Nociceptors. Medical search

Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the unmyelinated nerve fibers are small in diameter and usually several are surrounded by a single MYELIN SHEATH. They conduct low-velocity impulses, and represent the majority of peripheral sensory and autonomic fibers, but are also found in the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptor cells include the INNER EAR hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.

An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.

Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.

An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

Cellular receptors which mediate the sense of temperature. Thermoreceptors in vertebrates are mostly located under the skin. In mammals there are separate types of thermoreceptors for cold and for warmth and NOCICEPTORS which detect cold or heat extreme enough to cause pain.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after vanilloid receptor. They are very sensitive to TEMPERATURE and hot spicy food and CAPSAICIN. They have the TRP domain and ANKYRIN repeats. Selectivity for CALCIUM over SODIUM ranges from 3 to 100 fold.

Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that is expressed in nociceptors, including spinal and trigeminal sensory neurons. It plays a role in the transmission of pain signals induced by cold, heat, and mechanical stimuli.

Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.

Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.

The sensation of cold, heat, coolness, and warmth as detected by THERMORECEPTORS.

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.

The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.

Any of several BRASSICA species that are commonly called mustard. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncea is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. The plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted or used as SPICES, and for its greens used as VEGETABLES or ANIMAL FEED. There is no relationship to MUSTARD COMPOUNDS.

Drugs that act on neuronal sensory receptors resulting in an increase, decrease, or modification of afferent nerve activity. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p367)

The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.

Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The semilunar-shaped ganglion containing the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve. It is situated within the dural cleft on the cerebral surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and gives off the ophthalmic, maxillary, and part of the mandibular nerves.

The branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the action of drugs upon various parts of the nervous system.

Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.

A broad group of eukaryotic six-transmembrane cation channels that are classified by sequence homology because their functional involvement with SENSATION is varied. They have only weak voltage sensitivity and ion selectivity. They are named after a DROSOPHILA mutant that displayed transient receptor potentials in response to light. A 25-amino-acid motif containing a TRP box (EWKFAR) just C-terminal to S6 is found in TRPC, TRPV and TRPM subgroups. ANKYRIN repeats are found in TRPC, TRPV & TRPN subgroups. Some are functionally associated with TYROSINE KINASE or TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES.

Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.

A family of proton-gated sodium channels that are primarily expressed in neuronal tissue. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and are implicated in the signaling of a variety of neurological stimuli, most notably that of pain in response to acidic conditions.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.

An increased response to stimulation that is mediated by amplification of signaling in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS).

Sensing of noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli by NOCICEPTORS. It is the sensory component of visceral and tissue pain (NOCICEPTIVE PAIN).

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype found in the neurons of the NERVOUS SYSTEM and DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. It may play a role in the generation of heat and mechanical pain hypersensitivity.

Rapidly decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after administration of a few doses. In immunology, it is the rapid immunization against the effect of toxic doses of an extract or serum by previous injection of small doses. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.

An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.

An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically.

A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans the fibers of the radial nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C5 to T1), travel via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and supply motor innervation to extensor muscles of the arm and cutaneous sensory fibers to extensor regions of the arm and hand.

The functions of the skin in the human and animal body. It includes the pigmentation of the skin.

Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.

Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.

The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.

The process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. It can occur in both cells specialized for sensing mechanical cues such as MECHANORECEPTORS, and in parenchymal cells whose primary function is not mechanosensory.

A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from KALLIDIN in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from MAST CELLS during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.

A subclass of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS that are generally considered to be coupled to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN which causes up regulation of CYCLIC AMP.

Biological actions and events that constitute the functions of the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A condition where damage to the peripheral nervous system (including the peripheral elements of the autonomic nervous system) is associated with chronic ingestion of alcoholic beverages. The disorder may be caused by a direct effect of alcohol, an associated nutritional deficiency, or a combination of factors. Clinical manifestations include variable degrees of weakness; ATROPHY; PARESTHESIAS; pain; loss of reflexes; sensory loss; diaphoresis; and postural hypotension. (From Arch Neurol 1995;52(1):45-51; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1146)

Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.

Agents, usually topical, that relieve itching (pruritus).

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.

Drugs that act principally at one or more sites within the peripheral neuroeffector systems, the autonomic system, and motor nerve-skeletal system. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p75)

The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot.

The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.

An antigen solution emulsified in mineral oil. The complete form is made up of killed, dried mycobacteria, usually M. tuberculosis, suspended in the oil phase. It is effective in stimulating cell-mediated immunity (IMMUNITY, CELLULAR) and potentiates the production of certain IMMUNOGLOBULINS in some animals. The incomplete form does not contain mycobacteria.

The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

The inferior (caudal) ganglion of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. The unipolar nodose ganglion cells are sensory cells with central projections to the medulla and peripheral processes traveling in various branches of the vagus nerve.

A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; neurotrophin 4, neurotrophin 5. It plays a crucial role in pain sensation and thermoregulation in humans. Gene mutations that cause loss of receptor function are associated with CONGENITAL INSENSITIVITY TO PAIN WITH ANHIDROSIS, while gene rearrangements that activate the protein-tyrosine kinase function are associated with tumorigenesis.

The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.

The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

The founding member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family. It was originally characterized as a NERVE GROWTH FACTOR promoting the survival of MIDBRAIN dopaminergic NEURONS, and it has been studied as a potential treatment for PARKINSON DISEASE.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

The TEMPERATURE at the outer surface of the body.

Sensation of making physical contact with objects, animate or inanimate. Tactile stimuli are detected by MECHANORECEPTORS in the skin and mucous membranes.

The outermost of the three MENINGES, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord.

A purinergic P2X neurotransmitter receptor involved in sensory signaling of TASTE PERCEPTION, chemoreception, visceral distension, and NEUROPATHIC PAIN. The receptor comprises three P2X3 subunits. The P2X3 subunits are also associated with P2X2 RECEPTOR subunits in a heterotrimeric receptor variant.

NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.

Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.

Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.

A richly vascularized and innervated connective tissue of mesodermal origin, contained in the central cavity of a tooth and delimited by the dentin, and having formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after melastatin protein. They have the TRP domain but lack ANKYRIN repeats. Enzyme domains in the C-terminus leads to them being called chanzymes.

Compounds that bind to and stimulate ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS.

The process by which PAIN is recognized and interpreted by the brain.

Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.

The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.

A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)

A subgroup of TRP cation channels that contain 3-4 ANKYRIN REPEAT DOMAINS and a conserved C-terminal domain. Members are highly expressed in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Selectivity for calcium over sodium ranges from 0.5 to 10.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A heterogenous group of transient or low voltage activated type CALCIUM CHANNELS. They are found in cardiac myocyte membranes, the sinoatrial node, Purkinje cells of the heart and the central nervous system.

A water-soluble extractive mixture of sulfated polysaccharides from RED ALGAE. Chief sources are the Irish moss CHONDRUS CRISPUS (Carrageen), and Gigartina stellata. It is used as a stabilizer, for suspending COCOA in chocolate manufacture, and to clarify BEVERAGES.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A protein kinase C subtype that was originally characterized as a CALCIUM-independent, serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHORBOL ESTERS and DIACYLGLYCEROLS. It is targeted to specific cellular compartments in response to extracellular signals that activate G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTORS; and intracellular protein tyrosine kinase.

A vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in the DIENCEPHALON and lower brainstem regions of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The process in which specialized SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS transduce peripheral stimuli (physical or chemical) into NERVE IMPULSES which are then transmitted to the various sensory centers in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717)

Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.

Oils derived from plants or plant products.

Disorders of sensory information received from superficial and deep regions of the body. The somatosensory system conveys neural impulses which pertain to proprioception, tactile sensation, thermal sensation, pressure sensation, and pain. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and BRAIN DISEASES may be associated with impaired or abnormal somatic sensation.

A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.

Adenoviral gene transfer into the normal and injured spinal cord: enhanced transgene stability by combined administration of temperature-sensitive virus and transient immune blockade. (1/1699)

This study characterized gene transfer into both normal and injured adult rat dorsal spinal cord using first (E1-/E3-) or second (E1-/E2A125/E3-, temperature-sensitive; ts) generation of replication-defective adenoviral (Ad) vectors. A novel immunosuppressive regimen aimed at blocking CD4/CD45 lymphocytic receptors was tested for improving transgene persistence. In addition, the effect of gene transfer on nociception was also evaluated. Seven days after treatment, numerous LacZ-positive cells were observed after transfection with either viral vector. By 21 days after transfection, beta-galactosidase staining was reduced and suggestive of ongoing cytopathology in both Ad-treated groups, despite the fact that the immunogenicity of LacZ/Adts appeared less when compared with that elicited by the LacZ/Ad vector. In contrast, immunosuppressed animals showed a significant (P < or = 0.05) increase in the number of LacZ-positive cells not displaying cytopathology. In these animals, a concomitant reduction in numbers of macrophages/microglia and CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes was observed. Only animals that received LacZ/Adts and immunosuppression showed transgene expression after 60 days. Similar results were observed in animals in which the L4-L5 dorsal roots were lesioned before transfection. Gene transfer into the dorsal spinal cord did not affect nociception, independent of the adenovirus vector. These results indicate that immune blockade of the CD4/CD45 lymphocytic receptors enhanced transgene stability in adult animals with normal or injured spinal cords and that persistent transgene expression in the spinal cord does not interfere with normal neural function. (+info)

Uninjured C-fiber nociceptors develop spontaneous activity and alpha-adrenergic sensitivity following L6 spinal nerve ligation in monkey. (2/1699)

We investigated whether uninjured cutaneous C-fiber nociceptors in primates develop abnormal responses after partial denervation of the skin. Partial denervation was induced by tightly ligating spinal nerve L6 that innervates the dorsum of the foot. Using an in vitro skin-nerve preparation, we recorded from uninjured single afferent nerve fibers in the superficial peroneal nerve. Recordings were made from 32 C-fiber nociceptors 2-3 wk after ligation and from 29 C-fiber nociceptors in control animals. Phenylephrine, a selective alpha1-adrenergic agonist, and UK14304 (UK), a selective alpha2-adrenergic agonist, were applied to the receptive field for 5 min in increasing concentrations from 0.1 to 100 microM. Nociceptors from in vitro control experiments were not significantly different from nociceptors recorded by us previously in in vivo experiments. In comparison to in vitro control animals, the afferents found in lesioned animals had 1) a significantly higher incidence of spontaneous activity, 2) a significantly higher incidence of response to phenylephrine, and 3) a higher incidence of response to UK. In lesioned animals, the peak response to phenylephrine was significantly greater than to UK, and the mechanical threshold of phenylephrine-sensitive afferents was significantly lower than for phenylephrine-insensitive afferents. Staining with protein gene product 9.5 revealed an approximately 55% reduction in the number of unmyelinated terminals in the epidermis of the lesioned limb compared with the contralateral limb. Thus uninjured cutaneous C-fiber nociceptors that innervate skin partially denervated by ligation of a spinal nerve acquire two abnormal properties: spontaneous activity and alpha-adrenergic sensitivity. These abnormalities in nociceptor function may contribute to neuropathic pain. (+info)

The effects of inflammation and inflammatory mediators on nociceptive behaviour induced by ATP analogues in the rat. (3/1699)

1. We have studied the behavioural effects of intraplantar injections of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and related compounds in freely moving rats and investigated whether these nociceptive effects are augmented in the presence of inflammatory mediators. 2. We find that in normal animals ATP and analogues produce dose-dependent nocifensive behaviour (seen as bursts of elevation of the treated hindpaw), and localized thermal hyperalgesia. The rank order of potency was: alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate (alpha,beta-methylene ATP) > 2-methylthioadenosine triphosphate (2-methylthio ATP) > ATP. After neonatal treatment with capsaicin, to destroy small calibre primary sensory neurones, nocifensive behaviour was largely absent. 3. The effects of ATP analogues were assessed in three models of peripheral sensitization: 2 h after dilute intraplantar carrageenan (0.25% w v(-1)); 24 h after irradiation of the hindpaw with ultraviolet (U.V.) B; immediately following prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) treatment. In all models the effect of alpha,beta-methylene ATP was greatly augmented. After carrageenan, significant hindpaw-lifting behaviour activity was induced by injection of only 0.05 nmol of alpha,beta-methylene ATP, some 100 times less than necessary in normal skin. 4. Our data suggest that it is much more likely that endogenous levels of ATP will reach levels capable of exciting nociceptors in inflamed versus normal skin. Our data also suggest the involvement of P2X3 receptor subunits in ATP-induced nociception. (+info)

The distribution of neurons expressing calcium-permeable AMPA receptors in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord dorsal horn. (4/1699)

The superficial dorsal horn is a major site of termination of nociceptive primary afferents. Fast excitatory synaptic transmission in this region is mediated mainly by release of glutamate onto postsynaptic AMPA and NMDA receptors. NMDA receptors are known to be Ca2+-permeable and to provide synaptically localized Ca2+ signals that mediate short-term and long-term changes in synaptic strength. Less well known is a subpopulation of AMPA receptors that is Ca2+-permeable and has been shown to be synaptically localized on dorsal horn neurons in culture (Gu et al., 1996) and expressed by dorsal horn neurons in situ (Nagy et al., 1994; Engelman et al., 1997). We used kainate-induced cobalt uptake as a functional marker of neurons expressing Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors and combined this with markers of nociceptive primary afferents in the postnatal rat dorsal horn. We have shown that cobalt-positive neurons are located in lamina I and outer lamina II, a region strongly innervated by nociceptors. These cobalt-positive neurons colocalize with afferents labeled by LD2, and with the most dorsal region of capsaicin-sensitive and IB4- and LA4-positive afferents. In contrast, inner lamina II has a sparser distribution of cobalt-positive neurons. Some lamina I neurons expressing the NK1 receptor, the receptor for substance P, are also cobalt positive. These neurons are likely to be projection neurons in the nociceptive pathway. On the basis of all of these observations, we propose that Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors are localized to mediate transmission of nociceptive information. (+info)

Role of protein kinase A in the maintenance of inflammatory pain. (5/1699)

Although the initiation of inflammatory pain (hyperalgesia) has been demonstrated to require the cAMP second messenger signaling cascade, whether this mechanism and/or other mechanisms underlie the continued maintenance of the induced hyperalgesia is unknown. We report that injection of adenylyl cyclase inhibitors before but not after injection of direct-acting hyperalgesic agents (prostaglandin E2 and purine and serotonin receptor agonists) resulted in reduction in hyperalgesia, evaluated by the Randall-Selitto paw-withdrawal test. In contrast, injection of protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors either before or after these hyperalgesic agents resulted in reduced hyperalgesia, suggesting that hyperalgesia after its activation was maintained by persistent PKA activity but not by adenylyl cyclase activity. To evaluate further the role of PKA activity in the maintenance of hyperalgesia, we injected the catalytic subunit of PKA (PKACS) that resulted in hyperalgesia similar in magnitude to that induced by the direct-acting hyperalgesic agents but much longer in duration (>48 vs 2 hr). Injection of WIPTIDE (a PKA inhibitor) at 24 hr after PKACS reduced hyperalgesia, suggesting that PKACS hyperalgesia is not independently maintained by steps downstream from PKA. In summary, our results indicate that, once established, inflammatory mediator-induced hyperalgesia is no longer maintained by adenylyl cyclase activity but rather is dependent on ongoing PKA activity. An understanding of the mechanism maintaining hyperalgesia may provide important insight into targets for the treatment of persistent pain. (+info)

Alteration of descending modulation of nociception during the course of monoarthritis in the rat. (6/1699)

Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC), which involve supraspinal structures and modulate the transmission of nociceptive signals, were investigated at different stages during the development of adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in the rat. After behavioral evaluation, recordings of trigeminal convergent neurons were performed in anesthetized animals with acute (24-48 hr) or chronic (3-4 weeks) monoarthritis of the ankle. Inhibitions of C-fiber-evoked neuronal responses during and after the application of noxious conditioning stimuli to the ankle were measured to evaluate DNIC. The conditioning stimuli consisted of mechanical (maximal flexion and graded pressures) and graded thermal stimuli and were applied alternately to normal and arthritic ankles. Behaviorally, the two groups of animals exhibited a similar increased sensitivity to mechanical stimuli applied to the arthritic joint (i.e., an increased ankle-bend score and a decreased vocalization threshold to pressure stimuli). However, they showed different electrophysiological profiles. In the animals with acute monoarthritis, the DNIC-induced inhibitions produced by mechanical or thermal stimulation of the arthritic joint were significantly increased at all intensities compared with the normal joint. In contrast, in the chronic stage of monoarthritis, the DNIC-induced inhibitions triggered by thermal or pressure stimuli were similar for both ankles, except with the most intense mechanical stimuli. This discrepancy between the behavioral and electrophysiological findings suggests that inputs activated during chronic monoarthritis may fail to recruit DNIC and may thus be functionally different from those activated in the acute stage of inflammation. (+info)

Activity-dependent slowing of conduction differentiates functional subtypes of C fibres innervating human skin. (7/1699)

1. The effects of impulse activity on conduction in cutaneous C fibres have been examined in 46 microneurographic recordings from 11 normal subjects and 11 diabetic patients with normal nerve conduction. A tungsten microelectrode was inserted into a cutaneous nerve, usually the superficial peroneal close to the ankle, and intraneural microstimulation was used to identify an area of skin innervated. Three minute trains of 0.25 ms stimuli at 1, 2 and 4 Hz were then delivered to the surface of the skin, separated by intervals of 6 min with stimulation at 0.25 Hz. Slowing and block of conduction were measured from the nerve responses for up to seven C units per stimulation sequence. 2. Three types of C unit were distinguished by their responses to repetitive stimulation: type 1 units slowed progressively during the 3 min trains; slowing of type 2 units reached a plateau within 1 min; while type 3 units hardly slowed at all. Data from normal and diabetic subjects did not differ and were pooled. After 3 min at 2 Hz, the percentage increases in latency were for type 1, 28.3 +/- 9.7 (n = 63 units, mean +/- s.d.); for type 2, 5.2 +/- 1.6 (n = 14); and for type 3, 0.8 +/- 0.5 (n = 5), with no overlap. After 3 min at 4 Hz, 58 % of type 1 units (but no type 2 or 3 units) blocked intermittently. Recovery of latency after stimulation was faster for type 2 than for type 1 units, but conduction velocities of the three types were similar. 3. Type 1 units were identified as nociceptors and 7 type 2 units were identified as 'cold' fibres, activated by non-noxious cold, with no overlap in modality. None of the units tested was activated by weak mechanical stimuli or reflex sympathetic activation. 4. Spike waveforms were averaged for 18 type 1, 10 type 2 and 6 type 3 units. All units had predominantly triphasic action potentials with a major negative peak, but those of type 3 units were on average both smaller and briefer than those of type 1 and type 2 units. 5. It is concluded that repetitive electrical stimulation reliably differentiates nociceptive from cold-specific C fibres innervating human hairy skin, as has previously been shown for the rat. Cold fibres can propagate impulses continuously at much higher rates than nociceptive fibres. The nature of the type 3 units is unclear. (+info)

Ketamine-induced peripheral analgesia in rats. (8/1699)

AIM: To examine whether ketamine may directly act at peripheral nociceptors to produce analgesia. METHODS: Wistar rats were anesthetized with urethane. As a nociceptive flexion reflex (FR), C responses from the posterior biceps semitendinosus (PBST) muscle was evoked by electrical stimulation (2 ms, 80 V, 2-3 pulses, 0.5 Hz) via a pair of stainless steel needles inserted subcutaneously applied to the two toes of ipsilateral hindpw. RESULTS: Subcutaneous injection of ketamine (36 mmol.L-1, 5 microL) into the ipsilateral hindpaw produced an inhibition of C responses. At 9 min after application of ketamine, injection of naloxone (1%, 5 microL) into the same area annulled ketamine-induced inhibition. CONCLUSION: Ketamine as a dissociate anesthetic acts on peripheral nociceptors to produce analgesia, which is related to activity of peripheral opioid receptors. (+info)

Nociceptors[edit]. Main article: Nociceptor. Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending signals to the ... Mechanical nociceptors respond to excess pressure or mechanical deformation.. *Chemical nociceptors respond to a wide variety ... Nociceptors detect different kinds of damaging stimuli or actual damage. Those that only respond when tissues are damaged are ... Thermal nociceptors are activated by noxious heat or cold at various temperatures. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_system

Therefore, they satisfy accepted definitions of nociceptors. They also show similarities to vertebrate Aδ nociceptors, ... There have been numerous studies of learning and memory using nociceptors in the sea hare, Aplysia.[18][19][20] Many of these ... Acids are also known to activate nociceptors in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and in Hirudo medicinalis, commonly known ... Nociceptors are sensory receptors that respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending nerve signals to the brain. Although ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates

Some nociceptors are unspecialized free nerve endings that have their cell bodies outside the spinal column in the dorsal root ... Nociceptors are categorized according to the axons which travel from the receptors to the spinal cord or brain. After nerve ... Nociceptors have a certain threshold; that is, they require a minimum intensity of stimulation before they trigger a signal. ... Other nociceptors rely on specialised structures in the skin to transduce noxious information such as nociceptive schwann cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociception

Lynn B (1984). "Cutaneous nociceptors". In Winlow W; Holden AV (eds.). The neurobiology of pain: Symposium of the Northern ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_to_live

ISBN 978-1-4377-1604-7. Belmonte, Carlos; Gallar Juana (1996). "6: Corneal Nociceptors". Neurobiology of Nociceptors. Oxford ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornea

Her publications include: Braithwaite, Victoria (2003). "Do fishes have nociceptors? Evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate ... nociceptors). She showed that fish produce pain-killing opioids in the same way that mammals do. She then investigated whether ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Braithwaite

Pain receptors are known as nociceptors. Two main types of nociceptors exist, A-fiber nociceptors and C-fiber nociceptors. A- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)

Brain Brain tissue itself contains no nociceptors; brain tumors cause pain by pressing on blood vessels or the membrane that ... Invasion of soft tissue by a tumor can cause pain by inflammatory or mechanical stimulation of nociceptors, or destruction of ... Tumors can cause pain by crushing or infiltrating tissue, or by releasing chemicals that make nociceptors responsive to stimuli ... and they release chemicals that stimulate nociceptors. As they grow, tumors compress, consume, infiltrate or cut off blood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_cancer_pain

Mechano-sensitive C nociceptors, also known as polymodal C nociceptors are activated by several kinds of stimuli, i.e. ... The mechano-insensitive C nociceptors, also known as silent nociceptors, differ from polymodal afferents in other respects as ... The mechano-insensitive nociceptors may be sensitized particularly by inflammatory mediators to render them mechano-responsive ... Most studies are focused on C nociceptors. The nociceptive C-fibers constitute a very large proportion of somatic afferent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microneurography

Mechanical nociceptors respond to excess pressure or mechanical deformation, such as a pinch. Chemical nociceptors respond to a ... Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending signals to the spinal cord and brain. This process, called ... They are found in internal organs as well as on the surface of the body to "detect and protect". Nociceptors detect different ... Nociceptors are responsible for processing pain and temperature changes. The burning pain and irritation experienced after ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_neuron

Snider, W. D.; McMahon, S. B. (Apr 1998). "Tackling pain at the source: new ideas about nociceptors". Neuron. 20 (4): 629-32. ... as the neck of the posterior column and receives information from mechanoreceptors and danger information from nociceptors. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_column

Formaldehyde Nociceptor Withdrawal reflex Carter, Matt; Shieh, Jennifer C. (2010). "Nociception". Guide to Research Techniques ... reflecting direct activation of nociceptors and the late or tonic phase (15 to 20 minutes after the injection) reflecting ... caused by stimulation of nociceptors. These assays measure the existence of pain through behaviors such as withdrawal, licking ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociception_assay

The NaV1.7 and NaV1.8 sodium channels are found in nerve cells called nociceptors that transmit pain signals to the spinal cord ... The altered channels allow sodium ions to flow abnormally into nociceptors. This increase in sodium ions enhances transmission ... In this condition, the small fibers that extend from the nociceptors through which pain signals are transmitted (axons) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_fiber_peripheral_neuropathy

They function as cutaneous nociceptors and are essentially used by vertebrates to detect noxious stimuli that often result in ... cutaneous mechanoreceptors and nociceptors. In other words, they express polymodality. The majority of Aδ (A delta) fibers ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_nerve_ending

McGraw-Hill, New York (2000). ISBN 0-8385-7701-6 Huang CW, Tzeng JN, Chen YJ, Tsai WF, Chen CC, Sun WH (2007). "Nociceptors of ... two attributes that are characteristic of nociceptors. Also, the threshold of HT channels was lowered in the presence of PGE2 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion

Some nociceptors respond to low pH and the pH-sensitive amiloride-sensitive cation channel 3 has been described as a modulator ... Huang CW, Tzeng JN, Chen YJ, Tsai WF, Chen CC, Sun WH (2007). "Nociceptors of dorsal root ganglion express proton-sensing G- ... Pain sensation can be initiated by nociceptor cells that are sensory neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-sensing_G_protein-coupled_receptors

Activation of nociceptors is not necessary to cause the sensation of pain. Damage or injury to nerve fibers that normally ... A nerve fibers B nerve fibers Free nerve ending Nociceptor Pain and nociception Sensory neuron Thermoreceptor Purves, Dale; et ... C fiber receptors include: C fiber nociceptors responsible for the second, burning pain C fiber warming specific receptors ... This alteration of normal activity is explained by molecular and cellular changes of the primary afferent nociceptors in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_C_nerve_fiber

Nociceptors are also associated with the body's reflexes to pathogens as they are in strategic locations, such as airways and ... This reflex occurs when noxious stimuli activate nociceptors that send an action potential to nerves in the spine, which then ... In terms of intestinal and bronchial parasites, vomiting, coughing, and diarrhea can also be caused by nociceptor stimulation ... For example, scratching is induced by pruritogens that stimulate nociceptors on epidermal tissues. These pruritogens, like ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimmune_system

Topical lidocaine is effective in nociceptor-deprived skin". Journal of Neurology. 252 (6): 677-86. doi:10.1007/s00415-005-0717 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preherpetic_neuralgia

Cytokines and increased intracranial pressure stimulate nociceptors in the brain that lead to headaches. Neck stiffness is the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_meningitis

Deep somatic pain is initiated by stimulation of nociceptors in ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, fasciae and muscles, ... caused by inflamed or damaged tissue activating specialized pain sensors called nociceptors), and "neuropathic" (caused by ... Superficial pain is initiated by activation of nociceptors in the skin or superficial tissues. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_pain

A Multiafferented Mechanoreceptor with Nociceptor Immunochemical Properties". The Journal of Neuroscience. 21 (18): 7236-46. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactile_corpuscle

At least a few insects have nociceptors, cells that detect and transmit sensations of pain. This was discovered in 2003 by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_morphology

"Frequency-dependent interaction of ultrashort E-fields with nociceptor membranes and proteins". Bioelectromagnetics. 32: 148-63 ... "Frequency Dependent Interaction of Ultrashort E-Fields with Nociceptor Membranes and Proteins". List of laser articles List of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed_energy_projectile

Following beak trimming of older or adult hens, the nociceptors in the beak stump show abnormal patterns of neural discharge, ... The beak is a complex, functional organ with an extensive nervous supply including nociceptors that sense pain and noxious ... "Guidance on keeping of Chickens" (PDF). Breward, J., (1984). Cutaneous nociceptors in the chicken beak. Proceedings of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debeaking

Nociceptors that have bare nerve endings that detect tissue damage and give the sensation of pain. A common test used to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_modality

... elegans nociceptors". Nature Neuroscience. 13 (7): 861-8. doi:10.1038/nn.2581. PMC 2975101. PMID 20512132. Chatzigeorgiou M, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Schafer

Nociceptors in the bone trigger a pain response in the brain in response to this acidosis. It is thought that this is the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_metastasis

Burton AR, Brown R, Macefield VG (October 2008). "Selective activation of muscle and skin nociceptors does not trigger ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_dysreflexia

In mammals, nociceptors are found in any area of the body that can sense noxious stimuli. External nociceptors are found in ... The majority of nociceptors are classified by which of the environmental modalities they respond to. Some nociceptors respond ... Thermal nociceptors are activated by noxious heat or cold at various temperatures. There are specific nociceptor transducers ... Peripheral sensitization represents a form of functional plasticity of the nociceptor. The nociceptor can change from being ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociceptor

... makes the cornea a good model for analyzing the morphological and functional properties of peripheral nociceptors. ... Corneal nociceptors. Corneal nociceptors. Chapter:. (p.146) 6 Corneal nociceptors. Source:. Neurobiology of Nociceptors. Author ... Part 5 Nociceptor plasticity*19 Development of the nociceptor phenotype: role of nerve growth factor ... Part 4 Functions of nociceptors*14 Functional properties of human cutaneous nociceptors and their role in pain and hyperalgesia ...

http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523345.001.0001/acprof-9780198523345-chapter-6

C) A-fiber nociceptors are myelinated and usually have conduction velocities in the Aδ range (red). A-fiber nociceptors project ... of C-nociceptors) play a major role in heat sensation (see below). A-fiber nociceptors are predominately heat- and or ... Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway. Adrienne E. Dubin1 and Ardem Patapoutian1,2 1Department of Cell Biology, The ... Nociceptor-specific gene deletion reveals a major role for Nav1.7 (PN1) in acute and inflammatory pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/42843

https://www.guitarplayer.com/tag/nociceptor

Critical role of nociceptor plasticity in chronic pain.. Reichling DB1, Levine JD. ... We describe a recently identified mechanism of neuronal plasticity in primary afferent nociceptive nerve fibers (nociceptors) ... by which an acute inflammatory insult or environmental stressor can trigger long-lasting hypersensitivity of nociceptors to ... and a switch in intracellular signaling pathways that mediate cytokine-induced nociceptor hyperexcitability. We discuss the ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19781793?dopt=Abstract

... // Tabers Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary;2005, p1474 A definition of the medical term "nociceptor" is presented. It ... A definition of the medical term "nociceptor" is presented. It refers to a free nerve ending that is a receptor for painful ...

http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/reference-entries/21237777/nociceptor

Isolectin B4-Positive and -Negative Nociceptors Are Functionally Distinct Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to ... Isolectin B4-Positive and -Negative Nociceptors Are Functionally Distinct. Cheryl L. Stucky and Gary R. Lewin ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/15/6497/tab-figures-data

Pro-algesic agents can potentiate TRPV1 activity in nociceptors through both stimulation of its channel gating and mobilization ... Pro-algesic agents can potentiate TRPV1 activity in nociceptors through both stimulation of its channel gating and mobilization ... A recent study reported that ATP-induced TRPV1 sensitization in peptidergic nociceptors involves the exocytotic release of ... A recent study reported that ATP-induced TRPV1 sensitization in peptidergic nociceptors involves the exocytotic release of ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2016.00178/full

Summary: In high-glucose conditions, nociceptive neurons are sensitised through the actions of HMGB1 acting though RAGE and PKC. This sensitisation is blocked by a VEGF-A splice variant. ...

http://jcs.biologists.org/keyword/nociceptor

Here is what to know about nociceptors, which are responsible for sending signals to the spinal cord and brain when there is ... Classification of Nociceptors There are different classes of nociceptors, which are based on which type of stimuli they respond ... Thermal: Thermal nociceptors respond to extreme hot or cold temperatures. For instance, if you touch a hot stove, nociceptors ... In addition to the type of stimuli a nociceptor responds to, nociceptors are also classified by how fast they transmit pain ...

https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-nociceptors-2564616

... of C-nociceptors, a population of C-low-threshold mechanoreceptors and some Aδ-nociceptors and Aβ afferents (23). Thus, by ... including spontaneous activity of DRG nociceptor axons and the terminals of C-fiber nociceptors (21, 22). The molecular ... A subpopulation of nociceptors specifically linked to itch. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16(2):174-182.. View this article via: PubMed ... Pain without nociceptors? Nav1.7-independent pain mechanisms. Cell Rep. 2014;6(2):301-312.. View this article via: PubMed ...

https://jci.org/articles/view/92117

Gut-Innervating Nociceptor Neurons Regulate Peyers Patch Microfold Cells and SFB Levels to Mediate Salmonella Host Defense. ... Profiling of how nociceptor neurons detect danger - new and old foes. J Intern Med. 2019 09; 286(3):268-289. ... "Nociceptors" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Nociceptors" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Nociceptors

... nociceptor explanation free. What is nociceptor? Meaning of nociceptor medical term. What does nociceptor mean? ... Looking for online definition of nociceptor in the Medical Dictionary? ... nociceptor. Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. nociceptor. [no″se-sep´tor] a receptor for pain, ... nociceptor. a receptor in the form of a naked dendrite which reacts in response to a pain stimulus.. Nociceptor. A nerve cell ...

https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/nociceptor

Amiloride-blockable acid-sensing ion channels are leading acid sensors expressed in human nociceptors. ... Amiloride-blockable acid-sensing ion channels are leading acid sensors expressed in human nociceptors. ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/15709/figure/2

Pathological Sprouting of Adult Nociceptors in Chronic Prostate Cancer-Induced Bone Pain. Juan M. Jimenez-Andrade, Aaron P. ... Pathological Sprouting of Adult Nociceptors in Chronic Prostate Cancer-Induced Bone Pain ... Pathological Sprouting of Adult Nociceptors in Chronic Prostate Cancer-Induced Bone Pain ... Pathological Sprouting of Adult Nociceptors in Chronic Prostate Cancer-Induced Bone Pain ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/30/44/14649

Some nociceptors respond to more than one of these modalities and are consequently designated polymodal. Other nociceptors ... Mechanical nociceptors respond to excess pressure or mechanical deformation. Polymodal nociceptors respond to damaging stimuli ... and have thereby earned the more poetic title of sleeping or silent nociceptors (Kandel et al, 2000). Thermal nociceptors are ... Nociceptor. Revision as of 14:21, 20 August 2012 by WikiBot. (talk , contribs) (Robot: Automated text replacement (-{{SIB ...

https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Nociceptor&oldid=686094

Extracellular microRNAs activate nociceptor neurons to elicit pain via TLR7 and TRPA1.. Park CK1, Xu ZZ1, Berta T1, Han Q1, ... Here we report an unconventional role of extracellular miRNAs for rapid excitation of nociceptor neurons via toll-like receptor ... Thus, secreted extracellular miRNAs may serve as novel pain mediators via activating TLR7/TRPA1 in nociceptor neurons. ... Extracellular microRNAs activate nociceptor neurons to elicit pain via TLR7 and TRPA1 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24698267?dopt=Abstract

Meaning of nociceptors. What does nociceptors mean? Information and translations of nociceptors in the most comprehensive ... Definition of nociceptors in the Definitions.net dictionary. ... What does nociceptors mean?. Definitions for nociceptors. Here ... Get even more translations for nociceptors ». Translation. Find a translation for the nociceptors definition in other languages ... Discuss these nociceptors definitions with the community:. Word of the Day. Would you like us to send you a FREE new word ...

https://www.definitions.net/definition/nociceptors

... nociceptor) neurons. These recapitulated the expression of quintessential nociceptor-specific functional receptors and channels ... Moreover, the derived nociceptor neurons exhibited TrpV1 sensitization to the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 and the ... Nociceptors, Pain, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, Sensory Receptor Cells, Transcription Factors. ... found in adult mouse nociceptor neurons, as well as native subtype diversity. ...

https://www.broadinstitute.org/publications/broad6220

This is particularly true for visceral nociceptors where current gold standard approaches to studying human nociceptors such as ... 29 Tegaserod significantly reduced human nociceptor mechanosensitivity (−20.8±6.9%, n=6, p,0.05) suggesting that nociceptor ... Specifically, serosal nociceptors elicit action potential firing to a range of VFH probe weights tested (0.02-4 g), but are non ... Modeling pain in vitro using nociceptor neurons reprogrammed from fibroblasts. Nat Neurosci 2015;18:17-24. doi:10.1038/nn.3886 ...

https://gut.bmj.com/content/67/1/86

During migraine, CGRP is thought to be released from peripheral endings of perivascular meningeal nociceptors primary and to ... Calcitonin gene-related peptide does not excite or sensitize meningeal nociceptors: Implications for the pathophysiology of ... neither method of CGRP administration resulted in activation or sensitization of meningeal nociceptors. The results of this ... we examined whether CGRP and meningeal vasodilatation promote activation or sensitization of meningeal nociceptors. Changes in ...

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.20619/full?globalMessage=0

Hyaluronan modulates TRPV1 channel opening, reducing peripheral nociceptor activity and pain.. [Rebeca Caires, Enoch Luis, ... in which it behaves as a filter that buffers transmission of mechanical forces to nociceptor nerve endings thereby reducing ... whereas the intra-articular injection of HA in rats decreases capsaicin joint nociceptor fibres discharge. Collectively, these ... thereby lowering impulse activity in the peripheral nociceptor endings underlying pain. ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/26311398

For a specific examination of nociceptor function, action potentials from single C-fibres including 214 C-nociceptors were ... Microneurography, Neuropathic pain, Nociceptors, Sensitization HSV kategori Identifikatorer. URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-183568DOI ... The mean percentage of C-nociceptors being spontaneously active or mechanically sensitized was significantly higher in patients ... We investigated peripheral C-nociceptors in painful and painless polyneuropathy patients to identify pain-specific changes. ...

http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A574702&c=24&searchType=SIMPLE&language=no&query=&af=%5B%5D&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22journalId%22%3A%224706%22%7D%5D%5D&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&noOfRows=50&sortOrder=author_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&sf=all

Oxaliplatin‐induced cold hypersensitivity is due to remodelling of ion channel expression in nociceptors Juliette Descoeur 1 ... induced cold hypersensitivity is due to remodelling of ion channel expression in nociceptors. EMBO Molecular Medicine, Wiley ...

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02370551

... sensitize Cav3.2 current-containing C-type nociceptors from wild-type mice but not C-type nociceptors from Cav3.2−/− mice in ... nociceptors). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of T-channels in nociceptors are poorly understood. ... Reducing agents and chelators sensitize C-type DRG nociceptors from wild-type but not Cav3.2−/− mice in vitro and in vivo. ... The effects of l-cys on the excitability of T-current-containing and T-current-deficient rat C-type nociceptors. A-D, Traces ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/27/31/8250?ijkey=c7c3093dd8edcedfd4149e4069ad7501c4dc381f&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

... that rat putative nociceptors contain vitamin D receptors (VDRs) and metabolic enzymes, whose expression is regulated by ... concurrent with muscle hyperinnervation by presumed nociceptors. Balance deficits, muscle mechanical hypersensitivity, and ... relationship has been difficult to establish and it is not clear whether vitamin D metabolites directly influence nociceptors ...

https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/10699

This study was undertaken to explore whether IL-17A acts on neurons, whether it sensitizes joint nociceptors, and whether ... METHODS: We recorded action potentials from rat joint nociceptors after intraarticular injection of IL-17A. We studied the ... Interleukin-17 sensitizes joint nociceptors to mechanical stimuli and contributes to arthritic pain through neuronal ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Interleukin-17-sensitizes-joint-nociceptors/23192794.html

Read 3 posts by Nociceptor and get access to exclusive content and experiences on the worlds largest membership platform for ...

https://www.patreon.com/user/posts?u=4765196

Multiple spiking of nociceptors coincides with spontaneous activity in nociceptors of painful neuropathy patients. We therefore ... but only in 21 of 94 nociceptors without multiple spiking (P<.005, Fisher exact test). Among the 75 C nociceptors without ... Multiple firing of C nociceptors upon a single electrical stimulus has been suggested to be a possible mechanism contributing ... In 11 of 105 nociceptors, double spiking was found, with 1 fibre even showing triple spikes on electrical stimulation. The ...

http://ad-astra.ro/2012/07/07/double-spikes-to-single-electrical-stimulation-correlates-to-spontaneous-activity-of-nociceptors-in-painful-neuropathy-patients/

Volatile Anesthetics Excite Mammalian Nociceptor Afferents Recorded In Vitro M. Bruce Maclver, Ph.D.; Darrell L. Tanelian, M.D ... Volatile Anesthetics Excite Mammalian Nociceptor Afferents Recorded In Vitro You will receive an email whenever this article is ... Volatile Anesthetics Excite Mammalian Nociceptor Afferents Recorded In Vitro. Anesthesiology 6 1990, Vol.72, 1022-1030. doi: ... M. Bruce Maclver, Darrell L. Tanelian; Volatile Anesthetics Excite Mammalian Nociceptor Afferents Recorded In Vitro. ...

https://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=1952230

Specialized peripheral sensory neurons known as nociceptors alert us to potentially damaging stimuli at the skin by detecting extremes in temperature and pressure and injury-related chemicals, and transducing these stimuli into long-ranging electrical signals that are relayed to higher brain centers. (jci.org)
These high threshold physical and noxious chemical stimuli are detected by specialized peripheral sensory neurons (nociceptors). (jci.org)
All neurons derived from the neural crest, including embryonic nociceptors, express the TrkA, which is a receptor to nerve-growth factor (NGF). (wikipedia.org)
Gut-Innervating Nociceptor Neurons Regulate Peyer's Patch Microfold Cells and SFB Levels to Mediate Salmonella Host Defense. (harvard.edu)
Profiling of how nociceptor neurons detect danger - new and old foes. (harvard.edu)
Nociceptors are sensory neurons that are found in external tissues such as skin , cornea and mucosa as well as in internal organs, such as the muscle , joint , bladder and gut . (wikidoc.org)
Extracellular microRNAs activate nociceptor neurons to elicit pain via TLR7 and TRPA1. (nih.gov)
Here we report an unconventional role of extracellular miRNAs for rapid excitation of nociceptor neurons via toll-like receptor-7 (TLR7) and its coupling to TRPA1 ion channel. (nih.gov)
Thus, secreted extracellular miRNAs may serve as novel pain mediators via activating TLR7/TRPA1 in nociceptor neurons. (nih.gov)
Modeling pain in vitro using nociceptor neurons reprogrammed from fibroblasts. (broadinstitute.org)
We identified five transcription factors that reprogram mouse and human fibroblasts into noxious stimulus-detecting (nociceptor) neurons. (broadinstitute.org)
These recapitulated the expression of quintessential nociceptor-specific functional receptors and channels found in adult mouse nociceptor neurons, as well as native subtype diversity. (broadinstitute.org)
Moreover, the derived nociceptor neurons exhibited TrpV1 sensitization to the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 and the chemotherapeutic drug oxaliplatin, modeling the inherent mechanisms underlying inflammatory pain hypersensitivity and painful chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. (broadinstitute.org)
Recent studies have demonstrated an important role for T-type Ca 2+ channels (T-channels) in controlling the excitability of peripheral pain-sensing neurons (nociceptors). (jneurosci.org)
After injury, peripheral pain-sensing neurons (nociceptors) can become hyperexcitable, or "sensitized. (jneurosci.org)
However, a causal relationship has been difficult to establish and it is not clear whether vitamin D metabolites directly influence nociceptors (`pain-sensing' neurons). (ku.edu)
This study was undertaken to explore whether IL-17A acts on neurons, whether it sensitizes joint nociceptors, and whether neutralization of IL-17 is antinociceptive. (biomedsearch.com)
It's a really interesting study because the field has long assumed that nociceptors make free nerve endings in the skin and don't innervate specialized structures, but these fast-conducting pain neurons actually do by wrapping around guard hair follicles in the mouse's skin," says Cheryl Stucky, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, US, who was not involved in the study. (painresearchforum.org)
We tested the hypotheses that PGE 2 -G is increased in DRGs of HbSS-BERK mice and sensitizes nociceptors (sensory neurons that respond to noxious stimuli), and that blocking its synthesis would decrease hyperalgesia in HbSS-BERK mice. (umn.edu)
Incontrast, ablating Nav1.8 + sensory neurons or silencing them with QX-314, a charged sodium channel inhibitor that enters via large-pore ion channels to specifically block nociceptors, substantially reduced ovalbumin- or house-dust-mite-induced airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. (elsevier.com)
Our results indicate that nociceptors amplify pathological adaptive immune responses and that silencing these neurons with QX-314 interrupts this neuro-immune interplay, revealing a potential new therapeutic strategy for asthma. (elsevier.com)
Pain receptors, also called nociceptors, are a group of sensory neurons with specialized nerve endings widely distributed in the skin, deep tissues (including the muscles and joints), and most of visceral organs. (atomyskincareindonesia.com)
At the anatomical level, fish have neurons known as nociceptors, which detect potential harm, such as high temperatures, intense pressure, and caustic chemicals. (atomyskincareindonesia.com)
The resulting neurons express canonical markers and functional properties of human nociceptors, including tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant, SCN10A-dependent sodium currents and response to nociceptive stimuli such as ATP and capsaicin. (blogspot.com)
In mammals, nociceptors are sensory neurons that are found in any area of the body that can sense noxious stimuli either externally or internally. (alchetron.com)
Many nociceptors express transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1) channels, and in a preceding study most dissociated DRG neurons exhibiting SA were excited by the TRPV1 activator, capsaicin. (elsevier.com)
Background and Purpose: To better understand opioid signalling in visceral nociceptors, we examined the expression and selective activation of μ and δ opioid receptors by dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons innervating the mouse colon. (edu.au)
These neurons represent the majority of epidermal afferents in hairy skin, and are predominantly C-fiber polymodal nociceptors (CPMs), responding to mechanical stimulation, heat and in some cases cold. (ebscohost.com)
Small unmyelinated sensory neurons classified as nociceptors are divided into two subpopulations based on phenotypic differences, including expression of neurotrophic factor receptors. (wustl.edu)
Activation of kappa opioid receptors (KORs) expressed by peripheral sensory neurons that respond to noxious stimuli (nociceptors) can reduce neurotransmission of pain stimuli from the periphery to the central nervous system. (aspetjournals.org)
The subjective experience of thermal pain follows the detection and encoding of noxious stimuli by primary afferent neurons called nociceptors. (sussex.ac.uk)

The specific receptors for these intense stimuli were called nociceptors. (wikipedia.org)
They are classified as either peptidergic or nonpeptidergic nociceptors, each of which express a distinct repertoire of ion channels and receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Nociceptors often referred to as your 'pain receptors,' are free nerve endings located all over the body, including the skin, muscles, joints, bones, and internal organs. (verywellhealth.com)
It was shown here, via immunohistochemistry and western blot, that rat putative nociceptors contain vitamin D receptors (VDRs) and metabolic enzymes, whose expression is regulated by ovarian hormones. (ku.edu)
Interleukin-17 sensitizes joint nociceptors to mechanical stimuli and contributes to arthritic pain through neuronal interleukin-17 receptors in rodents. (biomedsearch.com)
Our results indicate that anandamide excited cutaneous C nociceptors and produced nocifensive behaviors via activation of TRPV1 receptors. (umn.edu)
Nociceptors include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. (centralx.com)
Nociceptors are receptors, which respond to noxious stimuli (stimuli that would cause tissue injury if they were to persist) and their activation results in the sensation of pain . (teachmephysiology.com)
Cutaneous receptors include cutaneous mechanoreceptors, nociceptors (pain) and thermoreceptors (temperature). (atomyskincareindonesia.com)
Read on to learn about nociceptors, the pain receptors. (exploringyourmind.com)
In this article, we'll be talking about nociceptors, the pain receptors. (exploringyourmind.com)
We conclude that the contribution of CB1-type receptors expressed on the peripheral terminals of nociceptors to cannabinoid-induced analgesia is paramount, which should enable the development of peripherally acting CB1 analgesic agonists without any central side effects. (uni-hd.de)
Conclusions and Implications: A significant number of small diameter colonic nociceptors co-express μ and δ receptors and are inhibited by agonists and endogenous opioids in inflamed tissues. (edu.au)
DOMS may also have a lot to do with specialized pain receptors called nociceptors that lie in the spaces between muscle cells. (t-nation.com)
We hypothesize that C3a and C5a receptors are expressed and functionally coupled with TRPV1 in a subset of primary nociceptors;activation of these receptors sensitize nociceptors via protein kinase C-dependent modulation of the TRPV1 channel, which is known to function as a molecular integrator of pain producing stimuli. (grantome.com)
The proposed studies will help to characterize the novel roles of C3a and C5a receptors in the regulation of nociceptor function, and may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies targeting the complement system to alleviate pain. (grantome.com)
Our group combines recombinant DNA technology, electrophysiology, in vivo imaging, gene targeting and behavioural approaches to explore the channels, receptors, transcription factors and regulatory pathways that control nociceptor excitability. (ucl.ac.uk)
Nociceptors are categorized according to the axons which travel from the receptors to the spinal cord or brain. (wikipedia.org)

All nociceptors are free nerve endings. (centralx.com)
Different nociceptors/free nerve endings, and the fibers carrying pain sensation from the nociceptors to the spinal cord. (atomyskincareindonesia.com)
Some nociceptors are unspecialized free nerve endings that have their cell bodies outside the spinal column in the dorsal root ganglia. (wikipedia.org)

Following sensory neurogenesis, differentiation occurs, and two types of nociceptors are formed. (wikipedia.org)
There are several types of nociceptors and they are classified according to the stimulus modalities to which they respond: i.e. thermal, mechanical or chemical. (wikidoc.org)
What are the three types of nociceptors? (atomyskincareindonesia.com)

External nociceptors are found in tissue such as the skin (cutaneous nociceptors), the corneas, and the mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
External examples are in tissues such as skin (cutaneous nociceptors), cornea and mucosa. (alchetron.com)

Polymodal nociceptors respond to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. (verywellhealth.com)
Polymodal nociceptors respond to damaging stimuli of a chemical, thermal, or mechanical nature (Kandel et al, 2000). (wikidoc.org)
Serosal units displayed sensitivity to key algesic mediators, bradykinin (6/14 units tested) and ATP (4/10), consistent with a role as polymodal nociceptors, while muscular afferents are largely insensitive to bradykinin (0/11) and ATP (1/10). (bmj.com)
Importantly, these include a population of polymodal nociceptors that preferentially respond to algogenic stimuli and are located in the serosa. (bmj.com)
In short, there are three major classes of nociceptors in the skin: Aδ mechanosensitive nociceptors, Aδ mechanothermal nociceptors, and polymodal nociceptors, the latter being specifically associated with C fibers. (atomyskincareindonesia.com)
Polymodal nociceptors are a challenge for scientists because they respond to every type of stimuli we mentioned above. (exploringyourmind.com)
3. Amongst the nociceptor population, C-mechanoheat fibres (C-MH or polymodal nociceptors) were markedly more responsive to P2X agonists than mechanonociceptors (C-M nociceptors) with A{delta}- or C-fibre axons. (mdc-berlin.de)
The increased neural response under inflammatory conditions was largely observed in C-mechanoheat or polymodal nociceptors. (mdc-berlin.de)

Transient receptor potential vanilloid I (TRPV1) sensitization in peripheral nociceptors is a prominent phenomenon that occurs in inflammatory pain conditions. (frontiersin.org)
Pro-algesic agents can potentiate TRPV1 activity in nociceptors through both stimulation of its channel gating and mobilization of channels to the neuronal surface in a context dependent manner. (frontiersin.org)
A recent study reported that ATP-induced TRPV1 sensitization in peptidergic nociceptors involves the exocytotic release of channels trafficked by large dense core vesicles (LDCVs) that cargo alpha-calcitonin gene related peptide alpha (αCGRP). (frontiersin.org)
We hypothesized that, similar to ATP, bradykinin may also use different mechanisms to sensitize TRPV1 channels in peptidergic and non-peptidergic nociceptors. (frontiersin.org)
We found that bradykinin notably enhances the excitability of peptidergic nociceptors, and sensitizes TRPV1, primarily through the bradykinin receptor 2 pathway. (frontiersin.org)
Notably, bradykinin sensitization of TRPV1 in peptidergic nociceptors was significantly blocked by inhibiting Ca 2+ -dependent neuronal exocytosis. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, silencing αCGRP gene expression, but not substance P, drastically reduced bradykinin-induced TRPV1 sensitization in peptidergic nociceptors. (frontiersin.org)
Taken together, these findings indicate that bradykinin-induced sensitization of TRPV1 in peptidergic nociceptors is partially mediated by the exocytotic mobilization of new channels trafficked by αCGRP-loaded LDCVs to the neuronal membrane. (frontiersin.org)
Physiologically, TRPV1 acts as a major integrator of painful stimuli in nociceptors. (frontiersin.org)
Hyaluronan modulates TRPV1 channel opening, reducing peripheral nociceptor activity and pain. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Collectively, these results indicate that extracellular HA reduces the excitability of the ubiquitous TRPV1 channel, thereby lowering impulse activity in the peripheral nociceptor endings underlying pain. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Note: Neuromics' TRPV1 Antibody was used as a marker for mature nociceptors. (blogspot.com)
The present study investigated roles of TRPV1 channels in behavioral hypersensitivity and nociceptor SA after SCI. (elsevier.com)
TRPV1 knockdown also decreased the incidence of SA in dissociated nociceptors after SCI. (elsevier.com)
These results show that TRPV1 makes important contributions to pain-related hypersensitivity long after SCI, and suggest a role for TRPV1-dependent enhancement of nociceptor SA that offers a promising target for treating chronic pain after SCI. (elsevier.com)
In Aim 3, we will use single-fiber recordings and behavioral studies to examine the role of PKC- dependent modulation of TRPV1 downstream of C3aR and C5aR activation in regulating nociceptor excitability as well as heat and chemical sensitization of nociceptors. (grantome.com)

In ovariectomized rats a vitamin D deficient diet induces balance deficits and deep tissue mechanical hyperalgesia, concurrent with muscle hyperinnervation by presumed nociceptors. (ku.edu)
Systemic administration of R-flurbiprofen preferentially reduced production of PGE 2 -G over that of PGE 2 in DRGs, decreased mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, and decreased sensitization of nociceptors in HbSS-BERK mice. (umn.edu)
The same dose of R-flurbiprofen had no behavioral effect in HbAA-BERK mice (the transgenic control), but local injection of PGE 2 -G into the hind paw of HbAA-BERK mice produced sensitization of nociceptors and hyperalgesia. (umn.edu)
Systemic administration of R-flurbiprofen preferentially reduced production of PGE2-G over that of PGE2 in DRGs, decreased mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, and decreased sensitization of nociceptors in HbSS-BERK mice. (umn.edu)

Here, we review the nociceptive aspect of pain perception, focusing on nociceptors innervating the skin and subserving exteroception of noxious stimuli. (jci.org)
Since recent reviews have described in detail the molecules involved in detecting noxious stimuli ( 10 - 13 ) and contributing to protective mechanisms mediating enhanced pain at the site of injury ( 14 ), we take an integrative approach that highlights recently discovered cellular transduction/conduction mechanisms in the context of different nociceptor fiber types identified in vivo and ex vivo. (jci.org)
In mammals, nociceptors are found in any area of the body that can sense noxious stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
The peripheral terminal of the mature nociceptor is where the noxious stimuli are detected and transduced into electrical energy. (wikipedia.org)
Nociceptive pain occurs when nociceptors in the body detect noxious stimuli that have the potential to cause harm to the body. (atomyskincareindonesia.com)
TRP channels that detect noxious stimuli (mechanical, thermal, and chemical pain) relay that info to nociceptors that generate an action potential. (wikipedia.org)

This phenomenon, "hyperalgesic priming," depends on the epsilon isoform of protein kinase C (PKCepsilon) and a switch in intracellular signaling pathways that mediate cytokine-induced nociceptor hyperexcitability. (nih.gov)
Hyperexcitability in mechanoinsensitive C-nociceptors was significantly higher in patients with polyneuropathy and pain compared to patients with polyneuropathy without pain, while the difference was much less prominent in mechanosensitive (polymodal) C-nociceptors. (diva-portal.org)
We therefore conclude that rather than being a generic sign of neuropathy, multiple spiking is linked to axonal hyperexcitability and spontaneous activity of nociceptors. (ad-astra.ro)
PDN is characterized by neuropathic pain and small-fiber degeneration, accompanied by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptor hyperexcitability and loss of their axons within the skin. (jci.org)
The molecular mechanisms underlying DRG nociceptor hyperexcitability and small-fiber degeneration in PDN are unknown. (jci.org)
Hence, we propose that targeting CXCR4-mediated DRG nociceptor hyperexcitability is a promising therapeutic approach for disease-modifying treatments for this currently intractable and widespread affliction. (jci.org)

A nociceptor ("pain receptor") is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending "possible threat" signals to the spinal cord and the brain. (wikipedia.org)
A nociceptor is a sensory receptor that sends signals that cause the perception of pain in response to potentially damaging stimulus. (wikidoc.org)
Thus, serosal afferents (putative nociceptors) were used to investigate the effect of tegaserod, and transient receptor potential channel, vanilloid 4 (TRPV 4 ) modulation on mechanical responses. (bmj.com)
Human serosal visceral nociceptor mechanosensitivity is attenuated by treatment with the transient receptor potential channel, vanilloid 4 (TRPV 4 ) antagonist (HC067047), highlighting the therapeutic potential of TRPV 4 blockade for the treatment of visceral pain. (bmj.com)
Nociceptors with peripheral and central projections express temperature sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, also called thermoTRPs. (eurekaselect.com)
We evaluated whether activation of the NPY Y1 receptor could modulate the activity of capsaicin-sensitive nociceptors in trigeminal ganglia and dental pulp. (uthscsa.edu)
These results demonstrate that activation of the Y1 receptor results in the inhibition of the activity of capsaicin-sensitive nociceptors in the trigeminal ganglia and dental pulp. (uthscsa.edu)
Gibbs, JL & Harqreaves, KM 2008, ' Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor effects on pulpal nociceptors ', Journal of dental research , vol. 87, no. 10, pp. 948-952. (uthscsa.edu)
Approximately half of unmyelinated nociceptors express the NGF receptor TrkA, and half express the GDNF family ligand (GFL) receptor Ret. (wustl.edu)
However, here we established the absence of a functional GM-CSF receptor in murine nociceptors, and suggest an indirect mechanism of action, via immune cells. (edu.au)

Exploring the effects of extracranial injections of botulinum toxin type A on prolonged intracranial meningeal nociceptors responses to cortical spreading depression in female rats. (harvard.edu)
During migraine, CGRP is thought to be released from peripheral endings of perivascular meningeal nociceptors primary and to promote vasodilatation. (wiley.com)
Here, using electrophysiological, extracellular, single-unit recording combined with laser-Doppler flowmetry measurements of dural blood flow (DBF), we examined whether CGRP and meningeal vasodilatation promote activation or sensitization of meningeal nociceptors. (wiley.com)
however, neither method of CGRP administration resulted in activation or sensitization of meningeal nociceptors. (wiley.com)
The results of this study suggest that CGRP effects in the meninges, including meningeal vasodilatation, are not sufficient to activate or sensitize meningeal nociceptors. (wiley.com)

Chemical nociceptors respond to chemicals released from tissue damage (for example, prostaglandins and substance P) or from external chemicals (for example, topical capsaicin). (verywellhealth.com)
Capsaicin weakly activates conventional C-fiber nociceptors , but produces a vigorous response in a subtype of C-fiber nociceptors that are insensitive to mechanical stimuli. (thefreedictionary.com)
Moreover, subcutaneous HA injection in mice reduces heat and capsaicin nocifensive responses, whereas the intra-articular injection of HA in rats decreases capsaicin joint nociceptor fibres discharge. (sigmaaldrich.com)
To elucidate if these fibers also contribute to allergic airway inflammation, we stimulated lung nociceptors with capsaicin and observed increased neuropeptide release and immune cell infiltration. (elsevier.com)
We tested this hypothesis by measuring capsaicin-stimulated calcitonin gene-related peptide release (CGRP) as a measure of nociceptor activity. (uthscsa.edu)

Nociceptors are the nerve endings responsible for nociception , one of the two types of persistent pain (the other, neuropathic pain , occurs when nerves in the central or peripheral nervous system are not functioning properly). (wikidoc.org)
Collectively, our data further support a role for Ca v 3.2 channels in peripheral nociception and identify a novel mechanism for Ca v 3.2 modulation that underlies nociceptor sensitization. (jneurosci.org)
Nociceptor-specific knockdown of EJC factors and eIFs resulted in defective thermal and mechanical nociception. (uncg.edu)
No direct link was found between nociceptor dendritic morphology and nociception defects, which indicates that nociceptor morphology does not determine nociceptor sensitivity. (uncg.edu)
In nociception, intense chemical (e.g., cayenne powder), mechanical (e.g., cutting, crushing), or thermal (heat and cold) stimulation of sensory nerve cells called nociceptors produces a signal that travels along a chain of nerve fibers via the spinal cord to the brain. (wikipedia.org)

Therefore, we hypothesize that the SS-EPs elicited by the rapid periodic thermal activation of nociceptors may reflect the activation of a network that is preferentially involved in processing nociceptive input and may thus provide some important insight into the cortical processes generating painful percepts. (duhnnae.com)

Silent nociceptors must be first activated or 'awakened' by tissue inflammation before responding to a mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulus. (verywellhealth.com)
Adaptive pain is a normal response to nociceptor activation by a noxious stimulus that is intended to prevent tissue injury and/or promote healing of injured tissue. (thefreedictionary.com)
Multiple firing of C nociceptors upon a single electrical stimulus has been suggested to be a possible mechanism contributing to neuropathic pain. (ad-astra.ro)
The high-energy nociceptive stimulus elicited a consistent SS-EP, related to the activation of A delta-nociceptors. (duhnnae.com)

Here, we demonstrate that reducing agents as well as endogenous metal chelators sensitize C-type dorsal root ganglion nociceptors by chelating Zn 2+ ions off specific extracellular histidine residues on Ca v 3.2 T-channels, thus relieving tonic channel inhibition, enhancing Ca v 3.2 currents, and lowering the threshold for nociceptor excitability in vitro and in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
Collectively, these findings describe a novel mechanism of nociceptor sensitization and firmly establish reducing agents, as well as Zn 2+ , Zn 2+ -chelating amino acids, and Zn 2+ -chelating proteins as endogenous modulators of Ca v 3.2 and nociceptor excitability. (jneurosci.org)
Last, we show that reducing agents, as well as synthetic and endogenous Zn 2+ chelators, sensitize Ca v 3.2 current-containing C-type nociceptors from wild-type mice but not C-type nociceptors from Ca v 3.2 −/− mice in vitro and in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
Post-discharge hyperpolarization is an endogenous modulatory factor limiting input from fast-conducting nociceptors (AHTMRs). (painresearchforum.org)
Our goal is to separate these functions for nociceptors in order to provide pain relief while also enabling or maintaining endogenous mechanisms of organ protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury. (stanford.edu)
These findings are relevant to the physiological modulation of dental nociceptors by endogenous NPY and demonstrate an important novel analgesic target for the treatment of dental pain. (uthscsa.edu)
The results of this study identify the physiological role of endogenous Ret signaling in the survival and function of nociceptors. (wustl.edu)

In the present study, we sought to determine if anandamide excited cutaneous C nociceptors in vivo and if this excitation correlated with nocifensive behaviors. (umn.edu)
In addition, Ret-Na(v)1.8 CKO mice have increased sensitivity to cold and increased formalin-induced pain, demonstrating that Ret signaling modulates the function of nociceptors in vivo. (wustl.edu)
In order to understand how heat transducers in nociceptors are activated in vivo, it is important to estimate the temperatures that directly activate the skin-embedded nociceptor membrane. (sussex.ac.uk)

Internal nociceptors are found in a variety of organs, such as the muscles, the joints, the bladder, the visceral organs, and the digestive tract. (wikipedia.org)
Most visceral nociceptors (those located on organs inside the body) are silent nociceptors. (verywellhealth.com)
Human visceral nociceptor mechanosensitivity is also attenuated by tegaserod suggesting that its efficacy for the treatment of pain in IBS may be mediated through the reduction of visceral nociceptor mechanosensitivity. (bmj.com)

We describe a recently identified mechanism of neuronal plasticity in primary afferent nociceptive nerve fibers (nociceptors) by which an acute inflammatory insult or environmental stressor can trigger long-lasting hypersensitivity of nociceptors to inflammatory cytokines. (nih.gov)

Potentially damaging mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli are detected by nerve endings called nociceptors, which are found in the skin, on internal surfaces such as the periosteum, joint surfaces, and in some internal organs. (wikipedia.org)

In addition to the type of stimuli a nociceptor responds to, nociceptors are also classified by how fast they transmit pain signals. (verywellhealth.com)

When an injury occurs (such accidentally cutting your finger with a knife), the stimulated nociceptors activate the A fibers, causing a person to experience sharp, prickling pain. (verywellhealth.com)
Action potentials generated in nociceptors and injured nerve fibers release excitatory neurotransmitters at their synaptic terminals such as L-glutamate and substance P and trigger cellular events in the central nervous system that extend over different time frames. (thefreedictionary.com)
We investigated the effect of isoflurane on 2 main types of thermal nociceptors: A-δ and C-fibers. (ovid.com)
Nociceptors, for example, have been categorized by how quickly they conduct their signals, which is determined by the diameter of the fibers and whether they are myelinated or unmyelinated. (painresearchforum.org)
Based on sensory thresholds and electrically induced activity-dependent slowing (ADS) of axonal conduction, C-fibers were classified as mechano-sensitive afferents, mechano-insensitive afferents, cold nociceptors, and sympathetic efferents. (elsevier.com)

Recent findings suggest that SCI pain is promoted by spontaneous activity (SA) generated chronically in cell bodies of primary nociceptors in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). (elsevier.com)

Critical role of nociceptor plasticity in chronic pain. (nih.gov)
This review will discuss current knowledge on the role of nociceptor thermoTRPs in pain and therapy and describes the activator and inhibitor molecules known to interact with them and modulate their activity. (eurekaselect.com)

Multiple spiking of nociceptors coincides with spontaneous activity in nociceptors of painful neuropathy patients. (ad-astra.ro)

Silent nociceptors do not usually fire action potentials , though they are much more likely to do so in the presence of inflammation or damaging chemicals (Kandel et al, 2000). (wikidoc.org)
For a specific examination of nociceptor function, action potentials from single C-fibres including 214 C-nociceptors were recorded by microneurography. (diva-portal.org)
METHODS: We recorded action potentials from rat joint nociceptors after intraarticular injection of IL-17A. (biomedsearch.com)

My results suggest that eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) and components of the exon junction complex (EJC) control nociceptor sensitivity by regulating RNA processing and translation, suggesting a major role for RNA metabolism and translation in controlling nociceptor function. (uncg.edu)

Pain from excitation of identified muscle nociceptors in humans. (semanticscholar.org)

Other nociceptors respond to none of these modalities (although they may respond to stimulation under conditions of inflammation) and have thereby earned the more poetic title of sleeping or silent nociceptors (Kandel et al, 2000). (wikidoc.org)
Silent nociceptors take a long time to activate. (exploringyourmind.com)

On the contrary, the peptidergic nociceptors continue to use TrkA, and they express a completely different type of growth factor. (wikipedia.org)
Our findings further imply a central role of αCGRP peptidergic nociceptors in peripheral algesic sensitization, and substantiate that inhibition of LDCVs exocytosis is a valuable therapeutic strategy to treat pain, as it concurrently reduces the release of pro-inflammatory peptides and the membrane recruitment of thermoTRP channels. (frontiersin.org)

Mechanically sensitive nociceptor afferents were studied in a preparation of isolated skin from rat leg. (semanticscholar.org)

More recent studies have analyzed the nerve factors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors in women with vulvar pain. (thefreedictionary.com)

Sensitisation: Increased intensity of nociceptor responses. (thefreedictionary.com)
Tensile and compressive responses of nociceptors in rat hairy skin. (semanticscholar.org)
Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) anesthetized with a large dose of thiopental (42.8 mg/kg) retained movement responses to nociceptor stimuli despite an average plasma drug level of 51 mg/l, of which 63% was bound to plasma proteins. (elsevier.com)
The time course of {alpha},{beta}-methylene ATP-evoked discharges in nociceptors was found to correlate well with the time course of behavioural nocifensive responses in rats to the same agonist described in a previous study (Hamilton et al. (mdc-berlin.de)

Other nociceptors respond to none of these modalities (although they may respond to stimulation under conditions of inflammation) and are referred to as sleeping or silent. (wikipedia.org)
Epineural optogenetic activation of nociceptors initiates and amplifies inflammation. (harvard.edu)
inflammation of the plantar fascia, thickening of the proximal fascia, decreased vascularity, peritendinous inflammation, loss of normal elasticity, and alteration of nociceptor physiology all may play roles in the onset and persistence of heel pain. (thefreedictionary.com)
EXPRESS] Upregulation of P2Y1 in neonatal nociceptors regulates heat and mechanical sensitization during cutaneous inflammation. (painresearchforum.org)
We conclude that the rapid increase in the number of {alpha},{beta}-methylene ATP responsive nociceptors and the increased magnitude of the neural response following carrageenan inflammation explains why very low concentrations of such agonists can cause pain in inflammatory states. (mdc-berlin.de)

Patients with and without pain were distinguished by the occurrence of spontaneous activity and mechanical sensitization in C-nociceptors. (diva-portal.org)
Moreover, spontaneous activity of mechanoinsensitive C-nociceptors correlated to less pronounced activity-dependent slowing of conduction (Kendall's tau = -.48, P = .009), suggesting that axons were included in the sensitization process. (diva-portal.org)
Double spikes to single electrical stimulation correlates to spontaneous activity of nociceptors in painful neuropathy patients. (ad-astra.ro)
We investigated painful neuropathy patients using microneurography and analysed nociceptors for the occurrence of multiple spiking and spontaneous activity. (ad-astra.ro)
The interval between the main action potential and the multiple spikes ranged from 13 to 100 ms. There was a significant association between spontaneous activity and multiple spiking in C nociceptors, with spontaneous activity being present in 9 of 11 fibres with multiple spiking, but only in 21 of 94 nociceptors without multiple spiking (P (ad-astra.ro)
Among the 75 C nociceptors without spontaneous activity, only 2 nociceptors showed multiple spiking. (ad-astra.ro)

This exploratory analysis highlights the differing role that volatile anesthetics might have on nociceptors in the peripheral nervous system. (ovid.com)

The cell bodies of nociceptors are mainly in the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. (atomyskincareindonesia.com)

The activation of functionally distinct cutaneous nociceptor populations and the processing of information they convey provide a rich diversity of pain qualities. (jci.org)

Nociceptors develop from neural-crest stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
The neural-crest stem cells split from the neural tube as it closes, and nociceptors grow from the dorsal part of this neural-crest tissue. (wikipedia.org)
CHIR99021, SU5402 and DAPT induce and accelerate neural crest stem cell identity by day 8 and promote rapid differentiation of the neural crest stem cells to nociceptors expressing peptidergic markers by day 10. (blogspot.com)

We also determined whether excitation of C nociceptors by anandamide was associated with nocifensive behaviors. (umn.edu)

We investigated peripheral C-nociceptors in painful and painless polyneuropathy patients to identify pain-specific changes. (diva-portal.org)

The GFLs are analgesic in models of neuropathic pain emphasizing the importance of understanding the physiological function of GFL/Ret signaling in nociceptors. (wustl.edu)

2. Both ATP and {alpha},{beta}-methylene ATP were found to specifically activate the peripheral terminals of A{delta} and C-fibre nociceptors in the skin. (mdc-berlin.de)

This is why taking pain medication, such as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID), to block nociceptor activation is sensible when the 'pain alert' is being addressed. (verywellhealth.com)
The omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil can decrease IL-6 and TNF-alpha, two inflammatory factors that angry up the aforementioned nociceptors. (t-nation.com)

Currently, there are significant gaps in understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in nociceptor sensitivity. (uncg.edu)
Dysregulated nociceptor sensitivity is the likely pathogenesis in many types of chronic pain, a disease that ails over 100 million people in the United States alone. (uncg.edu)
The goal of this study was to characterize how genes classically involved in RNA processing and translation regulate nociceptor sensitivity. (uncg.edu)
Thus, the major findings of this project revealed that Drosophila nociceptor sensitivity is controlled by RNA processing mechanisms from transcription to translation. (uncg.edu)

There was no behavioural or physiological evidence that the antennae contained specialized nociceptors that responded to pH. (utrgv.edu)
However, perinatal lethality of Ret-null mice has precluded the study of the physiological role of GFL/Ret signaling in the survival, maintenance, and function of nociceptors in viable mice. (wustl.edu)

However, nociceptor morphology has been hard to access and the mechanisms of signal transduction remain unresolved. (sussex.ac.uk)

Signaling pathways in sensitization: Toward a nociceptor cell biology. (mpg.de)

In 11 of 105 nociceptors, double spiking was found, with 1 fibre even showing triple spikes on electrical stimulation. (ad-astra.ro)

Anatomy28

Organisms4

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs34

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Psychiatry and Psychology9

Phenomena and Processes17

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Health Care2

Adenoviral gene transfer into the normal and injured spinal cord: enhanced transgene stability by combined administration of temperature-sensitive virus and transient immune blockade. (1/1699)

Uninjured C-fiber nociceptors develop spontaneous activity and alpha-adrenergic sensitivity following L6 spinal nerve ligation in monkey. (2/1699)

The effects of inflammation and inflammatory mediators on nociceptive behaviour induced by ATP analogues in the rat. (3/1699)

The distribution of neurons expressing calcium-permeable AMPA receptors in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord dorsal horn. (4/1699)

Role of protein kinase A in the maintenance of inflammatory pain. (5/1699)

Alteration of descending modulation of nociception during the course of monoarthritis in the rat. (6/1699)

Activity-dependent slowing of conduction differentiates functional subtypes of C fibres innervating human skin. (7/1699)

Ketamine-induced peripheral analgesia in rats. (8/1699)

Nociceptors

Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated

Mechanoreceptors

Ganglia, Spinal

Capsaicin

Physical Stimulation

Hyperalgesia

Neurons, Afferent

Pain

Thermoreceptors

Hot Temperature

Skin

TRPV Cation Channels

Nerve Fibers

NAV1.8 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

Sensory Receptor Cells

Pain Threshold

Thermosensing

Nerve Fibers, Myelinated

Neural Conduction

Mustard Plant

Sensory System Agents

Meninges

Pain Measurement

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Trigeminal Ganglion

Neuropharmacology

Neuralgia

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

Action Potentials

Sensory Thresholds

Transient Receptor Potential Channels

Sodium Channels

Acid Sensing Ion Channels

Afferent Pathways

Central Nervous System Sensitization

Nociception

NAV1.9 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

Tachyphylaxis

Neuritis

Cold Temperature

Menthol

Radial Nerve

Skin Physiological Phenomena

Neurogenic Inflammation

Pulpitis

Peripheral Nervous System

Mechanotransduction, Cellular

Bradykinin

Receptors, Adenosine A2

Nervous System Physiological Processes

Alcoholic Neuropathy

Posterior Horn Cells

Antipruritics

Sodium Channel Blockers

Peripheral Nervous System Agents

Peroneal Nerve

Trigeminal Nerve

Freund's Adjuvant

Tibial Nerve

Electrophysiology

Nodose Ganglion

Receptor, trkA

Spinal Nerves

Peripheral Nerves

Patch-Clamp Techniques

Hindlimb

Spinal Cord

Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

Electric Stimulation

Skin Temperature

Touch

Dura Mater

Receptors, Purinergic P2X3

Nerve Growth Factor

Inflammation

Behavior, Animal

Pruritus

Lectins

Analgesics