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Nitrogen FixationNitrogenaseSymbiosisAcetyleneRoot Nodules, PlantRhizobiumSinorhizobium melilotiRhizobiaceaeFixation, OcularNitrogen IsotopesLotusAzotobacterGenes, BacterialNitrogen CycleNitrogenMedicago sativaPlant Root NodulationPII Nitrogen Regulatory ProteinsFracture FixationRhizobium leguminosarumRhizobium etliBradyrhizobiumCyanotheceBacterial ProteinsLeghemoglobinAzotobacter vinelandiiKlebsiella pneumoniaePlant RootsCyanobacteriaGene Expression Regulation, BacterialMedicago truncatulaAnabaenaComplement Fixation TestsTissue FixationPhaseolusFabaceaeGlutamate-Ammonia LigaseQuaternary Ammonium CompoundsNitrogen CompoundsMolecular Sequence DataOxidoreductasesAmmoniaDenitrificationCarbonPseudomonas stutzeriMesorhizobiumBlood Urea NitrogenNitrogen DioxideMolybdoferredoxinMolybdenumBone ScrewsCarbon CycleSinorhizobiumDinitrogenase ReductaseGenes, ArchaealNitratesPhotosynthesisGluconacetobacterDNA, BacterialReactive Nitrogen SpeciesBacteriaPhylogenyBone PlatesPeasBase SequenceAzorhizobium caulinodansMutationOperonSoybeansAzospirillum brasilenseIsopteraAchromobacterBiomassSeawaterSesbaniaRhodobacter capsulatusExternal FixatorsFixativesCarbon DioxideSoil MicrobiologyCavesAmino Acid SequenceSequence Analysis, DNAPlant ShootsSoilFrankiaMedicagoHydrogenAzospirillumNitrogen OxidesFracture Fixation, IntramedullaryAlphaproteobacteriaViciaPlasmidsOxidation-ReductionMutagenesis, InsertionalAlnusGenome, BacterialAnaerobiosisAerobiosisOrthopedic Fixation DevicesNostocSpirillumChemoautotrophic GrowthRhodospirillum rubrumGlutamate SynthaseDicarboxylic AcidsPhenotypeNitrificationInternal FixatorsOxygenHerbaspirillumKetoglutaric AcidsPlants, MedicinalGenes, RegulatorCloning, MolecularBone WiresMultigene FamilyPlant ProteinsMetabolic Networks and PathwaysGenetic Complementation TestTungstenAmino AcidsPlantsProteobacteriaFertilizersEcosystemBone NailsGeologic SedimentsCulture MediaMethaneFracture HealingDarknessPoaceaeRhodospirillaceaeGene Expression Regulation, PlantPhosphorusTranscription, GeneticPlant LeavesEscherichia coliSulfurFlavodoxinSpecies SpecificityUDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate UridylyltransferaseArchaeaDicarboxylic Acid TransportersKlebsiellaPhototrophic ProcessesSequence Homology, Amino AcidTranscription FactorsModels, BiologicalFerredoxinsCape VerdeRNA Polymerase Sigma 54Fractures, ComminutedPacific OceanGene Expression Regulation, ArchaealHydrogenaseBetaproteobacteriaRestriction MappingAmphipodaDNA Transposable ElementsGlutamineSaccadesRhodopseudomonasPromoter Regions, GeneticTime FactorsGram-Negative Aerobic BacteriaLightHemeproteinsTibial FracturesHydroxybutyratesPaenibacillusEye MovementsMethanococcusCrops, AgriculturalChromosomes, BacterialAtlantic OceanFormaldehydeGenesDNA, ArchaealRNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Nitrogen Fixation: The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as AMMONIA; NITRATES; and amino compounds.Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.Symbiosis: The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.AcetyleneRoot Nodules, Plant: Knobbed structures formed from and attached to plant roots, especially of LEGUMES, which result from symbiotic infection by nitrogen fixing bacteria such as RHIZOBIUM or FRANKIA. Root nodules are structures related to MYCORRHIZAE formed by symbiotic associations with fungi.Rhizobium: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate PLANT ROOT NODULATION in leguminous plants. Members of this genus are nitrogen-fixing and common soil inhabitants.Sinorhizobium meliloti: A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes formation of root nodules on some, but not all, types of sweet clover, MEDICAGO SATIVA, and fenugreek.Rhizobiaceae: A family of gram-negative bacteria which are saprophytes, symbionts, or plant pathogens.Fixation, Ocular: The positioning and accommodation of eyes that allows the image to be brought into place on the FOVEA CENTRALIS of each eye.Nitrogen Isotopes: Stable nitrogen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element nitrogen, but differ in atomic weight. N-15 is a stable nitrogen isotope.Lotus: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. This genus was formerly known as Tetragonolobus. The common name of lotus is also used for NYMPHAEA and NELUMBO.Azotobacter: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria found in soil and water. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs or irregular clumps, and sometimes in chains of varying lengths.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Nitrogen Cycle: The circulation of nitrogen in nature, consisting of a cycle of biochemical reactions in which atmospheric nitrogen is compounded, dissolved in rain, and deposited in the soil, where it is assimilated and metabolized by bacteria and plants, eventually returning to the atmosphere by bacterial decomposition of organic matter.Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.Medicago sativa: A plant species of the family FABACEAE widely cultivated for ANIMAL FEED.Plant Root Nodulation: The formation of a nitrogen-fixing cell mass on PLANT ROOTS following symbiotic infection by nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as RHIZOBIUM or FRANKIA.PII Nitrogen Regulatory Proteins: A family of signal transducing adaptor proteins that control the METABOLISM of NITROGEN. They are primarily found in prokaryotes.Fracture Fixation: The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals.Rhizobium leguminosarum: A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is found in soil and which causes formation of root nodules on some, but not all, types of field pea, lentil, kidney bean, and clover.Rhizobium etli: A species of gram-negative bacteria and nitrogen innoculant of PHASEOLUS VULGARIS.Bradyrhizobium: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria usually containing granules of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. They characteristically invade the root hairs of leguminous plants and act as intracellular symbionts.Cyanothece: A form-genus of unicellular coccoid to rod-shaped CYANOBACTERIA, in the order Chroococcales. Three different clusters of strains from diverse habitats are included.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Leghemoglobin: A hemoglobin-like oxygen-binding hemeprotein present in the nitrogen-fixing root nodules of leguminous plants. The red pigment has a molecular weight approximately 1/4 that of hemoglobin and has been suggested to act as an oxido-reduction catalyst in symbiotic nitrogen fixation.Azotobacter vinelandii: A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria first isolated from soil in Vineland, New Jersey. Ammonium and nitrate are used as nitrogen sources by this bacterium. It is distinguished from other members of its genus by the ability to use rhamnose as a carbon source. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)Klebsiella pneumoniae: Gram-negative, non-motile, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature and associated with urinary and respiratory infections in humans.Plant Roots: The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Cyanobacteria: A phylum of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular bacteria possessing CHLOROPHYLL a and carrying out oxygenic PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both CARBON DIOXIDE (in the presence of light) and NITROGEN. Cell morphology can include nitrogen-fixing heterocysts and/or resting cells called akinetes. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as ALGAE.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.Medicago truncatula: A plant species of the family FABACEAE used to study GENETICS because it is DIPLOID, self fertile, has a small genome, and short generation time.Anabaena: A genus of CYANOBACTERIA consisting of trichomes that are untapered with conspicuous constrictions at cross-walls. A firm individual sheath is absent, but a soft covering is often present. Many species are known worldwide as major components of freshwater PLANKTON and also of many saline lakes. The species ANABAENA FLOS-AQUAE is responsible for acute poisonings of various animals.Complement Fixation Tests: Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.Tissue Fixation: The technique of using FIXATIVES in the preparation of cytologic, histologic, or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all the constituent elements.Phaseolus: A plant genus in the family FABACEAE which is the source of edible beans and the lectin PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS.Fabaceae: The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, L-glutamate, and NH3 to ADP, orthophosphate, and L-glutamine. It also acts more slowly on 4-methylene-L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.3.1.2.Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. These are distinguished from IMINES which are RN=CR2.Nitrogen Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Oxidoreductases: The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.Denitrification: Nitrate reduction process generally mediated by anaerobic bacteria by which nitrogen available to plants is converted to a gaseous form and lost from the soil or water column. It is a part of the nitrogen cycle.Carbon: A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.Pseudomonas stutzeri: A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS, containing multiple genomovars. It is distinguishable from other pseudomonad species by its ability to use MALTOSE and STARCH as sole carbon and energy sources. It can degrade ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS and has been used as a model organism to study denitrification.Mesorhizobium: A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria in the family PHYLLOBACTERIACEAE. They are able to invade root-hairs of a wide range of plants, inciting the production of PLANT ROOT NODULES.Blood Urea Nitrogen: The urea concentration of the blood stated in terms of nitrogen content. Serum (plasma) urea nitrogen is approximately 12% higher than blood urea nitrogen concentration because of the greater protein content of red blood cells. Increases in blood or serum urea nitrogen are referred to as azotemia and may have prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.Molybdoferredoxin: A non-heme iron-sulfur protein isolated from Clostridium pasteurianum and other bacteria. It is a component of NITROGENASE, which is active in nitrogen fixation, and consists of two subunits with molecular weights of 59.5 kDa and 50.7 kDa, respectively.Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.94. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Bone Screws: Specialized devices used in ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY to repair bone fractures.Carbon Cycle: The cycle by which the element carbon is exchanged between organic matter and the earth's physical environment.Sinorhizobium: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, nonsporeforming rods which usually contain granules of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)Dinitrogenase Reductase: A non-heme iron-sulfur protein isolated from Clostridium pasteurianum and other bacteria. It is a component of NITROGENASE along with molybdoferredoxin and is active in nitrogen fixation.Genes, Archaeal: The functional genetic units of ARCHAEA.Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.Photosynthesis: The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)Gluconacetobacter: A genus in the family ACETOBACTERACEAE comprised of acetate-oxidizing bacteria.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Reactive Nitrogen Species: Nitrogenous products of NITRIC OXIDE synthases, ranging from NITRIC OXIDE to NITRATES. These reactive nitrogen intermediates also include the inorganic PEROXYNITROUS ACID and the organic S-NITROSOTHIOLS.Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Bone Plates: Implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (UMDNS, 1999)Peas: A variable annual leguminous vine (Pisum sativum) that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible protein-rich seeds, the seed of the pea, and the immature pods with their included seeds. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1973)Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Azorhizobium caulinodans: A species of AZORHIZOBIUM which forms nodules on the roots of the tropical legume Sesbania rostrata. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Operon: In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.Soybeans: An annual legume. The SEEDS of this plant are edible and used to produce a variety of SOY FOODS.Azospirillum brasilense: A species of motile, free-living, gram-negative bacteria that occur in the soil. They are aerobic or microaerophilic and are sometimes capable of nitrogen fixation.Isoptera: An order of insects, restricted mostly to the tropics, containing at least eight families. A few species occur in temperate regions of North America.Achromobacter: A genus of gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore forming rods. Soil and water are regarded as the natural habitat. They are sometimes isolated from a hospital environment and humans.Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.Seawater: The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.Sesbania: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members contain piperidine alkaloids (PIPERIDINES).Rhodobacter capsulatus: Non-pathogenic ovoid to rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed and found in fresh water as well as marine and hypersaline habitats.External Fixators: External devices which hold wires or pins that are placed through one or both cortices of bone in order to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment. These devices allow easy access to wounds, adjustment during the course of healing, and more functional use of the limbs involved.Fixatives: Agents employed in the preparation of histologic or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all of the constituent elements. Great numbers of different agents are used; some are also decalcifying and hardening agents. They must quickly kill and coagulate living tissue.Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.Soil Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Caves: Geological formations consisting of underground enclosures with access from the surface.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Plant Shoots: New immature growth of a plant including stem, leaves, tips of branches, and SEEDLINGS.Soil: The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.Frankia: Genus of BACTERIA in the family Frankiaceae. They are nitrogen-fixing root-nodule symbionts of many species of woody dicotyledonous plants.Medicago: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. It is distinct from Sweet Clover (MELILOTUS), from Bush Clover (LESPEDEZA), and from Red Clover (TRIFOLIUM).Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.Azospirillum: A genus of gram-negative aerobic bacteria that occurs free-living in the soil or associated with the roots of cereal crops or grasses (POACEAE).Nitrogen Oxides: Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen.Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary: The use of nails that are inserted into bone cavities in order to keep fractured bones together.Alphaproteobacteria: A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised mostly of two major phenotypes: purple non-sulfur bacteria and aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacteria.Vicia: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is widely used as ground cover and forage and known for the edible beans, VICIA FABA.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Mutagenesis, Insertional: Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.Alnus: A plant genus of the family BETULACEAE that is distinguished from birch (BETULA) by its usually stalked winter buds and by cones that remain on the branches after the small, winged nutlets are released.Genome, Bacterial: The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.Anaerobiosis: The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Aerobiosis: Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.Orthopedic Fixation Devices: Devices which are used in the treatment of orthopedic injuries and diseases.Nostoc: A form-genus of CYANOBACTERIA in the order Nostocales. Trichomes composed of spherical or ovoid vegetative cells along with heterocysts and akinetes. The species form symbiotic associations with a wide range of eukaryotes.Spirillum: A genus of gram-negative, curved and spiral-shaped bacteria found in stagnant, freshwater environments. These organisms are motile by bipolar tufts of flagella having a long wavelength and about one helical turn. Some species of Spirillum cause a form of RAT-BITE FEVER.Chemoautotrophic Growth: Growth of organisms using AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES for obtaining nutrients and chemotrophic processes for obtaining a primary energy supply. Chemotrophic processes are involved in deriving a primary energy supply from exogenous chemical sources. Chemotrophic autotrophs (chemoautotrophs) generally use inorganic chemicals as energy sources and as such are called chemolithoautotrophs. Most chemoautotrophs live in hostile environments, such as deep sea vents. They are mostly BACTERIA and ARCHAEA, and are the primary producers for those ecosystems.Rhodospirillum rubrum: Vibrio- to spiral-shaped phototrophic bacteria found in stagnant water and mud exposed to light.Glutamate Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 2 molecules of glutamate from glutamine plus alpha-ketoglutarate in the presence of NADPH. EC 1.4.1.13.Dicarboxylic AcidsPhenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Nitrification: A process facilitated by specialized bacteria involving the oxidation of ammonium to nitrite and nitrate.Internal Fixators: Internal devices used in osteosynthesis to hold the position of the fracture in proper alignment. By applying the principles of biomedical engineering, the surgeon uses metal plates, nails, rods, etc., for the correction of skeletal defects.Oxygen: An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.Herbaspirillum: A genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family OXALOBACTERACEAE, comprised of vibrioid or sometimes helical cells. They are chemoorganotrophic nitrogen fixers and are found free-living in the soil or in association with the roots of members of the GRAMINEAE. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)Ketoglutaric Acids: A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)Plants, Medicinal: Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals.Genes, Regulator: Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Bone Wires: Steel wires, often threaded through the skin, soft tissues, and bone, used to fix broken bones. Kirschner wires or apparatus also includes the application of traction to the healing bones through the wires.Multigene Family: A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Metabolic Networks and Pathways: Complex sets of enzymatic reactions connected to each other via their product and substrate metabolites.Genetic Complementation Test: A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.Tungsten: Tungsten. A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.Proteobacteria: A phylum of bacteria consisting of the purple bacteria and their relatives which form a branch of the eubacterial tree. This group of predominantly gram-negative bacteria is classified based on homology of equivalent nucleotide sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA or by hybridization of ribosomal RNA or DNA with 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA.Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity.Ecosystem: A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Bone Nails: Rods of bone, metal, or other material used for fixation of the fragments or ends of fractured bones.Geologic Sediments: A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Fracture Healing: The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.Darkness: The absence of light.Poaceae: A large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Food grains (EDIBLE GRAIN) come from members of this family. RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL can be induced by POLLEN of many of the grasses.Rhodospirillaceae: A family of phototrophic bacteria, in the order Rhodospirillales, isolated from stagnant water and mud.Gene Expression Regulation, Plant: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Plant Leaves: Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.Flavodoxin: A low-molecular-weight (16,000) iron-free flavoprotein containing one molecule of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and isolated from bacteria grown on an iron-deficient medium. It can replace ferredoxin in all the electron-transfer functions in which the latter is known to serve in bacterial cells.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of UMP from UDPglucose to galactose 1-phosphate, forming UDPgalactose and glucose 1-phosphate. Deficiency in this enzyme is the major cause of GALACTOSEMIA. EC 2.7.7.12.Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters: A family of organic anion transporters that specifically transport DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS such as alpha-ketoglutaric acid across cellular membranes.Klebsiella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms arrange singly, in pairs, or short chains. This genus is commonly found in the intestinal tract and is an opportunistic pathogen that can give rise to bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract and several other types of human infection.Phototrophic Processes: Processes by which phototrophic organisms use sunlight as their primary energy source. Contrasts with chemotrophic processes which do not depend on light and function in deriving energy from exogenous chemical sources. Photoautotrophy (or photolithotrophy) is the ability to use sunlight as energy to fix inorganic nutrients to be used for other organic requirements. Photoautotrophs include all GREEN PLANTS; GREEN ALGAE; CYANOBACTERIA; and green and PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA. Photoheterotrophs or photoorganotrophs require a supply of organic nutrients for their organic requirements but use sunlight as their primary energy source; examples include certain PURPLE NONSULFUR BACTERIA. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; HETEROTROPHY; chemotrophy; or phototrophy) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Ferredoxins: Iron-containing proteins that transfer electrons, usually at a low potential, to flavoproteins; the iron is not present as in heme. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Cape Verde: The republic consists of islands that are located in the mid-Atlantic Ocean about 300 miles off the west coast of Africa. The archipelago includes 10 islands and 5 islets, divided into the windward (Barlavento) and leeward (Sotavento) groups. The capital is Praia.RNA Polymerase Sigma 54: A DNA-directed RNA polymerase found in BACTERIA. It is a holoenzyme that consists of multiple subunits including sigma factor 54.Fractures, Comminuted: A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed. (Dorland, 27th ed)Pacific OceanGene Expression Regulation, Archaeal: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in archaea.Hydrogenase: An enzyme found in bacteria. It catalyzes the reduction of FERREDOXIN and other substances in the presence of molecular hydrogen and is involved in the electron transport of bacterial photosynthesis.Betaproteobacteria: A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised of chemoheterotrophs and chemoautotrophs which derive nutrients from decomposition of organic material.Restriction Mapping: Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.Amphipoda: An order of mostly marine CRUSTACEA containing more than 5500 species in over 100 families. Like ISOPODA, the other large order in the superorder Peracarida, members are shrimp-like in appearance, have sessile compound eyes, and no carapace. But unlike Isopoda, they possess thoracic gills and their bodies are laterally compressed.DNA Transposable Elements: Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.Saccades: An abrupt voluntary shift in ocular fixation from one point to another, as occurs in reading.Rhodopseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped, phototrophic bacteria found in aquatic environments. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellae underlying the cytoplasmic membrane.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria: A large group of aerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method. This is because the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria are low in peptidoglycan and thus have low affinity for violet stain and high affinity for the pink dye safranine.Light: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.Hemeproteins: Proteins that contain an iron-porphyrin, or heme, prosthetic group resembling that of hemoglobin. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p480)Tibial FracturesHydroxybutyrates: Salts and esters of hydroxybutyric acid.Paenibacillus: A genus of GRAM-POSITIVE ENDOSPORE-FORMING RODS in the family Paenibacillaceae.Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.Methanococcus: A genus of anaerobic coccoid METHANOCOCCACEAE whose organisms are motile by means of polar tufts of flagella. These methanogens are found in salt marshes, marine and estuarine sediments, and the intestinal tract of animals.Crops, Agricultural: Cultivated plants or agricultural produce such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)Chromosomes, Bacterial: Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.Atlantic OceanFormaldehyde: A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717)Genes: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.DNA, Archaeal: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of archaea.RNA, Ribosomal, 16S: Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

Mutation in GDP-fucose synthesis genes of Sinorhizobium fredii alters Nod factors and significantly decreases competitiveness to nodulate soybeans. (1/1731)

We mutagenized Sinorhizobium fredii HH103-1 with Tn5-B20 and screened about 2,000 colonies for increased beta-galactosidase activity in the presence of the flavonoid naringenin. One mutant, designated SVQ287, produces lipochitooligosaccharide Nod factors (LCOs) that differ from those of the parental strain. The nonreducing N-acetylglucosamine residues of all of the LCOs of mutant SVQ287 lack fucose and 2-O-methylfucose substituents. In addition, SVQ287 synthesizes an LCO with an unusually long, C20:1 fatty acyl side chain. The transposon insertion of mutant SVQ287 lies within a 1.1-kb HindIII fragment. This and an adjacent 2.4-kb HindIII fragment were sequenced. The sequence contains the 3' end of noeK, nodZ, and noeL (the gene interrupted by Tn5-B20), and the 5' end of nolK, all in the same orientation. Although each of these genes has a similarly oriented counterpart on the symbiosis plasmid of the broad-host-range Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234, there are significant differences in the noeK/nodZ intergenic region. Based on amino acid sequence homology, noeL encodes GDP-D-mannose dehydratase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of GDP-L-fucose, and nolK encodes a NAD-dependent nucleotide sugar epimerase/dehydrogenase. We show that expression of the noeL gene is under the control of NodD1 in S. fredii and is most probably mediated by the nod box that precedes nodZ. Transposon insertion into neoL has two impacts on symbiosis with Williams soybean: nodulation rate is reduced slightly and competitiveness for nodulation is decreased significantly. Mutant SVQ287 retains its ability to form nitrogen-fixing nodules on other legumes, but final nodule number is attenuated on Cajanus cajan.  (+info)

The nolL gene from Rhizobium etli determines nodulation efficiency by mediating the acetylation of the fucosyl residue in the nodulation factor. (2/1731)

The nodulation factors (Nod factors) of Rhizobium etli and R. loti carry a 4-O-acetyl-L-fucosyl group at the reducing end. It has been claimed, based on sequence analysis, that NolL from R. loti participates in the 4-O-acetylation of the fucosyl residue of the Nod factors, as an acetyl-transferase (D. B. Scott, C. A. Young, J. M. Collins-Emerson, E. A. Terzaghi, E. S. Rockman, P. A. Lewis, and C. E. Pankhurst. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 9:187-197, 1996). Further support for this hypothesis was obtained by studying the production of Nod factors in an R. etli nolL::Km mutant. Chromatographic and mass spectrometry analysis of the Nod factors produced by this strain showed that they lack the acetyl-fucosyl substituent, having a fucosyl group instead. Acetyl-fucosylation was restored upon complementation with a wild-type nolL gene. These results indicate that the nolL gene determines 4-O-acetylation of the fucosyl residue in Nod factors. Analysis of the predicted NolL polypeptide suggests a transmembranal location and that it belongs to the family of integral membrane transacylases (J. M. Slauch, A. A. Lee, M. J. Mahan, and J. J. Mekalanos. J. Bacteriol. 178:5904-5909, 1996). NolL from R. loti was also proposed to function as a transporter; our results show that NolL does not determine a differential secretion of Nod factors from the cell. We also performed plant assays that indicate that acetylation of the fucose conditions efficient nodulation by R. etli of some Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars, as well as of an alternate host (Vigna umbellata).  (+info)

Microbiology of the oil fly, Helaeomyia petrolei. (3/1731)

Helaeomyia petrolei larvae isolated from the asphalt seeps of Rancho La Brea in Los Angeles, Calif., were examined for microbial gut contents. Standard counts on Luria-Bertani, MacConkey, and blood agar plates indicated ca. 2 x 10(5) heterotrophic bacteria per larva. The culturable bacteria represented 15 to 20% of the total population as determined by acridine orange staining. The gut itself contained large amounts of the oil, had no observable ceca, and maintained a slightly acidic pH of 6.3 to 6.5. Despite the ingestion of large amounts of potentially toxic asphalt by the larvae, their guts sustained the growth of 100 to 1,000 times more bacteria than did free oil. All of the bacteria isolated were nonsporeformers and gram negative. Fourteen isolates were chosen based on representative colony morphologies and were identified by using the Enterotube II and API 20E systems and fatty acid analysis. Of the 14 isolates, 9 were identified as Providencia rettgeri and 3 were likely Acinetobacter isolates. No evidence was found that the isolates grew on or derived nutrients from the asphalt itself or that they played an essential role in insect development. Regardless, any bacteria found in the oil fly larval gut are likely to exhibit pronounced solvent tolerance and may be a future source of industrially useful, solvent-tolerant enzymes.  (+info)

Superoxide dismutase and catalase in the protection of the proton-donating systems of nitrogen fixation in the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica. (4/1731)

1. Superoxide dismutase activity was present in the heterocysts and vegetative cells of Anabaena cylindrica, but was always lower in the heterocysts. 2. No qualitative differences were found in the superoxide dismutase from the two cellular types. 3. Catalase activity was also present in both cellular types. 4. Most of the NADP reductase activity, as assayed with menadione or ferredoxin as electron acceptor, was localized within the heterocysts. 5. Studies on H2 consumption showed that most of the hydrogenase activity was associated with the heterocysts. 6. The results are discussed in terms of the postulate that superoxide dismutase and catalase are involved in the protection of the proton-donating systems participating in N2 fixation and H2 metabolism of heterocysts.  (+info)

Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 and R. fredii USDA257 share exceptionally broad, nested host ranges. (5/1731)

Genetically, Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 and R. fredii USDA257 are closely related. Small differences in their nodulation genes result in NGR234 secreting larger amounts of more diverse lipo-oligosaccharidic Nod factors than USDA257. What effects these differences have on nodulation were analyzed by inoculating 452 species of legumes, representing all three subfamilies of the Leguminosae, as well as the nonlegume Parasponia andersonii, with both strains. The two bacteria nodulated P. andersonii, induced ineffective outgrowths on Delonix regia, and nodulated Chamaecrista fasciculata, a member of the only nodulating genus of the Caesalpinieae tested. Both strains nodulated a range of mimosoid legumes, especially the Australian species of Acacia, and the tribe Ingeae. Highest compatibilities were found with the papilionoid tribes Phaseoleae and Desmodieae. On Vigna spp. (Phaseoleae), both bacteria formed more effective symbioses than rhizobia of the "cowpea" (V. unguiculata) miscellany. USDA257 nodulated an exact subset (79 genera) of the NGR234 hosts (112 genera). If only one of the bacteria formed effective, nitrogen-fixing nodules it was usually NGR234. The only exceptions were with Apios americana, Glycine max, and G. soja. Few correlations can be drawn between Nod-factor substituents and the ability to nodulate specific legumes. Relationships between the ability to nodulate and the origin of the host were not apparent. As both P. andersonii and NGR234 originate from Indonesia/Malaysia/Papua New Guinea, and NGR234's preferred hosts (Desmodiinae/Phaseoleae) are largely Asian, we suggest that broad host range originated in Southeast Asia and spread outward.  (+info)

Differential regulation of two divergent Sinorhizobium meliloti genes for HPII-like catalases during free-living growth and protective role of both catalases during symbiosis. (6/1731)

Two catalases, KatA and KatB, have been detected in Sinorhizobium meliloti growing on rich medium. Here we characterize a new catalase gene encoding a third catalase (KatC). KatC activity was detectable only at the end of the stationary phase in S. meliloti growing in minimum medium, whereas KatA activity was found during the exponential phase. Analysis with a katC-lacZ fusion demonstrated that katC expression is mainly regulated at the transcription level. An increase of catalase activity correlating with KatA induction was detected in bacteroids. A dramatic decrease of nitrogen fixation capacity in a katA katC double mutant was observed, suggesting that these catalases are very important for the protection of the nitrogen fixation process.  (+info)

Azorhizobium caulinodans PII and GlnK proteins control nitrogen fixation and ammonia assimilation. (7/1731)

We herein report that Azorhizobium caulinodans PII and GlnK are not necessary for glutamine synthetase (GS) adenylylation whereas both proteins are required for complete GS deadenylylation. The disruption of both glnB and glnK resulted in a high level of GS adenylylation under the condition of nitrogen fixation, leading to ammonium excretion in the free-living state. PII and GlnK also controlled nif gene expression because NifA activated nifH transcription and nitrogenase activity was derepressed in glnB glnK double mutants, but not in wild-type bacteria, grown in the presence of ammonia.  (+info)

The fhu genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum, specifying siderophore uptake proteins: fhuDCB are adjacent to a pseudogene version of fhuA. (8/1731)

A mutant of Rhizobium leguminosarum was isolated which fails to take up the siderophore vicibactin. The mutation is in a homologue of fhuB, which in Escherichia coli specifies an inner-membrane protein of the ferric hydroxamate uptake system. In Rhizobium, fhuB is in an operon fhuDCB, which specifies the cytoplasmic membrane and periplasmic proteins involved in siderophore uptake. fhuDCB mutants make vicibactin when grown in Fe concentrations that inhibit its production in the wild-type. Nodules on peas induced by fhuDCB mutants were apparently normal in N2 fixation. Transcription of an fhuDCB-lacZ fusion was Fe-regulated, being approximately 10-fold higher in Fe-depleted cells. Downstream of fhuB, in the opposite orientation, is a version of fhuA whose homologues in other bacteria specify hydroxamate outer-membrane receptors. This fhuA gene appears to be a pseudogene with stop codons and undetectable expression.  (+info)

Genetic characterization and nitrogen fixation capacity of Rhizobium strains on common beanGenetic characterization and nitrogen fixation capacity of Rhizobium strains on common bean
Introduction. Biological nitrogen fixation is a worldwide economical and sustainable alternative for nitrogen supply to legume crops. It may reduce the expenses with chemical nitrogen fertilizers, as well as eliminating the negative impact of them on the environment (Straliotto et al., 2002).. To take advantage of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) nitrogen biofertilizer, several studies have sought to identify efficient and competitive strains of rhizobia to cope the nitrogen requirements of this important crop. Unfortunately, biological nitrogen fixation in common bean field crops has exhibited unstable behavior (Mostasso et al., 2002; Hafeez et al., 2005; Soares et al., 2006).. Several approaches have been used to obtain new rhizobia strains which exhibit better biological nitrogen fixation responses on common bean. Typically, these strains are evaluated individually (Hungria et al., 2003; Soares et al., 2006) or in mixture with other strains (Hassan et al., 2004; Hafeez et al., 2005; ...
Download Management Of Biological Nitrogen Fixation For The Development Of More Productive And Sustainable Agricultural Systems...Download Management Of Biological Nitrogen Fixation For The Development Of More Productive And Sustainable Agricultural Systems...
leaving the download Management of Biological Nitrogen Fixation for the Development of More Productive and Sustainable Agricultural Systems: Extended versions of papers presented at the Symposium on Biological Nitrogen of war has an Iranian research in Establishing the other pair of the Application. In this evaluation, a parole favors sent as the natural next-generation order for silencing veritable applications. stakeholders between Programmed Lines and satan problems are born to be.
India-UK Nitrogen Fixation Centre (IUNFC) - Somerville College OxfordIndia-UK Nitrogen Fixation Centre (IUNFC) - Somerville College Oxford
The India-UK Nitrogen Fixation Centre (IUNFC) is a BBSRC-DBT joint-funded VJC aiming to tackle the problems of food security, the environmental and economic challenges of crop production and soil improvement in India through scientific research on nitrogen fixation. Formed in 2016, with lead investigators in India and the UK and a total of eight additional co-investigators from prestigious institutes and universities in both countries, IUNFC is carrying out world-class fundamental and applied research on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to increase scientific knowledge. In the short/medium term, this knowledge will lead to changes in agricultural practices in India, bringing economic, environmental and social benefits. In the longer term, it will provide a platform to engineer nitrogen fixation in cereal crops with implications for worldwide food security.. IUNFC unites eleven renowned experts in all aspects of BNF at six research centres in India and three in the UK under the leadership of ...
Download Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Towards Poverty Alleviation by Felix D. Dakora PDF - KULHU.COM Book ArchiveDownload Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Towards Poverty Alleviation by Felix D. Dakora PDF - KULHU.COM Book Archive
By Felix D. Dakora. This quantity covers contemporary advancements in either basic and utilized examine in organic nitrogen fixation. It emphasizes the applying of organic nitrogen fixation for sustainable agriculture, which should still result in poverty relief, environmental safeguard, and stable agricultural practices more often than not. the jobs of, and advances in, plant breeding, plant molecular biology, nodule body structure, and symbiotic and associative interactions among vegetation and microbes in maintaining agricultural productiveness and soil fertility are defined. The evolution of symbioses and nitrogen fixation also are coated during this quantity. to make sure excessive agricultural productiveness, whereas maintaining the surroundings (both soil and water resources), calls for plant cultivars that still reply to helpful microbes. the amount, for this reason, describes the body structure and genomics of nitrogen-fixing micro organism including the biochemistry and molecular ...
The Effect of Plant Water Potential on Nitrogen Fixation of SoybeansThe Effect of Plant Water Potential on Nitrogen Fixation of Soybeans
Field experiments at two sites, Elora and Arkell,were conducted to investigate the effect of plant water potential on the nitrogen fixation of two soybean cultivars, Vansoy and Anoka. The treatments were Vansoy and Anoka both under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. The acetylene reduction technique was employed to estimate nitrogen fixation of nodules and measurements of plant water potential were made using the pressure chamber technique. Nitrogen fixation and plant water potential measurements were made at various stages during the entire growing period of the soybeans, and the results showed that water stress which was related to low plant water potential caused a reduction in nodule numbers, fresh weight and dry weight. There was evidence that moderate moisture stress mainly affected the amount of nodule tissue formed and not nitrogen fixing efficiency whereas severe stress led to reduction in both nodule mass and efficiency of fixation. The total seasonal amount of nitrogen fixed by ...
Application of anti-transpirants temporarily alleviates the inhibition of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in drought-stressed pea...Application of anti-transpirants temporarily alleviates the inhibition of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in drought-stressed pea...
Stomatal closure is one of the first plant responses under a water deficit situation. This leads to a decline in transpiration but also in the plant photosynthetic activity. Legume plants grown under symbiosis with rhizobium bacteria present an inhibition of nitrogen fixation that has been shown to occur even before this of photosynthesis. One of the hypotheses to explain this rapid inhibition is the accumulation of nitrogen (N) compounds in nodules due to reduced transpiration, which would provoke the N-feedback inhibition of nitrogenase activity. The current work analyzes the effects of changes in transpiration rates in the regulation of nitrogen fixation through the application of the anti-transpirant Vapor Gard (VG) to pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants subjected to a progressive water deficit. VG produced a rapid inhibition of nitrogen fixation upon application. This inhibition, however, did not coincide with the accumulation of either amino acids or soluble carbohydrates observed at later ...
An Efficient Nutrient Solution System to Study Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in SoybeanAn Efficient Nutrient Solution System to Study Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean
Abstract: To establish a nutrient solution system for soybean cultivation with effective nodulation and relatively high yield, we first evaluated the effect of nitrogen (N) content and rhizobia inoculation on soybean growth, yield and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Too high or too low N supply affected soybean growth, yield and N2 fixation capacity. Also, the required optimal N level was much higher for plant growth than that of BNF. Furthermore, the highest nitrogenase activity in soybean occurred before the first stage of reproduction (R1 stage). Thus, the enzyme activity could facilitate nodule formation and N2 fixation with a lower N supply before the R1 stage and a higher N supply afterward to promote plant growth and yield in soybean. A second experiment was conducted to optimize N supply (i.e., low N supply before R1 and medium N supply at the beginning of R1). As compared with continuously supplied high N, the optimal scheme promoted BNF with more and larger nodules with higher ...
Superradiance by molecular nitrogen ions in filaments<...Superradiance by molecular nitrogen ions in filaments<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Superradiance by molecular nitrogen ions in filaments. AU - Ivanov, N. G.. AU - Losev, V. F.. AU - Prokopev, V. E.. AU - Sitnik, K. A.. PY - 2016/7/1. Y1 - 2016/7/1. N2 - Results of the experimental study of population inversion in the resonant electronic transition В3Пg - А3 ∑+ u of nitrogen ions by optical pumping of atmospheric air and pure nitrogen by a femtosecond laser pulse at a wavelength of 950 nm are presented. It is shown that the inversion results from selective population of the N+ 2(B2 ∑+ u, V = 0) excited state during multiphoton excitation of the autoionization state of the nitrogen molecule with an energy of 18.7 eV. Seed photons for superradiance at transitions of molecular nitrogen ions are photons of the axial supercontinuum that occurs in a filament at the corresponding wavelengths. The superradiance mode is implemented at the wavelength λ = 358.4 nm referred to the transition of the CN molecule.. AB - Results of the experimental study of population ...
BGD - The importance of nitrogen fixation to a temperate, intertidal embayment determined using a stable isotope mass balance...BGD - The importance of nitrogen fixation to a temperate, intertidal embayment determined using a stable isotope mass balance...
Abstract. The balance between denitrification and nitrogen fixation is the key control of the availability of nitrogen in coastal ecosystems and thus the primary productivity of these environments. However, evaluating the importance of denitrification and nitrogen fixation over large spatial and temporal scales is problematic. In this study, a combined mass and stable isotope balance of nitrogen was used to constrain the cycling of nitrogen in Western Port, Victoria - a temperate, intertidal embayment in south-eastern Australia. This method is a more effective approach compared to the extrapolation of discrete measurements and geochemical approaches. The validity of the isotope and mass balance model has been tested by comparing the output of the model with the average measured isotopic signature of the sediment in Western Port. Using previously measured rates of nitrogen fixation and denitrification in combination with the isotopic signature of nitrogen inputs from the catchment, atmosphere and ...
Plants | Free Full-Text | Molecular Analyses of the Distribution and Function of Diazotrophic Rhizobia and Methanotrophs in...Plants | Free Full-Text | Molecular Analyses of the Distribution and Function of Diazotrophic Rhizobia and Methanotrophs in...
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by plants and its bacterial associations represent an important natural system for capturing atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) and processing it into a reactive form of nitrogen through enzymatic reduction. The study of BNF in non-leguminous plants has been difficult compared to nodule-localized BNF in leguminous plants because of the diverse sites of N2 fixation in non-leguminous plants. Identification of the involved N2-fixing bacteria has also been difficult because the major nitrogen fixers were often lost during isolation attempts. The past 20 years of molecular analyses has led to the identification of N2 fixation sites and active nitrogen fixers in tissues and the rhizosphere of non-leguminous plants. Here, we examined BNF hotspots in six reported non-leguminous plants. Novel rhizobia and methanotrophs were found to be abundantly present in the free-living state at sites where carbon and energy sources were predominantly available. In the carbon-rich apoplasts of
Nitrogen Fixation | Encyclopedia.comNitrogen Fixation | Encyclopedia.com
Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen fixation refers to the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into a form usable by plants and other organisms. Nitrogen fixation is conducted by a variety of bacteria, both as free-living organisms and in symbiotic association with plants.
UW wins $7 million grant to wean crops from nitrogen fertilizersUW wins $7 million grant to wean crops from nitrogen fertilizers
Anés group will work with Sushmita Roy, a professor of biostatistics and medical informatics at the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, to lead this evolutionary investigation. The UW-Madison researchers will then partner with colleagues at the University of Florida to begin testing groups of genes that could confer nodulation and bacterial symbiosis - and ultimately nitrogen fixation - on poplar.. Ané says that this project continues a long tradition of studying nitrogen fixation at UW-Madison.. "UW-Madison for decades has been a leader in research on nitrogen fixation, in biochemistry, in agronomy, and in bacteriology. There has been a really long history of research on the enzyme that performs nitrogen fixation," he says.. While the new grant aims to develop nitrogen fixation in poplar, food crops are also a target. Ané says that the Wisconsin Crop Innovation Center, a plant biotechnology center at UW-Madison, provides the expertise that would be required to translate findings from poplar ...
Attenuation of Symbiotic Effectiveness by Rhizobium meliloti SAF22 Related to the Presence of a Cryptic Plasmid. | Applied and...Attenuation of Symbiotic Effectiveness by Rhizobium meliloti SAF22 Related to the Presence of a Cryptic Plasmid. | Applied and...
Several wild-type strains of Rhizobium meliloti isolated from alfalfa nodules exhibited different plasmid profiles, yet did not differ in growth rate in yeast-mannitol medium, utilization of 43 different carbon sources, intrinsic resistance to 14 antibiotics, or detection of 16 enzyme activities. In contrast, three measures of effectiveness in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with alfalfa (shoot length, dry weight, and nitrogen content) indicated that R. meliloti SAF22, whose plasmid profile differs from those of the other strains tested, is significantly less effective than other wild-type strains in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Light microscopy of nodules infected with strain SAF22 showed an abnormal center of nitrogen fixation zone III, with bacteria occupying a smaller portion of the infected host cells and vacuoles occupying a significantly larger portion of adjacent uninfected host cells. In contrast, the effective nodules infected with other wild types or plasmid pRmSAF22c-cured segregants of ...
Mineral constraints to nitrogen fixation | SpringerLinkMineral constraints to nitrogen fixation | SpringerLink
Mineral nturient defiencies are a major constraint limiting legume nitrogen fixation and yield. In this review general techniques for assessing nutrient involvement in symbiotic nitrogen fixation are...
Leibniz-Institut für Gemüse- und Zierpflanzenbau - Portfolio Lempie Kashinasha EkandjoLeibniz-Institut für Gemüse- und Zierpflanzenbau - Portfolio Lempie Kashinasha Ekandjo
A dedicated and enthusiastic junior plant microbiologist with excellent academic achievements, previous work and research experiences in terrestrial ecology as well as environmental resource management to a total of 3 published articles. Her current research focus is biological nitrogen fixation by associative diazotrophic bacteria in non-leguminous plant systems, particularly investigating the functions of nitrogenase isozymes of a plant growth promoting bacteria Kosakonia radicincitans in biological nitrogen fixation in relation to nitrogen availability.. ...
Energy coupling in soybean bacteroidsEnergy coupling in soybean bacteroids
Biological dinitrogen fixation by Rhizobium spp. in the root nodules of leguminous plants such as soybean is of considerable agronomic importance. Biological dinitrogen fixation is ATP- and reductant-dependent; between 12 and 30 mol of ATP are required per mol of dinitrogen reduced [1]. All free-living rhizobia are aerobic although some strains will also grow anaerobically with nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor [2] ; ATP and reductant are generated during the oxidation of an exogenously supplied carbon source. In the bacteroids within the root nodule the exogenous carbon source (photosynthate) is derived from photosynthetic CO₂ fixation by the host plant. The identity of the carbon source(s) oxidised by the bacteroids in vivo has not yet been confirmed although sucrose is the major photosynthetic product translocated to the root nodules [3]. As dinitrogen fixation represents a drain on the photosynthetic supply [4,5] and since the supply of photosynthate is probably one of the major ...
THE FREE ENERGY OF NITROGEN FIXATION BY LIVING FORMS | JGPTHE FREE ENERGY OF NITROGEN FIXATION BY LIVING FORMS | JGP
Fixation of nitrogen even with liberation of energy or free energy, will take place if either oxygen gas or hydrogen gas, or other substances, especially gases, whose standard free energies are close to zero, are involved to form either nitrates, ammonia, or cyanide, not to speak of still other compounds. It has been pointed out that there are two and only two general conditions where nitrogen fixation can require energy. These are, first, if nitrogen reacts with some compound like water with an already high negative free energy of formation and where negligible oxidation of nitrogen would occur; second, if the plant does not take advantage of working at concentrations where the process would yield free energy.. If nitrogen fixation is exothermic and free energy-yielding, how is the carbohydrate requirement of nitrogen-fixing organisms to be interpreted? Are the experimental determinations of the carbon to nitrogen ratio purely circumstantial? Is further hope given to those who may ...
Estimating environmentally relevant fixed nitrogen demand in the 21st century - NERC Open Research ArchiveEstimating environmentally relevant fixed nitrogen demand in the 21st century - NERC Open Research Archive
Human activities affect the impact of the nitrogen cycle on both the environment and climate. The rate of anthropogenic nitrogen fixation from atmospheric N2 may serve as an indicator to the magnitude of this impact, acknowledging that relationship to be effect-dependent and non-linear. Building on the set of Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios developed for climate change research, we estimate anthropogenic industrial nitrogen fixation throughout the 21st century. Assigning characteristic key drivers to the four underlying scenarios we arrive at nitrogen fixation rates for agricultural use of 80 to 172 Tg N/yr by 2100, which is slightly less to almost twice as much compared with the fixation rate for the year 2000. We use the following key drivers of change, varying between scenarios: population growth, consumption of animal protein, agricultural efficiency improvement and additional biofuel production. Further anthropogenic nitrogen fixation for production of materials such as ...
What is Nitrogen Fixation? - Definition from MaximumYieldWhat is Nitrogen Fixation? - Definition from MaximumYield
Nitrogen Fixation Definition - Nitrogen fixation is a chemical process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is absorbed by organisms...
What is NITROGEN FIXATION? definition of NITROGEN FIXATION (Blacks Law Dictionary)What is NITROGEN FIXATION? definition of NITROGEN FIXATION (Black's Law Dictionary)
Definition of NITROGEN FIXATION: Natural process that takes free nitrogen (N2) from the air, converts or fixes it in nitrogen compounds that plants use as nutrients, as in fertilizer. In
Carolina® Nitrogen-Fixation Study Kit (with perishables) | Carolina.comCarolina® Nitrogen-Fixation Study Kit (with perishables) | Carolina.com
Beginning Easy to perform; requires no experience in microbiology. For 30 students. Members of the genus Rhizobium exist in a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants (peas, clover, and soybeans). The Rhizobium growing in nodules on the roots of leguminous plants fix atmospheric nitrogen (...
Companion Planting - Dude GrowsCompanion Planting - Dude Grows
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation. Our girls cannot survive without nitrogen. We all know that. Unfortunately, they cant just breath nitrogen gas which is abundant in air. Instead, microbiological organisms use the ammonia form of nitrogen to manufacture the proteins and other nitrogen-containing nutrients needed to survive. So, what plants can we use to get this task done? Its our cover crop plants. Peas, beans and other legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen using small growths on their roots called nodules. Those microbes, and the bacteria in your Recharge, then act as the plant nitrogen broker. Your girls ask the microbes for N, the microbes go get it from the nodules and bring it back for the plant in exchange for some sugar love. Through this symbiotic practice of nitrogen fixation, you will spend less on nitrogen fertilizer.. Mutual Climate Co-operation. Mutual climate co-operation refers to planting crops that, when they become full size, complement the needs of plants growing around them. A good ...
Automatic Addition Control of the External Carbon Source by the Measurement of ORP in Biological Nitrogen Removal Process |...Automatic Addition Control of the External Carbon Source by the Measurement of ORP in Biological Nitrogen Removal Process |...
Automatic Addition Control of the External Carbon Source by the Measurement of ORP in Biological Nitrogen Removal Process - Biological nitrogen removal;External carbon source;COD/N ratio;Oxidation-reduction potential;PID control;
Bean (Broad) / Broad Bean - Wild Flower FinderBean (Broad) / Broad Bean - Wild Flower Finder
Uniquely identifiable characteristics Distinguishing Feature : The black and white markings on the wings (petals), with the black being very rare amongst wild plants. One of the very few wild flowers with black flowers (or at least black patches with purple splodges, on a white base). Like all members of the pea family, the Broad Bean plant has the ability to fix nitrogen directly from the air in the soil, a remarkable feat most other plants outside the Pea Family lack. The biological nitrogen fixation is accomplished by symbiotic bacteria living in the nodules on the roots. These bacteria are sensitive to oxygen, requiring the absence of it. Plants in the Pea Family are therefore thus almost self-fertilising, not requiring additional nitrogen fertilisers. The majority of plants that are not in the Pea Family that have nitrogen fixing bacteria are trees or shrubs, of which Sea-Buckthorn is one. Plants with nitrogen-fixing root nodules are called Actinorhizal. Broad Bean also has the ability to ...
Ocean Bacteria Found Greatly Impacted by CO2 in the Atmosphere - CleanTechiesOcean Bacteria Found Greatly Impacted by CO2 in the Atmosphere - CleanTechies
levels and temperature rise globally, scientists increasingly want to know which organisms will thrive and which will perish in the environment of tomorrow.. The answer to this question for nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria (bacteria that obtain energy through photosynthesis, or "blue-green algae") turns out to have implications for every living thing in the ocean. Nitrogen-fixing is when certain special organisms like cyanobacteria convert inert - and therefore unusable - nitrogen gas from the air into a reactive form that the majority of other living beings need to survive. Without nitrogen fixers, life in the ocean could not survive for long.. "Our findings show that CO2 has the potential to control the biodiversity of these keystone organisms in ocean biology, and our fossil fuel emissions are probably responsible for changing the types of nitrogen fixers that are growing in the ocean," said David Hutchins, professor of marine environmental biology at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts ...
NodS - Proteopedia, life in 3DNodS - Proteopedia, life in 3D
The endosymbiotic relationship between nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria and certain plants (legumes) is of the utmost importance for the nitrogen cycle in the biosphere and hence an object of intense study by specialists from various areas of biology. What is more, although the use of artificial nitrogen-containing fertilizers made it possible to bypass the strict dependence on this process, its understanding is still crucial for the efficient agriculture. Biological nitrogen fixation requires nitrogenase, an enzyme present in, among others, rhizobial bacteria but absent in plants. The rhizobia are a diverse range of soil bacteria. It is thought that after the symbiotic capabilities were first acquired by some of them, they spread by means of horizontal transfer of a plasmid or genomic island containing genes important for the process. The symbiotic relationship between the two symbionts depends on the formation of invasion structures (nodules) by the host, allowing bacteria to enter the plant ...
The NifL-NifA System: a Multidomain Transcriptional Regulatory Complex That Integrates Environmental Signals | Journal of...The NifL-NifA System: a Multidomain Transcriptional Regulatory Complex That Integrates Environmental Signals | Journal of...
The ability of bacteria to respond to a multitude of environmental signals and integrate these signals to trigger adaptive responses provides a successful strategy for survival in rapidly changing environments. In many cases integration can be achieved via the interlinking of different regulatory circuits in which various master regulators respond to different environmental cues. However, in some systems an economy of scale can be achieved if individual regulatory proteins are able to respond to more than one input signal. In this review we consider a particular example where multiple signals are integrated by a regulatory protein complex to finely tune transcriptional regulation of nitrogen fixation in free-living diazotrophic bacteria.. The ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia by using the enzyme nitrogenase enables diazotrophs not only to survive but also to proliferate under conditions of extreme fixed-nitrogen deprivation. This strategy, however, incurs an energetic penalty since ...
role of molybdenum in nitrogen fixationrole of molybdenum in nitrogen fixation
The most important role of the molybdenum in living organisms is as a metal heteroatom at the active site in certain enzymes In nitrogen fixation in certain bacteria Get Price ...
reviewsheet - Terms for Exam 2 nitrogen fixation restriction endonuclease endotoxin exotoxin lipopolysaccharide super antigen...reviewsheet - Terms for Exam 2 nitrogen fixation restriction endonuclease endotoxin exotoxin lipopolysaccharide super antigen...
View Notes - reviewsheet from BI 112 at N. Michigan. Terms for Exam 2 nitrogen fixation restriction endonuclease endotoxin exotoxin lipopolysaccharide super antigen endosymbiosis algae protozoan
Nitrogen Fixation Books and Publications on agriculture-xprt.comNitrogen Fixation Books and Publications on agriculture-xprt.com
Find nitrogen fixation books and publications on agriculture-xprt.com, the worlds largest agricultural industry marketplace and information resource.
Improvement of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Chinese soybean cropp ing areas | Project | FP4 | CORDIS | European CommissionImprovement of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Chinese soybean cropp ing areas | Project | FP4 | CORDIS | European Commission
FP4,,03010204,UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY(UK),LEIDEN UNIVERSITY(NL),Beijing Agricultural University(CN),Huazhong Agricultural University(CN),UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA(ES),Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht(NL)
Gene diversity and its function in the soil microbiome for moss crusts found southeast of the Tengger DesertGene diversity and its function in the soil microbiome for moss crusts found southeast of the Tengger Desert
Metagenomics sequencing was used to reveal the diversity of genes and their metabolic pathways involved in carbon sequestration and nitrogen fixation in moss crusts in Shapotou region, located southeast of the Tengger Desert. Results showed that the microbial community related to the bacteria domain in the moss crust was the largest, followed by archaea and eukaryota. In the bacterial domain, the most abundant phyla was the Actinobacteria, followed by the Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria. Based on the functional classification of eggNOG and KEGG databases for the functional prediction of non-redundant gene catalog, the diversity of gene and metabolic pathways in the moss crust soil was high. Low nitrogen fixation was found in the moss crust as there are less metabolic pathways related to nitrogen-fixation, weakening the ecological function of ammonia synthesis from atmosphere nitrogen. The nitrate from the nitrogen pool formed by moss crust were mainly reduced to ammonium salt by nitrate ...
Allotment Garden: August 2012Allotment Garden: August 2012
Some might say that rhizobium bacteria may well continue to fix nitrogen in plant roots even when the tops of peas, beans and tares have been cut off. I would question this because nitrogen fixation is a very energy intensive process. The energy to promote nitrogen fixation in the root nodule of legumes comes from the plant. While there may be a small amount of stored food in the roots this will quickly be used up by the nitrogen fixing process. Once the energy from the food is used up, nitrogen fixation will cease because there are no photosynthesizing structures to replenish the food. Any nitrogen that is fixed will pass straight into the root and will only be released when the roots decompose ...
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, SEM ~ Video Clip #4837967 | Pond5Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, SEM ~ Video Clip #4837967 | Pond5
Stock video footage Rhizobium nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria (Rhizobium sp.). These bacteria are often found living ...
Novus Biologicals N4BP2L2 Recombinant Protein Antigen Quantity: 100µg:Life | Fisher ScientificNovus Biologicals N4BP2L2 Recombinant Protein Antigen Quantity: 100µg:Life | Fisher Scientific
Shop a large selection of Proteins A-Z products and learn more about Novus Biologicals N4BP2L2 Recombinant Protein Antigen Quantity: 100µg:Life Quantity: 100µg.
OPUS at UTS: Nutrient uplift in a cyclonic eddy increases diversity, primary productivity and iron demand of microbial...OPUS at UTS: Nutrient uplift in a cyclonic eddy increases diversity, primary productivity and iron demand of microbial...
The intensification of western boundary currents in the global ocean will potentially influence meso-scale eddy generation, and redistribute microbes and their associated ecological and biogeochemical functions. To understand eddy-induced changes in microbial community composition as well as how they control growth, we targeted the East Australian Current (EAC) region to sample microbes in a cyclonic (cold-core) eddy (CCE) and the adjacent EAC. Phototrophic and diazotrophic microbes were more diverse (2-10 times greater Shannon index) in the CCE relative to the EAC, and the cell size distribution in the CCE was dominated (67%) by larger micro-plankton [Formula: see text], as opposed to pico- and nano-sized cells in the EAC. Nutrient addition experiments determined that nitrogen was the principal nutrient limiting growth in the EAC, while iron was a secondary limiting nutrient in the CCE. Among the diazotrophic community, heterotrophic NifH gene sequences dominated in the EAC and were ...
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Rhizobia are Gram negative, motile, non-sporulating soil bacteria, which interact with legume plants symbiotically to form nitrogen-fixing nodules. In the free-living state, rhizobia dwell in the rhizosphere and surrounding ...
Mysterious microbe may play important role in ocean ecologyMysterious microbe may play important role in ocean ecology
During photosynthesis, photosystem II generates oxygen by splitting water molecules. Because oxygen inhibits nitrogen fixation, most nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria only fix nitrogen at night, or do it in specialized cells. The lack of photosystem II enables the new microbe to fix nitrogen during the day, Zehr said. But without photosynthesis, it cant take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it into sugars. So its not clear how the new microbe feeds itself. Either it has some way of feeding on organic matter in its environment, or it lives in close association with other organisms that provide it with food, Zehr said.. "It would make a perfect symbiont because it could feed nitrogen to its host and live on the carbon provided by the host," he said. Zehrs team was able to obtain a mostly pure sample of these unique cyanobacteria using a flow cytometer--a device that rapidly sorts individual cells based on size and color. The flow cytometer can take the cell soup from an ocean sample, ...
ASMscience | Symbiotic Expression ofASMscience | Symbiotic Expression of
Rhizobium meliloti elicits the development of specialized organs on the plant roots called nodules. How nitrogen fixation genes are coordinately expressed specifically within the nodule is an important question in understanding the plant-microbe symbiosis. Homologs of nif genes have been identified in R. meliloti, but inactivation of these genes by transposon mutagenesis does not affect symbiosis. The fact that FixL* retains oxygen-regulated activity in vitro demonstrates that the amino-terminal membrane attachment domain is not essential for FixL function. The net effect, then, is an increase in the level of phospho-FixJ. The development of an oxygen-regulated in vitro transcription system is an important step in the study of FixJ action at target promoters. Two-component response regulators that function as transcription factors can be divided into three subclasses based on sequence similarity outside the universally conserved N-terminal phosphoryl acceptor domain. In contrast with many other systems,
Where good bugs get their start - The Western ProducerWhere good bugs get their start - The Western Producer
ST. JOSPEH, Mo. - Farmers fixation on nitrogen fixation is two fold: yield and cost. Pulse crop margins are built on reasonable prices for the commodities
Nitrogen FixationNitrogen Fixation
Since evolution and crop breeding programs have not favored HUP+ symbioses over HUP symbioses, it may be possible that H2 evolution by nodules is beneficial to the growth and yield of the symbiosis. To test this hypothesis, plant growth was compared in soils that were previously exposed to air or to H2 in air at an H2 exposure rate that increased from 63 to 250 pinoles L1 soil h1 over a 9 week period. This H2 exposure rate was similar to that experienced by soils adjacent to legume nodules.... ...
Legume Nitrogen Fixation in a Changing Environment - | Saad Sulieman | SpringerLegume Nitrogen Fixation in a Changing Environment - | Saad Sulieman | Springer
Up-to-date information on legume-Rhizobium symbiosis Effects of climate change on crop yields Solutions to mitigate environmental stresses on nitrogen
Biology-Online • View topic - A2 nitrogen fixation + denitrificationBiology-Online • View topic - A2 nitrogen fixation + denitrification
I think its that denitrifing bacteria in the soil convert the excess nitrates into nitrites and then nitrogen gas so that the nitrogen can be put back into the cycle. Otherwise in waterlogged soil, there would be a load of nitrogen in the form of nitrates that wouldnt be used. In effect I think its the opposite of nitrification ...
Biological Foundations 112, Lecture 9Biological Foundations 112, Lecture 9
sheath or mantle around the root 2. Endotrophic a. Fungus enters and actually penetrates the cortical cells b. No mantle forms over the root 3. More efficient in mineral absorption 4. Not absolutely essential for the growth of the plant 5. Mycorrhizae may be beneficial in addition by: a. Secreting hormones b. Secreting antibacterial agents III. Bacterial Nodules A. Fix nitrogen by changing N2 (molecular nitrogen) to NH4 (ammonium ion) B. NH4+ is one of the forms of nitrogen that plants like C. Rhizobium is the bacterium responsible for the fixing of nitrogen in the roots of legumes D. Infection process: 1. Root hairs become infected with Rhizobium 2. Thread of infection passes through the root hair to the epidermis to the cortex 3. Bacteria divide and stimulate cortex to grow into a nodule ...
Nitrogen Fixation - Precious Prairie PlantsNitrogen Fixation - Precious Prairie Plants
The important relationship between rhyzobium and legumes is called symbiosis. This relationship is important for fixing nitrogen, an essential plant nutrient. Much of the life on earth would not be possible without this relationship
More than 1: Long-reigning microbe controlling ocean nitrogen shares ... ( Marine scientists long believed that...)More than 1: Long-reigning microbe controlling ocean nitrogen shares ... ( Marine scientists long believed that...)
...Marine scientists long believed that a microbe called Trichodesmium...New research results reported on-line today in a paper in Science Trichodesmium...Different nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria scientists have discovered h...,More,than,1:,Long-reigning,microbe,controlling,ocean,nitrogen,shares,the,throne,biological,biology news articles,biology news today,latest biology news,current biology news,biology newsletters
GM-free Scotland: 2013GM-free Scotland: 2013
Natural conversion of nitrogen gas in the air to a form usable by plants is carried out by soil bacteria. Scientists who are aware of the complexity of nitrogen-fixation in such bacteria have reservations about whether the process can be translated by GM into higher plants. Besides the 20 genes involved (each structured to express in bacteria not in plant cells) and the enzymes needed (some of which are assembled from separately generated components and some of which incorporate iron and molybdenum ions), the reaction itself can only take place if oxygen is excluded. The energy costs and metabolic contortions needed to achieve such novel reactions and conditions in a plant are so extensive that achieving a robust crop at the end of the day may be a "pipe-dream" (Institute of Science in Society). ...
Patent US5582612 - Vertebral fixing and retrieving device having centrally two fixation - Google PatentsPatent US5582612 - Vertebral fixing and retrieving device having centrally two fixation - Google Patents
A vertebral fixation device includes a fixation main body, two fixation rods and a rotatable clamping block. The fixation main body is made up of a fixation base having a fixation hole. Located respectively at both ends of the fixation base is a fixation block having an arcuate surface capable of holding one of the two fixation rods in conjunction with one of two arcuate recesses of the rotatable clamping block. The rotatable clamping block is provided at the bottom thereof with a retaining projection engageable securely with the fixation hole of the fixation main body.
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Antique Japanese Ichimatsu Ningyo Boy Doll Late Meiji Period : The Doll Fixer | Ruby LaneAntique Japanese Ichimatsu Ningyo Boy Doll Late Meiji Period : The Doll Fixer | Ruby Lane
Title: Antique Japanese Ichimatsu Ningyo Boy Doll Late Meiji Period, Price: $775 USD REDUCED, Category: Dolls:Antique Dolls:Papier Mache:Ichimatsu, Shop: The Doll Fixer, Description: Description of Doll for Sale This is a stunning example of a Ichimatsu Ningyo Japanese boy doll from the late Meiji period (early 1900s). He has a composition and cloth body and is anatomically
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Nitrogen Fixation | Encyclopedia.comNitrogen Fixation | Encyclopedia.com
Nitrogen Fixation by Cyanobacterial Heterocysts | SpringerLinkNitrogen Fixation by Cyanobacterial Heterocysts | SpringerLink
nitrogen fixation | LCZO-Datanitrogen fixation | LCZO-Data
Nitrogen fixationNitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixation in ambient conditions | EurekAlert! Science NewsNitrogen fixation in ambient conditions | EurekAlert! Science News
13th European Nitrogen Fixation Conference | EurekAlert! Science News13th European Nitrogen Fixation Conference | EurekAlert! Science News
Mineral constraints to nitrogen fixation | SpringerLinkMineral constraints to nitrogen fixation | SpringerLink
Nitrogen Fixation by Peter M. Gresshoff | WaterstonesNitrogen Fixation by Peter M. Gresshoff | Waterstones
nitrogen fixation (thing) by Anark - Everything2.comnitrogen fixation (thing) by Anark - Everything2.com
Nitrogen fixation - WikipediaNitrogen fixation - Wikipedia
Legume Nitrogen Fixation in a Changing Environment - | Saad Sulieman | SpringerLegume Nitrogen Fixation in a Changing Environment - | Saad Sulieman | Springer
Refactoring the nitrogen fixation gene cluster from Klebsiella oxytoca | PNASRefactoring the nitrogen fixation gene cluster from Klebsiella oxytoca | PNAS
Molybdenum Limits Nitrogen FixationMolybdenum Limits Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogen fixation - WikipediaNitrogen fixation - Wikipedia
Technical handbook on symbiotic nitrogen fixation : legume/Rhizobium. (Book, 1993) [WorldCat.org]Technical handbook on symbiotic nitrogen fixation : legume/Rhizobium. (Book, 1993) [WorldCat.org]
Nitrogen fixation package - WikipediaNitrogen fixation package - Wikipedia
Nitrogen fixation - RationalWikiNitrogen fixation - RationalWiki
Biological nitrogen fixation: rates, patterns and ecological controls in terrestrial ecosystems. - PubMed - NCBIBiological nitrogen fixation: rates, patterns and ecological controls in terrestrial ecosystems. - PubMed - NCBI
Nitrogen Fixation: Nodulation CapacitiesNitrogen Fixation: Nodulation Capacities
Carolina® Nitrogen-Fixation Study Kit (with perishables) | Carolina.comCarolina® Nitrogen-Fixation Study Kit (with perishables) | Carolina.com
The key to the lock that controls nitrogen fixationThe key to the lock that controls nitrogen fixation
African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation -AABNFAfrican Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation -AABNF
14th European Nitrogen Fixation Conference 2020 - FEMS14th European Nitrogen Fixation Conference 2020 - FEMS
Genetics and regulation of nitrogen fixation in free-living bacteria (eBook, 2004) [WorldCat.org]Genetics and regulation of nitrogen fixation in free-living bacteria (eBook, 2004) [WorldCat.org]
Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 2 Volume Set | Molecular Microbiology | Microbiology & Virology | Life Sciences | Subjects | WileyBiological Nitrogen Fixation, 2 Volume Set | Molecular Microbiology | Microbiology & Virology | Life Sciences | Subjects | Wiley
Plants | Free Full-Text | Regulation of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Legume Root NodulesPlants | Free Full-Text | Regulation of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Legume Root Nodules
Gas Exchanges and Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean under Water RestrictionGas Exchanges and Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean under Water Restriction
Biological Nitrogen Fixation Associated with Rice Production : Azit Kumar Podder : 9780792341970Biological Nitrogen Fixation Associated with Rice Production : Azit Kumar Podder : 9780792341970
Engineering Nitrogen Fixation Activity in an Oxygenic Phototroph | mBioEngineering Nitrogen Fixation Activity in an Oxygenic Phototroph | mBio
Improvement of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Chinese soybean cropp ing areas | Project | FP4 | CORDIS | European CommissionImprovement of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Chinese soybean cropp ing areas | Project | FP4 | CORDIS | European Commission
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Nitrogen FixationNitrogenaseSymbiosisAcetyleneRoot Nodules, PlantRhizobiumSinorhizobium melilotiRhizobiaceaeFixation, OcularNitrogen IsotopesLotusAzotobacterGenes, BacterialNitrogen CycleNitrogenMedicago sativaPlant Root NodulationPII Nitrogen Regulatory ProteinsFracture FixationRhizobium leguminosarumRhizobium etliBradyrhizobiumCyanotheceBacterial ProteinsLeghemoglobinAzotobacter vinelandiiKlebsiella pneumoniaePlant RootsCyanobacteriaGene Expression Regulation, BacterialMedicago truncatulaAnabaenaComplement Fixation TestsTissue FixationPhaseolusFabaceaeGlutamate-Ammonia LigaseQuaternary Ammonium CompoundsNitrogen CompoundsMolecular Sequence DataOxidoreductasesAmmoniaDenitrificationCarbonPseudomonas stutzeriMesorhizobiumBlood Urea NitrogenNitrogen DioxideMolybdoferredoxinMolybdenumBone ScrewsCarbon CycleSinorhizobiumDinitrogenase ReductaseGenes, ArchaealNitratesPhotosynthesisGluconacetobacterDNA, BacterialReactive Nitrogen SpeciesBacteriaPhylogenyBone PlatesPeasBase SequenceAzorhizobium caulinodansMutationOperonSoybeansAzospirillum brasilenseIsopteraAchromobacterBiomassSeawaterSesbaniaRhodobacter capsulatusExternal FixatorsFixativesCarbon DioxideSoil MicrobiologyCavesAmino Acid SequenceSequence Analysis, DNAPlant ShootsSoilFrankiaMedicagoHydrogenAzospirillumNitrogen OxidesFracture Fixation, IntramedullaryAlphaproteobacteriaViciaPlasmidsOxidation-ReductionMutagenesis, InsertionalAlnusGenome, BacterialAnaerobiosisAerobiosisOrthopedic Fixation DevicesNostocSpirillumChemoautotrophic GrowthRhodospirillum rubrumGlutamate SynthaseDicarboxylic AcidsPhenotypeNitrificationInternal FixatorsOxygenHerbaspirillumKetoglutaric AcidsPlants, MedicinalGenes, RegulatorCloning, MolecularBone WiresMultigene FamilyPlant ProteinsMetabolic Networks and PathwaysGenetic Complementation TestTungstenAmino AcidsPlantsProteobacteriaFertilizersEcosystemBone NailsGeologic SedimentsCulture MediaMethaneFracture HealingDarknessPoaceaeRhodospirillaceaeGene Expression Regulation, PlantPhosphorusTranscription, GeneticPlant LeavesEscherichia coliSulfurFlavodoxinSpecies SpecificityUDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate UridylyltransferaseArchaeaDicarboxylic Acid TransportersKlebsiellaPhototrophic ProcessesSequence Homology, Amino AcidTranscription FactorsModels, BiologicalFerredoxinsCape VerdeRNA Polymerase Sigma 54Fractures, ComminutedPacific OceanGene Expression Regulation, ArchaealHydrogenaseBetaproteobacteriaRestriction MappingAmphipodaDNA Transposable ElementsGlutamineSaccadesRhodopseudomonasPromoter Regions, GeneticTime FactorsGram-Negative Aerobic BacteriaLightHemeproteinsTibial FracturesHydroxybutyratesPaenibacillusEye MovementsMethanococcusCrops, AgriculturalChromosomes, BacterialAtlantic OceanFormaldehydeGenesDNA, ArchaealRNA, Ribosomal, 16S
BacteriaAtmosphericAmmoniaRoot NodulesSoilNodulesNoduleRhizobiaLegumesSymbiosisRhizobiumOrganismsCompoundsPlantsMicrobiologyBacteriumResearch on nitrogen fixationOxygenGrowthPerforms nitrogen fixationDenitrificationAtmosphereGeneticCropsFertilizerFundamental and appliedYield
Bacteria10
Atmospheric6
Ammonia3
Root Nodules1
Soil6
Nodules3
Nodule1
  • Nodule function requires more Mo than does the host plant, and in some symbioses nitrogen fixation may be specifically limited by low availability of Ca, Co, Cu and Fe. (springer.com)
Rhizobia1
  • With N-Dure, your crops will obtain effective nitrogen fixation through a high rhizobia count to ensure successful nodulation - and it works with any type of planting equipment! (bayshoresales.com)
Legumes4
Symbiosis2
  • In this review general techniques for assessing nutrient involvement in symbiotic nitrogen fixation are described and specific methods are outlined for determining which developmental phase of the symbiosis is most sensitive to nutrient deficiency. (springer.com)
  • The UW-Madison researchers will then partner with colleagues at the University of Florida to begin testing groups of genes that could confer nodulation and bacterial symbiosis - and ultimately nitrogen fixation - on poplar. (wisc.edu)
Rhizobium1
Organisms1
Compounds1
Plants3
  • The contributions presented in this volume relate to free-living nitrogen fixers and the diazotrophs associated with plants. (agriculture-xprt.com)
  • Plants that produce their own nitrogen would require less fertilizer, which would save farmers money and reduce the environmental pollution caused by fertilizer runoff into waterways. (wisc.edu)
  • By comparing closely related plants where one species retains this ability and another has lost it, the researchers can identify the most important genetic elements for nitrogen fixation to take place. (wisc.edu)
Microbiology1
Bacterium1
Research on nitrogen fixation1
  • UW-Madison for decades has been a leader in research on nitrogen fixation, in biochemistry, in agronomy, and in bacteriology. (wisc.edu)
Oxygen1
Growth1
Performs nitrogen fixation1
  • There has been a really long history of research on the enzyme that performs nitrogen fixation," he says. (wisc.edu)
Denitrification2
Atmosphere1
  • Ingendahl, E. ter Haseborg, H. Kreibich, P. Vinuesa Fachgebiet Zellbiologie und Angewandte Botanik, Fachbereich Biologie der Philipps-Universitaet, D-35032 Marburg, Germany In contrast to general belief, the largest nitrogen pool on our planet is not in the atmosphere (4 x 1015 tons) but in the primary rocks (1.9 x 1017 tons). (climate-policy-watcher.org)
Genetic1
Crops1
  • While the new grant aims to develop nitrogen fixation in poplar, food crops are also a target. (wisc.edu)
Fertilizer3
Fundamental and applied1
Yield1
Legume Nitrogen Fixation in a Changing Environment - | Saad Sulieman | Springer
Legume Nitrogen Fixation in a Changing Environment - | Saad Sulieman | Springer (springer.com)
Plants | Free Full-Text | Molecular Analyses of the Distribution and Function of Diazotrophic Rhizobia and Methanotrophs in...
Plants | Free Full-Text | Molecular Analyses of the Distribution and Function of Diazotrophic Rhizobia and Methanotrophs in... (mdpi.com)
Nitrogen cycle - Wikipedia
Nitrogen cycle - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Hermann Hellriegel - Wikipedia
Hermann Hellriegel - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Legume - Wikipedia
Legume - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Bacteria: What you need to know
Bacteria: What you need to know (medicalnewstoday.com)
Marine and Freshwater Sciences: Books and Journals | Springer
Marine and Freshwater Sciences: Books and Journals | Springer (springer.com)
April 06, 1895 - Scientific American
April 06, 1895 - Scientific American (scientificamerican.com)
Microbiology and immunology | Cambridge University Press
Microbiology and immunology | Cambridge University Press (cambridge.org)
Genetic Manipulations with Plant Material | SpringerLink
Genetic Manipulations with Plant Material | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
July 03, 1909 - Scientific American
July 03, 1909 - Scientific American (scientificamerican.com)
January 30, 1892 - Scientific American
January 30, 1892 - Scientific American (scientificamerican.com)
Nitrogen fixation in ambient conditions | EurekAlert! Science News
Nitrogen fixation in ambient conditions | EurekAlert! Science News (eurekalert.org)
October 27, 1906 - Scientific American
October 27, 1906 - Scientific American (scientificamerican.com)
June 21, 1919 - Scientific American
June 21, 1919 - Scientific American (scientificamerican.com)
May 30, 1908 - Scientific American
May 30, 1908 - Scientific American (scientificamerican.com)
A buffer solution was prepared by adding 4.95 g of | bartleby
A buffer solution was prepared by adding 4.95 g of | bartleby (bartleby.com)
Energy Conservation via Electron-Transferring Flavoprotein in Anaerobic Bacteria | Journal of Bacteriology
Energy Conservation via Electron-Transferring Flavoprotein in Anaerobic Bacteria | Journal of Bacteriology (jb.asm.org)
Part I. The range of organisms that can fix nitrogen
Part I. The range of organisms that can fix nitrogen (reed.edu)
Dr Fotis Sgouridis - School of Geographical Sciences publications
Dr Fotis Sgouridis - School of Geographical Sciences publications (bris.ac.uk)
August 1925 - Volume 20 - Issue 2 : Soil Science
August 1925 - Volume 20 - Issue 2 : Soil Science (journals.lww.com)
Modern Coordination Chemistry (RSC Publishing)
Modern Coordination Chemistry (RSC Publishing) (pubs.rsc.org)
Nitrogen Fixation in the Sea: Why Only Trichodesmium? | SpringerLink
Nitrogen Fixation in the Sea: Why Only Trichodesmium? | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Discovering how cyanobacteria form patterns for nitrogen fixation | EurekAlert! Science News
Discovering how cyanobacteria form patterns for nitrogen fixation | EurekAlert! Science News (eurekalert.org)
July 13, 1878 - Scientific American
July 13, 1878 - Scientific American (scientificamerican.com)
Nitrogen Fixation by Peter M. Gresshoff | Waterstones
Nitrogen Fixation by Peter M. Gresshoff | Waterstones (waterstones.com)
Herbivorous turtle ants obtain essential nutrients from a conserved nitrogen-recycling gut microbiome | Nature Communications
Herbivorous turtle ants obtain essential nutrients from a conserved nitrogen-recycling gut microbiome | Nature Communications (nature.com)
More from News | Department of Chemistry - McGill University
More from News | Department of Chemistry - McGill University (mcgill.ca)
Plant and Soil - incl. option to publish open access
Plant and Soil - incl. option to publish open access (springer.com)
Frontiers | Microbiome of Trichodesmium Colonies from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre | Microbiology
Frontiers | Microbiome of Trichodesmium Colonies from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre | Microbiology (frontiersin.org)
May 26, 1894 - Scientific American
May 26, 1894 - Scientific American (scientificamerican.com)
August 1958 - Volume 86 - Issue 2 : Soil Science
August 1958 - Volume 86 - Issue 2 : Soil Science (journals.lww.com)