. They are involved in the ... Nociceptors detect different kinds of damaging stimuli or actual damage. Those that only respond when tissues are damaged are ... Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending signals to the spinal cord and brain. This process, called ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_nervous_system

Snider, W. D.; McMahon, S. B. (Apr 1998). "Tackling pain at the source: new ideas about nociceptors". Neuron. 20 (4): 629-32. ... as the neck of the posterior column and receives information from mechanoreceptors and danger information from nociceptors. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_column

Formaldehyde Nociceptor Withdrawal reflex Carter, Matt; Shieh, Jennifer C. (2010). "Nociception". Guide to Research Techniques ... reflecting direct activation of nociceptors and the late or tonic phase (15 to 20 minutes after the injection) reflecting ... caused by stimulation of nociceptors. These assays measure the existence of pain through behaviors such as withdrawal, licking ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociception_assay

Therefore, nociceptors are easily sensitised by agents such as bradykinin and nerve growth factor, which are released at the ... Nociceptors are different from other sensory neurons in that they have a low activating threshold and consequently increase ... Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 are both expressed in nociceptors (damage-sensing neurons). Nav1.7, Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 are found in the DRG ... However, Nav1.8 is cold-resistant and is able to generate action potentials in the cold to carry information from nociceptors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nav1.8

Nociceptor Last post by Slava « Sat Aug 14, 2021 9:01 am ...

https://www.alphadictionary.com/bb/viewforum.php?f=1

All neurons derived from the neural crest, including embryonic nociceptors, express the TrkA, which is a receptor to nerve-growth factor (NGF). (wikipedia.org)
Specialized peripheral sensory neurons known as nociceptors alert us to potentially damaging stimuli at the skin by detecting extremes in temperature and pressure and injury-related chemicals, and transducing these stimuli into long-ranging electrical signals that are relayed to higher brain centers. (jci.org)
These high threshold physical and noxious chemical stimuli are detected by specialized peripheral sensory neurons (nociceptors). (jci.org)
Gut-Innervating Nociceptor Neurons Regulate Peyer's Patch Microfold Cells and SFB Levels to Mediate Salmonella Host Defense. (harvard.edu)
Profiling of how nociceptor neurons detect danger - new and old foes. (harvard.edu)
Nociceptors are sensory neurons that are found in external tissues such as skin , cornea and mucosa as well as in internal organs, such as the muscle , joint , bladder and gut . (wikidoc.org)
Extracellular microRNAs activate nociceptor neurons to elicit pain via TLR7 and TRPA1. (nih.gov)
Here we report an unconventional role of extracellular miRNAs for rapid excitation of nociceptor neurons via toll-like receptor-7 (TLR7) and its coupling to TRPA1 ion channel. (nih.gov)
Thus, secreted extracellular miRNAs may serve as novel pain mediators via activating TLR7/TRPA1 in nociceptor neurons. (nih.gov)
Modeling pain in vitro using nociceptor neurons reprogrammed from fibroblasts. (broadinstitute.org)
We identified five transcription factors that reprogram mouse and human fibroblasts into noxious stimulus-detecting (nociceptor) neurons. (broadinstitute.org)
These recapitulated the expression of quintessential nociceptor-specific functional receptors and channels found in adult mouse nociceptor neurons, as well as native subtype diversity. (broadinstitute.org)
Moreover, the derived nociceptor neurons exhibited TrpV1 sensitization to the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 and the chemotherapeutic drug oxaliplatin, modeling the inherent mechanisms underlying inflammatory pain hypersensitivity and painful chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. (broadinstitute.org)
Recent studies have demonstrated an important role for T-type Ca 2+ channels (T-channels) in controlling the excitability of peripheral pain-sensing neurons (nociceptors). (jneurosci.org)
After injury, peripheral pain-sensing neurons (nociceptors) can become hyperexcitable, or "sensitized. (jneurosci.org)
However, a causal relationship has been difficult to establish and it is not clear whether vitamin D metabolites directly influence nociceptors (`pain-sensing' neurons). (ku.edu)
This study was undertaken to explore whether IL-17A acts on neurons, whether it sensitizes joint nociceptors, and whether neutralization of IL-17 is antinociceptive. (biomedsearch.com)
Neurotrophin NGF controls survival of nociceptors, which are pain and temperature sensing neurons expressing NGF receptor TrkA during development and projecting to dorsal spinal cord centrally and to skin in the periphery [1] , [2] . (prolekare.cz)
However, when survival of nociceptors from mice lacking NGF or TrkA was rescued by concomitant deletion of a pro-apoptotic protein Bax, these neurons failed to express such nociceptor-specific protein markers as CGRP and substance P, suggesting that NGF/TrkA signaling also controls gene expression in nociceptors [4] . (prolekare.cz)
In addition to controlling survival and maturation of cutaneous nociceptors, NGF is critical for axonal extension and peripheral target innervation by these neurons. (prolekare.cz)
It's a really interesting study because the field has long assumed that nociceptors make free nerve endings in the skin and don't innervate specialized structures, but these fast-conducting pain neurons actually do by wrapping around guard hair follicles in the mouse's skin," says Cheryl Stucky, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, US, who was not involved in the study. (painresearchforum.org)
We tested the hypotheses that PGE 2 -G is increased in DRGs of HbSS-BERK mice and sensitizes nociceptors (sensory neurons that respond to noxious stimuli), and that blocking its synthesis would decrease hyperalgesia in HbSS-BERK mice. (umn.edu)
Incontrast, ablating Nav1.8 + sensory neurons or silencing them with QX-314, a charged sodium channel inhibitor that enters via large-pore ion channels to specifically block nociceptors, substantially reduced ovalbumin- or house-dust-mite-induced airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. (elsevier.com)
Our results indicate that nociceptors amplify pathological adaptive immune responses and that silencing these neurons with QX-314 interrupts this neuro-immune interplay, revealing a potential new therapeutic strategy for asthma. (elsevier.com)
Pain receptors, also called nociceptors, are a group of sensory neurons with specialized nerve endings widely distributed in the skin, deep tissues (including the muscles and joints), and most of visceral organs. (atomyskincareindonesia.com)
At the anatomical level, fish have neurons known as nociceptors, which detect potential harm, such as high temperatures, intense pressure, and caustic chemicals. (atomyskincareindonesia.com)
The resulting neurons express canonical markers and functional properties of human nociceptors, including tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant, SCN10A-dependent sodium currents and response to nociceptive stimuli such as ATP and capsaicin. (blogspot.com)
In mammals, nociceptors are sensory neurons that are found in any area of the body that can sense noxious stimuli either externally or internally. (alchetron.com)
Background and Purpose: To better understand opioid signalling in visceral nociceptors, we examined the expression and selective activation of μ and δ opioid receptors by dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons innervating the mouse colon. (edu.au)
These neurons represent the majority of epidermal afferents in hairy skin, and are predominantly C-fiber polymodal nociceptors (CPMs), responding to mechanical stimulation, heat and in some cases cold. (ebscohost.com)
Cell size of primary sensory neurons and distribution patterns of neurons that are immunopositive (ip) for VRL-1, a newly cloned capsaicin-receptor homologue, were examined in trigeminal ganglia (TGs) of knockout mice for trkA, trkB or trkC to determine the developmental dependency of myelinated nociceptors on expression of the genes. (elsevier.com)
Small unmyelinated sensory neurons classified as nociceptors are divided into two subpopulations based on phenotypic differences, including expression of neurotrophic factor receptors. (wustl.edu)

Pain is experienced when nociceptors (pain receptors) in the tissues are activated by chemical mediators released from damaged or stressed cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
The specific receptors for these intense stimuli were called nociceptors. (wikipedia.org)
They are classified as either peptidergic or nonpeptidergic nociceptors, each of which express a distinct repertoire of ion channels and receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Nociceptors often referred to as your 'pain receptors,' are free nerve endings located all over the body, including the skin, muscles, joints, bones, and internal organs. (verywellhealth.com)
It was shown here, via immunohistochemistry and western blot, that rat putative nociceptors contain vitamin D receptors (VDRs) and metabolic enzymes, whose expression is regulated by ovarian hormones. (ku.edu)
Interleukin-17 sensitizes joint nociceptors to mechanical stimuli and contributes to arthritic pain through neuronal interleukin-17 receptors in rodents. (biomedsearch.com)
This study provides the first in vivo evidence that intracellular parts of different Trk receptors are interchangeable to promote survival and maturation of nociceptors and shows that these developmental processes can be uncoupled from peripheral target innervation. (prolekare.cz)
Our results indicate that anandamide excited cutaneous C nociceptors and produced nocifensive behaviors via activation of TRPV1 receptors. (umn.edu)
Nociceptors include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. (centralx.com)
Nociceptors are receptors, which respond to noxious stimuli (stimuli that would cause tissue injury if they were to persist) and their activation results in the sensation of pain . (teachmephysiology.com)
Cutaneous receptors include cutaneous mechanoreceptors, nociceptors (pain) and thermoreceptors (temperature). (atomyskincareindonesia.com)
Read on to learn about nociceptors, the pain receptors. (exploringyourmind.com)
In this article, we'll be talking about nociceptors, the pain receptors. (exploringyourmind.com)
We conclude that the contribution of CB1-type receptors expressed on the peripheral terminals of nociceptors to cannabinoid-induced analgesia is paramount, which should enable the development of peripherally acting CB1 analgesic agonists without any central side effects. (uni-hd.de)
Conclusions and Implications: A significant number of small diameter colonic nociceptors co-express μ and δ receptors and are inhibited by agonists and endogenous opioids in inflamed tissues. (edu.au)
DOMS may also have a lot to do with specialized pain receptors called nociceptors that lie in the spaces between muscle cells. (t-nation.com)
Nociceptors are categorized according to the axons which travel from the receptors to the spinal cord or brain. (wikipedia.org)

External nociceptors are found in tissue such as the skin (cutaneous nociceptors), the corneas, and the mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
Heat sensitization of cutaneous nociceptors is observed after burns, and sensitization of articular afferents to limb movements occurs after knee joint inflammation. (elsevier.com)
Others, using different models of peripheral inflammation, have only rarely found mechanical sensitization of cutaneous nociceptors. (elsevier.com)
In the current experiments, the mechanical and heat responses of cutaneous nociceptors supplying the glabrous skin of the rat hindpaw were studied 16-24 h after induction of acute inflammation with complete Freund's adjuvant. (elsevier.com)
Andrew, D & Greenspan, JD 1999, ' Mechanical and heat sensitization of cutaneous nociceptors after peripheral inflammation in the rat ', Journal of neurophysiology , vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 2649-2656. (elsevier.com)
External examples are in tissues such as skin (cutaneous nociceptors), cornea and mucosa. (alchetron.com)

All nociceptors are free nerve endings. (centralx.com)
Different nociceptors/free nerve endings, and the fibers carrying pain sensation from the nociceptors to the spinal cord. (atomyskincareindonesia.com)
Some nociceptors are unspecialized free nerve endings that have their cell bodies outside the spinal column in the dorsal root ganglia. (wikipedia.org)

Following sensory neurogenesis, differentiation occurs, and two types of nociceptors are formed. (wikipedia.org)
There are several types of nociceptors and they are classified according to the stimulus modalities to which they respond: i.e. thermal, mechanical or chemical. (wikidoc.org)
What are the three types of nociceptors? (atomyskincareindonesia.com)

In ovariectomized rats a vitamin D deficient diet induces balance deficits and deep tissue mechanical hyperalgesia, concurrent with muscle hyperinnervation by presumed nociceptors. (ku.edu)
Systemic administration of R-flurbiprofen preferentially reduced production of PGE 2 -G over that of PGE 2 in DRGs, decreased mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, and decreased sensitization of nociceptors in HbSS-BERK mice. (umn.edu)
The same dose of R-flurbiprofen had no behavioral effect in HbAA-BERK mice (the transgenic control), but local injection of PGE 2 -G into the hind paw of HbAA-BERK mice produced sensitization of nociceptors and hyperalgesia. (umn.edu)
Systemic administration of R-flurbiprofen preferentially reduced production of PGE2-G over that of PGE2 in DRGs, decreased mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, and decreased sensitization of nociceptors in HbSS-BERK mice. (umn.edu)
It was concluded that the mechanical hyperalgesia caused by peripheral inflammation could be explained by nociceptor sensitization. (elsevier.com)
Injury to tissues can result in }sensitization} of nociceptors, resulting in enhanced response to noxious and normally non-noxious stimuli (i.e., hyperalgesia and allodynia, respectively). (elsevier.com)
We hypothesize that opiate-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia may result from sensitization of nociceptors. (elsevier.com)

Polymodal nociceptors respond to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. (verywellhealth.com)
Polymodal nociceptors respond to damaging stimuli of a chemical, thermal, or mechanical nature (Kandel et al, 2000). (wikidoc.org)
Serosal units displayed sensitivity to key algesic mediators, bradykinin (6/14 units tested) and ATP (4/10), consistent with a role as polymodal nociceptors, while muscular afferents are largely insensitive to bradykinin (0/11) and ATP (1/10). (bmj.com)
Importantly, these include a population of polymodal nociceptors that preferentially respond to algogenic stimuli and are located in the serosa. (bmj.com)
In short, there are three major classes of nociceptors in the skin: Aδ mechanosensitive nociceptors, Aδ mechanothermal nociceptors, and polymodal nociceptors, the latter being specifically associated with C fibers. (atomyskincareindonesia.com)
Polymodal nociceptors are a challenge for scientists because they respond to every type of stimuli we mentioned above. (exploringyourmind.com)
3. Amongst the nociceptor population, C-mechanoheat fibres (C-MH or polymodal nociceptors) were markedly more responsive to P2X agonists than mechanonociceptors (C-M nociceptors) with A{delta}- or C-fibre axons. (mdc-berlin.de)
The increased neural response under inflammatory conditions was largely observed in C-mechanoheat or polymodal nociceptors. (mdc-berlin.de)

Chemical nociceptors respond to chemicals released from tissue damage (for example, prostaglandins and substance P) or from external chemicals (for example, topical capsaicin). (verywellhealth.com)
Capsaicin weakly activates conventional C-fiber nociceptors , but produces a vigorous response in a subtype of C-fiber nociceptors that are insensitive to mechanical stimuli. (thefreedictionary.com)
Moreover, subcutaneous HA injection in mice reduces heat and capsaicin nocifensive responses, whereas the intra-articular injection of HA in rats decreases capsaicin joint nociceptor fibres discharge. (sigmaaldrich.com)
To elucidate if these fibers also contribute to allergic airway inflammation, we stimulated lung nociceptors with capsaicin and observed increased neuropeptide release and immune cell infiltration. (elsevier.com)
We evaluated whether activation of the NPY Y1 receptor could modulate the activity of capsaicin-sensitive nociceptors in trigeminal ganglia and dental pulp. (uthscsa.edu)
We tested this hypothesis by measuring capsaicin-stimulated calcitonin gene-related peptide release (CGRP) as a measure of nociceptor activity. (uthscsa.edu)
These results demonstrate that activation of the Y1 receptor results in the inhibition of the activity of capsaicin-sensitive nociceptors in the trigeminal ganglia and dental pulp. (uthscsa.edu)

This phenomenon, "hyperalgesic priming," depends on the epsilon isoform of protein kinase C (PKCepsilon) and a switch in intracellular signaling pathways that mediate cytokine-induced nociceptor hyperexcitability. (nih.gov)
Hyperexcitability in mechanoinsensitive C-nociceptors was significantly higher in patients with polyneuropathy and pain compared to patients with polyneuropathy without pain, while the difference was much less prominent in mechanosensitive (polymodal) C-nociceptors. (diva-portal.org)
We therefore conclude that rather than being a generic sign of neuropathy, multiple spiking is linked to axonal hyperexcitability and spontaneous activity of nociceptors. (ad-astra.ro)
PDN is characterized by neuropathic pain and small-fiber degeneration, accompanied by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptor hyperexcitability and loss of their axons within the skin. (jci.org)
The molecular mechanisms underlying DRG nociceptor hyperexcitability and small-fiber degeneration in PDN are unknown. (jci.org)
Hence, we propose that targeting CXCR4-mediated DRG nociceptor hyperexcitability is a promising therapeutic approach for disease-modifying treatments for this currently intractable and widespread affliction. (jci.org)

Transient receptor potential vanilloid I (TRPV1) sensitization in peripheral nociceptors is a prominent phenomenon that occurs in inflammatory pain conditions. (frontiersin.org)
Pro-algesic agents can potentiate TRPV1 activity in nociceptors through both stimulation of its channel gating and mobilization of channels to the neuronal surface in a context dependent manner. (frontiersin.org)
A recent study reported that ATP-induced TRPV1 sensitization in peptidergic nociceptors involves the exocytotic release of channels trafficked by large dense core vesicles (LDCVs) that cargo alpha-calcitonin gene related peptide alpha (αCGRP). (frontiersin.org)
We hypothesized that, similar to ATP, bradykinin may also use different mechanisms to sensitize TRPV1 channels in peptidergic and non-peptidergic nociceptors. (frontiersin.org)
We found that bradykinin notably enhances the excitability of peptidergic nociceptors, and sensitizes TRPV1, primarily through the bradykinin receptor 2 pathway. (frontiersin.org)
Notably, bradykinin sensitization of TRPV1 in peptidergic nociceptors was significantly blocked by inhibiting Ca 2+ -dependent neuronal exocytosis. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, silencing αCGRP gene expression, but not substance P, drastically reduced bradykinin-induced TRPV1 sensitization in peptidergic nociceptors. (frontiersin.org)
Taken together, these findings indicate that bradykinin-induced sensitization of TRPV1 in peptidergic nociceptors is partially mediated by the exocytotic mobilization of new channels trafficked by αCGRP-loaded LDCVs to the neuronal membrane. (frontiersin.org)
Physiologically, TRPV1 acts as a major integrator of painful stimuli in nociceptors. (frontiersin.org)
Hyaluronan modulates TRPV1 channel opening, reducing peripheral nociceptor activity and pain. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Collectively, these results indicate that extracellular HA reduces the excitability of the ubiquitous TRPV1 channel, thereby lowering impulse activity in the peripheral nociceptor endings underlying pain. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Note: Neuromics' TRPV1 Antibody was used as a marker for mature nociceptors. (blogspot.com)

A nociceptor ("pain receptor") is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending "possible threat" signals to the spinal cord and the brain. (wikipedia.org)
A nociceptor is a sensory receptor that sends signals that cause the perception of pain in response to potentially damaging stimulus. (wikidoc.org)
Thus, serosal afferents (putative nociceptors) were used to investigate the effect of tegaserod, and transient receptor potential channel, vanilloid 4 (TRPV 4 ) modulation on mechanical responses. (bmj.com)
Human serosal visceral nociceptor mechanosensitivity is attenuated by treatment with the transient receptor potential channel, vanilloid 4 (TRPV 4 ) antagonist (HC067047), highlighting the therapeutic potential of TRPV 4 blockade for the treatment of visceral pain. (bmj.com)
Finally, it has been shown that expression of NT3 receptor TrkC from TrkA locus engaged a subset of former TrkA nociceptors to become TrkC-expressing proprioceptors [9] . (prolekare.cz)
Nociceptors with peripheral and central projections express temperature sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, also called thermoTRPs. (eurekaselect.com)
Gibbs, JL & Harqreaves, KM 2008, ' Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor effects on pulpal nociceptors ', Journal of dental research , vol. 87, no. 10, pp. 948-952. (uthscsa.edu)
Approximately half of unmyelinated nociceptors express the NGF receptor TrkA, and half express the GDNF family ligand (GFL) receptor Ret. (wustl.edu)

Pain is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS) in two separate ways via myelinated A delta fibers and unmyelinated C fibers, following the induction of nociceptors (3). (thefreedictionary.com)
We describe a recently identified mechanism of neuronal plasticity in primary afferent nociceptive nerve fibers (nociceptors) by which an acute inflammatory insult or environmental stressor can trigger long-lasting hypersensitivity of nociceptors to inflammatory cytokines. (nih.gov)
When an injury occurs (such accidentally cutting your finger with a knife), the stimulated nociceptors activate the A fibers, causing a person to experience sharp, prickling pain. (verywellhealth.com)
Action potentials generated in nociceptors and injured nerve fibers release excitatory neurotransmitters at their synaptic terminals such as L-glutamate and substance P and trigger cellular events in the central nervous system that extend over different time frames. (thefreedictionary.com)
We investigated the effect of isoflurane on 2 main types of thermal nociceptors: A-δ and C-fibers. (ovid.com)
Nociceptors, for example, have been categorized by how quickly they conduct their signals, which is determined by the diameter of the fibers and whether they are myelinated or unmyelinated. (painresearchforum.org)
Sensitization to suprathreshold mechanical stimuli was observed for both A- and C-fiber nociceptors, although it was greater for the A fibers. (elsevier.com)
Heat sensitization was observed in 25% of A-fiber nociceptors, but the responses of C fibers to heat were depressed. (elsevier.com)
Based on sensory thresholds and electrically induced activity-dependent slowing (ADS) of axonal conduction, C-fibers were classified as mechano-sensitive afferents, mechano-insensitive afferents, cold nociceptors, and sympathetic efferents. (elsevier.com)
In nociception, intense chemical (e.g., cayenne powder), mechanical (e.g., cutting, crushing), or thermal (heat and cold) stimulation of sensory nerve cells called nociceptors produces a signal that travels along a chain of nerve fibers via the spinal cord to the brain. (wikipedia.org)

Nociceptors are the nerve endings responsible for nociception , one of the two types of persistent pain (the other, neuropathic pain , occurs when nerves in the central or peripheral nervous system are not functioning properly). (wikidoc.org)
Collectively, our data further support a role for Ca v 3.2 channels in peripheral nociception and identify a novel mechanism for Ca v 3.2 modulation that underlies nociceptor sensitization. (jneurosci.org)
Nociceptor-specific knockdown of EJC factors and eIFs resulted in defective thermal and mechanical nociception. (uncg.edu)
No direct link was found between nociceptor dendritic morphology and nociception defects, which indicates that nociceptor morphology does not determine nociceptor sensitivity. (uncg.edu)

In mammals, nociceptors are found in any area of the body that can sense noxious stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
The peripheral terminal of the mature nociceptor is where the noxious stimuli are detected and transduced into electrical energy. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we review the nociceptive aspect of pain perception, focusing on nociceptors innervating the skin and subserving exteroception of noxious stimuli. (jci.org)
Since recent reviews have described in detail the molecules involved in detecting noxious stimuli ( 10 - 13 ) and contributing to protective mechanisms mediating enhanced pain at the site of injury ( 14 ), we take an integrative approach that highlights recently discovered cellular transduction/conduction mechanisms in the context of different nociceptor fiber types identified in vivo and ex vivo. (jci.org)
Nociceptive pain occurs when nociceptors in the body detect noxious stimuli that have the potential to cause harm to the body. (atomyskincareindonesia.com)
TRP channels that detect noxious stimuli (mechanical, thermal, and chemical pain) relay that info to nociceptors that generate an action potential. (wikipedia.org)

The present study suggests that the development of myelinated nociceptors is dependent on trkA and trkC but not on trkB. (elsevier.com)

Therefore, we hypothesize that the SS-EPs elicited by the rapid periodic thermal activation of nociceptors may reflect the activation of a network that is preferentially involved in processing nociceptive input and may thus provide some important insight into the cortical processes generating painful percepts. (duhnnae.com)

Silent nociceptors must be first activated or 'awakened' by tissue inflammation before responding to a mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulus. (verywellhealth.com)
Adaptive pain is a normal response to nociceptor activation by a noxious stimulus that is intended to prevent tissue injury and/or promote healing of injured tissue. (thefreedictionary.com)
Multiple firing of C nociceptors upon a single electrical stimulus has been suggested to be a possible mechanism contributing to neuropathic pain. (ad-astra.ro)
The high-energy nociceptive stimulus elicited a consistent SS-EP, related to the activation of A delta-nociceptors. (duhnnae.com)

Only when the high threshold has been reached by either chemical, thermal, or mechanical environments are the nociceptors triggered. (wikipedia.org)
Thermal nociceptors respond to extreme hot or cold temperatures. (verywellhealth.com)
Thermal nociceptors are activated by noxious heat or cold, temperatures above 45°C and below 5°C (Kandel et al, 2000). (wikidoc.org)
We explored the hypothesis that differences in withdrawal behavior are mediated by differential expression of isoflurane-sensitive proteins between these types of thermal nociceptors. (ovid.com)
Identification and cloning of the VR1 channel represented a significant step in the clarification of the molecular mechanisms underlying transduction of noxious chemical and thermal stimuli by peripheral nociceptors ( 1 ). (pnas.org)
Potentially damaging mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli are detected by nerve endings called nociceptors, which are found in the skin, on internal surfaces such as the periosteum, joint surfaces, and in some internal organs. (wikipedia.org)

Here, we demonstrate that reducing agents as well as endogenous metal chelators sensitize C-type dorsal root ganglion nociceptors by chelating Zn 2+ ions off specific extracellular histidine residues on Ca v 3.2 T-channels, thus relieving tonic channel inhibition, enhancing Ca v 3.2 currents, and lowering the threshold for nociceptor excitability in vitro and in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
Collectively, these findings describe a novel mechanism of nociceptor sensitization and firmly establish reducing agents, as well as Zn 2+ , Zn 2+ -chelating amino acids, and Zn 2+ -chelating proteins as endogenous modulators of Ca v 3.2 and nociceptor excitability. (jneurosci.org)
Last, we show that reducing agents, as well as synthetic and endogenous Zn 2+ chelators, sensitize Ca v 3.2 current-containing C-type nociceptors from wild-type mice but not C-type nociceptors from Ca v 3.2 −/− mice in vitro and in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
Post-discharge hyperpolarization is an endogenous modulatory factor limiting input from fast-conducting nociceptors (AHTMRs). (painresearchforum.org)
Our goal is to separate these functions for nociceptors in order to provide pain relief while also enabling or maintaining endogenous mechanisms of organ protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury. (stanford.edu)
These findings are relevant to the physiological modulation of dental nociceptors by endogenous NPY and demonstrate an important novel analgesic target for the treatment of dental pain. (uthscsa.edu)
The results of this study identify the physiological role of endogenous Ret signaling in the survival and function of nociceptors. (wustl.edu)

Internal nociceptors are found in a variety of organs, such as the muscles, the joints, the bladder, the visceral organs, and the digestive tract. (wikipedia.org)
Most visceral nociceptors (those located on organs inside the body) are silent nociceptors. (verywellhealth.com)
Human visceral nociceptor mechanosensitivity is also attenuated by tegaserod suggesting that its efficacy for the treatment of pain in IBS may be mediated through the reduction of visceral nociceptor mechanosensitivity. (bmj.com)

In vivo, more hyperpolarized C-nociceptor Ems were associated with higher cytoplasmic edge-TREK2 expression (edge-TREK2). (polyplus-transfection.com)
In the present study, we sought to determine if anandamide excited cutaneous C nociceptors in vivo and if this excitation correlated with nocifensive behaviors. (umn.edu)
In addition, Ret-Na(v)1.8 CKO mice have increased sensitivity to cold and increased formalin-induced pain, demonstrating that Ret signaling modulates the function of nociceptors in vivo. (wustl.edu)

Mechanically sensitive nociceptor afferents were studied in a preparation of isolated skin from rat leg. (semanticscholar.org)

In addition to the type of stimuli a nociceptor responds to, nociceptors are also classified by how fast they transmit pain signals. (verywellhealth.com)

We show here that conducting (sometimes called uninjured) C-nociceptors in neuropathic pain models with more hyperpolarized resting membrane potentials (Ems) have lower SF rates. (polyplus-transfection.com)
The GFLs are analgesic in models of neuropathic pain emphasizing the importance of understanding the physiological function of GFL/Ret signaling in nociceptors. (wustl.edu)

Critical role of nociceptor plasticity in chronic pain. (nih.gov)
This review will discuss current knowledge on the role of nociceptor thermoTRPs in pain and therapy and describes the activator and inhibitor molecules known to interact with them and modulate their activity. (eurekaselect.com)

Peripheral sensitization of nociceptors has been demonstrated as a possible mechanism of vulvodynia. (thefreedictionary.com)
Importantly, we hypothesize that sensitization of nociceptors by opiates can occur in the absence of tissue injury. (elsevier.com)

Other nociceptors respond to none of these modalities (although they may respond to stimulation under conditions of inflammation) and are referred to as sleeping or silent. (wikipedia.org)
Epineural optogenetic activation of nociceptors initiates and amplifies inflammation. (harvard.edu)
inflammation of the plantar fascia, thickening of the proximal fascia, decreased vascularity, peritendinous inflammation, loss of normal elasticity, and alteration of nociceptor physiology all may play roles in the onset and persistence of heel pain. (thefreedictionary.com)
Other nociceptors respond to none of these modalities (although they may respond to stimulation under conditions of inflammation) and have thereby earned the more poetic title of sleeping or silent nociceptors (Kandel et al, 2000). (wikidoc.org)
Silent nociceptors do not usually fire action potentials , though they are much more likely to do so in the presence of inflammation or damaging chemicals (Kandel et al, 2000). (wikidoc.org)
EXPRESS] Upregulation of P2Y1 in neonatal nociceptors regulates heat and mechanical sensitization during cutaneous inflammation. (painresearchforum.org)
We conclude that the rapid increase in the number of {alpha},{beta}-methylene ATP responsive nociceptors and the increased magnitude of the neural response following carrageenan inflammation explains why very low concentrations of such agonists can cause pain in inflammatory states. (mdc-berlin.de)

For a specific examination of nociceptor function, action potentials from single C-fibres including 214 C-nociceptors were recorded by microneurography. (diva-portal.org)
METHODS: We recorded action potentials from rat joint nociceptors after intraarticular injection of IL-17A. (biomedsearch.com)

Silent nociceptors take a long time to activate. (exploringyourmind.com)

Besides this, a recent study demonstrated that onabotulinumtoxinA selectively inhibited C- but not Ad-trigeminal meningeal nociceptors by utilizing a preclinical cranial pain model (41). (thefreedictionary.com)
Exploring the effects of extracranial injections of botulinum toxin type A on prolonged intracranial meningeal nociceptors responses to cortical spreading depression in female rats. (harvard.edu)
During migraine, CGRP is thought to be released from peripheral endings of perivascular meningeal nociceptors primary and to promote vasodilatation. (wiley.com)
Here, using electrophysiological, extracellular, single-unit recording combined with laser-Doppler flowmetry measurements of dural blood flow (DBF), we examined whether CGRP and meningeal vasodilatation promote activation or sensitization of meningeal nociceptors. (wiley.com)
however, neither method of CGRP administration resulted in activation or sensitization of meningeal nociceptors. (wiley.com)
The results of this study suggest that CGRP effects in the meninges, including meningeal vasodilatation, are not sufficient to activate or sensitize meningeal nociceptors. (wiley.com)

On the contrary, the peptidergic nociceptors continue to use TrkA, and they express a completely different type of growth factor. (wikipedia.org)
Our findings further imply a central role of αCGRP peptidergic nociceptors in peripheral algesic sensitization, and substantiate that inhibition of LDCVs exocytosis is a valuable therapeutic strategy to treat pain, as it concurrently reduces the release of pro-inflammatory peptides and the membrane recruitment of thermoTRP channels. (frontiersin.org)

More recent studies have analyzed the nerve factors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors in women with vulvar pain. (thefreedictionary.com)

This exploratory analysis highlights the differing role that volatile anesthetics might have on nociceptors in the peripheral nervous system. (ovid.com)

Nociceptors Tolerance (BB CI 01) is a genetic mutation neuron located on the Neuronal menu. (fandom.com)
The Nociceptors Tolerance (BB CI 01) neuron is located on the Therapeutic Medication neuronal branch . (fandom.com)

2017) showed that over a short testing period, initial PPT trials caused superficial nociceptors to have an increased sensitivity, resulting in higher PPT values. (thefreedictionary.com)
Currently, there are significant gaps in understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in nociceptor sensitivity. (uncg.edu)
Dysregulated nociceptor sensitivity is the likely pathogenesis in many types of chronic pain, a disease that ails over 100 million people in the United States alone. (uncg.edu)
The goal of this study was to characterize how genes classically involved in RNA processing and translation regulate nociceptor sensitivity. (uncg.edu)
My results suggest that eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) and components of the exon junction complex (EJC) control nociceptor sensitivity by regulating RNA processing and translation, suggesting a major role for RNA metabolism and translation in controlling nociceptor function. (uncg.edu)
Thus, the major findings of this project revealed that Drosophila nociceptor sensitivity is controlled by RNA processing mechanisms from transcription to translation. (uncg.edu)

The cell bodies of nociceptors are mainly in the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. (atomyskincareindonesia.com)

The activation of functionally distinct cutaneous nociceptor populations and the processing of information they convey provide a rich diversity of pain qualities. (jci.org)

Nociceptors develop from neural-crest stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
The neural-crest stem cells split from the neural tube as it closes, and nociceptors grow from the dorsal part of this neural-crest tissue. (wikipedia.org)
CHIR99021, SU5402 and DAPT induce and accelerate neural crest stem cell identity by day 8 and promote rapid differentiation of the neural crest stem cells to nociceptors expressing peptidergic markers by day 10. (blogspot.com)

Pain from excitation of identified muscle nociceptors in humans. (semanticscholar.org)
We also determined whether excitation of C nociceptors by anandamide was associated with nocifensive behaviors. (umn.edu)

We investigated peripheral C-nociceptors in painful and painless polyneuropathy patients to identify pain-specific changes. (diva-portal.org)
Double spikes to single electrical stimulation correlates to spontaneous activity of nociceptors in painful neuropathy patients. (ad-astra.ro)
We investigated painful neuropathy patients using microneurography and analysed nociceptors for the occurrence of multiple spiking and spontaneous activity. (ad-astra.ro)
Multiple spiking of nociceptors coincides with spontaneous activity in nociceptors of painful neuropathy patients. (ad-astra.ro)

Sensitisation: Increased intensity of nociceptor responses. (thefreedictionary.com)
Tensile and compressive responses of nociceptors in rat hairy skin. (semanticscholar.org)
Single-fiber recordings were made from nociceptors in the sciatic nerve of barbiturate- anesthetized animals, and their responses compared with those obtained from nociceptors tested identically in normal animals. (elsevier.com)
Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) anesthetized with a large dose of thiopental (42.8 mg/kg) retained movement responses to nociceptor stimuli despite an average plasma drug level of 51 mg/l, of which 63% was bound to plasma proteins. (elsevier.com)
The time course of {alpha},{beta}-methylene ATP-evoked discharges in nociceptors was found to correlate well with the time course of behavioural nocifensive responses in rats to the same agonist described in a previous study (Hamilton et al. (mdc-berlin.de)

2. Both ATP and {alpha},{beta}-methylene ATP were found to specifically activate the peripheral terminals of A{delta} and C-fibre nociceptors in the skin. (mdc-berlin.de)

The nonpeptidergic nociceptors switch off the TrkA and begin expressing Ret, which is a transmembrane signaling component that allows the expression of glial-cell-derived growth factor (GDNF). (wikipedia.org)
The nonpeptidergic nociceptors switch off the TrkA and begin expressing Ret. (alchetron.com)
The function of NGF/TrkA signaling in the TrkA population of nociceptors has been extensively studied, and NGF/TrkA signaling is a well established mediator of pain. (wustl.edu)

The ability of fish to feel pain is sustained by the presence of nociceptors (delta A and C fibres) identical to those of mammals, connected to a comparative brain structure (Sneddon, 2003). (thefreedictionary.com)
The interval between the main action potential and the multiple spikes ranged from 13 to 100 ms. There was a significant association between spontaneous activity and multiple spiking in C nociceptors, with spontaneous activity being present in 9 of 11 fibres with multiple spiking, but only in 21 of 94 nociceptors without multiple spiking (P (ad-astra.ro)

Another thermoTRP, TRPM8, encoding for the cool sensation and also expressed in nociceptors, has recently been shown to reduce pain via a central mechanism, thus opening a novel strategy for achieving analgesia. (eurekaselect.com)

However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of T-channels in nociceptors are poorly understood. (jneurosci.org)
Additionally, mechanisms underlying possible nociceptor sensitization occurring in the absence of tissue injury may ultimately lead to insights into clinical conditions of prominent pain without apparent tissue injury including, for example fibromyalgia, IBS, CRPS-1 and perhaps migraine. (elsevier.com)

This is why taking pain medication, such as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID), to block nociceptor activation is sensible when the 'pain alert' is being addressed. (verywellhealth.com)
The omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil can decrease IL-6 and TNF-alpha, two inflammatory factors that angry up the aforementioned nociceptors. (t-nation.com)

In 11 of 105 nociceptors, double spiking was found, with 1 fibre even showing triple spikes on electrical stimulation. (ad-astra.ro)

Anatomy28

Organisms4

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs34

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Psychiatry and Psychology9

Phenomena and Processes17

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Health Care2

Adenoviral gene transfer into the normal and injured spinal cord: enhanced transgene stability by combined administration of temperature-sensitive virus and transient immune blockade. (1/1699)

Uninjured C-fiber nociceptors develop spontaneous activity and alpha-adrenergic sensitivity following L6 spinal nerve ligation in monkey. (2/1699)

The effects of inflammation and inflammatory mediators on nociceptive behaviour induced by ATP analogues in the rat. (3/1699)

The distribution of neurons expressing calcium-permeable AMPA receptors in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord dorsal horn. (4/1699)

Role of protein kinase A in the maintenance of inflammatory pain. (5/1699)

Alteration of descending modulation of nociception during the course of monoarthritis in the rat. (6/1699)

Activity-dependent slowing of conduction differentiates functional subtypes of C fibres innervating human skin. (7/1699)

Ketamine-induced peripheral analgesia in rats. (8/1699)

Nociceptors

Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated

Mechanoreceptors

Ganglia, Spinal

Capsaicin

Physical Stimulation

Hyperalgesia

Neurons, Afferent

Pain

Thermoreceptors

Hot Temperature

Skin

TRPV Cation Channels

Nerve Fibers

NAV1.8 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

Sensory Receptor Cells

Pain Threshold

Thermosensing

Nerve Fibers, Myelinated

Neural Conduction

Mustard Plant

Sensory System Agents

Meninges

Pain Measurement

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Trigeminal Ganglion

Neuropharmacology

Neuralgia

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

Action Potentials

Sensory Thresholds

Transient Receptor Potential Channels

Sodium Channels

Acid Sensing Ion Channels

Afferent Pathways

Central Nervous System Sensitization

Nociception

NAV1.9 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

Tachyphylaxis

Neuritis

Cold Temperature

Menthol

Radial Nerve

Skin Physiological Phenomena

Neurogenic Inflammation

Pulpitis

Peripheral Nervous System

Mechanotransduction, Cellular

Bradykinin

Receptors, Adenosine A2

Nervous System Physiological Processes

Alcoholic Neuropathy

Posterior Horn Cells

Antipruritics

Sodium Channel Blockers

Peripheral Nervous System Agents

Peroneal Nerve

Trigeminal Nerve

Freund's Adjuvant

Tibial Nerve

Electrophysiology

Nodose Ganglion

Receptor, trkA

Spinal Nerves

Peripheral Nerves

Patch-Clamp Techniques

Hindlimb

Spinal Cord

Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

Electric Stimulation

Skin Temperature

Touch

Dura Mater

Receptors, Purinergic P2X3

Nerve Growth Factor

Inflammation

Behavior, Animal

Pruritus

Lectins

Analgesics