A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.
Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from DRUG RESISTANCE wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE and NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL.
The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.
The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.
Administration of a soluble dosage form by placement under the tongue.
A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.
The veins and arteries of the HEART.
A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025)
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.70.
A standard and widely accepted diagnostic test used to identify patients who have a vasodepressive and/or cardioinhibitory response as a cause of syncope. (From Braunwald, Heart Disease, 7th ed)
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.
Drugs that act principally at one or more sites within the peripheral neuroeffector systems, the autonomic system, and motor nerve-skeletal system. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p75)
The circulation of blood through the CORONARY VESSELS of the HEART.
Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons.
Inorganic salts of the hypothetical acid, H3Fe(CN)6.
The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.
A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries.
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.
A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.
Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.
A diverse group of agents, with unique chemical structures and biochemical requirements, which generate NITRIC OXIDE. These compounds have been used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and the management of acute myocardial infarction, acute and chronic congestive heart failure, and surgical control of blood pressure. (Adv Pharmacol 1995;34:361-81)
A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.
A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.
Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.
Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Loss of consciousness due to a reduction in blood pressure that is associated with an increase in vagal tone and peripheral vasodilation.
A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins.
An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2.
A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.
Delivery of drugs into an artery.
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
The effects, both local and systemic, caused by the bite of SCORPIONS.
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
A painful linear ulcer at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal. (Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)
A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.
The direct continuation of the brachial trunk, originating at the bifurcation of the brachial artery opposite the neck of the radius. Its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to the three regions in which the vessel is situated, the forearm, wrist, and hand.
A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.
A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.
The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.
A group of organic sulfur-containing nitrites, alkyl thionitrites. S-Nitrosothiols include compounds such as S-NITROSO-N-ACETYLPENICILLAMINE and S-NITROSOGLUTATHIONE.
The main trunk of the systemic arteries.
The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

Endothelial function in Marfan syndrome: selective impairment of flow-mediated vasodilation. (1/1442)

BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular complications of Marfan syndrome arise due to alterations in the structural and functional properties of fibrillin, a constituent of vascular connective tissues. Fibrillin-containing microfibrils are closely associated with arterial endothelial cells, indicating a possible functional role for fibrillin in the endothelium. Plasma concentrations of endothelial cell products are elevated in Marfan subjects, which indirectly indicates endothelial dysfunction. This study directly assessed flow- and agonist-mediated endothelium-dependent brachial artery reactivity in Marfan subjects. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 20 Marfan and 20 control subjects, brachial artery diameter, blood flow, and blood pressure were measured by ultrasonic wall tracking, Doppler ultrasound, and photoplethysmography, respectively. Measurements were taken during hand hyperemia (a stimulus for endothelium-derived nitric oxide [NO] release in the upstream brachial artery) and after sublingual administration of the endothelium-independent vasodilator nitroglycerin. In 9 Marfan and 6 control subjects, the above parameters were also assessed during intra-arterial infusions of acetylcholine and bradykinin (agonists that stimulate NO production) and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, an inhibitor of NO production). Flow-mediated responses differed markedly between Marfan and control subjects (-1.6+/-3.5% versus 6. 50+/-4.1%, respectively; P<0.0001), whereas nitroglycerin produced similar vasodilation (14.2+/-5.7% versus 15.2+/-7.8%; P=NS). Agonist-induced vasodilation to incremental intra-arterial infusions of acetylcholine and bradykinin were not significantly different between Marfan and control subjects, and intra-arterial L-NMMA produced similar reductions in brachial artery diameter in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate impaired flow-mediated but preserved agonist-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation in Marfan subjects and suggest preservation of basal NO release. Selective loss of flow-mediated dilation suggests a role for fibrillin in endothelial cell mechanotransduction.  (+info)

Coronary vasodilator effects of BNP: mechanisms of action in coronary conductance and resistance arteries. (2/1442)

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), a hormone secreted predominantly in ventricular myocytes, may influence coronary vascular tone. We studied the coronary vasodilatory response to BNP under physiological conditions and after preconstriction with endothelin-1 (ET-1) in anesthetized pigs. Average peak-flow velocity (APV) was measured using intracoronary Doppler, and cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured using intravascular ultrasound. Coronary blood flow (CBF) was calculated. Intracoronary BNP induced dose-dependent increases in CSA, APV, and CBF similar in magnitude to those induced by nitroglycerin (NTG). The magnitude of BNP-induced vasodilation was accentuated after preconstriction with ET-1. Pretreatment with either the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin attenuated the coronary vasodilator effect of BNP in resistance arteries without influencing epicardial vasodilation. Pretreatment with the ATP-sensitive potassium-channel blocker glibenclamide enhanced epicardial vasodilation in response to BNP. We conclude that BNP exerts coronary vasodilator effects, predominantly in epicardial conductance vessels. An accentuated vasodilatory response to BNP occurs in ET-1-preconstricted arteries. BNP-induced vasodilation in coronary resistance arteries may be partially mediated via nitric oxide and/or prostaglandin release.  (+info)

Endothelial function is impaired in fit young adults of low birth weight. (3/1442)

OBJECTIVE: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes, hypertension and ischaemic heart disease, with insulin resistance, are associated with low birth weight (the 'Small Baby Syndrome'). Common to these adult clinical conditions is endothelial dysfunction. We tested the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction could precede their development in those of low birth weight. METHODS: Endothelial function was measured by ultrasonic 'wall-tracking' of flow-related brachial artery dilatation in fit 19-20 year old subjects randomly selected (blind to the investigators throughout the study) from low (< 2.5 kg) and normal (3.0-3.8 kg) birth weight subjects in the 1975-7 cohort of the Cardiff Births Survey and with no known cause for endothelial dysfunction. RESULTS: Flow-related dilatation was impaired in low birth weight relative to normal birth weight subjects (median 0.04 mm [1.5%] [n = 22] cf. 0.11 mm [4.1%] [n = 17], p < 0.05; 0.04 mm [1.5%] [n = 15] cf. 0.12 mm [4.4%] [n = 12], p < 0.05 after exclusion of inadvertently included ever-smokers). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that endothelial dysfunction is a consequence of foetal malnutrition, consistent with contributing to the clinical features of the 'Small Baby Syndrome' in later adult life.  (+info)

Transdermal nitroglycerine enhances spinal sufentanil postoperative analgesia following orthopedic surgery. (4/1442)

BACKGROUND: Sufentanil is a potent but short-acting spinal analgesic used to manage perioperative pain. This study evaluated the influence of transdermal nitroglycerine on the analgesic action of spinal sufentanil in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. METHODS: Fifty-six patients were randomized to one of four groups. Patients were premedicated with 0.05-0.1 mg/kg intravenous midazolam and received 15 mg bupivacaine plus 2 ml of the test drug intrathecally (saline or 10 microg sufentanil). Twenty to 30 min after the spinal puncture, a transdermal patch of either 5 mg nitroglycerin or placebo was applied. The control group received spinal saline and transdermal placebo. The sufentanil group received spinal sufentanil and transdermal placebo. The nitroglycerin group received spinal saline and transdermal nitroglycerine patch. Finally, the sufentanil-nitroglycerin group received spinal sufentanil and transdermal nitroglycerine. Pain and adverse effects were evaluated using a 10-cm visual analog scale. RESULTS: The time to first rescue analgesic medication was longer for the sufentanil-nitroglycerin group (785+/-483 min) compared with the other groups (P<0.005). The time to first rescue analgesics was also longer for the sufentanil group compared with the control group (P<0.05). The sufentanil-nitroglycerin group group required less rescue analgesics in 24 h compared with the other groups (P<0.02) and had lesser 24-h pain visual analog scale scores compared with the control group (P<0.005), although these scores were similar to the sufentanil and nitroglycerin groups (P>0.05). The incidence of perioperative adverse effects was similar among groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Transdermal nitroglycerine alone (5 mg/day), a nitric oxide generator, did not result in postoperative analgesia itself, but it prolonged the analgesic effect of spinal sufentanil (10 microg) and provided 13 h of effective postoperative analgesia after knee surgery.  (+info)

Effects of nicorandil on aortic input impedance: a comparative study with nitroglycerin. (5/1442)

A study of aortic input impedance was performed to evaluate the effects of nicorandil on the systemic circulation, and the effects were compared with those of nitroglycerin. Sixteen patients with coronary artery disease were divided into 2 age-matched groups. Aortic input impedance was obtained from Fourier analysis of aortic pressure and flow signals at baseline conditions, after intravenous administration of either 4 mg (Group 1) or 8 mg (Group 2) nicorandil, and 20 min after 0.3 mg sublingual nitroglycerin. In Group 1, the first harmonic impedance modulus (Z1, 304+/-140 dyne x s x cm(-5)) and the average of the first to third harmonics (Z1-3, 207+/-99 dyne x s x cm(-5)), indices of wave reflection, significantly decreased (24.4% (p<0.05) and 24.7% (p<0.01), respectively) after nicorandil, and 41.3% (p<0.01) and 33.9% (p<0.01) after nitroglycerin. The effects between the 2 vasodilators were not significantly different. In Group 2, Z1 and Z1-3 (275+/-138 and 196+/-93 dyne x s x cm(-5), respectively) also decreased after administration of nicorandil (28.4% (p<0.01) and 35.9% (p<0.01), respectively), and after administration of nitroglycerin (23.9% (p<0.01) and 28.7% (p<0.01), respectively), without any significant difference between the 2 drugs. Characteristic impedance and total peripheral resistance (R) in both groups remained unchanged except for R after 8 mg nicorandil (from 1830+/-415 to 1433+/-428 dyne x s x cm(-5); p<0.01). Like nitroglycerin, both doses of nicorandil reduced wave reflection. The reduction in R after 8 mg nicorandil is related to decreased tone in the resistance arteries, probably due to potassium channel opener effects.  (+info)

Does coronary artery morphology predict favorable results of intracoronary thrombolysis in patients with unstable angina pectoris? (6/1442)

The efficacy of intracoronary thrombolysis (ICT) for unstable angina pectoris (UAP) has been limited, despite the similar pathogenesis between UAP and acute myocardial infarction. To ascertain the subset of UAP suitable for ICT, the clinical responses to ICT were assessed in patients with UAP. Eighty-2 patients with medically refractory angina were divided into 2 groups according to the coronary artery morphology of the culprit lesion before ICT: (1) lesions with acute cut off and/or filling defects (AC) and (2) lesions with a tapered shape (TA). The TIMI flow grade was determined from coronary angiograms before and immediately after ICT. The diameter stenosis (%DS) and minimal lumen diameter (MLD) of the culprit lesion were determined using quantitative coronary angiographic analysis before and immediately after ICT. In addition, inhospital cardiac event rates including urgent/emergency coronary angioplasty or bypass surgery, nonfatal myocardial infarction or cardiac death were compared between the 2 groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using 13 clinical factors contributing to successful ICT. The results showed that all 3 coronary angiographic parameters (TIMI flow, %DS, and MLD) significantly improved in the AC group (p<0.01, p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively), whereas none of these parameters improved in the TA group. The inhospital cardiac event rate after ICT was significantly higher in the TA group (76%) than in the AC group (48%; p=0.016). Odds ratio predicting successful ICT was 7.09 (p<0.01) for the AC lesion, and 2.54 (p<0.01) for new angina. In conclusion the AC lesions are more commonly associated with coronary thrombosis that responds to ICT than are the TA lesions. Thus, the coronary angiographic morphology may be an important predictor for a successful ICT in patients with medically refractory UAP.  (+info)

Nitric-oxide-induced apoptosis in human leukemic lines requires mitochondrial lipid degradation and cytochrome C release. (7/1442)

We have previously shown that nitric oxide (NO) stimulates apoptosis in different human neoplastic lymphoid cell lines through activation of caspases not only via CD95/CD95L interaction, but also independently of such death receptors. Here we investigated mitochondria-dependent mechanisms of NO-induced apoptosis in Jurkat leukemic cells. NO donor glycerol trinitrate (at the concentration, which induces apoptotic cell death) caused (1) a significant decrease in the concentration of cardiolipin, a major mitochondrial lipid; (2) a downregulation in respiratory chain complex activities; (3) a release of the mitochondrial protein cytochrome c into the cytosol; and (4) an activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the number of cells with low mitochondrial transmembrane potential and with a high level of reactive oxygen species production. Higher resistance of the CD95-resistant Jurkat subclone (APO-R) cells to NO-mediated apoptosis correlated with the absence of cytochrome c release and with less alterations in other mitochondrial parameters. An inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, trolox, significantly suppressed NO-mediated apoptosis in APO-S Jurkat cells, whereas bongkrekic acid (BA), which blocks mitochondrial permeability transition, provided only a moderate antiapoptotic effect. Transfection of Jurkat cells with bcl-2 led to a complete block of apoptosis due to the prevention of changes in mitochondrial functions. We suggest that the mitochondrial damage (in particular, cardiolipin degradation and cytochrome c release) induced by NO in human leukemia cells plays a crucial role in the subsequent activation of caspase and apoptosis.  (+info)

Comparison of atenolol with propranolol in the treatment of angina pectoris with special reference to once daily administration of atenolol. (8/1442)

Fourteen patients with angina pectoris completed a double blind trial of atenolol 25 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg twice daily and propranolol 80 mg thrice daily. In comparison with placebo, all active treatments significantly reduced anginal attacks, consumption of glyceryl trinitrate, resting and exercise heart rate, resting and exercise systolic blood pressure, and significantly prolonged exercise time. There was no significant difference between the effects of propranolol and atenolol. Nine patients completed a further trial comparing atenolol given once or twice daily. Both regimens were effective and there was no significant difference between the reductions in anginal attacks, glyceryl trinitrate consumption, systolic blood pressure, or heart rate. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms showed that atenolol consistently reduced heart rate throughout the 24-hour period whether given once or twice daily. Atenolol is a potent antianginal agent which, in most patients, is likely to be effective once daily.  (+info)

Nitroglycerin, also known as glyceryl trinitrate, is a medication used primarily for the treatment of angina pectoris (chest pain due to coronary artery disease) and hypertensive emergencies (severe high blood pressure). It belongs to a class of drugs called nitrates or organic nitrites.

Nitroglycerin works by relaxing and dilating the smooth muscle in blood vessels, which leads to decreased workload on the heart and increased oxygen delivery to the myocardium (heart muscle). This results in reduced symptoms of angina and improved cardiac function during hypertensive emergencies.

The drug is available in various forms, including sublingual tablets, sprays, transdermal patches, ointments, and intravenous solutions. The choice of formulation depends on the specific clinical situation and patient needs. Common side effects of nitroglycerin include headache, dizziness, and hypotension (low blood pressure).

Vasodilator agents are pharmacological substances that cause the relaxation or widening of blood vessels by relaxing the smooth muscle in the vessel walls. This results in an increase in the diameter of the blood vessels, which decreases vascular resistance and ultimately reduces blood pressure. Vasodilators can be further classified based on their site of action:

1. Systemic vasodilators: These agents cause a generalized relaxation of the smooth muscle in the walls of both arteries and veins, resulting in a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and preload (the volume of blood returning to the heart). Examples include nitroglycerin, hydralazine, and calcium channel blockers.
2. Arterial vasodilators: These agents primarily affect the smooth muscle in arterial vessel walls, leading to a reduction in afterload (the pressure against which the heart pumps blood). Examples include angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and direct vasodilators like sodium nitroprusside.
3. Venous vasodilators: These agents primarily affect the smooth muscle in venous vessel walls, increasing venous capacitance and reducing preload. Examples include nitroglycerin and other organic nitrates.

Vasodilator agents are used to treat various cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, angina, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is essential to monitor their use carefully, as excessive vasodilation can lead to orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, or fluid retention.

Drug tolerance is a medical concept that refers to the decreased response to a drug following its repeated use, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect. This occurs because the body adapts to the presence of the drug, leading to changes in the function or expression of targets that the drug acts upon, such as receptors or enzymes. Tolerance can develop to various types of drugs, including opioids, benzodiazepines, and alcohol, and it is often associated with physical dependence and addiction. It's important to note that tolerance is different from resistance, which refers to the ability of a pathogen to survive or grow in the presence of a drug, such as antibiotics.

"Cutaneous administration" is a route of administering medication or treatment through the skin. This can be done through various methods such as:

1. Topical application: This involves applying the medication directly to the skin in the form of creams, ointments, gels, lotions, patches, or solutions. The medication is absorbed into the skin and enters the systemic circulation slowly over a period of time. Topical medications are often used for local effects, such as treating eczema, psoriasis, or fungal infections.

2. Iontophoresis: This method uses a mild electrical current to help a medication penetrate deeper into the skin. A positive charge is applied to a medication with a negative charge, or vice versa, causing it to be attracted through the skin. Iontophoresis is often used for local pain management and treating conditions like hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating).

3. Transdermal delivery systems: These are specialized patches that contain medication within them. The patch is applied to the skin, and as time passes, the medication is released through the skin and into the systemic circulation. This method allows for a steady, controlled release of medication over an extended period. Common examples include nicotine patches for smoking cessation and hormone replacement therapy patches.

Cutaneous administration offers several advantages, such as avoiding first-pass metabolism (which can reduce the effectiveness of oral medications), providing localized treatment, and allowing for self-administration in some cases. However, it may not be suitable for all types of medications or conditions, and potential side effects include skin irritation, allergic reactions, and systemic absorption leading to unwanted systemic effects.

Vasodilation is the widening or increase in diameter of blood vessels, particularly the involuntary relaxation of the smooth muscle in the tunica media (middle layer) of the arteriole walls. This results in an increase in blood flow and a decrease in vascular resistance. Vasodilation can occur due to various physiological and pathophysiological stimuli, such as local metabolic demands, neural signals, or pharmacological agents. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure, tissue perfusion, and thermoregulation.

Sublingual administration refers to a route of delivering medication or other substances through placement under the tongue, allowing for rapid absorption into the bloodstream through the mucous membranes located there. This method can allow for quick onset of action and avoids first-pass metabolism in the liver that may occur with oral administration. Common examples of sublingual medications include nitroglycerin for angina pectoris and certain forms of hormone replacement therapy.

Nicorandil is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as potassium channel activators. It works by relaxing and widening blood vessels, which improves blood flow and reduces the workload on the heart. Nicorandil is primarily used to treat chronic stable angina, a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

The medical definition of Nicorandil can be described as:

A synthetic derivative of nicotinamide with vasodilatory properties, acting as an opener of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle and cardiomyocytes. It is used in the management of chronic stable angina, providing both antianginal and antiischemic effects through a dual mechanism that includes coronary and peripheral vasodilation. By reducing afterload and preload, Nicorandil decreases myocardial oxygen demand while increasing supply, leading to improved exercise tolerance and reduced frequency of anginal episodes.

Coronary vessels refer to the network of blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the heart muscle, also known as the myocardium. The two main coronary arteries are the left main coronary artery and the right coronary artery.

The left main coronary artery branches off into the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the left circumflex artery (LCx). The LAD supplies blood to the front of the heart, while the LCx supplies blood to the side and back of the heart.

The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right lower part of the heart, including the right atrium and ventricle, as well as the back of the heart.

Coronary vessel disease (CVD) occurs when these vessels become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. This can result in chest pain, shortness of breath, or a heart attack.

Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) is a powerful explosive substance, rather than a medical term. However, it can be used in a medical context as an active ingredient in certain prescription medications.

Medically, Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate is classified as a nitrate vasodilator. It works by relaxing and widening blood vessels, which allows for increased oxygen delivery and improved blood flow, particularly to the heart muscle. This can help reduce the workload on the heart and alleviate symptoms of angina (chest pain) caused by coronary artery disease.

It is available in various forms, such as extended-release tablets or sublingual (under-the-tongue) tablets, under brand names like Nitrolingual®, Nitrostat®, and Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate ER®.

Please consult a healthcare professional for more information about this medication and its uses.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is a class of enzymes that play a crucial role in the metabolism of alcohol and other aldehydes in the body. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids, using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a cofactor.

There are several isoforms of ALDH found in different tissues throughout the body, with varying substrate specificities and kinetic properties. The most well-known function of ALDH is its role in alcohol metabolism, where it converts the toxic aldehyde intermediate acetaldehyde to acetate, which can then be further metabolized or excreted.

Deficiencies in ALDH activity have been linked to a number of clinical conditions, including alcohol flush reaction, alcohol-induced liver disease, and certain types of cancer. Additionally, increased ALDH activity has been associated with chemotherapy resistance in some cancer cells.

A tilt-table test is a diagnostic procedure used to evaluate symptoms of syncope (fainting) or near-syncope. It measures your body's cardiovascular response to changes in position. During the test, you lie on a table that can be tilted to change the angle of your body from horizontal to upright. This simulates what happens when you stand up from a lying down position.

The test monitors heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels while you're in different positions. If you experience symptoms like dizziness or fainting during the test, these can provide clues about the cause of your symptoms. The test is used to diagnose conditions like orthostatic hypotension (a sudden drop in blood pressure when standing), vasovagal syncope (fainting due to an overactive vagus nerve), and other heart rhythm disorders.

A spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction or tightening of a muscle, group of muscles, or a hollow organ such as the ureter or bronchi. Spasms can occur as a result of various factors including muscle fatigue, injury, irritation, or abnormal nerve activity. They can cause pain and discomfort, and in some cases, interfere with normal bodily functions. For example, a spasm in the bronchi can cause difficulty breathing, while a spasm in the ureter can cause severe pain and may lead to a kidney stone blockage. The treatment for spasms depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures:

1. Systolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats, allowing it to fill with blood.

Normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg, although this can vary slightly depending on age, sex, and other factors. High blood pressure (hypertension) is generally considered to be a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is usually defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. It's important to note that blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and may be affected by factors such as stress, physical activity, and medication use.

Angina pectoris is a medical term that describes chest pain or discomfort caused by an inadequate supply of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. This condition often occurs due to coronary artery disease, where the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked by the buildup of cholesterol, fatty deposits, and other substances, known as plaques. These blockages can reduce blood flow to the heart, causing ischemia (lack of oxygen) and leading to angina symptoms.

There are two primary types of angina: stable and unstable. Stable angina is predictable and usually occurs during physical exertion or emotional stress when the heart needs more oxygen-rich blood. The pain typically subsides with rest or after taking prescribed nitroglycerin medication, which helps widen the blood vessels and improve blood flow to the heart.

Unstable angina, on the other hand, is more severe and unpredictable. It can occur at rest, during sleep, or with minimal physical activity and may not be relieved by rest or nitroglycerin. Unstable angina is considered a medical emergency, as it could indicate an imminent heart attack.

Symptoms of angina pectoris include chest pain, pressure, tightness, or heaviness that typically radiates to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back. Shortness of breath, nausea, sweating, and fatigue may also accompany angina symptoms. Immediate medical attention is necessary if you experience chest pain or discomfort, especially if it's new, severe, or persistent, as it could be a sign of a more serious condition like a heart attack.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) agents are a category of pharmaceutical drugs that act on the peripheral nervous system, which includes all the nerves outside the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). These agents can be further classified into various subgroups based on their specific mechanisms of action and therapeutic effects. Here are some examples:

1. Local anesthetics: These drugs block nerve impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels in the neuronal membrane, thereby preventing the generation and transmission of nerve impulses. They are commonly used to provide local or regional anesthesia during surgical procedures or to manage pain. Examples include lidocaine, bupivacaine, and prilocaine.
2. Neuropathic pain agents: These drugs are used to treat neuropathic pain, which is caused by damage or dysfunction of the peripheral nerves. They can act on various targets, including sodium channels, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and voltage-gated calcium channels. Examples include gabapentin, pregabalin, duloxetine, and amitriptyline.
3. Muscle relaxants: These drugs act on the skeletal muscle to reduce muscle tone and spasticity. They can be classified into two main categories: centrally acting muscle relaxants (e.g., baclofen, tizanidine) and peripherally acting muscle relaxants (e.g., cyclobenzaprine, carisoprodol).
4. Cholinergic agents: These drugs act on the cholinergic receptors in the PNS to modulate nerve impulse transmission. They can be further classified into muscarinic and nicotinic agonists or antagonists, depending on their specific mechanism of action. Examples include neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and physostigmine.
5. Sympathomimetic agents: These drugs stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, which is part of the PNS that regulates the "fight or flight" response. They can be used to treat various conditions, such as hypotension, bronchospasm, and nasal congestion. Examples include epinephrine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and pseudoephedrine.
6. Sympatholytic agents: These drugs block the sympathetic nervous system to reduce its activity. They can be used to treat various conditions, such as hypertension, tachycardia, and anxiety. Examples include beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol, metoprolol), alpha-blockers (e.g., prazosin, doxazosin), and combined alpha-beta blockers (e.g., labetalol, carvedilol).
7. Neuropathic pain agents: These drugs are used to treat neuropathic pain, which is caused by damage or dysfunction of the nervous system. They can act on various targets in the PNS, such as sodium channels, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and opioid receptors. Examples include lidocaine, capsaicin, tramadol, and tapentadol.
8. Antiepileptic drugs: These drugs are used to treat epilepsy, which is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. They can act on various targets in the PNS, such as sodium channels, calcium channels, and GABA receptors. Examples include phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproate, lamotrigine, topiramate, and levetiracetam.
9. Antidepressant drugs: These drugs are used to treat depression, which is a mental disorder characterized by persistent low mood and loss of interest in activities. They can act on various targets in the PNS, such as serotonin receptors, norepinephrine receptors, and dopamine receptors. Examples include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (e.g., venlafaxine, duloxetine), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (e.g., amitriptyline, imipramine), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (e.g., phenelzine, selegiline).
10. Antipsychotic drugs: These drugs are used to treat psychosis, which is a mental disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thought processes. They can act on various targets in the PNS, such as dopamine receptors, serotonin receptors, and histamine receptors. Examples include typical antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol, chlorpromazine) and atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, risperidone).
11. Anxiolytic drugs: These drugs are used to treat anxiety disorders, which are mental disorders characterized by excessive fear, worry, or nervousness. They can act on various targets in the PNS, such as GABA receptors and benzodiazepine receptors. Examples include benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam, alprazolam), buspirone, and hydroxyzine.
12. Sedative drugs: These drugs are used to induce sleep or reduce excitement. They can act on various targets in the PNS, such as GABA receptors and histamine receptors. Examples include barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital, secobarbital), benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam, temazepam), and antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine, doxylamine).
13. Hypnotic drugs: These drugs are used to induce sleep. They can act on various targets in the PNS, such as GABA receptors and benzodiazepine receptors. Examples include benzodiazepines (e.g., triazolam, flunitrazepam) and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (e.g., zolpidem, eszopiclone).
14. Antidepressant drugs: These drugs are used to treat depression, which is a mental disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or worthlessness. They can act on various targets in the PNS, such as serotonin receptors and norepinephrine transporters. Examples include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline), tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, imipramine), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., phenelzine, selegiline).
15. Anxiolytic drugs: These drugs are used to reduce anxiety, which is a feeling of fear, worry, or unease. They can act on various targets in the PNS, such as GABA receptors and benzodiazepine receptors. Examples include benzodiazepines (e.g., alprazolam, lorazepam), buspirone, and hydroxyzine.
16. Antipsychotic drugs: These drugs are used to treat psychosis, which is a mental disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, or disordered thinking. They can act on various targets in the PNS, such as dopamine receptors and serotonin receptors. Examples include typical antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol, chlorpromazine) and atypical antipsychotics (e.g., risperidone, olanzapine).
17. Mood stabilizers: These drugs are used to treat mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder. They can act on various targets in the PNS, such as sodium channels and GABA receptors. Examples include lithium, valproic acid, and carbamazepine.
18. Stimulants: These drugs are used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or narcolepsy. They can act on various targets in the PNS, such as dopamine transporters and norepinephrine transporters. Examples include amphetamine, methylphenidate, and modafinil.
19. Antihistamines: These drugs are used to treat allergies or symptoms of the common cold. They can act on various targets in the PNS, such as histamine receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Examples include diphenhydramine, loratadine, and cetirizine.
20. Antiemetics: These

Coronary circulation refers to the circulation of blood in the coronary vessels, which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium) and drain deoxygenated blood from it. The coronary circulation system includes two main coronary arteries - the left main coronary artery and the right coronary artery - that branch off from the aorta just above the aortic valve. These arteries further divide into smaller branches, which supply blood to different regions of the heart muscle.

The left main coronary artery divides into two branches: the left anterior descending (LAD) artery and the left circumflex (LCx) artery. The LAD supplies blood to the front and sides of the heart, while the LCx supplies blood to the back and sides of the heart. The right coronary artery supplies blood to the lower part of the heart, including the right ventricle and the bottom portion of the left ventricle.

The veins that drain the heart muscle include the great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, and the small cardiac vein, which merge to form the coronary sinus. The coronary sinus empties into the right atrium, allowing deoxygenated blood to enter the right side of the heart and be pumped to the lungs for oxygenation.

Coronary circulation is essential for maintaining the health and function of the heart muscle, as it provides the necessary oxygen and nutrients required for proper contraction and relaxation of the myocardium. Any disruption or blockage in the coronary circulation system can lead to serious consequences, such as angina, heart attack, or even death.

An ointment is a semi-solid preparation, typically composed of a mixture of medicinal substance with a base, which is usually greasy or oily. The purpose of the base is to act as a vehicle for the active ingredient and allow it to be applied smoothly and evenly to the skin or mucous membranes.

Ointments are commonly used in dermatology to treat various skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, rashes, burns, and wounds. They can also be used to deliver medication for localized pain relief, muscle relaxation, and anti-inflammatory or antibiotic effects.

The base of an ointment may consist of various ingredients, including petrolatum, lanolin, mineral oil, beeswax, or a combination of these. The choice of the base depends on the desired properties such as consistency, spreadability, and stability, as well as the intended route of administration and the specific therapeutic goals.

Ferricyanides are a class of chemical compounds that contain the ferricyanide ion (Fe(CN)6−3). The ferricyanide ion is composed of a central iron atom in the +3 oxidation state, surrounded by six cyanide ligands. Ferricyanides are strong oxidizing agents and are used in various chemical reactions, including analytical chemistry and as reagents in organic synthesis.

It's important to note that while ferricyanides themselves are not highly toxic, they can release cyanide ions if they are decomposed or reduced under certain conditions. Therefore, they should be handled with care and used in well-ventilated areas.

Vascular resistance is a measure of the opposition to blood flow within a vessel or a group of vessels, typically expressed in units of mmHg/(mL/min) or sometimes as dynes*sec/cm^5. It is determined by the diameter and length of the vessels, as well as the viscosity of the blood flowing through them. In general, a decrease in vessel diameter, an increase in vessel length, or an increase in blood viscosity will result in an increase in vascular resistance, while an increase in vessel diameter, a decrease in vessel length, or a decrease in blood viscosity will result in a decrease in vascular resistance. Vascular resistance is an important concept in the study of circulation and cardiovascular physiology because it plays a key role in determining blood pressure and blood flow within the body.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule made up of one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom. In the body, it is a crucial signaling molecule involved in various physiological processes such as vasodilation, immune response, neurotransmission, and inhibition of platelet aggregation. It is produced naturally by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) from the amino acid L-arginine. Inhaled nitric oxide is used medically to treat pulmonary hypertension in newborns and adults, as it helps to relax and widen blood vessels, improving oxygenation and blood flow.

Hemodynamics is the study of how blood flows through the cardiovascular system, including the heart and the vascular network. It examines various factors that affect blood flow, such as blood volume, viscosity, vessel length and diameter, and pressure differences between different parts of the circulatory system. Hemodynamics also considers the impact of various physiological and pathological conditions on these variables, and how they in turn influence the function of vital organs and systems in the body. It is a critical area of study in fields such as cardiology, anesthesiology, and critical care medicine.

Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, often expressed as beats per minute (bpm). It can vary significantly depending on factors such as age, physical fitness, emotions, and overall health status. A resting heart rate between 60-100 bpm is generally considered normal for adults, but athletes and individuals with high levels of physical fitness may have a resting heart rate below 60 bpm due to their enhanced cardiovascular efficiency. Monitoring heart rate can provide valuable insights into an individual's health status, exercise intensity, and response to various treatments or interventions.

The brachial artery is a major blood vessel in the upper arm. It supplies oxygenated blood to the muscles and tissues of the arm, forearm, and hand. The brachial artery originates from the axillary artery at the level of the shoulder joint and runs down the medial (inner) aspect of the arm, passing through the cubital fossa (the depression on the anterior side of the elbow) where it can be palpated during a routine blood pressure measurement. At the lower end of the forearm, the brachial artery bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries, which further divide into smaller vessels to supply the hand and fingers.

Coronary vasospasm refers to a sudden constriction (narrowing) of the coronary arteries, which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. This constriction can reduce or block blood flow, leading to symptoms such as chest pain (angina) or, in severe cases, a heart attack (myocardial infarction). Coronary vasospasm can occur spontaneously or be triggered by various factors, including stress, smoking, and certain medications. It is also associated with conditions such as coronary artery disease and variant angina. Prolonged or recurrent vasospasms can cause damage to the heart muscle and increase the risk of cardiovascular events.

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, a type of chemical messenger that transmits signals across a chemical synapse from one neuron (nerve cell) to another "target" neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell. It is involved in both peripheral and central nervous system functions.

In the peripheral nervous system, acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction, where it transmits signals from motor neurons to activate muscles. Acetylcholine also acts as a neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system, where it is involved in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

In the central nervous system, acetylcholine plays a role in learning, memory, attention, and arousal. Disruptions in cholinergic neurotransmission have been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and myasthenia gravis.

Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and is stored in vesicles at the presynaptic terminal of the neuron. When a nerve impulse arrives, the vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane, releasing acetylcholine into the synapse. The acetylcholine then binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, triggering a response in the target cell. Acetylcholine is subsequently degraded by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which terminates its action and allows for signal transduction to be repeated.

The endothelium is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelial cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and heart chambers. The vascular endothelium, specifically, refers to the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating vasomotor tone, coagulation, platelet activation, inflammation, and permeability of the vessel wall. They also contribute to the growth and repair of the vascular system and are involved in various pathological processes such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes.

Nitric oxide (NO) donors are pharmacological agents that release nitric oxide in the body when they are metabolized. Nitric oxide is a molecule that plays an important role as a signaling messenger in the cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems. It helps regulate blood flow, relax smooth muscle, inhibit platelet aggregation, and modulate inflammatory responses.

NO donors can be used medically to treat various conditions, such as hypertension, angina, heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension, by promoting vasodilation and improving blood flow. Some examples of NO donors include nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, sodium nitroprusside, and molsidomine. These drugs work by releasing nitric oxide slowly over time, which then interacts with the enzyme soluble guanylate cyclase to produce cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), leading to relaxation of smooth muscle and vasodilation.

It is important to note that NO donors can have side effects, such as headache, dizziness, and hypotension, due to their vasodilatory effects. Therefore, they should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Isosorbide dinitrate is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called nitrates. It is primarily used in the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris, which is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

The medical definition of Isosorbide dinitrate is:

A soluble nitrate ester used in the prevention and treatment of anginal attacks. It acts by dilating coronary and peripheral arteries and veins, thereby reducing cardiac workload and increasing oxygen delivery to the heart muscle. Its therapeutic effects are attributed to its conversion to nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator, in the body. Isosorbide dinitrate is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and oral solutions, and is typically taken 2-3 times daily for optimal effect.

Diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker medication that is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), angina (chest pain), and certain heart rhythm disorders. It works by relaxing the muscles of the blood vessels, which lowers blood pressure and improves blood flow to the heart. Diltiazem may also be used to reduce the risk of heart attack in patients with coronary artery disease.

The medication is available in various forms, including immediate-release tablets, extended-release tablets, and extended-release capsules. It is usually taken orally, one to three times a day, depending on the formulation and the individual patient's needs. Diltiazem may cause side effects such as dizziness, headache, nausea, and constipation.

It is important to follow the dosage instructions provided by your healthcare provider and to inform them of any other medications you are taking, as well as any medical conditions you have, before starting diltiazem.

Nitrates are chemical compounds that consist of a nitrogen atom bonded to three oxygen atoms (NO3-). In the context of medical science, nitrates are often discussed in relation to their use as medications or their presence in food and water.

As medications, nitrates are commonly used to treat angina (chest pain) caused by coronary artery disease. Nitrates work by relaxing and widening blood vessels, which improves blood flow and reduces the workload on the heart. Some examples of nitrate medications include nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, and isosorbide mononitrate.

In food and water, nitrates are naturally occurring compounds that can be found in a variety of vegetables, such as spinach, beets, and lettuce. They can also be present in fertilizers and industrial waste, which can contaminate groundwater and surface water sources. While nitrates themselves are not harmful, they can be converted into potentially harmful compounds called nitrites under certain conditions, particularly in the digestive system of young children or in the presence of bacteria such as those found in unpasteurized foods. Excessive levels of nitrites can react with hemoglobin in the blood to form methemoglobin, which cannot transport oxygen effectively and can lead to a condition called methemoglobinemia.

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a important second messenger molecule that plays a crucial role in various biological processes within the human body. It is synthesized from guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by the enzyme guanylyl cyclase.

Cyclic GMP is involved in regulating diverse physiological functions, such as smooth muscle relaxation, cardiovascular function, and neurotransmission. It also plays a role in modulating immune responses and cellular growth and differentiation.

In the medical field, changes in cGMP levels or dysregulation of cGMP-dependent pathways have been implicated in various disease states, including pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, erectile dysfunction, and glaucoma. Therefore, pharmacological agents that target cGMP signaling are being developed as potential therapeutic options for these conditions.

Vasovagal syncope is a type of fainting (syncope) that occurs when the body overreacts to certain triggers, such as the sight of blood or extreme emotional distress. This reaction causes the heart rate and blood pressure to drop, leading to reduced blood flow to the brain and loss of consciousness. Vasovagal syncope is usually not a cause for concern and does not typically indicate a serious underlying medical condition. However, it can be dangerous if it occurs during activities such as driving or operating heavy machinery. If you experience frequent episodes of vasovagal syncope, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider for evaluation and treatment options.

nitroprusside (ni-troe-rus-ide)

A rapid-acting vasodilator used in the management of severe hypertension, acute heart failure, and to reduce afterload in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It is a potent arterial and venous dilator that decreases preload and afterload, thereby reducing myocardial oxygen demand. Nitroprusside is metabolized to cyanide, which must be monitored closely during therapy to prevent toxicity.

Pharmacologic class: Peripheral vasodilators

Therapeutic class: Antihypertensives, Vasodilators

Medical Categories: Cardiovascular Drugs, Hypertension Agents

Papaverine is defined as a smooth muscle relaxant and a non-narcotic alkaloid derived from the opium poppy. It works by blocking the phosphodiesterase enzyme, leading to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels within the cells, which in turn results in muscle relaxation.

It is used medically for its vasodilatory effects to treat conditions such as cerebral or peripheral vascular spasms and occlusive diseases, Raynaud's phenomenon, and priapism. Papaverine can also be used as an anti-arrhythmic agent in the management of certain types of cardiac arrhythmias.

It is important to note that papaverine has a narrow therapeutic index, and its use should be closely monitored due to the potential for adverse effects such as hypotension, reflex tachycardia, and gastrointestinal disturbances.

Muscle relaxation, in a medical context, refers to the process of reducing tension and promoting relaxation in the skeletal muscles. This can be achieved through various techniques, including progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), where individuals consciously tense and then release specific muscle groups in a systematic manner.

PMR has been shown to help reduce anxiety, stress, and muscle tightness, and improve overall well-being. It is often used as a complementary therapy in conjunction with other treatments for conditions such as chronic pain, headaches, and insomnia.

Additionally, muscle relaxation can also be facilitated through pharmacological interventions, such as the use of muscle relaxant medications. These drugs work by inhibiting the transmission of signals between nerves and muscles, leading to a reduction in muscle tone and spasticity. They are commonly used to treat conditions such as multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injuries.

Guanylate cyclase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which acts as a second messenger in various cellular signaling pathways. There are two main types of guanylate cyclases: soluble and membrane-bound. Soluble guanylate cyclase is activated by nitric oxide, while membrane-bound guanylate cyclase can be activated by natriuretic peptides. The increased levels of cGMP produced by guanylate cyclase can lead to a variety of cellular responses, including smooth muscle relaxation, neurotransmitter release, and regulation of ion channels. Dysregulation of guanylate cyclase activity has been implicated in several diseases, such as hypertension, heart failure, and cancer.

Methylene Blue is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C16H18ClN3S. It is primarily used as a medication, but can also be used as a dye or as a chemical reagent. As a medication, it is used in the treatment of methemoglobinemia (a condition where an abnormal amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood), as well as in some forms of poisoning and infections. It works by acting as a reducing agent, converting methemoglobin back to hemoglobin, which is the form of the protein that is responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood. Methylene Blue has also been used off-label for other conditions, such as vasculitis and Alzheimer's disease, although its effectiveness for these uses is not well established.

It is important to note that Methylene Blue should be used with caution, as it can cause serious side effects in some people, particularly those with kidney or liver problems, or those who are taking certain medications. It is also important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when using this medication, as improper use can lead to toxicity.

Intra-arterial injection is a type of medical procedure where a medication or contrast agent is delivered directly into an artery. This technique is used for various therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.

For instance, intra-arterial chemotherapy may be used to deliver cancer drugs directly to the site of a tumor, while intra-arterial thrombolysis involves the administration of clot-busting medications to treat arterial blockages caused by blood clots. Intra-arterial injections are also used in diagnostic imaging procedures such as angiography, where a contrast agent is injected into an artery to visualize the blood vessels and identify any abnormalities.

It's important to note that intra-arterial injections require precise placement of the needle or catheter into the artery, and are typically performed by trained medical professionals using specialized equipment.

Regional blood flow (RBF) refers to the rate at which blood flows through a specific region or organ in the body, typically expressed in milliliters per minute per 100 grams of tissue (ml/min/100g). It is an essential physiological parameter that reflects the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues while removing waste products. RBF can be affected by various factors such as metabolic demands, neural regulation, hormonal influences, and changes in blood pressure or vascular resistance. Measuring RBF is crucial for understanding organ function, diagnosing diseases, and evaluating the effectiveness of treatments.

Intravenous (IV) infusion is a medical procedure in which liquids, such as medications, nutrients, or fluids, are delivered directly into a patient's vein through a needle or a catheter. This route of administration allows for rapid absorption and distribution of the infused substance throughout the body. IV infusions can be used for various purposes, including resuscitation, hydration, nutrition support, medication delivery, and blood product transfusion. The rate and volume of the infusion are carefully controlled to ensure patient safety and efficacy of treatment.

The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.

Scorpion stings are defined as injuries caused by the venomous sting of a scorpion. These creatures have a venomous stinger on their tail, which they use to inject venom into their prey or attackers. The severity of a scorpion sting can vary greatly depending on the species of scorpion and the amount of venom injected. Some stings may cause only minor pain and swelling, while others can be life-threatening, causing symptoms such as difficulty breathing, muscle twitching, convulsions, and cardiac arrest. Immediate medical attention is required for severe scorpion stings, and treatment typically involves the use of antivenom to neutralize the venom.

Coronary artery disease, often simply referred to as coronary disease, is a condition in which the blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits called plaques. This can lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or in severe cases, a heart attack.

The medical definition of coronary artery disease is:

A condition characterized by the accumulation of atheromatous plaques in the walls of the coronary arteries, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to the myocardium (heart muscle). This can result in symptoms such as angina pectoris, shortness of breath, or arrhythmias, and may ultimately lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack) or heart failure.

Risk factors for coronary artery disease include age, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and a family history of the condition. Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet, and managing stress can help reduce the risk of developing coronary artery disease. Medical treatments may include medications to control blood pressure, cholesterol levels, or irregular heart rhythms, as well as procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

A fissure in ano, also known as anal fissure, is a linear tear or split in the lining of the anus, usually occurring in the posterior midline. It can cause pain and bleeding during bowel movements. Anal fissures are often caused by constipation, passing hard stools, or prolonged diarrhea. They can also be associated with underlying conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or anal cancer. Treatment typically involves increasing fiber intake, using stool softeners, and topical treatments to promote healing and relieve pain. In some cases, surgery may be required for severe or chronic fissures that do not respond to conservative treatment.

Cyanamide is a chemical compound with the formula NH2CN. It is a colorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and has an ammonia-like odor. Cyanamide is used as a reagent in organic synthesis and as a fertilizer.

In a medical context, cyanamide may be used as a drug to treat certain conditions. For example, it has been used as a muscle relaxant and to reduce muscle spasms in people with multiple sclerosis. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for alcohol dependence, as it may help to reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms.

It is important to note that cyanamide can be toxic in high doses, and it should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

The radial artery is a key blood vessel in the human body, specifically a part of the peripheral arterial system. Originating from the brachial artery in the upper arm, the radial artery travels down the arm and crosses over the wrist, where it can be palpated easily. It then continues into the hand, dividing into several branches to supply blood to the hand's tissues and digits.

The radial artery is often used for taking pulse readings due to its easy accessibility at the wrist. Additionally, in medical procedures such as coronary angiography or bypass surgery, the radial artery can be utilized as a site for catheter insertion. This allows healthcare professionals to examine the heart's blood vessels and assess cardiovascular health.

Hydralazine is an antihypertensive medication, which means it is used to treat high blood pressure. It works by relaxing and widening the blood vessels, making it easier for the heart to pump blood through the body. This can help reduce the workload on the heart and lower blood pressure. Hydralazine is available in oral tablet form and is typically prescribed to be taken several times a day.

Hydralazine belongs to a class of medications called vasodilators, which work by relaxing the muscle in the walls of the blood vessels, causing them to widen. This increases the amount of blood that can flow through the blood vessels and reduces the pressure within them. Hydralazine is often used in combination with other medications to treat high blood pressure.

It's important to note that hydralazine should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can cause side effects such as headache, dizziness, and rapid heartbeat. It may also interact with certain other medications, so it is important to inform your doctor of all medications you are taking before starting hydralazine.

Blood flow velocity is the speed at which blood travels through a specific part of the vascular system. It is typically measured in units of distance per time, such as centimeters per second (cm/s) or meters per second (m/s). Blood flow velocity can be affected by various factors, including cardiac output, vessel diameter, and viscosity of the blood. Measuring blood flow velocity is important in diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, such as heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.

Coronary angiography is a medical procedure that uses X-ray imaging to visualize the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. During the procedure, a thin, flexible catheter is inserted into an artery in the arm or groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart. A contrast dye is then injected through the catheter, and X-ray images are taken as the dye flows through the coronary arteries. These images can help doctors diagnose and treat various heart conditions, such as blockages or narrowing of the arteries, that can lead to chest pain or heart attacks. It is also known as coronary arteriography or cardiac catheterization.

Vasoconstriction is a medical term that refers to the narrowing of blood vessels due to the contraction of the smooth muscle in their walls. This process decreases the diameter of the lumen (the inner space of the blood vessel) and reduces blood flow through the affected vessels. Vasoconstriction can occur throughout the body, but it is most noticeable in the arterioles and precapillary sphincters, which control the amount of blood that flows into the capillary network.

The autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic division, plays a significant role in regulating vasoconstriction through the release of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Various hormones and chemical mediators, such as angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and serotonin, can also induce vasoconstriction.

Vasoconstriction is a vital physiological response that helps maintain blood pressure and regulate blood flow distribution in the body. However, excessive or prolonged vasoconstriction may contribute to several pathological conditions, including hypertension, stroke, and peripheral vascular diseases.

S-Nitrosothiols (SNOs) are a type of organic compound that contain a nitroso (-NO) group attached to a sulfur atom in a thiol (-SH) group. They are formed by the reaction between nitric oxide (NO) and low molecular weight thiols, such as cysteine or glutathione. S-Nitrosothiols play an important role in the regulation of various cellular processes, including signal transduction, gene expression, and protein function. They also have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular disease. SNOs can be measured in biological samples, such as blood or tissues, to evaluate nitrosative stress and oxidative damage.

The aorta is the largest artery in the human body, which originates from the left ventricle of the heart and carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. It can be divided into several parts, including the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta. The ascending aorta gives rise to the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. The aortic arch gives rise to the brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries, which supply blood to the head, neck, and upper extremities. The descending aorta travels through the thorax and abdomen, giving rise to various intercostal, visceral, and renal arteries that supply blood to the chest wall, organs, and kidneys.

A smooth muscle within the vascular system refers to the involuntary, innervated muscle that is found in the walls of blood vessels. These muscles are responsible for controlling the diameter of the blood vessels, which in turn regulates blood flow and blood pressure. They are called "smooth" muscles because their individual muscle cells do not have the striations, or cross-striped patterns, that are observed in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Smooth muscle in the vascular system is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and by hormones, and can contract or relax slowly over a period of time.

Some forms of nitroglycerin last much longer in the body than others. Nitroglycerin as well as the onset and duration of action ... Nitroglycerin was also used as an ingredient in military propellants for use in firearms. Nitroglycerin has been used in ... "Nitroglycerin". Ogbru, Omudhome. "nitroglycerin, Nitro-Bid: Drug Facts, Side Effects and Dosing". MedicineNet. Kaplan, K. J.; ... Nitroglycerin is available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches. Nitroglycerin was the first practical ...
Nitroglycerin was written about as early as 1846 and came into medical use in 1878. The drug nitroglycerin (GTN) is a dilute ... 4 (1): 3-5. Note: Hering renamed nitroglycerine "glonoine". Fye WB (January 1986). "Nitroglycerin: a homeopathic remedy". ... Nitroglycerin is in the nitrate family of medications. While it is not entirely clear how it works, it is believed to function ... "Nitroglycerin - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022. Yasue H, Nakagawa H, Itoh T, Harada E, Mizuno Y ( ...
Hodgkinson, William Richard Eaton (1911). "Nitroglycerin" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 716-717. Steed, ... Ascanio Sobrero (1812-1888), chemist, discovered Nitroglycerin. Mario Soldati (1906-1999), writer, director. Germain Sommeiller ...
... leading to a complete ban on the transport of liquid nitroglycerin in California. Liquid nitroglycerin was widely banned ... He was successful in mixing nitroglycerine with Kieselgur which made it less sensitive to shocks. In October 1867, Nobel filed ... After the death of his younger brother Emil in an 1864 nitroglycerin explosion at the family's armaments factory in Heleneborg ... "Nitroglycerin . Transcontinental Railroad . WGBH American Experience - PBS". pbs.org. Retrieved 22 August 2015. "Alfred Nobel ...
ISBN 978-1-58348-428-9.[page needed] Fye WB (1986). "Nitroglycerin: a homeopathic remedy". Circulation. 73 (1): 21-29. doi: ... evidence that nitroglycerin might be useful as a treatment for angina was discovered by looking through homeopathic provings, ...
That means that someone must drive the truck full of nitroglycerin, which leads to a lengthy discussion. Seagoon refuses and ... In turn, Grytpype demands their supplies, willing to take the sake if not the nitroglycerin. Seagoon and the others tip ... Seagoon announces that they should leave the nitroglycerine behind, but just then Grytpype telephones to say that they won't ... In an aside to the audience, General Yakamoto reveals that he switched the sake with the nitroglycerin. Meanwhile, Grytpype ( ...
Nitroglycerin is the most common short-acting nitrate and it is applied under the tongue. Long acting nitrates are taken 2-3 ... Typical angina is aggravated by physical activity or emotional stress and is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin. The pain may ... Todd PA, Goa KL, Langtry HD (December 1990). "Transdermal nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate). A review of its pharmacology and ...
... the cardiovascular drug nitroglycerin; the nausea medication prochlorperazine; the hormone replacement therapy testosterone; ...
"Nitroglycerin Sublingual: MedlinePlus Drug Information." Nitroglycerin Sublingual: MedlinePlus Drug Information. N.p., n.d. Web ... Angina pectoris, a symptom of Ischaemic heart disease, is treated with nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin is known as a vasodilator. ... "Why Is Nitroglycerin Explosive?" General Chemistry Online: FAQ: Redox Reactions:. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Oct. 2016. Cops, By. " ...
The stories are: The Angel in the Window to the Orient Under the Flag of Gold Concerto in O Minor for Harp and Nitroglycerin A ... Nitroglycerin evokes this violent conflict. To build this story, Pratt relied on documents and testimonies. He met Pat ...
Many private homes were built and after World War II Nitroglycerin AB gave the British architect Ralph Erskine the task to plan ... In 1915 this Gyttorps Sprängämnes AB was united with Alfred Nobel's company Nitroglycerin AB and in a few years the new company ... Erik Andrén: Nitroglycerin Aktiebolaget 1864-1964. Gyttorp 1964. Johan Johansson: Om Noraskog II. Stockholm 1881-1882. Sören ... At first gunpowder and later nitroglycerin and dynamite was produced. The explosives were mainly used for blasting in mines. ...
Lowry B, Bradfield J, Carroll R, Brewer K, Meggs W (2001). "A controlled trial of topical nitroglycerin in a New Zealand white ... Purportedly application of nitroglycerin stopped necrosis. However, one scientific animal study found no benefit in preventing ... The authors concluded the results of the study did not support the use of topical nitroglycerin in brown recluse envenoming. ... nitroglycerin, electric shock, curettage, surgical excision, and antivenom. In almost all cases, bites are self-limited and ...
Sublingual nitroglycerine is most commonly used to provide rapid relief for acute angina attacks and as a complement to anti- ... When nitroglycerine enters the bloodstream, it forms free radical nitric oxide, or NO, which activates guanylate cyclase and in ... In minor to moderate cases, nitroglycerine may be used to alleviate acute symptoms of stable angina or may be used immediately ... "Nitrostat® (Nitroglycerin Sublingual Tablets, USP)" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Archived (PDF) from the ...
Cottrell, JE; Gupta, B; Rappaport, H; Flamm, E (1980). "Intracranial Pressure During Nitroglycerin-induced Hypotension". ...
It is also investigating the use of nitroglycerin. ACF's funding comes from a private fund, as well donations from individuals ... "Repurposing nitroglycerin for anti-cancer treatments". Medical Xpress. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2016. www. ...
It is somewhat similar to nitroglycerin. TEGDN is often used together with trimethylolethane trinitrate (TMETN). Triethylene ... and trimethylolethane trinitrate are being considered as replacements for nitroglycerin in propellants. Triethylene glycol ...
Nitroglycerin-being used to clear rocks the previous day-had leaked into rock fissures beyond the intended location; this ... "Nitro-Glycerine Slaughter; Terrible Explosion at Morrisania yesterday". The New York Times. March 3, 1870. p. 5. ISSN 0362-4331 ...
Nitroglycerine is notorious. Old explosives are thus more dangerous (i.e. liable to be triggered to explode by very small ... Joel Davis, a former FDA expiration-date compliance chief, said that with a handful of exceptions - notably nitroglycerin, ...
"Nitro-Glycerin is Exploded in Lyons Building". The Seattle Post-Intelligencer. September 1, 1910. p. 1. "Dynamite Used in ... 6-inch deep holes had been bored into the basement wall of the elevator shaft and surrounding columns where Nitroglycerin had ...
In one case, intravenous administration of propylene glycol-suspended nitroglycerin to an elderly man may have induced coma and ... Demey, H.; Daelemans, R.; De Broe, M.E.; Bossaert, L. (1984). "Propylene glycol intoxication due to intravenous nitroglycerin ...
Nitroglycerin hadn't been discovered in Dippel's time. And although the history of the castle during Dippel's lifetime is well ... He was allegedly working with nitroglycerin, which led to the destruction of a tower at the Castle Frankenstein. But this seems ...
Nitroglycerin can be used immediately to dilate the venous system and reduce the circulating blood volume, therefore reducing ... Murrell, William (1879). "Nitroglycerin as a remedy for angina pectoris". The Lancet. 1 (2890): 80-81, 113-115, 151-152, 225- ... In addition, nitroglycerin causes peripheral venous and artery dilation reducing cardiac preload and afterload. These ... if nitroglycerin is not administered) Being severe (at least Canadian Cardiovascular Society Classification 3) and of new onset ...
Use of intravenous nitroglycerin has been proposed. Following the procedure, a repeat CTG is performed and a repeat ultrasound ... September 2009). "Intravenous nitroglycerin for external cephalic version: a randomized controlled trial". Obstet Gynecol. 114 ...
Comparison to aprikalim (RP 52891) and nitroglycerin". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 259 (2): 526- ...
"KILLED BY NITRO-GLYCERINE". The New York Times. September 8, 1897. Retrieved April 9, 2022. "Awful Accident in Ohio". cdnc.ucr. ... A nitroglycerin explosion occurred in Cygnet on September 7, 1897, killing at least 6 and causing significant damage to the ...
When the torpedo was to be used, the inner tube was filled with nitroglycerin and corked; the fuse was lit and torpedo was ... Gunpowder was used in the first torpedoes, but nitroglycerin was found to work better despite its instability. The well is ... Torpedoes manufactured today use modern explosives, with the last nitroglycerin torpedo being used on May 5, 1990. Francis, Don ... Bacon and Hamor, p. 333 Michener, Carollee (April 2007). "Nitroglycerine Saved Many Wells". OIL 150. Oil City, Pennsylvania: ...
Nitroglycerin, first synthesized by Ascanio Sobrero in 1847. Nuclear reactor, the first working fission nuclear reactor was ... "The Man Who Invented Nitroglycerin Was Horrified By Dynamite". Smithsonian. Retrieved 23 October 2019. "Why do we use Italian ... "The Man Who Invented Nitroglycerin Was Horrified By Dynamite". Smithsonian. Retrieved 27 October 2019. Roeback, Tacuma. "Was ...
Chen, Z; Zhang, J; Stamler, JS (2002-06-11). "Identification of the enzymatic mechanism of nitroglycerin bioactivation". Proc ... Stamler also identified the enzymatic mechanism of nitroglycerin bioactivation and tolerance, thus solving a longstanding ... mystery (i.e., the generation of NO from nitroglycerin was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1998, but how was not understood). Stamler ...
Morgan PJ, Kung R, Tarshis J (May 2002). "Nitroglycerin as a uterine relaxant: a systematic review". Journal of Obstetrics and ... A review indicated the effectiveness of transdermal nitroglycerin. Reviews indicated magnesium supplementation seemed to be ...
Unlike nitroglycerine, the chemical has a perfect oxygen balance, meaning that its ideal exothermic decomposition would ... It is similar to nitroglycerine in both manufacture and properties, though it is more volatile and less viscous. ... EGDN has a slightly higher brisance than nitroglycerin. Ethylene glycol dinitrate reacts violently with potassium hydroxide, ... 2 KNO3 EGDN was used in manufacturing explosives to lower the freezing point of nitroglycerin, in order to produce dynamite for ...
Some forms of nitroglycerin last much longer in the body than others. Nitroglycerin as well as the onset and duration of action ... Nitroglycerin was also used as an ingredient in military propellants for use in firearms. Nitroglycerin has been used in ... "Nitroglycerin". Ogbru, Omudhome. "nitroglycerin, Nitro-Bid: Drug Facts, Side Effects and Dosing". MedicineNet. Kaplan, K. J.; ... Nitroglycerin is available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches. Nitroglycerin was the first practical ...
Nitroglycerin Sublingual: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Before taking or using nitroglycerin,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to nitroglycerin patches, capsules ... Alcohol can make the side effects from nitroglycerin worse.. *you should know that nitroglycerin may cause dizziness, ... Nitroglycerin may not work as well after you have used it for some time or if you have taken many doses. Take the fewest ...
Nitroglycerin Sublingual: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Before taking or using nitroglycerin,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to nitroglycerin patches, capsules ... Alcohol can make the side effects from nitroglycerin worse.. *you should know that nitroglycerin may cause dizziness, ... Nitroglycerin may not work as well after you have used it for some time or if you have taken many doses. Take the fewest ...
Nitroglycerin ointment or skin patch is used to prevent angina (chest pain) caused by coronary artery disease. It does not work ... Nitroglycerin belongs to the group of medicines called nitrates. It works by relaxing the blood vessels and increasing the ... This will allow the fresh ointment to release the nitroglycerin properly. * This medicine comes with papers to help measure the ... Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of nitroglycerin transdermal in the ...
Sublingual nitroglycerin has not been studied in lactating women. It is not known if nitroglycerin is present in human milk or ... Nitroglycerin produces dose-related headaches, especially at the start of nitroglycerin therapy, which may be severe and ... Nitrolingual Pumpspray (nitroglycerin lingual spray 400 mcg) is a metered dose spray containing nitroglycerin. This product ... Aspirin: Coadministration of nitroglycerin with high dose aspirin (1000 mg) results in increased exposure to nitroglycerin. The ...
Structure, properties, spectra, suppliers and links for: Nitroglycerin, nitroglycerol, 55-63-0.
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Nitroglycerin) may treat, side effects, dosage, drug interactions, warnings, patient labeling, reviews, and related medications ... Sublingual nitroglycerin has not been studied in lactating women. It is not known if nitroglycerin is present in human milk or ... Carcinogenicity potential of nitroglycerin was evaluated in rats receiving up to 434 mg/kg/day of dietary nitroglycerin for 2 ... Nitroglycerin produces dose-related headaches, especially at the start of nitroglycerin therapy, which may be severe and ...
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He was given a sublingual nitroglycerin tablet by the ambulance crew, and 5 minutes later, he rated his chest pain as 1 on the ... Although he received chest pain relief with nitroglycerin during his initial presentation, he was not diagnosed with active CAD ...
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Nitroglycerin and Heterogeneity of Myocardial Blood Flow REDUCED SUBENDOCARDIAL BLOOD FLOW AND VENTRICULAR CONTRACTILE FORCE. ... Nitroglycerin may then reduce the vascular resistance in the subepicardial more than the subendocardial vessels, resulting in a ... 12 μg intracoronary nitroglycerin in seven dogs depressed only the deep contractile force without changing systemic ... Intravenous administration of 180 μg nitroglycerin in nine dogs resulted in a decrease of deep contractile force and aortic ...
Wondering if its safe to mix sildenafil and nitroglycerin ? Our post explains why you shouldnt, along with potential risks & ... Sildenafil and Nitroglycerin (What You Should Know). Sildenafil and Nitroglycerin (What You Should Know). February 27, 2023. by ... But What If You Have to Take Nitroglycerin?. Some people have to take nitroglycerin or other nitrates from time to time as part ... Note that nitroglycerin is not free of side effects (8). Some of the known side effects of this drug include:. *Lowered blood ...
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Nitroglycerin (By injection). Nitroglycerin (nye-troe-GLIS-er-in). Treats high blood pressure and heart problems such as angina ... You should not receive this medicine if you had an allergic reaction to nitroglycerin, or if you have certain heart conditions ... Some medicines can affect how nitroglycerin works. Tell your doctor if you are using the following: *Heparin ...
Sildenafil and vardenafil but not nitroglycerin limit myocardial infarction through opening of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels ... 6-5-HD administered as two bolus injections and 7-Nitroglycerin (NTG, total dose: 2 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) administered as in ... effect of sildenafil and vardenafil on reperfusion injury and to compare it with the antianginal vasodilator nitroglycerin (NTG ...
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Other names of Nitroglycerin: Adesitrin Angicard Anginine Angiolingual Angised Angispan Anril Cafinitrina Cordipatch Cordiplast ... Do not use Nitroglycerin if you are allergic to any of the components of the medication, if you have allergy to adhesive, you ... Nitroglycerin is used to prevent chronic chest pain caused by heart disease. It is a nitrate. And it works by relaxing blood ... If you miss a dose of Nitroglycerin Patch, use it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed ...
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Buy nitroglycerin patch Online from Canada Drugs Direct at a low cost. Order Now! ... The active ingredient in Nitro-Dur is Nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin is combined with acrylic-based polymer adhesives and a ... Nitro-Dur (Nitroglycerin Transdermal) is a transdermal patch used to prevent angina pectoris, a type of chest pain caused by ... Common Nitroglycerin side effects can include headaches, dizziness, lightheadedness, and mild skin irritation at the site of ...
Nitroglycerin relaxes blood vessels to boost blood flow, yet the mechanism by which the drug works has remained a matter of ... Definitive evidence to explain how the drug nitroglycerin relieves chest pain has resulted from a new study by Howard Hughes ... Alcohol may also block the effect of nitroglycerin, Stamler said.. "Heart patients who take nitrate drugs such as nitroglycerin ... Nitroglycerin relaxes blood vessels to boost blood flow, yet the mechanism by which the drug works has remained a matter of ...
Nitroglycerin is used for preventing chest pain caused by heart disease. Nitroglycerin is a nitrate. It works by widening blood ... Store Nitroglycerin between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 and 30 degrees C). Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store ... If you miss a dose of Nitroglycerin and you are taking it regularly, take it as soon as possible. If several hours have passed ... Nitroglycerin may cause dizziness or blurred vision. Use caution while driving or performing other tasks requiring alertness, ...
  • Nitroglycerin ointment or skin patch is used to prevent angina (chest pain) caused by coronary artery disease. (mayoclinic.org)
  • A less commonly known fact is that in addition to treating angina, nitroglycerin is also used in an ointment to treat the pain that accompanies anal fissures. (pharmaoffer.com)
  • The rectal ointment form of nitroglycerin was approved by the FDA in 1955. (pharmaoffer.com)
  • Anesthesia Central , anesth.unboundmedicine.com/anesthesia/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/109635/all/nitroglycerin_rectal_ointment. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Vallerand AHA, Sanoski CAC, Quiring CC. Nitroglycerin rectal ointment. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • She takes 35 medications and treatments, including weekly immunosuppressant injections, a nitroglycerin ointment, and a compression device to improve blood circulation in her legs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Nitroglycerin belongs to the group of medicines called nitrates. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Nitrostat (nitroglycerin) Sublingual Tablets are nitrates used to treat or prevent attacks of chest pain ( angina ). (rxlist.com)
  • These medicines include nitrates (including nitroglycerin), beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers. (cloudapp.net)
  • In contrast, Nitroglycerin belongs to the category of medicines known as Nitrates. (fordailymedicine.com)
  • Nitroglycerin has been used for over 130 years in medicine as a potent vasodilator (causing dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions, such as angina pectoris and chronic heart failure. (wikipedia.org)
  • The goal of these studies was to demonstrate the protective effect of sildenafil and vardenafil on reperfusion injury and to compare it with the antianginal vasodilator nitroglycerin (NTG). (nih.gov)
  • Background: Nitroglycerin (also known as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)), a vasodilator best known for treatment of ischemic heart disease, has also been investigated for its potential therapeutic benefit in ischemic stroke. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator. (cloudapp.net)
  • This was because nitroglycerin is a vasodilator - it dilates (opens) the blood vessels. (yahoo.com)
  • Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator drug used for the treatment of chest pain and high blood pressure It was first approved in 2000 and is currently marketed by Pfizer, and other companies, depending on the dosage form Nitroglycerin is available in various forms, including a spray form, sublingual tablet form, intravenous form, extended-release tablet form, and transdermal form. (pharmaoffer.com)
  • Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets are used to treat episodes of angina (chest pain) in people who have coronary artery disease (narrowing of the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Do not chew, crush, or swallow nitroglycerin sublingual tablets. (medlineplus.gov)
  • or any of the ingredients in nitroglycerin sublingual tablets. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These experiments suggest that under conditions of acute partial coronary occlusion, the autoregulatory response results in more fully dilated subendocardial vessels causing them to be less responsive to nitroglycerin. (jci.org)
  • The lower activity enzyme would leave such patients less responsive to nitroglycerin therapy, Stamler said. (dukehealth.org)
  • However, elderly patients are more likely to have low blood pressure and age-related liver, kidney, or heart problems, which may require caution and an adjustment in the dose for patients receiving nitroglycerin transdermal. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Following the discovery that amyl nitrite helped alleviate chest pain, the physician William Murrell experimented with the use of nitroglycerin to alleviate angina pectoris and to reduce the blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • London physician William Murrell experimented with nitroglycerin on himself and tried it on his angina patients. (yahoo.com)
  • glyceryl trinitrate IV, IV Nitroglycerin, more. (medscape.com)
  • Are you wondering if it's safe to mix sildenafil (Viagra) with nitroglycerin? (nrpb.org)
  • Note that both nitroglycerin and sildenafil affect the muscles that control the size of the blood vessels ( 3 ). (nrpb.org)
  • nitroglycerin IV, sildenafil. (medscape.com)
  • In April 1866, several crates of nitroglycerin were shipped to California, three of which were destined for the Central Pacific Railroad, which planned to experiment with it as a blasting explosive to expedite the construction of the 1,659-foot-long (506 m) Summit Tunnel through the Sierra Nevada Mountains. (wikipedia.org)
  • On April 3, 1866, 70 crates of nitroglycerin exploded onboard the California-bound steamship European in Aspinwall, Panama, killing 50 people. (lindahall.org)
  • Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of nitroglycerin transdermal in the pediatric population. (mayoclinic.org)
  • bromocriptine decreases effects of nitroglycerin IV by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
  • ergotamine decreases effects of nitroglycerin IV by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
  • Take nitroglycerin exactly as directed. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Your doctor may tell you not to take nitroglycerin if you are taking one of these medications. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To prevent angina, take nitroglycerin before an activity that causes angina. (cloudapp.net)
  • This led to a complete ban on the transportation of liquid nitroglycerin in California. (wikipedia.org)
  • Liquid nitroglycerin was widely banned elsewhere, as well, and these legal restrictions led to Alfred Nobel and his company's developing dynamite in 1867. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following the San Francisco explosion, the California legislature banned the transport of liquid nitroglycerin, forcing Central Pacific workers to exclusively use black powder as their only blasting agent. (lindahall.org)
  • Distribution of myocardial blood flow during peak coronary flow after intracoronary administration of nitroglycerin or during a decrease in aortic pressure after intravenous nitroglycerin administration was determined by the tissue uptake of an intracoronary bolus of rubidium- 80 . (jci.org)
  • The administration of sublingual nitroglycerin dilates the coronary arteries and increases side branch visualization. (medscape.com)
  • Nitroglycerin directly dilates the blood vessels, while Viagra's dilation of the blood vessels is a result of its actions. (fordailymedicine.com)
  • Nitro-Dur (Nitroglycerin Transdermal) is a transdermal patch used to prevent angina pectoris, a type of chest pain caused by coronary artery disease. (canadadrugsdirect.com)
  • Talk to your doctor about how to use nitroglycerin tablets to treat angina attacks. (medlineplus.gov)
  • While heart patients have long appreciated the pain relief brought by nitroglycerin tablets, researchers have just as long puzzled over how the drug works. (duke.edu)
  • Nitroglycerin is in a class of medications called vasodilators. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Note that there are more than 201 drugs and other medications that can interact with nitroglycerin ( 7 ). (nrpb.org)
  • Nitroglycerin 🧪, commonly used in treating chest pain caused by coronary artery disease, can interact with several medications. (likesage.com)
  • So, this article will explore what Viagra and Nitroglycerin are and the risks of combining these medications. (fordailymedicine.com)
  • Your doctor will probably tell you to sit down and take one dose of nitroglycerin when an attack begins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 6-5-HD administered as two bolus injections and 7-Nitroglycerin (NTG, total dose: 2 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) administered as in group 2. (nih.gov)
  • If you miss a dose of Nitroglycerin Patch, use it as soon as possible. (pharm-europe.com)
  • In normal mice, treatment with nitroglycerin led to a drop in blood pressure, which increased with drug dose, the researchers showed. (dukehealth.org)
  • If you miss a dose of Nitroglycerin and you are taking it regularly, take it as soon as possible. (novalarpharm.com)
  • To relieve angina, take one dose of nitroglycerin as soon as you feel symptoms. (cloudapp.net)
  • Do not open your sublingual nitroglycerin until you need a dose. (cloudapp.net)
  • You should not receive this medicine if you had an allergic reaction to nitroglycerin, or if you have certain heart conditions. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • Do not use Nitroglycerin if you are allergic to any of the components of the medication, if you have allergy to adhesive, you have increased pressure in or severe injury to the head, you have severe anemia, you are taking aphosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor. (pharm-europe.com)
  • [ 5 ] Nitroglycerin is contraindicated in patients who are allergic to it and in patients who are taking phosphodiesterase inhibitors for erectile dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Nitroglycerin relaxes blood vessels to boost blood flow, yet the mechanism by which the drug works has remained a matter of scientific controversy. (dukehealth.org)
  • The researchers found through studies in mice that the cellular powerhouses -- known as mitochondria -- break down nitroglycerin to release nitric oxide, thereby opening blood vessels and lowering blood pressure. (dukehealth.org)
  • Animals unable to process nitroglycerin continued to respond to alternative nitrate drugs that dilate blood vessels, suggesting that those drugs work through an independent mechanism. (dukehealth.org)
  • As reported in the August 23 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers found that the cellular powerhouses called mitochondria break down nitroglycerin to release nitric oxide, thereby opening blood vessels and lowering blood pressure. (duke.edu)
  • The main work of Nitroglycerin is to dilate the blood vessels, whereas Viagra's main function is to inh i bit PDE5 enzymes. (fordailymedicine.com)
  • Nitroglycerin helps release Nitric Oxide in the body, which causes blood vessels to dilate. (fordailymedicine.com)
  • In the present study, we combined masseter muscle tendon ligation (MMTL)-produced myogenic TMD with systemic injection of nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced migraine-like hypersensitivity in mice. (iasp-pain.org)
  • You should not take Viagra if you have a heart condition or a history of stroke, or if you are taking nitrate drugs (such as nitroglycerin or isosorbide dinitrate/mononitrate, used to treat chest pain). (vapharmacy.org)
  • Furthermore, he added, patients taking nitroglycerin should perhaps avoid taking other classes of drugs that also inhibit activity of the mitochondrial enzyme. (dukehealth.org)
  • The researchers also cautioned that patients on nitroglycerin should avoid taking other drugs that inhibit activity of the critical mitochondrial enzyme, called mtALDH, which is key to nitroglycerin's action. (duke.edu)
  • Each metered spray of Nitrolingual Pumpspray delivers 48 mg of solution containing 400 mcg of nitroglycerin after an initial priming of five sprays. (nih.gov)
  • Though it was previously known that these beneficial effects are due to nitroglycerin being converted to nitric oxide, a potent venodilator, the enzyme for this conversion was only discovered to be mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) in 2002. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nitroglycerin comes as a sublingual tablet to take under the tongue. (medlineplus.gov)
  • He was given a sublingual nitroglycerin tablet by the ambulance crew, and 5 minutes later, he rated his chest pain as 1 on the same scale. (hcplive.com)
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  • Ask your health care provider if Nitroglycerin may interact with other medicines that you take. (novalarpharm.com)
  • It can interact with other medicines, like Nitroglycerin. (fordailymedicine.com)
  • Nitroglycerin was adopted as a commercially useful explosive by Alfred Nobel, who experimented with safer ways to handle the dangerous compound after his younger brother, Emil Oskar Nobel, and several factory workers were killed in an explosion at the Nobels' armaments factory in 1864 in Heleneborg, Sweden. (wikipedia.org)
  • Discovered by Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero in 1847 and perfected as a blasting agent by Alfred Nobel in the early 1860s, nitroglycerin was not widely known by the general public until accounts of accidental explosions like the one in San Francisco were printed in newspapers. (lindahall.org)
  • First discovered in 1847 and brought to public prominence by the famed Alfred Nobel, who manufactured it first as an explosive, nitroglycerin is a common treatment for chest pain and heart failure. (dukehealth.org)
  • He began treating his patients with small diluted doses of nitroglycerin in 1878, and this treatment was soon adopted into widespread use after Murrell published his results in the journal The Lancet in 1879. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nitroglycerin may not work as well after you have used it for some time or if you have taken many doses. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Discovered in 1847 by Ascanio Sobrero, nitroglycerin has been used as an active ingredient in the manufacture of explosives, namely dynamite, and as such it is employed in the construction, demolition, and mining industries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Doctors have prescribed nitroglycerin for the relief of chest pain for some 150 years, yet the mechanism by which the drug works has remained a matter of debate," said study author Jonathan Stamler, M.D., at Duke. (dukehealth.org)
  • Now professor of medicine Jonathan Stamler and his colleagues have pinpointed the active mechanism of nitroglycerin. (duke.edu)
  • Nitroglycerin is used to prevent chronic chest pain caused by heart disease. (pharm-europe.com)
  • The current study finds that mtALDH is both necessary and sufficient for generating vasodilation from clinically relevant levels of nitroglycerin," Stamler said. (dukehealth.org)
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  • Nitroglycerin loses its effects on blood flow in animals lacking a particular mitochondrial enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase (mtALDH), the Duke team reported in the August 23, 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (published early online the week of August 15). (dukehealth.org)
  • Durham, N.C. -- Definitive evidence to explain how the drug nitroglycerin relieves chest pain has resulted from a new study by Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigators at Duke University Medical Center. (dukehealth.org)
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  • Instruct the patient to administer one or two metered sprays (400 mcg of nitroglycerin per spray) at the onset of an attack onto or under the tongue. (nih.gov)
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  • Effect of nitroglycerin on peripheral blood flow distribution and venous return. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 12 μg intracoronary nitroglycerin in seven dogs depressed only the deep contractile force without changing systemic hemodynamics. (jci.org)
  • The effects of both intracoronary and intravenous administration of nitroglycerin on transmural distribution of blood flow in the left ventricle after partial coronary artery occlusion was investigated using two independent methods. (jci.org)
  • This business exported a liquid combination of nitroglycerin and gunpowder called "Blasting Oil", but this was extremely unstable and difficult to handle, as evidenced in numerous catastrophes. (wikipedia.org)
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  • It can be dangerous if your nitrate medication, such as nitroglycerin, is prescribed for chest pain or high pressure. (vapharmacy.org)
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