Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogenase
Symbiosis
Root Nodules, Plant
Rhizobium
Sinorhizobium meliloti
Rhizobiaceae
Fixation, Ocular
Nitrogen Isotopes
Lotus
Azotobacter
Nitrogen Cycle
The circulation of nitrogen in nature, consisting of a cycle of biochemical reactions in which atmospheric nitrogen is compounded, dissolved in rain, and deposited in the soil, where it is assimilated and metabolized by bacteria and plants, eventually returning to the atmosphere by bacterial decomposition of organic matter.
Nitrogen
Plant Root Nodulation
PII Nitrogen Regulatory Proteins
Fracture Fixation
Rhizobium leguminosarum
Bradyrhizobium
Cyanothece
Leghemoglobin
Azotobacter vinelandii
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria first isolated from soil in Vineland, New Jersey. Ammonium and nitrate are used as nitrogen sources by this bacterium. It is distinguished from other members of its genus by the ability to use rhamnose as a carbon source. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Plant Roots
Cyanobacteria
A phylum of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular bacteria possessing CHLOROPHYLL a and carrying out oxygenic PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both CARBON DIOXIDE (in the presence of light) and NITROGEN. Cell morphology can include nitrogen-fixing heterocysts and/or resting cells called akinetes. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as ALGAE.
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Medicago truncatula
Anabaena
A genus of CYANOBACTERIA consisting of trichomes that are untapered with conspicuous constrictions at cross-walls. A firm individual sheath is absent, but a soft covering is often present. Many species are known worldwide as major components of freshwater PLANKTON and also of many saline lakes. The species ANABAENA FLOS-AQUAE is responsible for acute poisonings of various animals.
Complement Fixation Tests
Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.
Tissue Fixation
Phaseolus
Fabaceae
The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.
Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Oxidoreductases
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Ammonia
Denitrification
Carbon
Pseudomonas stutzeri
A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS, containing multiple genomovars. It is distinguishable from other pseudomonad species by its ability to use MALTOSE and STARCH as sole carbon and energy sources. It can degrade ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS and has been used as a model organism to study denitrification.
Mesorhizobium
Blood Urea Nitrogen
The urea concentration of the blood stated in terms of nitrogen content. Serum (plasma) urea nitrogen is approximately 12% higher than blood urea nitrogen concentration because of the greater protein content of red blood cells. Increases in blood or serum urea nitrogen are referred to as azotemia and may have prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.
Molybdoferredoxin
Molybdenum
Carbon Cycle
Sinorhizobium
Dinitrogenase Reductase
Nitrates
Photosynthesis
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)
Reactive Nitrogen Species
Bacteria
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Bone Plates
Peas
Base Sequence
Azorhizobium caulinodans
Mutation
Operon
Soybeans
Azospirillum brasilense
Isoptera
Achromobacter
Biomass
Rhodobacter capsulatus
External Fixators
Fixatives
Agents employed in the preparation of histologic or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all of the constituent elements. Great numbers of different agents are used; some are also decalcifying and hardening agents. They must quickly kill and coagulate living tissue.
Carbon Dioxide
Soil Microbiology
Amino Acid Sequence
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Soil
Frankia
Medicago
Hydrogen
The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.
Azospirillum
Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary
Alphaproteobacteria
Vicia
Plasmids
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Mutagenesis, Insertional
Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.
Alnus
Anaerobiosis
Orthopedic Fixation Devices
Nostoc
Spirillum
Chemoautotrophic Growth
Growth of organisms using AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES for obtaining nutrients and chemotrophic processes for obtaining a primary energy supply. Chemotrophic processes are involved in deriving a primary energy supply from exogenous chemical sources. Chemotrophic autotrophs (chemoautotrophs) generally use inorganic chemicals as energy sources and as such are called chemolithoautotrophs. Most chemoautotrophs live in hostile environments, such as deep sea vents. They are mostly BACTERIA and ARCHAEA, and are the primary producers for those ecosystems.
Rhodospirillum rubrum
Glutamate Synthase
Phenotype
Nitrification
Internal Fixators
Oxygen
Herbaspirillum
A genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family OXALOBACTERACEAE, comprised of vibrioid or sometimes helical cells. They are chemoorganotrophic nitrogen fixers and are found free-living in the soil or in association with the roots of members of the GRAMINEAE. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
Ketoglutaric Acids
Plants, Medicinal
Genes, Regulator
Cloning, Molecular
Bone Wires
Multigene Family
A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Plant Proteins
Metabolic Networks and Pathways
Genetic Complementation Test
Tungsten
Tungsten. A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.
Amino Acids
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Proteobacteria
A phylum of bacteria consisting of the purple bacteria and their relatives which form a branch of the eubacterial tree. This group of predominantly gram-negative bacteria is classified based on homology of equivalent nucleotide sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA or by hybridization of ribosomal RNA or DNA with 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA.
Fertilizers
Ecosystem
Bone Nails
Geologic Sediments
A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Methane
Fracture Healing
Poaceae
Rhodospirillaceae
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Phosphorus
Transcription, Genetic
Plant Leaves
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Sulfur
Flavodoxin
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase
Archaea
One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.
Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters
Klebsiella
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms arrange singly, in pairs, or short chains. This genus is commonly found in the intestinal tract and is an opportunistic pathogen that can give rise to bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract and several other types of human infection.
Phototrophic Processes
Processes by which phototrophic organisms use sunlight as their primary energy source. Contrasts with chemotrophic processes which do not depend on light and function in deriving energy from exogenous chemical sources. Photoautotrophy (or photolithotrophy) is the ability to use sunlight as energy to fix inorganic nutrients to be used for other organic requirements. Photoautotrophs include all GREEN PLANTS; GREEN ALGAE; CYANOBACTERIA; and green and PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA. Photoheterotrophs or photoorganotrophs require a supply of organic nutrients for their organic requirements but use sunlight as their primary energy source; examples include certain PURPLE NONSULFUR BACTERIA. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; HETEROTROPHY; chemotrophy; or phototrophy) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Transcription Factors
Models, Biological
Ferredoxins
Cape Verde
RNA Polymerase Sigma 54
Gene Expression Regulation, Archaeal
Hydrogenase
Betaproteobacteria
Restriction Mapping
Amphipoda
An order of mostly marine CRUSTACEA containing more than 5500 species in over 100 families. Like ISOPODA, the other large order in the superorder Peracarida, members are shrimp-like in appearance, have sessile compound eyes, and no carapace. But unlike Isopoda, they possess thoracic gills and their bodies are laterally compressed.
DNA Transposable Elements
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
Glutamine
Saccades
Rhodopseudomonas
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria
Hemeproteins
Methanococcus
Crops, Agricultural
Chromosomes, Bacterial
Formaldehyde
A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717)
Genes
Mutation in GDP-fucose synthesis genes of Sinorhizobium fredii alters Nod factors and significantly decreases competitiveness to nodulate soybeans. (1/1731)
We mutagenized Sinorhizobium fredii HH103-1 with Tn5-B20 and screened about 2,000 colonies for increased beta-galactosidase activity in the presence of the flavonoid naringenin. One mutant, designated SVQ287, produces lipochitooligosaccharide Nod factors (LCOs) that differ from those of the parental strain. The nonreducing N-acetylglucosamine residues of all of the LCOs of mutant SVQ287 lack fucose and 2-O-methylfucose substituents. In addition, SVQ287 synthesizes an LCO with an unusually long, C20:1 fatty acyl side chain. The transposon insertion of mutant SVQ287 lies within a 1.1-kb HindIII fragment. This and an adjacent 2.4-kb HindIII fragment were sequenced. The sequence contains the 3' end of noeK, nodZ, and noeL (the gene interrupted by Tn5-B20), and the 5' end of nolK, all in the same orientation. Although each of these genes has a similarly oriented counterpart on the symbiosis plasmid of the broad-host-range Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234, there are significant differences in the noeK/nodZ intergenic region. Based on amino acid sequence homology, noeL encodes GDP-D-mannose dehydratase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of GDP-L-fucose, and nolK encodes a NAD-dependent nucleotide sugar epimerase/dehydrogenase. We show that expression of the noeL gene is under the control of NodD1 in S. fredii and is most probably mediated by the nod box that precedes nodZ. Transposon insertion into neoL has two impacts on symbiosis with Williams soybean: nodulation rate is reduced slightly and competitiveness for nodulation is decreased significantly. Mutant SVQ287 retains its ability to form nitrogen-fixing nodules on other legumes, but final nodule number is attenuated on Cajanus cajan. (+info)The nolL gene from Rhizobium etli determines nodulation efficiency by mediating the acetylation of the fucosyl residue in the nodulation factor. (2/1731)
The nodulation factors (Nod factors) of Rhizobium etli and R. loti carry a 4-O-acetyl-L-fucosyl group at the reducing end. It has been claimed, based on sequence analysis, that NolL from R. loti participates in the 4-O-acetylation of the fucosyl residue of the Nod factors, as an acetyl-transferase (D. B. Scott, C. A. Young, J. M. Collins-Emerson, E. A. Terzaghi, E. S. Rockman, P. A. Lewis, and C. E. Pankhurst. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 9:187-197, 1996). Further support for this hypothesis was obtained by studying the production of Nod factors in an R. etli nolL::Km mutant. Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analysis of the Nod factors produced by this strain showed that they lack the acetyl-fucosyl substituent, having a fucosyl group instead. Acetyl-fucosylation was restored upon complementation with a wild-type nolL gene. These results indicate that the nolL gene determines 4-O-acetylation of the fucosyl residue in Nod factors. Analysis of the predicted NolL polypeptide suggests a transmembranal location and that it belongs to the family of integral membrane transacylases (J. M. Slauch, A. A. Lee, M. J. Mahan, and J. J. Mekalanos. J. Bacteriol. 178:5904-5909, 1996). NolL from R. loti was also proposed to function as a transporter; our results show that NolL does not determine a differential secretion of Nod factors from the cell. We also performed plant assays that indicate that acetylation of the fucose conditions efficient nodulation by R. etli of some Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars, as well as of an alternate host (Vigna umbellata). (+info)Microbiology of the oil fly, Helaeomyia petrolei. (3/1731)
Helaeomyia petrolei larvae isolated from the asphalt seeps of Rancho La Brea in Los Angeles, Calif., were examined for microbial gut contents. Standard counts on Luria-Bertani, MacConkey, and blood agar plates indicated ca. 2 x 10(5) heterotrophic bacteria per larva. The culturable bacteria represented 15 to 20% of the total population as determined by acridine orange staining. The gut itself contained large amounts of the oil, had no observable ceca, and maintained a slightly acidic pH of 6.3 to 6.5. Despite the ingestion of large amounts of potentially toxic asphalt by the larvae, their guts sustained the growth of 100 to 1,000 times more bacteria than did free oil. All of the bacteria isolated were nonsporeformers and gram negative. Fourteen isolates were chosen based on representative colony morphologies and were identified by using the Enterotube II and API 20E systems and fatty acid analysis. Of the 14 isolates, 9 were identified as Providencia rettgeri and 3 were likely Acinetobacter isolates. No evidence was found that the isolates grew on or derived nutrients from the asphalt itself or that they played an essential role in insect development. Regardless, any bacteria found in the oil fly larval gut are likely to exhibit pronounced solvent tolerance and may be a future source of industrially useful, solvent-tolerant enzymes. (+info)Superoxide dismutase and catalase in the protection of the proton-donating systems of nitrogen fixation in the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica. (4/1731)
1. Superoxide dismutase activity was present in the heterocysts and vegetative cells of Anabaena cylindrica, but was always lower in the heterocysts. 2. No qualitative differences were found in the superoxide dismutase from the two cellular types. 3. Catalase activity was also present in both cellular types. 4. Most of the NADP reductase activity, as assayed with menadione or ferredoxin as electron acceptor, was localized within the heterocysts. 5. Studies on H2 consumption showed that most of the hydrogenase activity was associated with the heterocysts. 6. The results are discussed in terms of the postulate that superoxide dismutase and catalase are involved in the protection of the proton-donating systems participating in N2 fixation and H2 metabolism of heterocysts. (+info)Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 and R. fredii USDA257 share exceptionally broad, nested host ranges. (5/1731)
Genetically, Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 and R. fredii USDA257 are closely related. Small differences in their nodulation genes result in NGR234 secreting larger amounts of more diverse lipo-oligosaccharidic Nod factors than USDA257. What effects these differences have on nodulation were analyzed by inoculating 452 species of legumes, representing all three subfamilies of the Leguminosae, as well as the nonlegume Parasponia andersonii, with both strains. The two bacteria nodulated P. andersonii, induced ineffective outgrowths on Delonix regia, and nodulated Chamaecrista fasciculata, a member of the only nodulating genus of the Caesalpinieae tested. Both strains nodulated a range of mimosoid legumes, especially the Australian species of Acacia, and the tribe Ingeae. Highest compatibilities were found with the papilionoid tribes Phaseoleae and Desmodieae. On Vigna spp. (Phaseoleae), both bacteria formed more effective symbioses than rhizobia of the "cowpea" (V. unguiculata) miscellany. USDA257 nodulated an exact subset (79 genera) of the NGR234 hosts (112 genera). If only one of the bacteria formed effective, nitrogen-fixing nodules it was usually NGR234. The only exceptions were with Apios americana, Glycine max, and G. soja. Few correlations can be drawn between Nod-factor substituents and the ability to nodulate specific legumes. Relationships between the ability to nodulate and the origin of the host were not apparent. As both P. andersonii and NGR234 originate from Indonesia/Malaysia/Papua New Guinea, and NGR234's preferred hosts (Desmodiinae/Phaseoleae) are largely Asian, we suggest that broad host range originated in Southeast Asia and spread outward. (+info)Differential regulation of two divergent Sinorhizobium meliloti genes for HPII-like catalases during free-living growth and protective role of both catalases during symbiosis. (6/1731)
Two catalases, KatA and KatB, have been detected in Sinorhizobium meliloti growing on rich medium. Here we characterize a new catalase gene encoding a third catalase (KatC). KatC activity was detectable only at the end of the stationary phase in S. meliloti growing in minimum medium, whereas KatA activity was found during the exponential phase. Analysis with a katC-lacZ fusion demonstrated that katC expression is mainly regulated at the transcription level. An increase of catalase activity correlating with KatA induction was detected in bacteroids. A dramatic decrease of nitrogen fixation capacity in a katA katC double mutant was observed, suggesting that these catalases are very important for the protection of the nitrogen fixation process. (+info)Azorhizobium caulinodans PII and GlnK proteins control nitrogen fixation and ammonia assimilation. (7/1731)
We herein report that Azorhizobium caulinodans PII and GlnK are not necessary for glutamine synthetase (GS) adenylylation whereas both proteins are required for complete GS deadenylylation. The disruption of both glnB and glnK resulted in a high level of GS adenylylation under the condition of nitrogen fixation, leading to ammonium excretion in the free-living state. PII and GlnK also controlled nif gene expression because NifA activated nifH transcription and nitrogenase activity was derepressed in glnB glnK double mutants, but not in wild-type bacteria, grown in the presence of ammonia. (+info)The fhu genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum, specifying siderophore uptake proteins: fhuDCB are adjacent to a pseudogene version of fhuA. (8/1731)
A mutant of Rhizobium leguminosarum was isolated which fails to take up the siderophore vicibactin. The mutation is in a homologue of fhuB, which in Escherichia coli specifies an inner-membrane protein of the ferric hydroxamate uptake system. In Rhizobium, fhuB is in an operon fhuDCB, which specifies the cytoplasmic membrane and periplasmic proteins involved in siderophore uptake. fhuDCB mutants make vicibactin when grown in Fe concentrations that inhibit its production in the wild-type. Nodules on peas induced by fhuDCB mutants were apparently normal in N2 fixation. Transcription of an fhuDCB-lacZ fusion was Fe-regulated, being approximately 10-fold higher in Fe-depleted cells. Downstream of fhuB, in the opposite orientation, is a version of fhuA whose homologues in other bacteria specify hydroxamate outer-membrane receptors. This fhuA gene appears to be a pseudogene with stop codons and undetectable expression. (+info)
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Pre GI: Gene
Frontiers | Diversity and Activity of Alternative Nitrogenases in Sequenced Genomes and Coastal Environments | Microbiology
Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions - LIPM - Research themes
ScholarSpace at University of Hawaii at Manoa: Characterization of genes involved in heterocyst differentiation and pattern...
Tropical forest carbon absorption may hinge on an odd couple
Hydrogen oxidation and nitrogen fixation in rhizobia, with spe...
Fixation on Ice: August 2016
Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: Transcriptional analysis of genes involved in nodulation in...
Nitrogen fixation in ambient conditions | EurekAlert! Science News
Seasonal variation in di-nitrogen fluxes and associated processes (denitrification, anammox and nitrogen fixation) in sediment...
Antievolution.org - Antievolution.org Discussion Board -Topic::The Blind Leading the Blind
Antievolution.org - Antievolution.org Discussion Board -Topic::The Blind Leading the Blind
Pre GI: BLASTP Hits
Regulation of nitrogen fixation in Azorhizobium caulinodans: identification of a fixK-like gene, a positive regulator of nifA. ...
Cyanothece sp. ATCC ® 51142D-5™
Cyanothece sp. ATCC ® 51142D-5™
Download Nitric Oxide Protocols 1998
BacMap
Describe the processes of infection and nodulation in forage legumes. | Forage Information System | Oregon State University
Supplementation of P with rhizobial inoculants to improve growth of Peanut plants
Do Nodule Phosphatase and Phytase Link with the Phosphorus Use Efficiency for N2-Dependent Growth in Phaseolus vulgaris ? |...
Isolation and characterization of low-indole-3-acetic acid-producing mutants from bradyrhizobium elkanii<...
Strengths and Limitations of Nitrogen Rate Recommendations for Corn an by Thomas F. Morris, T. Scott Murrell et al.
Microbiology Society Journals | Reclassification of Paenibacillus durum (Formerly Clostridium durum Smith and Cato 1974)...
Curriculum for MS - DU-GEB
Computational Chemistry Group - Kästner Group | Institut für Theoretische Chemie | University of Stuttgart
Photodissociation of Molecular Nitrogen - Windows to the Universe
Signum Pack 303<...
Humboldt Nutrients: Mayan Microzyme 1 gal. [hf-HNMM410] - Nutrients & Supplements - Gardening & Hydroponics Store -...
Meagan Schipanski | Aspen Global Change Institute
Nitricum acidum 200c
Electrical parameters tested for the A. amazonense elec | Open-i
Marble & Granite Manufacturers Suppliers & Fixers in Libya - Manufacturers, Exporters and Suppliers - Libya Yellow Pages Online
TEM of nitrogen-fixing bacteria - Stock Image B238/0085 - Science Photo Library
Nitrogen deficiency - WikiGardener - The gardening site that anyone can edit
Hermann Hellriegel
Nitrogen fixation[edit]. Among his many agricultural investigations with plants, the most important by far are his ... The question of the ability of leguminous plants to use the nitrogen of the air had long been one of inquiry, and its ... Investigations into the Nitrogen assimilation of the Gramineae and Leguminosae; Berlin, 1888), and Ueber Stickstoffnahrung ... was a German agricultural chemist who discovered that leguminous plants assimilate the free nitrogen of the atmosphere. ...
Legume
"The Nitrogen cycle and Nitrogen fixation". Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved ... Postgate, John (1998). Nitrogen Fixation (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64853-0.. ... These bacteria have the special ability of fixing nitrogen from atmospheric, molecular nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3).[9] The ... Nitrogen is therefore a necessary ingredient in the production of proteins. Hence, legumes are among the best sources of plant ...
Metalloprotein
Nitrogenase (nitrogen fixation)[edit]. The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is a very energy-intensive process, as it involves ... ion coordinated to four nitrogen atoms of a corrin ring and a fifth nitrogen atom from an imidazole group. In the resting state ... The active site nickel geometry cycles from square planar Ni(II), with thiolate (Cys2 and Cys6) and backbone nitrogen (His1 and ... In metalloproteins, metal ions are usually coordinated by nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur centers belonging to amino acid residues ...
Behavioral ecology
Postgate, J (1998). Nitrogen Fixation, 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.. ... Examples include pistol shrimp and goby fish, nitrogen fixing microbes and legumes,[107] ants and aphids.[108] In ants and ...
Phytolacca americana
No nitrogen fixation ability.[6][not in citation given][14] Natural products[edit]. ...
Root
Postgate, J. (1998). Nitrogen Fixation (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.. ... Several legumes that have nitrogen-fixing root nodules are used as green manure crops, which provide nitrogen fertilizer for ... Due to the high energy required to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, the bacteria take carbon compounds from the plant to fuel ... Certain plants, namely Fabaceae, form root nodules in order to associate and form a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing ...
Pea
Postgate, J (1998). Nitrogen Fixation, 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK ... molecular nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3).[42] The chemical reaction is: N. 2. +. 8. H. +. +. 8. e. −. →. 2. N. H. 3. +. H. 2 ... Nitrogen-fixing ability[edit]. Peas, like many legumes, contain symbiotic bacteria called Rhizobia within root nodules of their ... Nitrogen is therefore a necessary ingredient in the production of proteins. Hence, peas and many legumes are among the best ...
Sugarcane
Nitrogen fixationEdit. Some sugarcane varieties are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in association with the bacterium ... R. M. Boddey, S. Urquiaga, V. Reis and j. Döbereiner, Biological nitrogen fixation associated with sugar cane, Plant and Soil, ... Z. Dong et al., A Nitrogen-Fixing Endophyte of Sugarcane Stems (A New Role for the Apoplast), Plant Physiology, 1994, Vol 105, ... Combustion products include nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), CO2, and sulfur oxides (SOX). Potential emission ...
Clover
Nitrogen fixation. ... it fixes nitrogen, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers ...
Transition metal dinitrogen complex
Biological nitrogen fixation probably occurs via the binding of N2 to those metal centers in the enzyme nitrogenase, followed ... It is thus suspected that Fe in a low-coordination environment is a key factor to the fixation of nitrogen by the nitrogenase ... Abiological nitrogen fixation Transition metal nitrido complex Chalkley, Matthew J.; Drover, Marcus W.; Peters, Jonas C. (2020 ... Containing both hydrido and N2 ligands, the complex was of potential relevance to nitrogen fixation. From the late 1960s, a ...
Nonthermal plasma
... nitrogen fixation; methanol synthesis; liquid fuels synthesis from lighter hydrocarbons (e.g. methane), hydrogen production via ...
Agrobacterium
Genetic Engineering for Nitrogen Fixation. Basic Life Sciences. 9. pp. 159-79. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0880-5_12. ISBN 978-1- ... providing a carbon and nitrogen source for the bacteria that most other micro-organisms can't use, giving Agrobacterium a ...
Plant physiology
Nitrogen fixation, reduction of nitrates Nickel. Ni2+. Enzymatic cofactor in the metabolism of nitrogen compounds ... The chemical elements of which plants are constructed-principally carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, etc.- ... Plants require some nutrients, such as carbon and nitrogen, in large quantities to survive. Some nutrients are termed ... as well as the cycling of nutrients such as nitrogen and carbon. ... Nitrogen. NO3−, NH4+. Nucleic acids, proteins, hormones, etc. ...
Leghemoglobin
That being said, nitrogen fixation is an extremely energetically costly process, so aerobic respiration, which necessitates ... Symbiotic leghemoglobins are crucial for nitrogen fixation in legume root nodules but not for general plant growth and ... Nitrogen Fixation, Vol. 4: Molecular Biology. Oxford, UK: Clarendon University Press. pp. 50-69. ISBN 978-0-19-854575-0. Ott et ... "Biological nitrogen fixation". Annual Review of Microbiology. 2 (1 vol.) (1): 485-506. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.02.100148.002413 ...
Plant
Wagner, Stephen (2011). "Biological Nitrogen Fixation". Nature Education Knowledge. Frank, Howard, Bromeliad Phytotelmata ... Some plants have coevolved with nitrogen fixing bacteria, making plants an important part of the nitrogen cycle. Plant roots ... Many legume plants have nitrogen fixing bacteria in the genus Rhizobium, found in nodules of their roots, that fix nitrogen ... Common nutrients competed for amongst plants include nitrogen and phosphorus. Space is also extremely important for a growing ...
Frankia alni
"Frankia nitrogen fixation". Web.uconn.edu. Retrieved 2011-01-16. Schwintzer, C. R., and J. D. Tjepkema (ed.). 1990. The Biology ... It is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium and forms nodules on the roots of alder trees. Frankia alni forms a symbiotic relationship ... In nitrogen-free culture and often in symbiosis, Frankia alni bacteria surround themselves in "vesicles". These are roughly ... A by-product of the process is gaseous hydrogen, one molecule of which is produced for every molecule of nitrogen reduced to ...
Trebouxia
doi:10.1111/jeu.12116 Rascio, N., & Rocca, N. L. (2013). Biological Nitrogen Fixation. Reference Module in Earth Systems and ... Lichens, along with few other organisms, introduced nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis into terrestrial environments ... Lichens increase the amount of organic matter and organic nitrogen in the soil by producing organic acid that increases rock ...
Ancylobacter
LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de UniProt Stacey, edited by Gary; Burris, Robert H.; Evans, Harold J. (1992). Biological nitrogen fixation. New ...
Microbacterium hydrocarbonoxydans
ISBN 978-1-4822-3914-0. Frans J. de, Bruijn (2015). Biological Nitrogen Fixation. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-63709-8. ...
Robert H. Burris
Evans, Harold; Robert H. Burris (April 30, 1992). Gary Stacey (ed.). Biological Nitrogen Fixation. Springer. ISBN 978-0-412- ... and he made significant contributions to our knowledge of nitrogen fixation. Born in Brookings, South Dakota, Burris earned his ...
Myrica faya
Vitousek, P.M. & L.R. Walker Queit (1989). "Biological invasion by Myrica faya: Plant demography, nitrogen fixation, ecosystem ... with profound impacts on nitrogen cycling (Vitousek & Walker 1989). ...
Crop rotation
"Nitrogen Fixation by Forage Legumes" (PDF). Iowa State University. Department of Agrology. Retrieved December 1, 2016.. ... "Nitrogen Fixation and Inoculation of Forage Legumes" (PDF). Forage Beef. University of Florida. Retrieved December 1, 2016.. ... A great advantage of crop rotation comes from the interrelationship of nitrogen fixing-crops with nitrogen demanding crops. ... a nitrogen-fixing crop, like a legume, should always precede a nitrogen depleting one; similarly, a low residue crop (i.e. a ...
Xanthobacter flavus
ISBN 3-642-70791-2.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Postgate, John (1998). Nitrogen fixation (3rd ed.). Cambridge: ... MALIK, K. A.; CLAUS, D. (1 October 1979). "Xanthobacter flavus, a New Species of Nitrogen-Fixing Hydrogen Bacteria". ... Xanthobacter flavus is a Gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing and facultatively autotrophic bacteria from the family of ...
Klebsiella pneumoniae
As a free-living diazotroph, its nitrogen-fixation system has been much-studied, and is of agricultural interest, as K. ... ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0. Postgate, J (1998). Nitrogen Fixation (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64047-3. ... It naturally occurs in the soil, and about 30% of strains can fix nitrogen in anaerobic conditions. ...
Mabel Rayner
Rayner, M. C (1922). Nitrogen Fixation in Ericaceae. OCLC 79618085. Rayner, M. C (1927). Mycorrhiza: an account of non- ...
Root nodule
They elongate and begin terminally differentiating into symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing bacteroids.. Zone III-the nitrogen fixation ... Plants that contribute to nitrogen fixation include the legume family - Fabaceae - with taxa such as kudzu, clovers, soybeans, ... Nitrogen fixation in the nodule is very oxygen sensitive. Legume nodules harbor an iron containing protein called ... Postgate, J. (1998). Nitrogen Fixation, 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.. ...
Gene delivery
Genetic Engineering for Nitrogen Fixation. Basic Life Sciences. 9. pp. 159-79. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0880-5_12. ISBN 978-1- ...
Natural farming
For summer rice and winter barley grain crops, ground cover enhances nitrogen fixation. Straw from the previous crop mulches ... The increases in organic carbon and nitrogen increase aerobic, facultative anaerobic and anaerobic bacteria populations.[18] ... allowing organic matter to be formed more easily and hence increasing the total organic carbon and nitrogen when compared to ...
Escherichia coli bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Inggris) Coliform Bacteria and Nitrogen Fixation in Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Treatment Systems - by Dr. F. Archibald (full ...
Talk:Cyanobacteria
the blue green algaes helps in nitrogen fixation are nostoc and anabena while blue green bacterias helps in nitrogen fixation ... the nitrogen-fixing protein complex may be packaged into specialized cells called heterocysts." Aren't bacteria single-celled? ... Many cyanobacteria have hydrogenase activity (produce or use H2). In species that have the capacity to fix free nitrogen (and ... They are a significant component of the marine nitrogen cycle and an important primary producer in many areas of the ocean, but ...
Cyanogen
"The Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 11 (1): 2-27. doi:10.1021/ja02126a001.. ... It is also formed when nitrogen and acetylene are reacted by an electrical spark or discharge.[11] ... usually using chlorine over an activated silicon dioxide catalyst or nitrogen dioxide over a copper salt. ...
Lentil
Biological nitrogen fixation or other rotational effects could be the reason for higher yields after lentils.[11] ... lentils can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil with specific rhizobia.[citation needed] Lentils grow well under low ... fertilizer input conditions, although phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, and sulfur may be used for nutrient-poor soils.[2] ...
Activated carbon
Tests of adsorption behaviour are usually done with nitrogen gas at 77 K under high vacuum, but in everyday terms activated ... structure and physico-chemical characteristics of the carbon black on the fluorine fixation". Carbon. 35 (4): 515-528. doi: ... Sano H.; Ogawa H. (1975). "Preparation and application nitrogen containing active carbons". Osaka Kogyo Gijutsu Shirenjo. 26 (5 ... "The characterizaíion of activated carbons with oxygen and nitrogen surface groups". Carbon. 35 (12): 1799-1810. doi:10.1016/ ...
Mutualism - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rhizobia: relationship between roots of plants and bacteria which promotes nitrogen fixation. ...
Endospore
Under conditions of starvation, especially the lack of carbon and nitrogen sources, a single endospore forms within some of the ...
Bioarchaeology
The three photosynthesis pathways are C3 carbon fixation, C4 carbon fixation and Crassulacean acid metabolism. C4 plants are ... Nitrogen isotopes (14N and 15N) have been used to estimate the relative contributions of legumes verses nonlegumes, as well as ... Nitrogen isotopes in bone collagen are ultimately derived from dietary protein, while carbon can be contributed by protein, ... Compared to other plants, legumes have lower 14N/15N ratios because they can fix molecular nitrogen, rather than having to rely ...
Vicia faba
Can be used as a green manure, due to nitrogen fixation it produces. ... They are still often grown as a cover crop to prevent erosion because they can overwinter and, as a legume, they fix nitrogen ...
Archaea
... as well as processes that introduce nitrogen (such as nitrate assimilation and nitrogen fixation).[178][179] Researchers ... Mehta MP; Baross JA (December 2006). "Nitrogen fixation at 92 degrees C by a hydrothermal vent archaeon". Science. 314 (5806): ... Archaea carry out many steps in the nitrogen cycle. This includes both reactions that remove nitrogen from ecosystems (such as ... Organic compounds or carbon fixation. Ferroglobus, Methanobacteria or Pyrolobus Organotrophs. Organic compounds Organic ...
Biofuel
The total emissions of air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides will rise due the growing use of bio-ethanol. There is an ... Renewable biofuels generally involve contemporary carbon fixation, such as those that occur in plants or microalgae through the ... which has most likely been treated with nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrous oxide is known to have a greater impact on the atmosphere ...
Fabaceae
Downie, J. Allan (2005). "Legume Haemoglobins: Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Needs Bloody Nodules". Current Biology 15 (6): R196- ...
Arqueas, a enciclopedia libre
Mehta MP, Baross JA (2006). "Nitrogen fixation at 92 degrees C by a hydrothermal vent archaeon". Science 314 (5806): 1783-6. ... A fifth pathway of carbon fixation". Science 318 (5857): 1732-3. PMID 18079388. doi:10.1126/science.1152209.. ... Francis CA, Beman JM, Kuypers MM (2007). "New processes and players in the nitrogen cycle: the microbial ecology of anaerobic ... Francis CA, Beman JM, Kuypers MM (2007). "New processes and players in the nitrogen cycle: the microbial ecology of anaerobic ...
Glossary of biology
... carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration.[1]. carbon fixation. Also called ... The nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides, which in turn are components of nucleotides, with all of ... It is performed by a large group of heterotrophic facultative anaerobic bacteria and is a fundamental component of the nitrogen ... The microbially facilitated process of nitrate reduction that ultimately produces molecular nitrogen (N2) through a series of ...
Frankia
... a process known as nitrogen fixation. They do this while living in root nodules on actinorhizal plants. The bacteria can supply ... Frankia is a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in symbiosis with actinorhizal plants, similar to the Rhizobium ... Frankia is a nitrogen-fixed organism, explaining why it is able to resist heavy metals.[10] ... nov., an actinobacterial endophyte inducing ineffective, non nitrogen-fixing, root nodules on its actinorhizal host plants". ...
Glycosylation
N-linked glycans attached to a nitrogen of asparagine or arginine side-chains. N-linked glycosylation requires participation of ... C-mannosylation is unusual because the sugar is linked to a carbon rather than a reactive atom such as nitrogen or oxygen. ... proteins are not stable unless they contain oligosaccharides linked at the amide nitrogen of certain asparagine residues. The ...
Culture of microalgae in hatcheries
Nitrogen fixation is important as a means of allowing inorganic compounds such as nitrogen to be converted to organic forms ... Carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotopes can also be used to determine disturbances to bottom dwelling communities that are ... Blue green alga was first used as a means of fixing nitrogen by allowing cyanobacteria to multiply in the soil. ... Rice production in India and Iran have employed this method of using the nitrogen fixing properties of free living ...
Denaturation (biochemistry)
Small, electronegative molecules such as nitrogen and oxygen, which are the primary gases in air, significantly impact the ... nitrogen and oxygen therefore maintain the potential to weaken the integrity of DNA when exposed to air.[28] As a result, DNA ... Fixation (histology). *Protein folding. *Random coil. ReferencesEdit. *^ Alan D. MacNaught; Andrew R. Wilkinson, eds. (1997). ...
Proteobacteria - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Others are free-living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation. The group is defined primarily in ...
Microbiota
... provide the plant with essential services such as nitrogen fixation, solubilization of minerals such as phosphorus, synthesis ...
Carbon-14
boron-14, nitrogen-18 Decay chain of carbon-14 Decays to: nitrogen-14 ... However, it decreases thereafter from radioactive decay, allowing the date of death or fixation to be estimated. The initial 14 ... The primary natural source of carbon-14 on Earth is cosmic ray action on nitrogen in the atmosphere, and it is therefore a ... Carbon-14 is produced in the upper layers of the troposphere and the stratosphere by thermal neutrons absorbed by nitrogen ...
Photosynthesis
... in part because the redox structure of the oceans favored photoautotrophs capable of nitrogen fixation.[citation needed] Green ... Over 90% of plants use C3 carbon fixation, compared to 3% that use C4 carbon fixation;[30] however, the evolution of C4 in over ... as agents of biological nitrogen fixation, and, in modified form, as the plastids of marine algae.[71] ... 2 fixation and, thus, the photosynthetic capacity of the leaf.[29] C4 plants can produce more sugar than C3 plants in ...
Behavioral ecology
Postgate, J (1998). Nitrogen Fixation, 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.. ... Examples include pistol shrimp and goby fish, nitrogen fixing microbes and legumes,[112] ants and aphids.[113] In ants and ...
Habitat
Aerobiology has been little studied, but there is evidence of nitrogen fixation in clouds, and less clear evidence of carbon ...
Eutrophication
Terrestrial ecosystems rely on microbial nitrogen fixation to convert N2 into other forms such as nitrates. However, there is a ... because plants have high nitrogen requirements so that additions of nitrogen compounds will stimulate plant growth. Nitrogen is ... Nitrogen testing and modelingEdit. Soil Nitrogen Testing (N-Testing) is a technique that helps farmers optimize the amount of ... Ecosystems receiving more nitrogen than the plants require are called nitrogen-saturated. Saturated terrestrial ecosystems then ...
Desert
A field trial in the Sonoran Desert which exposed the roots of different species of tree to rhizobacteria and the nitrogen ... or by using C4 carbon fixation.[68] ...
Peptidoglycan
Nitrogen fixation. *Microbial ecology. *Primary nutritional groups. *Substrate preference *Lipophilic. *Saccharophilic. Shape. ...
Carbon sequestration
Such effects potentially include release of nitrogen oxides,[64] and disruption of the ocean's nutrient balance.[59] ... Ian Jones proposes fertilizing the ocean with urea, a nitrogen rich substance, to encourage phytoplankton growth.[66] ... In 2007, Sydney-based ONC completed an experiment involving 1 tonne of nitrogen in the Sulu Sea off the Philippines.[67] ...
Nitrogen Fixation | Encyclopedia.com
Nitrogen fixation is conducted by a variety of bacteria, both as free-living organisms and in symbiotic association with plants ... Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen fixation refers to the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into a form usable by plants and ... Nitrogen Fixation. Nitrogen fixation refers to the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into a form usable by plants and ... Nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation is the biological process by which atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) is converted into ammonia ...
Nitrogen Fixation by Cyanobacterial Heterocysts | SpringerLink
I will first review the most direct evidence that aerobic nitrogen fixation is localized... ... This paper details current knowledge about nitrogen fixation by cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) heterocysts. ... Weare, N. M., and Benemann, J. R., 1973, Nitrogen fixation by Anabaena cylindrica. I. Localization of nitrogen fixation in the ... Genetic Engineering of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation and Conservation of Fixed Nitrogen pp 315-331 , Cite as ...
nitrogen fixation | LCZO-Data
nitrogen fixation. Greater Soil Carbon Sequestration under Nitrogen-Fixing Trees Compared with Eucalyptus Species. Tue, 01/24/ ... Our objectives were to investigate the potential of stable nitrogen isotope analysis for detecting nitrogen fixation in near- ... Our results provide a useful test of the value of stable nitrogen analysis in detecting nitrogen fixation of near-reef algae, ... Evidence for nitrogen fixation associated with macroalgae from a seagrass - mangrove - coral reef system. Tue, 01/24/2012 - 11: ...
Nitrogen fixation
... is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into ammonia. The ammonia is ... Physiology and anatomy of nitrogen fixation. Part III. Ecology of nitrogen fixation This page is maintained by David Dalton, a ... This web site is not designed to be a comprehensive presentation on nitrogen fixation, but rather it is intended as a forum to ... Part I. The range of organisms that can fix nitrogen. Part II. ...
Marine Nitrogen Fixation | Jonathan P. Zehr | Springer
... and bridges gaps between nitrogen fixation in marine versus terrestrial environments. ... This book provides a key reference on marine nitrogen fixation, ... Marine Nitrogen Fixation. Authors. * Jonathan P. Zehr * Douglas ... Although nitrogen is a critical element in both terrestrial and aquatic productivity, and nitrogen fixation is a key process ... and nitrogen metabolism in oligotrophic oceans. His major focus is oceanic nitrogen fixation.. Dr. Douglas G. Capone is a ...
Nitrogen fixation in ambient conditions | EurekAlert! Science News
The work lays the foundation to develop new processes for synthesizing nitrogen products like cyanamide. ... EPFL scientists have developed a uranium-based complex that allows nitrogen fixation reactions to take place in ambient ... "nitrogen fixation". In this reaction, molecular nitrogen (or "dinitrogen"; N2) is split into two atoms of nitrogen that can ... Nitrogen fixation in ambient conditions. Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. Journal. Nature Chemistry. Funder. Swiss ...
13th European Nitrogen Fixation Conference | EurekAlert! Science News
Mineral constraints to nitrogen fixation | SpringerLink
In this review general techniques for assessing nutrient involvement in symbiotic nitrogen fixation are... ... Mineral nturient defiencies are a major constraint limiting legume nitrogen fixation and yield. ... Edwards D G 1977 Nutritional factors limiting nitrogen fixed by rhizobia.In Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Farming systems of ... Jordan J V and Anderson G R 1950 The effect of boron on nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter. Soil Sci. 69, 311-19.Google Scholar ...
Nitrogen Fixation by Peter M. Gresshoff | Waterstones
nitrogen fixation (thing) by Anark - Everything2.com
In nature, nitrogen is most commonly fixed by certa... ... fixation is any process which converts gaseous nitrogen into ... Nitrogen fixation is any process which converts gaseous nitrogen into nitrogen-containing compounds. In nature, nitrogen is ... nitrogen fixation (thing). See all of nitrogen fixation, there are 2 more in this node. ... The final, nitrogenous product of biological nitrogen fixation is ammonia. Lightning also fixes nitrogen directly in the ...
Nitrogen fixation - Wikipedia
Nitrogen fixation package for quantitative measurement of nitrogen fixation by plants. *Nitrogenase: enzymes used by organisms ... as seen in nitrogen fixation on rice roots. Nitrogen fixation occurs between some termites and fungi.[3] It occurs naturally in ... Nitrogen fixation is a process by which molecular nitrogen in the air is converted into ammonia (NH. 3) or related nitrogenous ... Nitrogen can be fixed by lightning that converts nitrogen and oxygen into NO. x (nitrogen oxides). NO. x may react with water ...
Legume Nitrogen Fixation in a Changing Environment - | Saad Sulieman | Springer
... on legume-Rhizobium symbiosis Effects of climate change on crop yields Solutions to mitigate environmental stresses on nitrogen ... Legume Nitrogen Fixation in a Changing Environment. Book Subtitle. Achievements and Challenges. Editors. * Saad Sulieman ... Legume Nitrogen Fixation in a Changing Environment. Achievements and Challenges. Editors: Sulieman, Saad, Tran, Lam-Son Phan ( ... Biological nitrogen (N2) fixation, a microbiological process which converts atmospheric N2 into a plant-usable form, offers ...
Refactoring the nitrogen fixation gene cluster from Klebsiella oxytoca | PNAS
Refactoring the nitrogen fixation gene cluster from Klebsiella oxytoca Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from ... Refactoring the nitrogen fixation gene cluster from Klebsiella oxytoca. Karsten Temme, Dehua Zhao, and Christopher A. Voigt ... We applied this approach to an agriculturally relevant gene cluster from Klebsiella oxytoca encoding the nitrogen fixation ... Polyprotein strategy for stoichiometric assembly of nitrogen fixation components for synthetic biology ...
Molybdenum Limits Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogen fixation is the biological conversion of nitrogen from air into ammonium that plants use as fertilizer. Nitrogenase ... Molybdenum Limits Nitrogen Fixation Biogeochemists have discovered that molybdenum, not phosphorus as previously thought, is ... The molybdenum treatments significantly increased the rate of nitrogen fixation, whereas the pure phosphate treatment ... because molybdenum-limited nitrogen fixation could constrain plant growth and hence carbon dioxide uptake by plants, a major ...
Nitrogen fixation - Wikipedia
Some soluble complexes do catalyze nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen can be fixed by lightning that converts nitrogen gas (N 2) and ... of nitrogen through the environment Nitrogen deficiency Nitrogen fixation package for quantitative measurement of nitrogen ... in which nitrogen fixation occurs via the nitrogenase enzyme. Plants that contribute to nitrogen fixation include those of the ... as seen in nitrogen fixation on rice roots. Nitrogen fixation occurs between some termites and fungi. It occurs naturally in ...
Technical handbook on symbiotic nitrogen fixation : legume/Rhizobium. (Book, 1993) [WorldCat.org]
Technical handbook on symbiotic nitrogen fixation : legume/Rhizobium.. [Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ... http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1038049> # Nitrogen--Fixation. a schema:Intangible ;. schema:name "Nitrogen--Fixation"@en ;. .. ... http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85092063> # Nitrogen--Fixation. a schema:Intangible ;. schema:name "Nitrogen--Fixation ... schema:name "Technical handbook on symbiotic nitrogen fixation : legume/Rhizobium."@en ;. schema:productID "32971292" ;. schema ...
Abiological nitrogen fixation - Wikipedia
... with C3-symmetric ligands catalyze nitrogen fixation. Photolytic nitrogen splitting is also considered. Although nitrogen ... Abiological nitrogen fixation describes chemical processes that fix (react with) N2, usually with the goal of generating ... An early influential discovery of abiological nitrogen fixation was made by Volpin and co-workers in Russia. Aspects are ... The dominant technology for abiological nitrogen fixation is the Haber process, which uses an iron-based heterogeneous ...
Biome-scale nitrogen fixation strategies selected by climatic constraints on nitrogen cycle | Nature Plants
Dinitrogen fixation by plants is a major source of new nitrogen to land ecosystems. Climatic constraints on the nitrogen cycle ... A long-standing puzzle2 is that trees capable of nitrogen fixation are abundant in nitrogen-rich tropical forests, but absent ... In contrast, sustained nitrogen deficits following disturbance in extra-tropical forests favour an obligate fixation strategy, ... This biome-scale pattern presents an evolutionary paradox3, given that the physiological cost4 of nitrogen fixation predicts ...
Nitrogen fixation - RationalWiki
Nitrogen fixation is a biological process whereby atmospheric nitrogen (N2), which is chemically rather inert, is converted ... The product of the Klebsiella pneumoniae nifX gene is a negative regulator of the nitrogen fixation (nif) regulon. J. Bacteriol ... "Nitrogen Fixation. Electrons flow from ferredoxin to the reductase (iron protein, or Fe protein) to nitrogenase (molybdenum- ... Schmitz RA, Klopprogge K, Grabbe R. Regulation of nitrogen fixation in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Azotobacter vinelandii: NifL, ...
Nitrogen in the Environment: Nitrogen Fixation | MU Extension
This is called biological nitrogen fixation.. Types of nitrogen fixation. In addition to biological fixation that takes place ... Symbiotic nitrogen fixation. One of the most interesting forms of biological nitrogen fixation is that which takes place by ... Importance of nitrogen fixation to crops. The microorganisms ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen is often discussed in terms ... The form of nitrogen produced is the same form of nitrogen that is found in several types of commercial nitrogen fertilizers. ...
Biological nitrogen fixation: rates, patterns and ecological controls in terrestrial ecosystems. - PubMed - NCBI
Biological nitrogen fixation: rates, patterns and ecological controls in terrestrial ecosystems.. Vitousek PM1, Menge DN, Reed ... Biological nitrogen fixation: rates, patterns and ecological controls in terrestrial ecosystems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol ... New techniques have identified a wide range of organisms with the capacity to carry out biological nitrogen fixation (BNF)- ... Box diagram for the calculation of terrestrial biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by difference; values in parentheses are ...
Nitrogen Fixation: Nodulation Capacities
Carolina® Nitrogen-Fixation Study Kit (with perishables) | Carolina.com
The Rhizobium growing in nodules on the roots of leguminous plants fix atmospheric nitrogen (... ... Carolina® Nitrogen-Fixation Study Kit (with perishables). Item # 154743P Online Only *bvseo_sdk, java_sdk, bvseo-4.0.0 ... The Rhizobium growing in nodules on the roots of leguminous plants fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2). This supplies plants with ... The Rhizobium growing in nodules on the roots of leguminous plants fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2). This supplies plants with ...
The key to the lock that controls nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixation requires a great deal of energy and so the genes that carry out nitrogen fixation (so called nif genes) are ... "Normally the genes for nitrogen fixation are locked off and only unlocked and used when nitrogen levels in the environment fall ... "Bacteria that fix nitrogen only do so when they sense that there is very little nitrogen available in their environment," says ... The result is that, when conditions are right for nitrogen fixation, NifA is released from the grip of NifL and is then able to ...
African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation -AABNF
African Association for nitrogen fixation) is a non-government multidisciplinary group based since 1982, including experts in ... African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation -AABNF. AABNF (African Association for nitrogen fixation) is a non- ... Biological Nitrogen Fixation and agricultural development in Africa, great importance was given to field applications. BNF and ... teaching and the use of biological nitrogen fixation systems to increase food production and reduce malnutrition in Africa. ...
14th European Nitrogen Fixation Conference 2020 - FEMS
14th European Nitrogen Fixation Conference 2020. The 14th European Nitrogen Fixation Conference (ENFC), will be held 27-30 ... The ENFC is a European based biennial congress that brings together scientists investigating biological N2 fixation (BNF) from ... regulation of N2 fixation in soil and aquatic free-living microorganisms) with highly relevant and timely topics for modern ...
Nitrogen Fixation
Article #3: Nitrogen Fixation by John Tobe. Here is how nature provides nitrogen for plants in the soil. ... This act of conversion is what is known as nitrogen fixation and by this means nature provides simple nitrogen to the earth for ... The way scientists would describe nitrogen fixation is as follows: "Gaseous nitrogen diffusing into the soil from the air is ... Nitrogen Fixation. Support our website, and your well being, by purchasing our 2380 pages megabook. Raw Food Explained: Life ...
Genetics and regulation of nitrogen fixation in free-living bacteria (eBook, 2004) [WorldCat.org]
... a comprehensive and detailed source of information on the genetic and regulatory aspects of biological nitrogen fixation in ... Genetics and regulation of nitrogen fixation in free-living bacteria. [Werner Klipp;] -- This book provides ... fixation_genetics> # Nitrogen Fixation--genetics a schema:Intangible ;. schema:name "Nitrogen Fixation--genetics"@en ;. . ... fixation> # Nitrogen--Fixation a schema:Intangible ;. schema:name "Nitrogen--Fixation"@en ;. . ...
Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 2 Volume Set | Molecular Microbiology | Microbiology & Virology | Life Sciences | Subjects | Wiley
Section 18 Nitrogen Fixation and Cereals. Chapter 108. The Quest for Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Cereals : A Perspective ... as well as nitrogen fixation and cereals.. Covering the full breadth of current nitrogen fixation research and expanding it ... Biological nitrogen fixation is an alternative to nitrogen fertilizer. It is carried out by prokaryotes using an enzyme complex ... One Hundred Years Discovery of Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobacteria. Claudine Elmerich. Chapter 89. Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in ...
Plants | Free Full-Text | Regulation of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Legume Root Nodules
These processes, which influence the regulation of N2 fixation and are finely tuned on a whole-plant basis, are extensively ... Many processes operate and interact within the symbiotic relationship between plants and nodules, including nitrogen (N)/carbon ... and malate seems to play a crucial role in many aspects of symbiotic N2 fixation control. How legumes specifically sense N- ... status and how this stimulates all of the regulatory factors are key issues for understanding N2 fixation regulation on a whole ...
BiologicalAmmoniaCyanobacteriaBacteriaAtmosphericOrganismsMetabolismLegumesGenesRhizobiaFertilizersNitrogenase activityNodulesRhizobiumDiazotrophicDinitrogen fixationPhosphorusPhotosynthesisNodulePlantSpeciesCarbonArchaeaAbioticEuropean Nitrogen Fixation ConferenceOxygenCerealsAspects of nitrogen fixationEfficiency of nitrogen fixationYieldNitrateAtomsNitriteProteinsFertilizerGeneticCapable of nitrogenRegulating N 2 fixation ratesSoilsAmount of nitrogen fixedMicroorganismsReductionSoil nitrogenOverview of N2 fixationSymbiosisAmmoniumAzotobacterStrainsNutrientCyanobacteriumProcessesProcessDiazotrophsRates of dinitrogenCropSoybeanCyanobacterialAssimilationSynthesis
Biological56
- The final, nitrogenous product of biological nitrogen fixation is ammonia . (everything2.com)
- All biological nitrogen fixation is effected by enzymes called nitrogenases . (wikipedia.org)
- Biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by German agronomist Hermann Hellriegel [10] and Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck . (wikipedia.org)
- [11] Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) occurs when atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia by a nitrogenase enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
- Biological nitrogen (N2) fixation, a microbiological process which converts atmospheric N2 into a plant-usable form, offers this alternative. (springer.com)
- Biological dinitrogen fixation is manifested in vastly different patterns across the biosphere 8 . (nature.com)
- Nitrogen fixation is a biological process whereby atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ), which is chemically rather inert, is converted into biologically available forms ("fixed"), initially as ammonia. (rationalwiki.org)
- This is called biological nitrogen fixation . (missouri.edu)
- In addition to biological fixation that takes place by microorganisms in the soil, fixation can also take place chemically. (missouri.edu)
- One of the most interesting forms of biological nitrogen fixation is that which takes place by microorganisms living in very small nodules on the roots of certain plants such as legumes. (missouri.edu)
- Biological nitrogen fixation: rates, patterns and ecological controls in terrestrial ecosystems. (nih.gov)
- New techniques have identified a wide range of organisms with the capacity to carry out biological nitrogen fixation (BNF)-greatly expanding our appreciation of the diversity and ubiquity of N fixers-but our understanding of the rates and controls of BNF at ecosystem and global scales has not advanced at the same pace. (nih.gov)
- Biological nitrogen fixation or diazotrophy is an important microbially mediated process that converts dinitrogen (N2) gas to ammonia (NH3) using the nitrogenase protein complex (Nif). (wikipedia.org)
- All biological reactions involving the process of nitrogen fixation are catalysed by enzymes called nitrogenases. (wikipedia.org)
- Biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by Jean-Baptiste Boussingault in 1838. (wikipedia.org)
- AABNF (African Association for nitrogen fixation) is a non-government multidisciplinary group based since 1982, including experts in soil science, nutrition, agronomy, microbiology, politicians and other interested promoting research, teaching and the use of biological nitrogen fixation systems to increase food production and reduce malnutrition in Africa. (omicsonline.org)
- Congresses are held regularly to share experience and information in order to assess progress and plan for effective exploitation of biological nitrogen fixation systems in Africa. (omicsonline.org)
- Biological Nitrogen Fixation and agricultural development in Africa, great importance was given to field applications. (omicsonline.org)
- The ENFC is a European based biennial congress that brings together scientists investigating biological N2 fixation (BNF) from different prospects (e.g. biochemistry, microbiology, ecology, plant physiology, etc. (fems-microbiology.org)
- This book provides a comprehensive and detailed source of information on the genetic and regulatory aspects of biological nitrogen fixation in free-living (non-symbiotic) prokaryotes. (worldcat.org)
- Biological nitrogen fixation is represented in a diverse range of microorganisms, among which Klebsiella pneumoniae serves as a paradigm for the genetic analysis of diazotrophy, which is the ability to grow with N as sole nitrogen source. (worldcat.org)
- Biological nitrogen fixation is an alternative to nitrogen fertilizer. (wiley.com)
- Biological Nitrogen Fixation is a comprehensive two volume work bringing together both review and original research articles on key topics in nitrogen fixation. (wiley.com)
- Chapters across both volumes emphasize molecular techniques and advanced biochemical analysis approaches applicable to various aspects of biological nitrogen fixation. (wiley.com)
- Covering the full breadth of current nitrogen fixation research and expanding it towards future advances in the field, Biological Nitrogen Fixation will be a one-stop reference for microbial ecologists and environmental microbiologists as well as plant and agricultural researchers working on crop sustainability. (wiley.com)
- Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) has become important in rice farming systems because this process diminishes the need for expensive chemical fertilizers which have been associated with numerous health and environmental problems. (bookdepository.com)
- Biological nitrogen fixation is catalyzed by nitrogenase, a complex metalloenzyme found only in prokaryotes. (asm.org)
- N2Africa is a large scale, development to research project focused on increasing inputs from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by grain and fodder legumes among smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa. (wur.nl)
- A team of researchers from NAI's Montana State University Team has proposed a new path in the evolution of biological nitrogen fixation on Earth. (astrobiology.com)
- A key step in the global cycling of nitrogen is biological nitrogen fixation, which is accomplished via a protein known as 'nitrogenase. (astrobiology.com)
- The process carried out by these microbes is known as biological nitrogen fixation. (jic.ac.uk)
- Certain endophytic bacteria can provide nitrogen to the plants through biological nitrogen fixation, which is an important source of nitrogen input in agriculture and represents a promising substitute for chemical fertilizers, and are known as endophytic diazotrophic bacteria. (intechopen.com)
- Research on endophytic diazotrophic bacteria has come a long way, and in this chapter, we have briefly discussed the mechanisms of biological nitrogen fixation and methods to quantify the fixed nitrogen along with reviewing recent studies focused on evaluating the role of endophytic diazotrophic bacteria in promoting plant growth in both native and nonnative crop hosts. (intechopen.com)
- The fundamental requirement for fixed forms of nitrogen for life on Earth, both at present and in the past, has led to broad and significant interest in the origin and evolution of biological N 2 fixation. (frontiersin.org)
- Insights gained from such studies, as reviewed herein, challenge traditional models for the evolution of biological nitrogen fixation and provide the basis for the development of new conceptual models that explain the stepwise evolution of this highly complex life sustaining process. (frontiersin.org)
- Legumes have a unique biological process called nitrogen fixation (NF) by which they convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. (frontiersin.org)
- Biological nitrogen fixation is a worldwide economical and sustainable alternative for nitrogen supply to legume crops. (scielo.br)
- Unfortunately, biological nitrogen fixation in common bean field crops has exhibited unstable behavior (Mostasso et al. (scielo.br)
- Several approaches have been used to obtain new rhizobia strains which exhibit better biological nitrogen fixation responses on common bean. (scielo.br)
- Cusack DF, Silver W, McDowell WH (2009b) Biological nitrogen fixation in two tropical forests: ecosystem-level patterns and effects of nitrogen fertilization. (upenn.edu)
- Although rarely measured, tropical forests likely maintain considerable biological N fixation (BNF) to balance N losses. (upenn.edu)
- Biological nitrogen fixation can have a role in this if it can be applied to the major food crop plants. (intechopen.com)
- This led to speculation that the crop was benefiting from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). (intechopen.com)
- The authors isolated samples of the microbial community from each cultivation type, inoculated test plants growing under common conditions, and observed the effects on biomass, number and size of nitrogen-fixing nodules, chlorophyll content, and estimated rates of biological nitrogen fixation. (lternet.edu)
- If so, the inoculation of common bean with efficient rhizobial strains may be the mean to improve biological nitrogen fixation and common bean productivity. (europa.eu)
- The effect of drought (D) on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) has been widely reported (for review, see Zahran, 1999 ) and is considered to be by far the most important environmental factor resulting in crop yield loss ( Boyer, 1982 ). (plantphysiol.org)
- Biological N2 fixation (BNF) in the rhizosphere of Podocarpaceae is currently attributed to unspecific diazotrophs with negligible impact on N acquisition. (uni-bayreuth.de)
- Dr. Mohapatra emphasized that a practicable technology of utilizing the biological nitrogen fixation would be helpful in managing the environmental pollution on account of reduced losses of excess fertilizer N in the soil. (org.in)
- DG suggested to achieve the long term objectives of this challenge programme on genetic engineering of rhizobia, rice endophytes and improving biological nitrogen fixation. (org.in)
- Professor Ray Dixon, FRS, John Innes Centre, Norwich dwelt on the current scenario in biological nitrogen fixation and the future prospects of developing nitrogen fixing cereals and making rice more dependent on nitrogen fixation and reduce the chemical N fertilizer requirement as well as the steps required to achieve progress in such a challenging area. (org.in)
- Some studies also suggest that increasing application rate of biochar has a positive feedback on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and on soil microbial biomass. (helsinki.fi)
- Belnap J (2001) Factors influencing nitrogen fixation and nitrogen release in biological soil crusts. (springer.com)
- Biological nitrogen fixation is not only essential for world nitrogen balance but it is also an alternative to expensive commercial fertilizer for crop production. (umsystem.edu)
- Bliss FA (1993) Breeding common bean for improved biological nitrogen fixation. (springer.com)
- Dinh HT, Kaewpradit W, Jogoly S, Vorasoot N, Patanothai A (2013) Biological nitrogen fixation of peanut genotypes with different levels of drought tolerance under mid-season. (springer.com)
- As I know Nitrogen-based fertilizers are requiered because Nitrogen fixation from air is to energy consuming.At least with presently existing biological catalysts. (thescienceforum.com)
Ammonia24
- Nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into ammonia. (reed.edu)
- Abundant in nature (78% of the air we breathe), nitrogen is rarely used in the industrial production of chemicals, with the most important process being the synthesis of ammonia, which is in turn used for the preparation of agricultural fertilizers. (eurekalert.org)
- N 2 ) is split into two atoms of nitrogen that can then be connected to other elements like hydrogen or carbon, which allow nitrogen to be stored as ammonia or converted directly in higher value compounds. (eurekalert.org)
- In 2017, the lab of Marinella Mazzanti at EPFL was able to convert molecular nitrogen into ammonia in ambient conditions by synthesizing a compound containing two uranium(III) ions and three potassium centers held together by a nitride group. (eurekalert.org)
- We applied this approach to an agriculturally relevant gene cluster from Klebsiella oxytoca encoding the nitrogen fixation pathway for converting atmospheric N 2 to ammonia. (pnas.org)
- Electrons flow from ferredoxin to the reductase (iron protein, or Fe protein) to nitrogenase (molybdenum-iron protein, or MoFe protein) to reduce nitrogen to ammonia. (rationalwiki.org)
- An example of this is in the fertilizer industry where atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) can be combined with hydrogen (H + ) to make anhydrous ammonia (NH 3 ) and other nitrogen fertilizer products. (missouri.edu)
- Nitrogen fixation is a chemical process by which molecular nitrogen (N 2) in the air is converted into ammonia (NH 3) or related nitrogenous compounds in soil or aquatic systems. (wikipedia.org)
- The protein complex nitrogenase is responsible for catalyzing the reduction of nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3). (wikipedia.org)
- The production of the nitrogenase complex is genetically regulated, and the activity of the protein complex is dependent on ambient oxygen concentrations, and intra- and extracellular concentrations of ammonia and oxidized nitrogen species (nitrate and nitrite). (wikipedia.org)
- It is carried out by prokaryotes using an enzyme complex called nitrogenase and results in atmospheric N2 being reduced into a form of nitrogen diazotrophic organisms and plants are able to use (ammonia). (wiley.com)
- Abiological nitrogen fixation describes chemical processes that fix (react with) N2, usually with the goal of generating ammonia. (wikipedia.org)
- Nitrogenase, which catalyzes the ATP-dependent reduction of dinitrogen (N 2 ) to ammonia (NH 3 ), accounts for roughly half of the bioavailable nitrogen supporting extant life. (frontiersin.org)
- Legumes perform a special symbiotic process called nitrogen fixation (NF) that can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) to ammonia (NH 3 ) by rhizobium. (frontiersin.org)
- Nitrogen fixation is a chemical process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is absorbed by organisms. (maximumyield.com)
- Atmospheric nitrogen is plentiful, making up approximately 78% of the earth's atmosphere, but it's also inert, so it needs to be converted into another form, such as ammonia, that is more easily absorbed by plants. (maximumyield.com)
- They thrive in a low oxygen atmosphere where they fix or feed on nitrogen, converting it into ammonia as a byproduct. (maximumyield.com)
- We explore quantitative assessments of these strategies to study the prokaryotic trait of nitrogen fixation, the enzyme-catalyzed reduction of N 2 to ammonia. (pnas.org)
- All organisms depend on utilizable nitrogen, but only a few prokaryotes can obtain it from atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) through conversion of N 2 to ammonia, catalyzed by the heterodimeric enzyme nitrogenase. (pnas.org)
- Nitrogen fixation is where nitrogen (N2) in the atmosphere is converted into ammonia (NH3). (nanowerk.com)
- Plants with symbiotic bacteria (like Leguminosae http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id3273/ ) can convert nitrogen to ammonia. (biology-online.org)
- These bacteria can take nitrogen gas from the air in the soil and transform it into ammonia (NH 3 ) that converts to ammonium (NH 4 ) which can be used by the plant. (tamu.edu)
- Fixation of nitrogen even with liberation of energy or free energy, will take place if either oxygen gas or hydrogen gas, or other substances, especially gases, whose standard free energies are close to zero, are involved to form either nitrates, ammonia, or cyanide, not to speak of still other compounds. (rupress.org)
- Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of dinitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3) and can be catalyzed by biotic and abiotic processes. (ufl.edu)
Cyanobacteria6
- Cyanobacteria inhabit nearly all illuminated environments on Earth and play key roles in the carbon and nitrogen cycle of the biosphere . (wikipedia.org)
- In general, cyanobacteria can use various inorganic and organic sources of combined nitrogen, such as nitrate , nitrite , ammonium , urea , or some amino acids . (wikipedia.org)
- Well-characterized nitrogen-fixing systems have been found in some free-living species of cyanobacteria (e.g. (rationalwiki.org)
- Volume 2 covers the symbiotic interaction of nitrogen fixing organisms with their host plants, including nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation, plant and microbial "omics", cyanobacteria, diazotrophs and non-legumes, field studies and inoculum preparation, as well as nitrogen fixation and cereals. (wiley.com)
- Marine nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are largely confined to the tropical and subtropical ocean. (rug.nl)
- Together, these results point at a lower temperature limit for unicellular nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, which offers an explanation for their (sub) tropical distribution and suggests expansion of their biogeographical range by global warming. (rug.nl)
Bacteria23
- The importance of energy supply for fixation can be seen by comparing these rates to those found in legumes, where the symbiotic bacteria are supplied with high-energy products from photosynthesis. (encyclopedia.com)
- In nature, nitrogen is most commonly fixed by certain types of soil-dwelling bacteria . (everything2.com)
- Lightning also fixes nitrogen directly in the atmosphere , though at a much smaller total rate than that of bacteria. (everything2.com)
- Nitrogen fixation is carried out naturally in soil by microorganisms termed diazotrophs that include bacteria such as Azotobacter and archaea . (wikipedia.org)
- Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria have symbiotic relationships with plant groups, especially legumes . (wikipedia.org)
- Several obligately anaerobic bacteria fix nitrogen including many (but not all) Clostridium spp. (wikipedia.org)
- The tree, sacred in Mayanmythology, was considered the tree of life, connecting heaven and Earth.Studies conducted in the monument determined that the trace elementmolybdenum limits the activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live insoils where the tree is found. (acs.org)
- Nitrogen-fixing bacteria belonging to genera such as Rhizobium , Bradyrhizobium , etc. are commonly found in root nodules on plants (mostly legumes), and some crops are grown only because of the high levels of nitrogen compounds produced in the roots. (rationalwiki.org)
- Bacteria that fix nitrogen only do so when they sense that there is very little nitrogen available in their environment," says Professor Ray Dixon (Project Leader at the JIC. (innovations-report.com)
- The discovery of the role of nitrogen fixing bacteria by Herman Hellriegel and Herman Wilfarth in 1886-8 would open a new era of soil science. (wikipedia.org)
- Bacteria through fixation enrich wood substrate with nitrogen thus enabling deadwood decomposition by fungi. (wikipedia.org)
- Here the bacteria obtains carbonaceous food from the plant and carries on the nitrogen fixation process, storing up the resulting nitrogeneous food material. (rawfoodexplained.com)
- One of the major factors that limit crop growth is the availability of nitrogen, but only bacteria and other single-celled microbes called archaea can take nitrogen from the air and fix it into a form that can be used by plants. (jic.ac.uk)
- Legumes obtain nitrogen from symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, but cereal crops including wheat and maize, rely on the availability of fixed nitrogen in the soil. (jic.ac.uk)
- Besides fixing nitrogen, endophytic bacteria can produce plant growth hormones like auxin and gibberellin, help in nutrient uptake, and increase the plant's tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. (intechopen.com)
- Various direct and indirect methods have been used to quantify the amount of nitrogen fixed by these bacteria, including the acetylene reduction assay, which is a quick but indirect method, and the 15N isotopic dilution assay, which is a robust and accurate method. (intechopen.com)
- Diazortrophs are a form of a bacteria and archaea organism that grow without external forms of nitrogen, which means they are able to utilize only the nitrogen that is present in the atmosphere itself. (maximumyield.com)
- I think its that denitrifing bacteria in the soil convert the excess nitrates into nitrites and then nitrogen gas so that the nitrogen can be put back into the cycle. (biology-online.org)
- In reality it is not the plant that removes nitrogen from the air but Rhizobium bacteria which live in small tumor like structures called nodules on the legume plant roots. (tamu.edu)
- The nitrogen fixation (N 2 -fixation) process between the legume plant and rhizobia bacteria is referred to as a symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship. (tamu.edu)
- Rhizobia bacteria provide the legume plant with nitrogen in the form of ammonium and the legume plant provides the bacteria with carbohydrates as an energy source. (tamu.edu)
- Different concentrations of Mo and Co were found to induce high root nodules, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixing bacteria. (scialert.net)
- The photosynthetic bacteria, in particular members of the Rhodospirillaceae, are attractive organisms for genetic and biochemical analyses of nitrogen fixation. (umsystem.edu)
Atmospheric10
- [1] Atmospheric nitrogen is molecular dinitrogen , a relatively nonreactive molecule that is metabolically useless to all but a few microorganisms. (wikipedia.org)
- Certain microorganisms found in the soil are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms plants can use. (missouri.edu)
- The microorganism's ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen is often discussed in terms of the plant's ability to fix nitrogen. (missouri.edu)
- The bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii is able to fix atmospheric nitrogen when available nitrogen in its environment falls below a threshold level. (innovations-report.com)
- In 1901 Beijerinck showed that azotobacter chroococcum was able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. (wikipedia.org)
- Atmospheric nitrogen is inaccessible to most organisms. (wikipedia.org)
- Nitrogen is abundant on our planet as an atmospheric gas. (astrobiology.com)
- Nitrogen fixation is essentially converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can more readily utilize. (maximumyield.com)
- Atmospheric nitrogen is converted by the action of diazotrophs. (maximumyield.com)
- Fixed nitrogen (N) is a limiting algal nutrient in the low latitude ocean, and the oceanic N inventory has been suggested to increase during ice ages so as to lower atmospheric CO_2. (caltech.edu)
Organisms16
- Some free-living organisms fix enough N 2 in vitro to grow without added nitrogen, but limited energy supply can limit N 2 fixation in nature. (encyclopedia.com)
- For instance, non-symbiotic organisms in primary successional areas of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park were found to fix only 0.3 to 2.8 kilograms of N 2 per hectare per year, and non-symbiotic N 2 fixation in soil rarely exceeds 15 kilograms per hectare per year. (encyclopedia.com)
- Although nitrogen is a critical element in both terrestrial and aquatic productivity, and nitrogen fixation is a key process that balances losses due to denitrification in both environments, most resources on the subject focuses on the biochemistry and microbiology of such processes and the organisms involved in the terrestrial environment on symbiosis in terrestrial systems, or on largely ecological aspects in the marine environment. (springer.com)
- Many nitrogen-fixing organisms exist only in anaerobic conditions, respiring to draw down oxygen levels, or binding the oxygen with a protein such as leghemoglobin . (wikipedia.org)
- Living organisms capable of fixing nitrogen are known as diazotrophs. (rationalwiki.org)
- Volume 1 explores the chemistry and biochemistry of nitrogenases, nif gene regulation, the taxonomy, evolution, and genomics of nitrogen fixing organisms, as well as their physiology and metabolism. (wiley.com)
- Nitrogenase: enzymes used by organisms to fix nitrogen Transition metal dinitrogen complex Metal nitrido complex Chalkley, Matthew J. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus, engineering nitrogen fixation activity in photosynthetic organisms that produce oxygen is challenging. (asm.org)
- Conceptual translation of the hnifU cDNA yielded a protein product bearing 77% and 70% amino acid identity to NifU-like hypothetical proteins from Haemophilus influenzae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively, and 40-44% identity to the N-terminal regions of NifU proteins from several diazatrophs (i.e., nitrogen-fixing organisms). (nih.gov)
- Further, the NifU-like proteins of non-nitrogen-fixing organisms were similar only to the N-terminal region of diazatrophic NifU proteins and therefore identified a novel modular domain in these NifU proteins. (nih.gov)
- The process has been exhaustively studied biochemically, and, in certain environments, organisms able to fix nitrogen have a strong selective advantage. (pnas.org)
- With nitrogen fixation being a process highly sensitive to oxygen species we propose that the BMAA effects found here may be related to the production of reactive oxygen species, as reported for other organisms. (mdpi.com)
- Because nitrogen fixing organisms employ different strategies regarding their activity, it is assumed that different types of microbial mats also exhibit different daily patterns of nitrogen fixation. (uva.nl)
- Mo is involved in regulating expression of the nitrogen fixation ( nif ) genes in a number of organisms. (brillonline.com)
- Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume nodules, where it is required for the activity of bacterial nitrogenase, plant leghemoglobin, respiratory oxidases, and other Fe proteins in both organisms. (plantphysiol.org)
- If nitrogen fixation is exothermic and free energy-yielding, how is the carbohydrate requirement of nitrogen-fixing organisms to be interpreted? (rupress.org)
Metabolism8
- His research has focused on nitrogen cycling by aquatic microorganisms, although he has publications spanning topics in microbial diversity in freshwater and hypersaline systems, organic matter metabolism, selenium metabolism in estuarine sediments, and nitrogen metabolism in oligotrophic oceans. (springer.com)
- Anderson A J and Spencer D 1950a Molybdenum in nitrogen metabolism of legumes and non-legumes. (springer.com)
- However, engineering diazotrophic plants, however attractive a proposition, is an extreme challenge, due to the complexities in the biosynthesis of active nitrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes nitrogen fixation, and the difficulty of coupling plant metabolism to supply energy and reducing power for the nitrogen fixation process ( 4 ). (asm.org)
- The research was carried out as part of the NAI project "Evolution of Nitrogen Fixation, Photosynthesis, Hydrogen Metabolism, and Methanogenesis. (astrobiology.com)
- Figure 15.06 Nitrogen metabolism in context. (powershow.com)
- Is further hope given to those who may experimentally try to narrow this ratio to where the carbon used is only for the carbon requirements of general metabolism, exclusive of fixation? (rupress.org)
- Does it not indicate that perhaps the function of fixation is often to obtain energy for use in general metabolism? (rupress.org)
- Is the general carbohydrate metabolism of the fixation forms to be regarded as being merely extremely inefficient? (rupress.org)
Legumes18
- This article emphasizes symbiotic N 2 fixation in grain and pasture legumes in the family Fabaceae. (encyclopedia.com)
- Rates of symbiotic N 2 fixation in legumes vary with plant species and cultivar, growing season , and soil fertility. (encyclopedia.com)
- Inclusion of legumes in crop rotations is generally thought to improve soil nitrogen levels, but benefits depend on the level of N 2 fixed and the amount of nitrogen removed in grain or forage. (encyclopedia.com)
- Andrew, C S 1976 Effect of calcium, pH and nitrogen on the growth and chemical composition of some tropical and temperate pasture legumes. (springer.com)
- Andrew C S 1977b The effect of sulphur on the growth, sulphur and nitrogen concentrations, and critical sulphur concentrations of some tropical and temperate pasture legumes. (springer.com)
- Barron, A. R., Purves, D. W. & Hedin, L. O. Facultative nitrogen fixation by canopy legumes in a lowland tropical forest. (nature.com)
- One of the most common groups of plants that fix nitrogen are legumes. (missouri.edu)
- Of the total nitrogen required by legumes, generally about half is nitrogen fixed from the atmosphere, with the remainder being taken up from residual nitrate in the soil. (missouri.edu)
- This means that where legumes are grown, outside applications of manure or fertilizer nitrogen are not needed. (missouri.edu)
- Different legumes also vary in the amount of total nitrogen they can fix. (missouri.edu)
- Listed below in the table are common legumes used in agriculture and the total amounts of nitrogen they fix during a growing season. (missouri.edu)
- The process of nitrogen fixation by legumes alone probably does not significantly impact water quality. (missouri.edu)
- Therefore, not only is this plant able to secure the nitrogen it needs even when there is insufficient nitrogen in the soil … but these legumes actually add to that supply and as far as nitrogen is concerned, leaves the land more fertile than before they grew. (rawfoodexplained.com)
- How legumes specifically sense N-status and how this stimulates all of the regulatory factors are key issues for understanding N 2 fixation regulation on a whole-plant basis. (mdpi.com)
- Grain legumes are also a key source of nitrogen-rich edible seeds, providing a wide variety of high-protein products and constituting the major source of dietary protein in the diets of the poor in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa. (wur.nl)
- A legume plant's ability to use nitrogen from the air is the best known benefit of growing legumes but the least understood. (tamu.edu)
- The quantity of nitrogen fixed by legumes can range from almost none to over 200 lb/acre. (tamu.edu)
- 1980. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by legumes requires extra phosphorus. (hawaii.edu)
Genes14
- The microbial nif genes required for nitrogen fixation are widely distributed in diverse environments. (wikipedia.org)
- Anf and Vnf systems are invariably found with Nif genes, and then only expressed under Mo limiting situations, producing less nitrogen-reducing activity than the Mo-dependent nitrogenase. (rationalwiki.org)
- Normally the genes for nitrogen fixation are locked off and only unlocked and used when nitrogen levels in the environment fall. (innovations-report.com)
- Nitrogen fixation requires a great deal of energy and so the genes that carry out nitrogen fixation (so called nif genes) are tightly regulated and switched off when not required. (innovations-report.com)
- The result is that, when conditions are right for nitrogen fixation, NifA is released from the grip of NifL and is then able to stimulate the activity of the nif genes and so switches on nitrogen fixation by the cell. (innovations-report.com)
- PCC 6803 through the transfer of 35 nitrogen fixation ( nif ) genes from the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. (asm.org)
- The ability to introduce into crop plants the machinery to fix their own nitrogen via direct transfer of nitrogen fixation ( nif ) genes is envisioned to be key for the next agricultural revolution ( 1 - 3 ). (asm.org)
- To date, the heterotrophic bacterium Escherichia coli has been successfully engineered for nitrogen fixation activity through transfer of nif genes from various diazotrophic species ( 13 - 17 ). (asm.org)
- In this paper, the research team has been able to engineer nitrogen fixation by employing a novel strategy, which simplifies the process of engineering multiple genes to make sure their expression is balanced in their new host. (jic.ac.uk)
- Nitrogen fixation (nif) genes of the cyanobacterium Anabaena species strain PCC 7120. (wikigenes.org)
- Bacterial-type ferredoxin genes in the nitrogen fixation regions of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. (wikigenes.org)
- hnifU, a gene exhibiting similarity to nifU genes of nitrogen fixation gene clusters, was identified in the course of expressed sequence tag (EST) generation from a human fetal heart cDNA library. (nih.gov)
- On hosts in which HR plasmids impair N fixation, the plasmids also enhance competitiveness for nodule occupancy, showing that naturally occurring, transferrable accessory genes can convert beneficial rhizobia to a more exploitative lifestyle. (apsnet.org)
- Phylogenies constructed on nitrogen fixation genes are not in agreement with the tree-of-life based on 16S rRNA but do not conclusively distinguish between gene loss and LGT hypotheses. (pnas.org)
Rhizobia10
- Rhizobia produce stem or root nodules on their host(s), and within these nodules receive protection from external stresses and energy for growth and N 2 fixation. (encyclopedia.com)
- In most legume nodules, the di-nitrogen (N 2 )-fixing rhizobia are present as organelle-like structures inside their root host cells. (mdpi.com)
- This study aimed to genetically characterize four new Rhizobium strains, and to evaluate their nodulation and fixation capacity compared to commercial strains and to native rhizobia population of a Brazilian Rhodic Hapludox. (scielo.br)
- To take advantage of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) nitrogen biofertilizer, several studies have sought to identify efficient and competitive strains of rhizobia to cope the nitrogen requirements of this important crop. (scielo.br)
- Every method used for demonstrating nitrogen fixation in rhizobia have been used to demonstrate nitrogen fixation in G. diazotrophicus both in vitro and in planta, and field trials demonstrate yield increases and the potential to reduce nitrogen fertilizer use, meeting both food security and climate smart agriculture needs. (intechopen.com)
- Low-oxygen concentration in infected nodule cells contributes to the differentiation of rhizobia into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids and enables prolonged activity of oxygen-labile nitrogenase ( Hennecke, 1990 ). (plantphysiol.org)
- Factors that influence the quantity of nitrogen fixed are the level of soil nitrogen, the rhizobia strain infecting the legume, amount of legume plant growth, how the legume is managed, and length of growing season. (tamu.edu)
- Most legume species have a specific rhizobia strain that maximizes N 2 -fixation. (tamu.edu)
- Some of these rhizobia strains are capable of infecting a given legume species but will vary in their efficiency to fix nitrogen. (tamu.edu)
- Effective rhizobia strains that fix high rates of nitrogen form fewer but larger nodules that have dark pink centers. (tamu.edu)
Fertilizers10
- Sustainability considerations mandate that alternatives to chemical nitrogen fertilizers must be urgently sought. (springer.com)
- The form of nitrogen produced is the same form of nitrogen that is found in several types of commercial nitrogen fertilizers. (missouri.edu)
- To compensate , modern agriculture has been highly reliant on industrial nitrogen fertilizers to achieve maximum crop productivity. (wiley.com)
- IMPORTANCE Application of chemically synthesized nitrogen fertilizers has revolutionized agriculture. (asm.org)
- It may reduce the expenses with chemical nitrogen fertilizers, as well as eliminating the negative impact of them on the environment (Straliotto et al. (scielo.br)
- There is a need to reduce the negative polluting influence of mineral nitrogen fertilizers and to develop a more sustainable climate smart agriculture capable of meeting our future food security needs. (intechopen.com)
- For many years, and in deed for decades, Brazilian sugarcane had been produced in the same regions with little use of nitrogen fertilizers, without any apparent loss in yield [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
- Subsequent to this, studies confirmed that some varieties of Brazilian sugarcane were capable of obtaining 60-80% of their nitrogen requirements from BNF, highlighting the possibility that under the right conditions, it might be possible to dispense altogether with nitrogen fertilizers for these varieties [ 1 , 3 ]. (intechopen.com)
- The outputs of the project in the form of improved rhizobial strains for pigeonpea, improved understanding of how to enhance the ability of rice to obtain N from fixation, strong capacity building to train the next generation of researches is expected to give strong support to programmes for enhancing BNF and saving chemical fertilizers. (org.in)
- Breeding for high symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation (SNF) in common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is expected to contribute to reduced application of chemical fertilizers in cropping systems involving common bean. (springer.com)
Nitrogenase activity2
- Our data show that exogenously applied BMAA rapidly inhibits nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction assay), even at micromolar concentrations, and that the inhibition was considerably more severe than that induced by combined nitrogen sources and most other amino acids. (mdpi.com)
- As predicted by the second hypothesis, the respiratory cost of nitrogen fixation and also the cellular C:N ratio rose sharply at temperatures below 21 degrees C. In addition, we found that low temperature caused a strong delay in the onset of the nocturnal nitrogenase activity, which shortened the remaining nighttime available for nitrogen fixation. (rug.nl)
Nodules6
- Many processes operate and interact within the symbiotic relationship between plants and nodules, including nitrogen (N)/carbon (C) metabolisms, oxygen flow through nodules, oxidative stress, and phosphorous (P) levels. (mdpi.com)
- The carbonic anhydrase (CA)-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC)-malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is a key pathway inside nodules involved in this regulation, and malate seems to play a crucial role in many aspects of symbiotic N 2 fixation control. (mdpi.com)
- In this activity, students observe the colour inside the root nodules of clover (or other legume) to see if they are fixing nitrogen. (sciencelearn.org.nz)
- An array of 2,304 cDNA clones derived from nitrogen-fixing nodules of Lotus japonicus was produced and used to detect differences in relative gene transcript abundance between nodules and uninfected roots. (apsnet.org)
- nitrogen fixation by root nodules takes the nitrogen gas from the soil and converts it into ammonium compounds. (biology-online.org)
- Ineffective strains will form many small nodules on the legume root but fix little or no nitrogen. (tamu.edu)
Rhizobium7
- Technical handbook on symbiotic nitrogen fixation : legume/Rhizobium. (worldcat.org)
- I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32971292 Title: Technical handbook on symbiotic nitrogen fixation : legume/Rhizobium. (worldcat.org)
- Agricultural practices-such as no-till, low-input, and organic cultivation-can change the ecology of the mutualism between soybean plants and their nitrogen-supplying rhizobium by altering bacterial communities, soil conditions, and plant behavior. (lternet.edu)
- Legume-Rhizobium nitrogen fixation is dramatically affected under drought and other environmental constraints. (plantphysiol.org)
- A rhizobium strain is the key ingredient in an inoculant that allows for nitrogen fixation. (producer.com)
- The research team first began gathering different rhizobium strains, screening them in a lab setting to see how they would fix nitrogen. (producer.com)
- In each test site two nitrogen supply management strategies, SNF-dependent and N fertilizer-dependent, were simulated separately in the field by inoculating the seed with a commercial Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. (springer.com)
Diazotrophic2
- For example decomposing wood which has generally low content of nitrogen was shown to host diazotrophic community. (wikipedia.org)
- The requirements for ATP and reductant during diazotrophic growth, the physicochemical properties of the nitrogenase proteins, and the involvement of Mo in different aspects of N 2 fixation are reviewed. (brillonline.com)
Dinitrogen fixation5
- Why is the energetically costly 4 strategy of dinitrogen fixation widespread if non-fixing neighbours can outcompete fixers in the nitrogen-rich conditions of tropical forests? (nature.com)
- Conversely, why is dinitrogen fixation not widespread in extra-tropical forests, if fixers are competitively advantaged over non-fixers in nitrogen-poor soils? (nature.com)
- Figure 1: Climate and biome differences in soil nitrogen deficit and evolutionary stable strategies (ESS) of dinitrogen fixation. (nature.com)
- These mat types differ with regard to the daily patterns and daily integrated rates of dinitrogen fixation. (uva.nl)
- Ladha JK, Peoples MB, Garrity DP, Capuno VT and Dart PJ (1993) Estimating dinitrogen fixation of hedgerow vegetation using the nitrogen-15 natural abundance method. (springer.com)
Phosphorus10
- The atomic ratio of Carbon(C): Nitrogen(N): Phosphorus(P) observed on average in planktonic biomass was originally described by Alfred Redfield. (wikipedia.org)
- 0.3 mu mol L-1), N-2 fixation rates were unaffected by iron and phosphorus amendments. (columbia.edu)
- The mean TN/TP is 20 for surface-water sites with temperatures higher than 15°C, indicating that the average trophic conditions in the Baltic Proper are likely more limited by phosphorus than nitrogen. (diva-portal.org)
- Nitrogen fixation is an important contributor to the nitrogen concentration and we give overall budgets for nitrogen and phosphorus in the Baltic Proper, including nutrient data from land uplift, which is the most important contributor for nutrients and often neglected in discussions about sources of nutrients to the Baltic Sea. (diva-portal.org)
- Over the year long period of observation, N2 fixation varied with measured soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) inventories and previously documented seasonality of iron (Fe) delivery to the North Pacific. (hawaii.edu)
- We present results from a new Atlantic implementation of a coupled physical-biogeochemical model that includes an explicit, dynamic representation of N 2 -fixation with light, nitrogen, phosphorus and iron limitations, and variable stoichiometric ratios. (biogeosciences.net)
- The model is able to reproduce nitrogen, phosphorus and iron concentration variability to first order. (biogeosciences.net)
- Changes in the phosphorus remineralization rate (relative to nitrogen) linearly determine the surface nitrogen fixation rate because they change the degree of phosphorus limitation, which is the dominant limitation in the Atlantic in the model. (biogeosciences.net)
- Phosphorus remineralization rate must be increased by about a factor of 2 (relative to nitrogen) in order to generate subsurface N* anomalies that are comparable to the observations. (biogeosciences.net)
- Coles, V. J. and Hood, R. R.: Modeling the impact of iron and phosphorus limitations on nitrogen fixation in the Atlantic Ocean, Biogeosciences, 4, 455-479, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-455-2007, 2007. (biogeosciences.net)
Photosynthesis2
- N 2 fixation is energetically highly expensive, and an energy-generating process such as photosynthesis can meet the energy demand of N 2 fixation. (asm.org)
- Nitrogen (N) is an essential component of all proteins and enzymes, nucleic acids that make up DNA, and chlorophyll that enables the process of photosynthesis in plants [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
Nodule5
- Nodule function requires more Mo than does the host plant, and in some symbioses nitrogen fixation may be specifically limited by low availability of Ca, Co, Cu and Fe. (springer.com)
- Understanding how nodule N2 fixation responds to the environment is crucial for improving legume production and maintaining sustainability in the context of global change. (springer.com)
- The program will combine classical topics within the BNF field (e.g. nitrogenase biochemistry, evolution of symbiosis, signal transduction, nodule development and functioning, regulation of N 2 fixation in soil and aquatic free-living microorganisms) with highly relevant and timely topics for modern society (e.g. climate change, environmental impact of BNF, present and future use of BNF in agriculture). (fems-microbiology.org)
- However, it has yet to be established as to whether such regulation of nitrogen fixation is only exerted at the whole-plant level (e.g. by a systemic nitrogen feedback mechanism) or can also occur at a local nodule level. (plantphysiol.org)
- Loss of MtMATE67 gene function resulted in accumulation of Fe in the apoplasm of nodule cells and a substantial decrease in symbiotic nitrogen fixation and plant growth. (plantphysiol.org)
Plant12
- Andrew C S, Kippo E A and Barford H 1952 Plant responses to nitrogen and sulphur on a heavy clay soil from the Darling Downs, South-east Queensland. (springer.com)
- We conclude that biome-scale differences in the abundance of nitrogen fixers can be explained by the interaction between individual plant strategies and climatic constraints on the nitrogen cycle over evolutionary time. (nature.com)
- In this case, microorganisms obtain food and energy from the root of the plant while producing nitrogen the plant can use for growth and development. (missouri.edu)
- Experiments by Bossingault in 1855 and Pugh, Gilbert & Lawes in 1887 had shown that nitrogen did not enter the plant directly. (wikipedia.org)
- These processes, which influence the regulation of N 2 fixation and are finely tuned on a whole-plant basis, are extensively reviewed in this paper. (mdpi.com)
- N fixation, the process by which dinitrogen is reduced to plant-available forms, is, therefore, a vital process for the sustenance of life on earth. (intechopen.com)
- Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient for plant growth. (tamu.edu)
- The rate of N 2 -fixation is directly related to legume plant growth rate. (tamu.edu)
- Anything that reduces plant growth such as drought, low temperature, limited plant nutrients, or disease will also reduce N 2 -fixation. (tamu.edu)
- If given a choice, a legume plant will remove nitrogen from the soil before obtaining nitrogen from the air through N 2 -fixation. (tamu.edu)
- I want to use some of his ideas and plant nitrogen fixers next to each fruit tree. (permies.com)
- The allure of nitrogen fixing cereals has enticed hundreds of plant scientists for more than a century. (producer.com)
Species9
- It is also the first known diazotroph, the species that use diatomic nitrogen as a step in the complete nitrogen cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- Here, we report an anodic replacement of the water oxidation reaction with more readily oxidizable species to facilitate ambient electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). (rsc.org)
- We explored the potential utility of this species as a polyhydroxybutyrate production strain, correlating the effects of glucose, nitrogen availability, dissolved oxygen concentration, and extracellular pH with polyhydroxybutyrate production and changes in the Y88 proteomic profile. (nih.gov)
- Nitrogen fixation capacity in the component species of contour hedgerows: how important? (springer.com)
- The implications of hedgerow species with nitrogen (N)-fixation capacity on hedgerow-crop competition and crop productivity have been widely debated. (springer.com)
- We examined the agronomic significance of N-fixation by comparing the performance of species representing three classes of hedgerow vegetation: A nitrogen-fixing tree legume Gliricidia sepium ), a non-nitrogen fixing tree ( Senna spectabilis syn. (springer.com)
- Upland rice and maize grain yields and total dry matter were unaffected by tree species, but the nitrogen-fixing tree exerted less competitive effects on the annual crops growing in adjacent rows. (springer.com)
- We conclude that hedgerow systems composed of a nitrogen-fixing tree did not exert significant advantages compared to a non-fixing tree species, and that factors other than N-fixation were more important determinants for the choice of hedgerow species. (springer.com)
- This and species-specific differences are best explained by less N fixation in the Atlantic during the last ice age. (caltech.edu)
Carbon9
- Forests with nitrogen-fixing trees (N-fixers) typically accumulate more carbon (C) in soils than similar forests without N-fixing trees. (upenn.edu)
- His research focuses on the role and importance of marine microbes in major biogeochemical cycles, particularly those of nitrogen and carbon, both from the perspective of the fundamental ecology of these process in marine ecosystems and their physical, chemical and biotic controls. (springer.com)
- Considering atom acquisition, for every 100 atoms of carbon, roughly 2 to 20 atoms of nitrogen are assimilated. (wikipedia.org)
- The use of nitrogen fertilisers releases nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas which is 300 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. (jic.ac.uk)
- They focus on modifications with nitrogen, developing a technique with direct nitrogen fixation, carbon-nitrogen bond formation, at the broken edges of graphite frameworks using ball-milling graphite in the presence of nitrogen gas. (nanowerk.com)
- Nitrogen is the most abundant constituent in air and it is inert diatomic gas while graphite is the most thermodynamically stable form of carbon allotropes," said Prof. Baek. (nanowerk.com)
- Increased stachyose indicated possible physiological and metabolic changes in carbon and nitrogen pathways and their sources under water stress. (hindawi.com)
- Are the experimental determinations of the carbon to nitrogen ratio purely circumstantial? (rupress.org)
- The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different biochar application rates: 0 t ha-1, 5 t ha-1 and 10 t ha-1 on BNF, on microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (MBC and MBN), and on moss biomass. (helsinki.fi)
Archaea1
- Some archaea also fix nitrogen, including several methanogenic taxa , which are significant contributors to nitrogen fixation in oxygen-deficient soils. (wikipedia.org)
Abiotic5
- Abiotic nitrogen fixation has been omitted. (wikipedia.org)
- Finally, high-throughput functional genomics and molecular tools (i.e., miRNAs) are currently very valuable for the identification of many regulatory elements that are good candidates for accurately dissecting the particular N 2 fixation control mechanisms associated with physiological responses to abiotic stresses. (mdpi.com)
- One key question is whether the limited availability of fixed nitrogen was a factor in life's origin or whether there were ample sources of fixed nitrogen produced by abiotic processes or delivered through the weathering of bolide impact materials to support this early life. (frontiersin.org)
- Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain nitrogen fixation inhibition under abiotic stresses. (plantphysiol.org)
- Provided are genetic material and nucleic acid sequences useful in increasing yield, biomass, growth rate, vigor, nitrogen use efficiency and/or abiotic stress. (patents.com)
European Nitrogen Fixation Conference1
- The 14th European Nitrogen Fixation Conference (ENFC), will be held 27-30 August 2020 in Naples , Italy at the Hotel Royal Continental . (fems-microbiology.org)
Oxygen7
- The area of active N 2 fixation is either pink or red in color due to the presence of hemoglobin needed for oxygen transport. (encyclopedia.com)
- The extremely high temperatures momentarily brought about by a lightning flash are more than sufficient to break apart molecules of nitrogen and oxygen , allowing the nitrogen and oxygen atoms to react with one another and form nitrogen dioxide , which in turn produces nitric acid when it encounters water. (everything2.com)
- Nitrogen can be fixed by lightning that converts nitrogen and oxygen into NO x ( nitrogen oxides ). (wikipedia.org)
- Factors such as moisture, temperature, oxygen supply and fertility in the soil can influence fixation. (missouri.edu)
- An 'extra-ordinary endophyte' this bacterium is one of relatively few that has mechanisms to cope with high levels of sucrose, an acidic pH, a wide range of oxygen environments, nitrogen fixation, as well as having respiratory chain attributes that make it a possible candidate eukaryote proto-mitochondria. (intechopen.com)
- denitrification occurs in anaerobic conditions and converts the nitrates which aren't taken up by plants (due to lack of oxygen so plants don't survive) into nitrogen gas. (biology-online.org)
- We identified proteins that changed in abundance in correlation with either nitrogen fixation, dissolved oxygen concentration, or acidification of the growth medium. (nih.gov)
Cereals2
- Professor Ray Dixon project leader in molecular microbiology at the John Innes Centre said: "This is a really exciting development for synthetic biology because it brings nearer the aim of engineering nitrogen fixation in cereals. (jic.ac.uk)
- One such search is for a way to allow cereals to fix nitrogen as pulse crops do. (producer.com)
Aspects of nitrogen fixation2
- This book bridges this knowledge gap for both specialists and non-experts, and provides an in-depth overview of the important aspects of nitrogen fixation as it relates to the marine environment. (springer.com)
- The proteins that correlated with nitrogen fixation were identified either as known nitrogen fixation proteins or as novel proteins that we predict play roles in aspects of nitrogen fixation based on their proteomic profiles. (nih.gov)
Efficiency of nitrogen fixation2
- To calculate the efficiency of nitrogen fixation an analysis of stable isotopes ( 15 N, 13 C) was carried out on bush beans and reference plants. (actahort.org)
- The efficiency of nitrogen fixation was very low in all cultivars and ranged from 6.8 to 14.8%.The conclusion was that the investigated cultivars of bush beans could be a good choice for cultivation and can be considered for growing in horticultural production systems. (actahort.org)
Yield4
- Mineral nturient defiencies are a major constraint limiting legume nitrogen fixation and yield. (springer.com)
- The objective of this project was to increase the competitiveness of common bean by improving nitrogen fixation capacity, and therefore, enhancing yield in low fertility soils. (europa.eu)
- The magnitude of variation and the genetic and phenotypic correlation among seed yield, SNF, estimated as the percentage of nitrogen derived from atmosphere, and related traits were studied in a population of 140 F 4 -derived F 5 recombinant inbred lines, developed from a cross between low- and high-SNF bean genotypes 'Sanilac' and 'Mist', respectively. (springer.com)
- Appiah FK, Tufuor JK, Amoako-Andoh F (2015) Nitrogen fixation and yield potential of some early-maturing cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (springer.com)
Nitrate2
- Although nitrogen exists in many forms in the soil, it is the nitrate form that primarily affects water quality. (missouri.edu)
- Kaschuk, G., Hungria, M., Leffelaar P.A., Giller, K.E. and Kuyper, T.W. (2010) Differences in Photosynthetic Behaviour and Leaf Senescence of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] Dependent on N2 Fixation or Nitrate Supply. (scirp.org)
Atoms2
- Fixation processes free up nitrogen atoms from their diatomic form to be used in other ways, but nitrogen does not easily react with other chemicals to form new compounds. (nanowerk.com)
- Is it possible in theory to discover some catalyst which is able to breakdown nitrogen molecules without enegy spend?In the similar way as Platinum breaks down hydrogen atoms without additional energy required? (thescienceforum.com)
Nitrite1
- nitrite is part of the nitrogen cycle, it's not considered part of fixation. (biology-online.org)
Proteins4
- Nitrogen fixation is essential to life because fixed inorganic nitrogen compounds are required for the biosynthesis of all nitrogen-containing organic compounds , such as amino acids and proteins , nucleoside triphosphates and nucleic acids . (wikipedia.org)
- Nitrogen in these forms can then be used in the manufacture of nitrogen-requiring molecules such as the amino acids that make up proteins . (rationalwiki.org)
- Both proteins are sensitive to biochemical signals that occur in the bacterial cell when conditions are right for nitrogen fixation. (innovations-report.com)
- These are then expressed in the host cell as huge proteins known as "polyproteins" which are subsequently cut by a specific protease enzyme to release the individual nitrogen fixation components. (jic.ac.uk)
Fertilizer3
- In Brazil alone, N 2 fixation contributes the equivalent of 2.5 million tons of fertilizer nitrogen annually to agricultural production and is essential to a country with limited natural gas reserves for fertilizer nitrogen production. (encyclopedia.com)
- As part of the nitrogen cycle , it is essential for agriculture and the manufacture of fertilizer . (wikipedia.org)
- However, a great deal of fossil fuel is required for the production and delivery of nitrogen fertilizer. (wiley.com)
Genetic6
- In combination with existing information, utilizing these abundant genetic molecular tools will enable us to identify the specific mechanisms underlying the regulation of N 2 fixation. (mdpi.com)
- This download Genetic Engineering for Nitrogen Fixation 1977 continues warehousing editors in newsstand, encouragement, supply, and school, and mining media in time or life. (literary-liaisons.com)
- Artists and Writers Colonies: schools, reconstructions, and editors for the early download Genetic Engineering for Nitrogen Fixation 1977. (literary-liaisons.com)
- Zaure RozmatMuch of the content download Genetic Engineering for Nitrogen Fixation 1977 in Kazakhstan places shortly highly from editors over how to get the result, but a measurement as actual as number: initially, comics have enshrined about how younger Oftentimes will create a other degree. (literary-liaisons.com)
- there, operational subsequent students see provided aimed not for several, considering older authors digital and various that their others are submitted signalized to a extensive, more same download Genetic Engineering for Nitrogen often, provides Rozmat. (literary-liaisons.com)
- Dr. D.L.N Rao, Network Coordinator (Biofertilizers), the PI and Consortium leader of the project said the project will address the crucial issue of improving rhizobial strains for greater competitiveness and higher potential to fix nitrogen in pigeon pea both by natural selection and genetic engineering as also the ability of rice to benefit from nitrogen fixing endophytes. (org.in)
Capable of nitrogen2
- A long-standing puzzle 2 is that trees capable of nitrogen fixation are abundant in nitrogen-rich tropical forests, but absent or restricted to early successional stages in nitrogen-poor extra-tropical forests. (nature.com)
- punctulatushindgut symbionts exposedin vivoto 15 N 2 supports the hypothesis thatBarbulanymphaectosymbionts are capable of nitrogen fixation. (osti.gov)
Regulating N 2 fixation rates1
- This must be thoroughly studied in the future since there is no unifying theory that explains all of the aspects involved in regulating N 2 fixation rates to date. (mdpi.com)
Soils2
- Jenny, H. Causes of the high nitrogen and organic matter content of certain tropical forest soils. (nature.com)
- However, the availability of nitrogen is limited in many soils and although the earth's atmosphere consists of 78.1% nitrogen gas (N2) plants are unable to use this form of nitrogen. (wiley.com)
Amount of nitrogen fixed2
- Environmental factors such as drought, elevated temperature, salinity, soil acidity and rising CO2 are known to dramatically affect the symbiotic process and thus play a part in determining the actual amount of nitrogen fixed by a given legume in the field. (springer.com)
- General estimates of the amount of nitrogen fixed range from 50 to 100 lb N/acre for annuals and about 200 lb N/acre for alfalfa. (tamu.edu)
Microorganisms2
- Gaseous nitrogen diffusing into the soil from the air is converted into useable nitrogen by the mechanism of the leguminous plants, combined with the bacterial action of the microorganisms living in its roots. (rawfoodexplained.com)
- The aim of this study was to determine the potential of microbial mats to fix nitrogen and to identify individual functional groups of microorganisms that contribute to it. (uva.nl)
Reduction4
- Early studies using acetylene reduction have suggested that macroalgae may contribute to nitrogen enrichment of waters near coral reefs via nitrogen fixation by their epiphytic cynaphytes. (upenn.edu)
- The enzymes that carry out the reduction of nitrogen are known in the literature as nitrogenases. (rationalwiki.org)
- The fixation decrease was most likely a response to a known ice age reduction in ocean N loss, and it would have worked to balance the ocean N budget and to curb ice age-to-interglacial change in the N inventory. (caltech.edu)
- Conformational change induced by ATP hydrolysis brings reductase close to the Mo-Fe center of nitrogen reduction. (coursehero.com)
Soil nitrogen4
- We show that in the tropics, transient soil nitrogen deficits following disturbance and rapid tree growth favour a facultative strategy and the coexistence of fixers and non-fixers. (nature.com)
- Figure 2: Forest composition as a function of soil nitrogen. (nature.com)
- Net soil nitrogen accrual from the incorporation of grain legume residue in Africa can be as much as 140 kg N ha -1 depending on the legume type and variety. (wur.nl)
- An Overview of Key Soil Nitrogen Cycling Transformations -- Figure 1. (ufl.edu)
Overview of N2 fixation2
- This book is intended to provide an overview of N2 fixation research for marine researchers, while providing a reference on marine research for researchers in other fields, including terrestrial N2 fixation. (springer.com)
- Quantitative overview of N2 fixation in Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 through cellular enrichments and iTRAQ shotgun proteomics. (umassmed.edu)
Symbiosis2
- In this review general techniques for assessing nutrient involvement in symbiotic nitrogen fixation are described and specific methods are outlined for determining which developmental phase of the symbiosis is most sensitive to nutrient deficiency. (springer.com)
- The ectosymbiont genome carried two complete operons for nitrogen fixation, a urea transporter, and a urease, indicating the availability of nitrogen as a driving force behind the symbiosis. (osti.gov)
Ammonium1
- The product of fixation is ammonium. (biology-online.org)
Azotobacter1
- A crucial arginine residue is required for a conformational switch in NifL to regulate nitrogen fixation in Azotobacter vinelandii. (innovations-report.com)
Strains4
- To date, our efforts have resulted in engineered Synechocystis 6803 strains that, remarkably, have more than 30% of the N 2 fixation activity of Cyanothece 51142, the highest such activity established in any nondiazotrophic oxygenic photosynthetic organism. (asm.org)
- In the first experiment, the nodulation and nitrogen fixation capacity of new strains were evaluated, in comparison to the commercial strains CIAT-899 and PRF-81 and to native soil population. (scielo.br)
- The LBMP-4BR and LBMP-12BR new strains are among the ones with greatest nodulation and fixation capacity and exhibit differential responses when mixed to PRF-81. (scielo.br)
- Certain strains of the obligate nitrogen-fixing bacterial endophyte Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus have the necessary attributes for this role. (intechopen.com)
Nutrient3
- Nitrogen is arguably the most important nutrient required by plants. (wiley.com)
- An important nutrient is nitrogen, which is derived from organic sources in the soil. (maximumyield.com)
- Measured N2 fixation rates and the implied large fraction of new production supported by diazotrophy emphasize the importance of N2 fixation in nutrient dynamics in the NPSG. (hawaii.edu)
Cyanobacterium2
Processes3
- This gives the scientists an important clue about the key processes which operate the lock that controls nitrogen fixation. (innovations-report.com)
- however, the estimated fixation rate was similar to other published results, suggesting that processes other than cellular growth rate may determine the abundance of unicellular diazotrophs. (columbia.edu)
- A download nitrogen fixing actinorhizal symbioses nitrogen to either processes a mainstream front to amplify a gallon or job. (thelostdogs.com)
Process13
- In order to make the process more cost-effective, chemists have focused on the development of new systems that can transform nitrogen into useful compounds using mild low-energy conditions. (eurekalert.org)
- Nitrogen fixation is any process which converts gaseous nitrogen into nitrogen-containing compound s. (everything2.com)
- Under artificial conditions, nitrogen fixation is done on a large scale by the Haber-Bosch process . (everything2.com)
- The dominant technology for abiological nitrogen fixation is the Haber process, which uses an iron-based heterogeneous catalysts and H2 to convert N2 to NH3. (wikipedia.org)
- In rare cases, metals react with nitrogen gas to give nitrides, a process called nitriding. (wikipedia.org)
- In a related process, trimethylsilyl chloride, lithium and nitrogen react in the presence of a catalyst to give tris(trimethylsilyl)amine, which can be further elaborated. (wikipedia.org)
- Nitrogen fixation is an intricate and delicate process which requires a balance of numerous key components. (jic.ac.uk)
- this system participates in the recycling of hydrogen that otherwise would be lost as a by-product of the nitrogen fixation process. (sciencemag.org)
- This artificial N-fixation process was established in 1913 and uses a catalyst (iron with a small amount of aluminum added) at high pressure (as much as 5.06 × 10 7 Pa) and high temperature (600-800 K) consuming large amounts of fossil fuel. (intechopen.com)
- The most common method of industrial nitrogen fixation is the Harber-Bosch process, which requires extremely harsh conditions, 200 atm of pressure and 400 C of temperature. (nanowerk.com)
- Along the way, the research team discovered a novel nitrogen fixation process. (nanowerk.com)
- The N 2 -fixation process itself is influence by soil temperature. (tamu.edu)
- Do not hypotheses concerning the fixation of nitrogen in the evolutionary process, which are based on the conception that energy is required, lose some of their significance? (rupress.org)
Diazotrophs3
- [2] Looser non-symbiotic relationships between diazotrophs and plants are often referred to as associative, as seen in nitrogen fixation on rice roots. (wikipedia.org)
- Diazotrophs are important in the maintenance of the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle. (rationalwiki.org)
- Nearly all (95%) N2 fixation in the euphotic zone (0 - 125 m) occurred in the upper 75 m and was mostly supported (57 - 76%) by diazotrophs less than 10 µm in diameter. (hawaii.edu)
Rates of dinitrogen1
- Temporal and depth variability in rates of dinitrogen (N2) fixation at Stn. (hawaii.edu)
Crop2
- This report establishes a baseline for the ultimate goal of engineering nitrogen fixation ability in crop plants. (asm.org)
- Nitrogen in crop production: an account of global flows. (harvard.edu)
Soybean2
- They didn't observe any significant treatment differences in nitrogen-fixing soybean plants, though they did see some minor treatment effects in non-nodulating mutants. (lternet.edu)
- Soybean plants that depend upon symbiotic nitrogen fixation for their N have a higher P requirement than their counterparts supplied with fixed N from an external source. (hawaii.edu)
Cyanobacterial1
- This paper details current knowledge about nitrogen fixation by cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) heterocysts. (springer.com)
Assimilation2
- Daimon and Yoshioka, 2001 ) and moreover, nitrogen assimilation, whether from N 2 fixation or inorganic sources, had a localized effect on root development ( Singleton and van Kessel, 1987 ). (plantphysiol.org)
- Antipchuk AF, Kantselyaruk RM, Rangelova VN, Skochinskaya NN, Tantsyurenko EV (1990) Relation between the photo-assimilation activity indices of leguminous plants and their symbiotic nitrogen fixation. (springer.com)
Synthesis2
- Therefore, the focus of this review is the state-of-the-art engineering of efficient photocatalysts for dinitrogen (N 2 ) fixation toward NH 3 synthesis. (rsc.org)
- As such, it is anticipated that this review will shed new light on photocatalytic N 2 fixation and NH 3 synthesis and will also provide a blueprint for further investigations and momentous breakthroughs in next-generation catalyst design. (rsc.org)