AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
NicotineNicotinic AgonistsTobacco Use DisorderGanglionic StimulantsReceptors, NicotinicMecamylamineCotinineNicotinic AntagonistsChewing GumSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeTobacco Use Cessation ProductsSmoking CessationSmokingAdministration, CutaneousDihydro-beta-ErythroidineTarsSelf Administrationalpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine ReceptorAzocinesDose-Response Relationship, DrugAconitineConditioning, OperantRats, Sprague-DawleyQuinolizinesTobacco, SmokelessTobacco ProductsRewardTobaccoAnabasineBicyclo Compounds, HeterocyclicReinforcement (Psychology)Carbon MonoxideBehavior, AnimalSelf StimulationHexamethoniumDopamineBenzazepinesBungarotoxinsHexamethonium CompoundsTobacco Smoke PollutionVentral Tegmental AreaQuinoxalinesNitrosaminesSmokeAnalysis of VariancePyridinesMotor ActivityNucleus AccumbensAsclepiasDuboisiaSolanaceaeEncyclopedias as TopicPlants, Edible
Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.Nicotinic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC). Nicotinic agonists act at postganglionic nicotinic receptors, at neuroeffector junctions in the peripheral nervous system, and at nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system. Agents that function as neuromuscular depolarizing blocking agents are included here because they activate nicotinic receptors, although they are used clinically to block nicotinic transmission.Tobacco Use Disorder: Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.Ganglionic Stimulants: Agents that mimic neural transmission by stimulation of the nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Drugs that indirectly augment ganglionic transmission by increasing the release or slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine or by non-nicotinic effects on postganglionic neurons are not included here nor are the nonspecific cholinergic agonists.Receptors, Nicotinic: One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.Nicotinic Antagonists: Drugs that bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) and block the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. Nicotinic antagonists block synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia, the skeletal neuromuscular junction, and at central nervous system nicotinic synapses.Chewing Gum: A preparation of chicle, sometimes mixed with other plastic substances, sweetened and flavored. It is masticated usually for pleasure as a candy substitute but it sometimes acts as a vehicle for the administration of medication.Substance Withdrawal Syndrome: Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.Tobacco Use Cessation Products: Items used to aid in ending a TOBACCO habit.Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke.Smoking: Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.Administration, Cutaneous: The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.Tars: Viscous materials composed of complex, high-molecular-weight compounds derived from the distillation of petroleum or the destructive distillation of wood or coal. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Self Administration: Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal.alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: A member of the NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR subfamily of the LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNEL family. It consists entirely of pentameric a7 subunits expressed in the CNS, autonomic nervous system, vascular system, lymphocytes and spleen.AzocinesDose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM plants. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has antiinflammatory and antineuralgic properties.Conditioning, Operant: Learning situations in which the sequence responses of the subject are instrumental in producing reinforcement. When the correct response occurs, which involves the selection from among a repertoire of responses, the subject is immediately reinforced.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.QuinolizinesTobacco, Smokeless: Powdered or cut pieces of leaves of NICOTIANA TABACUM which are inhaled through the nose, chewed, or stored in cheek pouches. It includes any product of tobacco that is not smoked.Tobacco Products: Substances and products derived from NICOTIANA TABACUM.Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.Tobacco: A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic: A class of saturated compounds consisting of two rings only, having two or more atoms in common, containing at least one hetero atom, and that take the name of an open chain hydrocarbon containing the same total number of atoms. (From Riguady et al., Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979, p31)Reinforcement (Psychology): The strengthening of a conditioned response.Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Self Stimulation: Stimulation of the brain, which is self-administered. The stimulation may result in negative or positive reinforcement.Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.Dopamine: One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.Benzazepines: Compounds with BENZENE fused to AZEPINES.Bungarotoxins: Neurotoxic proteins from the venom of the banded or Formosan krait (Bungarus multicinctus, an elapid snake). alpha-Bungarotoxin blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and has been used to isolate and study them; beta- and gamma-bungarotoxins act presynaptically causing acetylcholine release and depletion. Both alpha and beta forms have been characterized, the alpha being similar to the large, long or Type II neurotoxins from other elapid venoms.Hexamethonium Compounds: Compounds containing the hexamethylenebis(trimethylammonium) cation. Members of this group frequently act as antihypertensive agents and selective ganglionic blocking agents.Tobacco Smoke Pollution: Contamination of the air by tobacco smoke.Ventral Tegmental Area: A region in the MESENCEPHALON which is dorsomedial to the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and ventral to the RED NUCLEUS. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of SCHIZOPHRENIA.QuinoxalinesNitrosamines: A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties.SmokeAnalysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Pyridines: Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.Motor Activity: The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the LATERAL VENTRICLE, in the region of the OLFACTORY TUBERCLE, lying between the head of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE. It is part of the so-called VENTRAL STRIATUM, a composite structure considered part of the BASAL GANGLIA.Asclepias: A plant genus of the family ASCLEPIADACEAE. This is the true milkweed; APOCYNUM & EUPHORBIA hirta are rarely called milkweed. Asclepias asthmatica has been changed to TYLOPHORA.Duboisia: A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE that is a source of SCOPOLAMINE HYDROBROMIDE and other TROPANES.Solanaceae: A plant family of the order Solanales, subclass Asteridae. Among the most important are POTATOES; TOMATOES; CAPSICUM (green and red peppers); TOBACCO; and BELLADONNA.Encyclopedias as Topic: Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)Plants, Edible: An organism of the vegetable kingdom suitable by nature for use as a food, especially by human beings. Not all parts of any given plant are edible but all parts of edible plants have been known to figure as raw or cooked food: leaves, roots, tubers, stems, seeds, buds, fruits, and flowers. The most commonly edible parts of plants are FRUIT, usually sweet, fleshy, and succulent. Most edible plants are commonly cultivated for their nutritional value and are referred to as VEGETABLES.

(S)-(-)-Cotinine, the major brain metabolite of nicotine, stimulates nicotinic receptors to evoke [3H]dopamine release from rat striatal slices in a calcium-dependent manner. (1/3904)

Cotinine, a major peripheral metabolite of nicotine, has recently been shown to be the most abundant metabolite in rat brain after peripheral nicotine administration. However, little attention has been focused on the contribution of cotinine to the pharmacological effects of nicotine exposure in either animals or humans. The present study determined the concentration-response relationship for (S)-(-)-cotinine-evoked 3H overflow from superfused rat striatal slices preloaded with [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA) and whether this response was mediated by nicotinic receptor stimulation. (S)-(-)-Cotinine (1 microM to 3 mM) evoked 3H overflow from [3H]DA-preloaded rat striatal slices in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 value of 30 microM, indicating a lower potency than either (S)-(-)-nicotine or the active nicotine metabolite, (S)-(-)-nornicotine. As reported for (S)-(-)-nicotine and (S)-(-)-nornicotine, desensitization to the effect of (S)-(-)-cotinine was observed. The classic nicotinic receptor antagonists mecamylamine and dihydro-beta-erythroidine inhibited the response to (S)-(-)-cotinine (1-100 microM). Additionally, 3H overflow evoked by (S)-(-)-cotinine (10-1000 microM) was inhibited by superfusion with a low calcium buffer. Interestingly, over the same concentration range, (S)-(-)-cotinine did not inhibit [3H]DA uptake into striatal synaptosomes. These results demonstrate that (S)-(-)-cotinine, a constituent of tobacco products and the major metabolite of nicotine, stimulates nicotinic receptors to evoke the release of DA in a calcium-dependent manner from superfused rat striatal slices. Thus, (S)-(-)-cotinine likely contributes to the neuropharmacological effects of nicotine and tobacco use.  (+info)

Neurogenic vasodilatation of canine isolated small labial arteries. (2/3904)

Mechanisms underlying vasodilatation to nerve stimulation by electrical pulses and nicotine were analyzed in isolated canine small labial arteries. Transmural electrical stimulation (5 and 20 Hz) produced a contraction followed by a relaxation in labial arterial strips denuded of the endothelium, partially contracted with prostaglandin F2alpha. The contraction was abolished by prazosin or combined treatment with alpha, beta-methylene ATP. In the treated strips, neurogenic relaxation was abolished by NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, and restored by L-arginine. The D-enantiomers were without effect. Nicotine (10(-4) M) also relaxed the arteries, in which the contractile response was abolished by prazosin and alpha, beta-methylene ATP. The relaxant response was attenuated but not abolished by L-NA; the inhibition was reversed by L-arginine. The remaining relaxation by nicotine was abolished by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-[8 to 37], a CGRP1 receptor antagonist. Relaxations elicited by a lower concentration of nicotine (2 x 10(-5) M) sufficient to produce similar magnitudes of response to those induced by 5-Hz electrical nerve stimulation were also inhibited partially by L-NA. Histochemical study with the NADPH-diaphorase method demonstrated positively stained nerve fibers and bundles in the arterial wall, suggesting the presence of neuronal NO synthase. It is concluded that the relaxation induced by electrical nerve stimulation of small labial arteries is mediated exclusively by NO synthesized from L-arginine in nerve terminals, whereas nicotine in the concentrations used evokes relaxations by a mediation of nerve-derived NO and also CGRP, possibly from sensory nerves. The reason why nicotine but not electrical pulses stimulates sensory nerves and elicits vasorelaxation remains unsolved.  (+info)

Acquisition of nicotine discrimination and discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine in rats chronically exposed to caffeine. (3/3904)

Caffeine and nicotine are the main psychoactive ingredients of coffee and tobacco, with a high frequency of concurrent use in humans. This study examined the effects of chronic caffeine exposure on 1) rates of acquisition of a nicotine discrimination (0.1 or 0.4 mg/kg, s.c., training doses) and 2) the pharmacological characteristics of the established nicotine discrimination in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Once rats learned to lever-press reliably under a fixed ratio of 10 schedule for food pellets, they were randomly divided into two groups; 12 animals were maintained continuously on caffeine added to the drinking water (3 mg/ml) and another 12 control rats continued to drink tap water. In each group of water- and caffeine-drinking rats, there were six rats trained to discriminate 0.1 mg/kg of nicotine from saline and six rats trained to discriminate 0.4 mg/kg of nicotine from saline. Regardless of the training dose of nicotine, both water- and caffeine-drinking groups required a comparable number of training sessions to attain reliable stimulus control, although there was a trend for a slower acquisition in the caffeine-drinking group trained with 0.1 mg/kg of nicotine. Tests for generalization to different doses of nicotine revealed no significant differences in potency of nicotine between water- and caffeine-drinking groups. The nicotinic-receptor antagonist mecamylamine blocked the discriminative effects of 0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg nicotine with comparable potency and efficacy in water- and caffeine-drinking groups. There was a dose-related generalization to both the 0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg nicotine cue (maximum average of 51-83%) in water-drinking rats after i.p. treatment with d-amphetamine, cocaine, the selective dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR-12909, apomorphine, and the selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF-82958, but not in caffeine-drinking rats (0-22%). There was no generalization to the nicotine cues after i.p. treatment with caffeine or the selective D2 (NPA) and D3 (PD 128,907) dopamine-receptor agonists in water- and caffeine-drinking rats. The dopamine-release inhibitor CGS 10746B reduced the discriminative effects of 0.4 mg/kg nicotine in water-drinking rats, but not in caffeine-drinking rats. There was no evidence of development of tolerance or sensitization to nicotine's effects throughout the study. In conclusion, chronic caffeine exposure (average, 135 mg/kg/day) did not affect the rate of acquisition of the nicotine discrimination, but it did reduce the dopaminergic component of the nicotine-discriminative cue. The reduction of the dopaminergic component of the nicotine cue was permanent, as this effect was still evident after the caffeine solution was replaced with water in caffeine-drinking rats. That nicotine could reliably serve as a discriminative stimulus in the absence of the dopaminergic component of its discriminative cue may differentiate nicotine from "classical dopaminergic" drugs of abuse such as cocaine and amphetamine.  (+info)

A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. (4/3904)

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Use of nicotine-replacement therapies and the antidepressant bupropion helps people stop smoking. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of sustained-release bupropion (244 subjects), a nicotine patch (244 subjects), bupropion and a nicotine patch (245 subjects), and placebo (160 subjects) for smoking cessation. Smokers with clinical depression were excluded. Treatment consisted of nine weeks of bupropion (150 mg a day for the first three days, and then 150 mg twice daily) or placebo, as well as eight weeks of nicotine-patch therapy (21 mg per day during weeks 2 through 7, 14 mg per day during week 8, and 7 mg per day during week 9) or placebo. The target day for quitting smoking was usually day 8. RESULTS: The abstinence rates at 12 months were 15.6 percent in the placebo group, as compared with 16.4 percent in the nicotine-patch group, 30.3 percent in the bupropion group (P<0.001), and 35.5 percent in the group given bupropion and the nicotine patch (P<0.001). By week 7, subjects in the placebo group had gained an average of 2.1 kg, as compared with a gain of 1.6 kg in the nicotine-patch group, a gain of 1.7 kg in the bupropion group, and a gain of 1.1 kg in the combined-treatment group (P<0.05). Weight gain at seven weeks was significantly less in the combined-treatment group than in the bupropion group and the placebo group (P<0.05 for both comparisons). A total of 311 subjects (34.8 percent) discontinued one or both medications. Seventy-nine subjects stopped treatment because of adverse events: 6 in the placebo group (3.8 percent), 16 in the nicotine-patch group (6.6 percent), 29 in the bupropion group (11.9 percent), and 28 in the combined-treatment group (11.4 percent). The most common adverse events were insomnia and headache. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with sustained-release bupropion alone or in combination with a nicotine patch resulted in significantly higher long-term rates of smoking cessation than use of either the nicotine patch alone or placebo. Abstinence rates were higher with combination therapy than with bupropion alone, but the difference was not statistically significant.  (+info)

Higher dosage nicotine patches increase one-year smoking cessation rates: results from the European CEASE trial. Collaborative European Anti-Smoking Evaluation. European Respiratory Society. (5/3904)

The Collaborative European Anti-Smoking Evaluation (CEASE) was a European multicentre, randomized, double-blind placebo controlled smoking cessation study. The objectives were to determine whether higher dosage and longer duration of nicotine patch therapy would increase the success rate. Thirty-six chest clinics enrolled a total of 3,575 smokers. Subjects were allocated to one of five treatment arms: placebo and either standard or higher dose nicotine patches (15 mg and 25 mg daily) each given for 8 or 22 weeks with adjunctive moderately intensive support. The 12 month sustained success rates were: 25 mg patch for 22 weeks (L-25), 15.4%; 25 mg patch for 8 weeks (S-25), 15.9%; 15 mg patch for 22 weeks (L-15), 13.7%; 15 mg patch for 8 weeks (S-15), 11.7%; and placebo (P-0) 9.9% (placebo versus 15 mg, p<0.05; 25 mg versus 15 mg, p<0.03; 25 mg versus placebo, p<0.001, Chi-squared test). There was no significant difference in success rate between the two active treatment durations. Of the first week abstainers (n=1,698), 25.1% achieved success at 12 months as opposed to first week smokers, 2.7% of 1,877 subjects (p< 0.001). In summary, a higher than standard dose of nicotine patch was associated with an increase in the long-term success in smoking cessation but continuation of treatment beyond 8-12 weeks did not increase the success rates.  (+info)

Nicotine increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production by human brain endothelial cells via protein kinase C-associated pathway. (6/3904)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Smoking both increases stroke risk and reduces the risk of thrombolysis-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a major regulator of fibrinolysis; elevation of PAI-1 is associated with an increased risk of thrombotic disorders. We studied the effect of nicotine, an important constituent of cigarette smoke, on PAI-1 production by human brain endothelial cells. METHODS: Adult human central nervous system endothelial cells (CNS-EC) were used for tissue culture experiments. We analyzed culture supernatant for PAI-1 protein and measured PAI-1 mRNA (by Northern blot analysis) and protein kinase C (PK-C) activity. RESULTS: Nicotine at 100 nmol/L increased PAI-1 protein production and mRNA expression by CNS-EC. After 72 hours of exposure to nicotine, the concentration of secreted PAI-1 in the cell supernatant was increased 1.90+/-0.2 fold compared with untreated cells. PAI-1 mRNA also increased approximately twofold. Inhibition of PK-C completely abolished this effect. Nicotine had no effect on the concentration of tissue plasminogen activator. CONCLUSIONS: Nicotine increases brain endothelial cell PAI-1 mRNA expression and protein production via PK-C-dependent pathway. These findings provide new insights into why smoking may be associated with predisposition to thrombosis and inversely associated with intracerebral hemorrhage after therapeutic tissue plasminogen activator therapy.  (+info)

Nicotine-modified postinfarction left ventricular remodeling. (7/3904)

Cigarette smoking has been noted to impair wound healing in tissues such as skin, bone, and gut. This study was designed to examine whether nicotine adversely affects postinfarction cardiac wound healing and remodeling in an experimental model of myocardial infarction. For this purpose, two groups of rats were studied. The control group received a simple bandage, and the nicotine group had a section (1.75 mg/day) of a nicotine patch attached on their backs. After a 7-day treatment period, an anterior wall infarction was induced. A bandage-free 7-day healing period followed, after which hearts were isolated for mechanical tests. Nicotine-treated rats developed significantly enlarged left ventricles with thin, infarcted walls and a rightward shift in the passive pressure-volume relationship. Pressure-strain analysis also indicated possible changes in the material properties of the wound for nicotine-treated rats. In conclusion, nicotine has significant adverse effects on postinfarction healing and left ventricular remodeling. These observations have important clinical implications because of the enhanced risk for development of heart failure.  (+info)

Metabolites of a tobacco-specific carcinogen in urine from newborns. (8/3904)

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking during pregnancy can result in fetal exposure to carcinogens that are transferred from the mother via the placenta, but little information is available on fetal uptake of such compounds. We analyzed samples of the first urine from newborns whose mothers did or did not smoke cigarettes for the presence of metabolites of the potent tobacco-specific transplacental carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). METHODS: The urine was collected and analyzed for two metabolites of NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronide (NNAL-Gluc). Gas chromatography and nitrosamine-selective detection, with confirmation by mass spectrometry, were used in the analyses, which were performed without knowledge of the origin of the urine samples. RESULTS: NNAL-Gluc was detected in 22 (71%) of 31 urine samples from newborns of mothers who smoked; NNAL was detected in four of these 31 urine samples. Neither compound was detected in the 17 urine samples from newborns of mothers who did not smoke. The arithmetic mean level of NNAL plus NNAL-Gluc in the 27 newborns of smokers for which both analytes were quantified was 0.14 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.083-0.200) pmol/mL. The levels of NNAL plus NNAL-Gluc in the urine from these babies were statistically significantly higher than those in the urine from newborns of nonsmoking mothers (geometric means = 0.062 [95% CI = 0.035-0.110] and 0.010 [considered as not detected; no confidence interval], respectively; two-sided P<.001). NNAL plus NNAL-Gluc levels in the 18 positive urine samples in which both analytes were quantified ranged from 0.045 to 0.400 pmol/mL, with an arithmetic mean level of 0.20 (95% CI = 0.14-0.26) pmol/mL, about 5%-10% of the levels of these compounds detected in the urine from adult smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Two metabolites of the tobacco-specific transplacental carcinogen NNK can be detected in the urine from newborns of mothers who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy.  (+info)

Perinatal Nicotine Exposure Increases Vulnerability of Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Rats | StrokePerinatal Nicotine Exposure Increases Vulnerability of Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Rats | Stroke
The new findings of the present study are: (1) perinatal nicotine exposure significantly increases brain vulnerability to HI injury in male rat pups, but not in female pups; (2) this heightened vulnerability is associated with sex-specific reprogramming of AT1R and AT2R expression patterns in the developing brain; (3) both AT1R and AT2R are implicated in the pathogenesis of HI brain injury and exhibit the neuroprotective effect in neonatal brains; (4) downregulation of AT2R in the developing brain plays a causal role in nicotine-induced, heightened brain vulnerability to HI injury in neonatal rats; and (5) increased methylation of CpG locus 3 bases upstream of TATA-box at the AT2R promoter is a mechanism of nicotine-mediated AT2R gene repression.. The present finding that perinatal nicotine exposure increased brain HI injury in neonates is novel and suggests a risk factor of maternal cigarette smoking in heightened brain HIE vulnerability in newborns. The nicotine dose used in the present study ...
Nicotine effects on alertness and spatial attention in non-smokers<...Nicotine effects on alertness and spatial attention in non-smokers<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Nicotine effects on alertness and spatial attention in non-smokers. AU - Griesar, William S.. AU - Zajdel, Daniel P.. AU - Oken, Barry S.. PY - 2002/7/4. Y1 - 2002/7/4. N2 - Nicotine reportedly improves covert orienting of spatial attention, but enhanced alertness may also play a role. The present study explored nicotine effects on measures of spatial attention and alertness in non-smokers. Nicotine was delivered to 17 non-smokers (data from 12 subjects were analyzed) by a 7-mg transdermal patch (one patch in a low-nicotine condition; two patches in a high-nicotine condition). We examined nicotines effects on spatial attention using a covert orienting task with central, predictive cue stimuli. Nicotine effects on alertness were examined with EEG and subjective questionnaires. Blood was drawn and serum levels of nicotine are reported. Nicotine decreased overall reaction times in the covert orienting task. There was no change in the validity effect, the reaction time difference ...
Randomized trial of low nicotine cigarettes plus electronic cigarettes in smokers with a mental health condition - Penn...Randomized trial of low nicotine cigarettes plus electronic cigarettes in smokers with a mental health condition - Penn...
Project Summary/Abstract The long term goal of this project is to determine the likely health effects in Smokers with Mental Health Conditions (SMHC) of a rule requiring very low nicotine content in cigarettes, in conjunction with availability of nicotine-containing electronic cigarettes (ecigs). This will be tested in a rigorous randomized controlled trial design. We plan to use a comprehensive set of measures of proven validity and reproducibility, including toxicant exposure (urinary NNAL, exhaled CO), addiction (FTND) and mental health (Kessler K6) to assess these effects. This is a prospective parallel-group randomized double-blind, 2-by-2 controlled trial in which 240 current smokers with mental health conditions will be randomized to one of 4 groups: 1) normal nicotine content cigarettes (11mg nicotine content per cigarette, NNCs) and 15mg/mL nicotine ecigs; 2) NNCs and zero mg/mL nicotine ecigs; 3) Very low nicotine content cigarettes (0.2mg nicotine/cigarette, VLNCs) and 15mg/mL ...
Short-term adolescent nicotine exposure in rats elicits immediate and delayed deficits in T-lymphocyte function: Critical...Short-term adolescent nicotine exposure in rats elicits immediate and delayed deficits in T-lymphocyte function: Critical...
Short-term adolescent nicotine exposure in rats elicits immediate and delayed deficits in T-lymphocyte function: Critical periods, patterns of exposure, dose thresholds
Perinatal nicotine exposure induces asthma in second generation offspring | BMC Medicine | Full TextPerinatal nicotine exposure induces asthma in second generation offspring | BMC Medicine | Full Text
By altering specific developmental signaling pathways that are necessary for fetal lung development, perinatal nicotine exposure affects lung growth and differentiation, resulting in the offsprings predisposition to childhood asthma; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists can inhibit this effect. However, whether the perinatal nicotine-induced asthma risk is restricted to nicotine-exposed offspring only; whether it can be transmitted to the next generation; and whether PPARγ agonists would have any effect on this process are not known. Time-mated Sprague Dawley rat dams received either placebo or nicotine (1 mg/kg, s.c.), once daily from day 6 of gestation to postnatal day (PND) 21. Following delivery, at PND21, generation 1 (F1) pups were either subjected to pulmonary function tests, or killed to obtain their lungs, tracheas, and gonads to determine the relevant protein markers (mesenchymal contractile proteins), global DNA methylation, histone 3 and 4 acetylation, and for
Maternal nicotine exposure: Effect on physical development and fine mo by Estelle Lacoste Robinson"Maternal nicotine exposure: Effect on physical development and fine mo" by Estelle Lacoste Robinson
The purpose of the present study was to measure the effect of chronic maternal nicotine consumption during gestation only, gestation continuing through lactation, lactation only, and a no-drug control group on physical development, and gross and fine motor coordination of the offspring. To more precisely measure the dose response curve, three dose levels of nicotine (3.0, 2.25, 1.5mg/kg) were administered along with a saline control group. Nicotine was administered via an osmotic minipump. Gravid rats were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions. The pump was implanted on postnatal day 14. The offspring studied were male Sprague-Dawley rats 1 to 22 days old. Half of the pups from each litter were cross fostered to isolate the drug effect prenatally. Maturational parameters were pinna detachment, incisor eruption, and eye opening. Gross motor coordination measures were surface righting, negative geotaxis, swimming ontogeny, and open field. Measures of fine motor coordination were roto rod and
Best Nicotine Salts - Vapor VanityBest Nicotine Salts - Vapor Vanity
Nicotine salt refers to the type of nicotine that is present in tobacco leaves. The normal liquid nicotine that is found in most e-juices is a pure variant, without any extra additives. Nicotine salt, by contrast, contains the nicotine plus other organic compounds that are present in the tobacco plant.. The pure nicotine that is used in most e-juices is also known as freebase nicotine. It is highly volatile which makes it excellent for vaping since it isnt bonded to any other chemicals.. So why are companies beginning to use nicotine salt in their e-juices?. Even though freebase nicotine is generally considered easier to vape, some companies have found that by adding benzoic acid to their nicotine salts that they can get nicotine levels comparable to freebase nicotine with the added benefits of nicotine salts.. What are those benefits?. ...
Long-term effects of gestational nicotine exposure and food-restriction on gene expression in the striatum of adolescent rats. ...Long-term effects of gestational nicotine exposure and food-restriction on gene expression in the striatum of adolescent rats. ...
Gestational exposure to environmental toxins such as nicotine may result in detectable gene expression changes in later life. To investigate the direct toxic effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on later brain development, we have used transcriptomic analysis of striatal samples to identify gene expression differences between adolescent Lister Hooded rats exposed to nicotine in utero and controls. Using an additional group of animals matched for the reduced food intake experienced in the nicotine group, we were also able to assess the impact of imposed food-restriction on gene expression profiles. We found little evidence for a role of gestational nicotine exposure on altered gene expression in the striatum of adolescent offspring at a significance level of p|0.01 and |log2 fold change |0.5|, although we cannot exclude the possibility of nicotine-induced changes in other brain regions, or at other time points. We did, however, find marked gene expression differences in response to imposed food
Long-term effects of gestational nicotine exposure and food-restriction on gene expression in the striatum of adolescent rats ...Long-term effects of gestational nicotine exposure and food-restriction on gene expression in the striatum of adolescent rats ...
Gestational exposure to environmental toxins such as nicotine may result in detectable gene expression changes in later life. To investigate the direct toxic effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on later brain development, we have used transcriptomic analysis of striatal samples to identify gene expression differences between adolescent Lister Hooded rats exposed to nicotine in utero and controls. Using an additional group of animals matched for the reduced food intake experienced in the nicotine group, we were also able to assess the impact of imposed food-restriction on gene expression profiles. We found little evidence for a role of gestational nicotine exposure on altered gene expression in the striatum of adolescent offspring at a significance level of p,0.01 and ,log2 fold change ,0.5,, although we cannot exclude the possibility of nicotine-induced changes in other brain regions, or at other time points. We did, however, find marked gene expression differences in response to imposed ...
Low Dose Nicotine Exposure Improves Posterior Spinal Fusion in an In V by John France, Scott D. Daffner et al."Low Dose Nicotine Exposure Improves Posterior Spinal Fusion in an In V" by John France, Scott D. Daffner et al.
BACKGROUND CONTEXT: A previous pilot study by our group demonstrated that nicotine administration via transdermal nicotine patch showed consistent serum nicotine levels whereas administration via the more commonly utilized mini-osmotic pump resulted in large variations in serum levels of nicotine of rabbits. In other work, we have previously demonstrated that nicotine delivered via a transdermal patch enhanced posterior spinal fusion rates in rabbits. This is contrary to studies published by other groups where nicotine administration decreased fusion rates.
Nicotine and Carcinogen Exposure with Smoking of Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarette | Cancer Epidemiology,...Nicotine and Carcinogen Exposure with Smoking of Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarette | Cancer Epidemiology,...
We present novel findings on the smoking behavioral response, biochemical exposures, cardiovascular risk biomarkers and acceptability during a progressive reduction of the nicotine content of cigarettes. We found that progressive reduction of the nicotine content of cigarettes resulted in a progressive reduction in nicotine intake as measured by nicotine and cotinine levels. We found little evidence of compensation, as shown by stable levels of cigarette consumption and stable levels of the tobacco smoke biomarkers carbon monoxide and PAH metabolites.. Urine NNAL excretion was significantly decreased (about 20%) after nicotine reduction. NNAL is a metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK, which is formed from nicotine in the presence of nitrates in tobacco, primarily during the curing process (22). As the nicotine content of cigarettes declines, one would expect that levels of NNK would decline as well. Comparing the 12- and 1-mg RNC machine deliveries, there was an 11% decrease in NNK ...
Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration |...Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration |...
We hebben een nieuwe techniek van het kwantificeren van nicotine acetylcholine receptor veranderingen binnen subcellulaire regios...
Chronic Nicotine Treatment Impacts the Regulation of Opioid and Non-opioid Peptides in the Rat Dorsal StriatumChronic Nicotine Treatment Impacts the Regulation of Opioid and Non-opioid Peptides in the Rat Dorsal Striatum
The chronic use of nicotine, the main psychoactive ingredient of tobacco smoking, alters diverse physiological processes and consequently generates physical dependence. To understand the impact of chronic nicotine on neuropeptides, which are potential molecules associated with dependence, we conducted qualitative and quantitative neuropeptidomics on the rat dorsal striatum, an important brain region implicated in the preoccupation/craving phase of drug dependence. We used extensive LC-FT-MS/MS analyses for neuropeptide identification and LC-FT-MS in conjunction with stable isotope addition for relative quantification. The treatment with chronic nicotine for 3 months led to moderate changes in the levels of endogenous dorsal striatum peptides. Five enkephalin opioid peptides were up-regulated, although no change was observed for dynorphin peptides. Specially, nicotine altered levels of nine non-opioid peptides derived from precursors, including somatostatin and cerebellin, which potentially ...
Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study of New Oral Nicotine Replacement Therapy Products. - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govComparative Pharmacokinetic Study of New Oral Nicotine Replacement Therapy Products. - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
This study compares new oral Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) products containing 2 and 4 mg nicotine with NiQuitin™ lozenge 2 mg and 4 mg, after 12 hours of nicotine abstinence, with respect to nicotine pharmacokinetics, during 12 hours after start of administration. Single doses of treatment A, B, C, and D are given once in the morning during separate treatment visits scheduled in a crossover setting with randomized treatment sequences, also including a fifth treatment visit with either treatment E or F. The study will include 104 healthy smokers between the ages of 19 and 50 years, who have been smoking at least 10 cigarettes daily during at least one year preceding inclusion. The study will be performed at two sites with 52 subjects at each site. Subjects and study personnel will be aware of which treatment is administered at a given visit ...
Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration |...Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration |...
We have developed a novel technique of quantifying nicotinic acetylcholine receptor changes within subcellular regions of specific...
Development of [3H]nicotine binding sites in brain regions of rats exposed to nicotine prenatally via maternal injections or...Development of [3H]nicotine binding sites in brain regions of rats exposed to nicotine prenatally via maternal injections or...
The fetal and postnatal development of binding sites for [3H]nicotine was examined in brain regions of normal rats and rats whose mothers received nicotine injections or infusions, starting before fetal implantation (gestational day 4) and continuing to gestational day 20. The normal ontogenetic pattern of binding indicated a small but detectable concentration of sites during late gestation, and a substantial increase after birth, primarily during the period in which the majority of cholinergic synapses is forming. The adult pattern of regional selectivity of binding capabilities, namely midbrain + brainstem greater than cerebral cortex much greater than cerebellum, was not present at birth, but rather developed over the ensuing 3 weeks postpartum. Fetal exposure to nicotine produced an elevation in binding detectable during the course of drug exposure (gestational day 18), a finding similar to nicotines effects in mature brain. However, examination of the subsequent developmental pattern of ...
Nicotine reinforcement and cognition restored by targeted expression of nicotinic receptors | NatureNicotine reinforcement and cognition restored by targeted expression of nicotinic receptors | Nature
The bad news, nicotine addiction has caused the deaths of millions from smoking-related diseases. The good news, nicotine can enhance cognitive performance. In an attempt to disentangle the brain networks that mediate nicotine reward and relevant cognitive functions, Maskos et al. have developed an injectable lentiviral vector that delivers functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to defined regions of the mouse brain. The technique was used to generate mice that express nicotinic receptors exclusively in the midbrain ventral tegmental area, the VTA, which contains dopamine reward neurons and is associated with the response to drugs of abuse. The experiment showed that these receptors in the VTA are sufficient for all behavioural and physiological phenomena associated with nicotine dependence. And they are also involved in the higher brain or cognitive functions in the mouse. Nicotines good and bad sides are, it seems, intimately entangled and originate from a phylogenetically ancient part of
Nicotine poisonings of children continued to rise in 2014Nicotine poisonings of children continued to rise in 2014
The Minnesota Poison Control System saw a 35 percent jump in e-cigarette and e-juice poisonings among children from birth to 5 years old between 2013 and 2014. This marks the second year of significant increases in nicotine poisonings related to e-cigarette products, which can contain fatal levels of nicotine for children.. Today, the Minnesota Department of Health issued a nicotine heath advisory to inform parents about the health dangers of accidental nicotine poisonings and the harms that can result from ongoing nicotine use among teens and among pregnant women. "Many people think nicotine is addictive but not necessarily harmful on its own for teens and young adults, and that is not the case," said Minnesota Health Commissioner Dr. Ed Ehlinger. "We know there are clear health risks of nicotine exposure for youth.". The nicotine health advisory is based on a summary of the latest research on the health risks of nicotine. The advisory reports that nicotine may harm brain development during ...
Reducing the nicotine content to make cigarettes less addictive | Tobacco ControlReducing the nicotine content to make cigarettes less addictive | Tobacco Control
A gradual reduction of nicotine levels of cigarettes was proposed by Benowitz and Henningfield in 1994.10 Whereas this proposal envisioned a reduction to non-addicting nicotine dosage levels over a decade or longer, recent research studies using reduced nicotine content cigarettes to aid smoking cessation have raised the possibility that more rapid lowering of nicotine content might be equally or more effective.11 A reduced nicotine cigarette policy would have to apply to all manufactured cigarettes and potentially to tobacco sold for roll-your-own cigarettes, small cigars and perhaps ultimately to all other combustible tobacco products in a particular country.. One of the assumptions implicit in a nicotine reduction strategy is that there is a threshold nicotine exposure that is necessary to produce reinforcing effects and to sustain addiction. It is likely that there is no single threshold that applies to all people. There is considerable individual variability in dose sensitivity to all ...
The Safety of Transdermal Nicotine Immediately Following an Acute Coronary Syndrome - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govThe Safety of Transdermal Nicotine Immediately Following an Acute Coronary Syndrome - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Continuing to smoke after having a heart attack greatly increases the risk of death and cardiac illness. The nicotine patch is a commonly used pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation and has great potential to help heart attack patients quit smoking. However, due to safety concerns, physicians are often hesitant to prescribe the nicotine patch to patients who have just suffered a heart attack. The STADIA pilot study will assess the feasibility of a large-scale clinical trial investigating safety and efficacy outcomes associated with the nicotine patch immediately following a heart attack. Eligible subjects will be randomized within 48 hours of suffering a heart attack to wear a transdermal nicotine patch on either day 1 or day 2 of the study period. The nicotine patch will deliver nicotine to the patient over the period of 24 hours. Patients will be advised to discuss smoking cessation strategies with their treating physician and subsequent care will be left to the discretion of this physician. ...
Characterising the nicotine metabolite ratio and its association with treatment choice: A cross sectional analysis of Stop...Characterising the nicotine metabolite ratio and its association with treatment choice: A cross sectional analysis of Stop...
Pharmacotherapy provision based on Nicotine Metabolite Ratio (NMR) status (slow/normal metabolism) may improve smoking cessation rates. However, it is unclear whether NMR status is consistent across patient characteristics and current treatment choice. Data come from 1,826 participants attending Stop Smoking Services (SSS) across England in 2012/13. Sociodemographic, mental/physical health, smoking and treatment characteristics (nicotine replacement therapy vs. other pharmacotherapy; group vs. one-to-one behavioural support) were assessed. Salivary nicotine metabolites were measured and NMR (3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) computed, characterising smokers as slow (NMR,0.31) or normal (NMR≥0.31) metabolisers. Normal metabolisers were older than slow metabolisers (Odds Ratio (OR) =1.49, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) =1.32-1.69) but no other characteristics were associated with NMR status. Overall, predictors accounted for only 7.3% of NMR variance. In adjusted analysis, pharmacotherapy type was not ...
How does nicotine affect health, and why are e-cigarettes and e-shishas accompanied by health risks? - Healthcanal.com :...How does nicotine affect health, and why are e-cigarettes and e-shishas accompanied by health risks? - Healthcanal.com :...
enlarged view © dkfz.de. A new publication by the Cancer Prevention Unit of the German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ) in Heidelberg shows that nicotine is not only physically and mentally addictive but is also suspected to promote atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes and cancer. Numerous research publications have provided evidence that nicotine causes cancer, boosts its progression and adversely affects the outcomes of chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments. Nicotine can have serious, long-term and harmful effects on the course of a pregnancy and the health of an unborn child. Nicotine consumed during pregnancy is associated with sudden infant death and impairs the later development of the brain and lungs.. "Nicotine is anything but a harmless substance, as manufacturers of e-cigarettes tend to make us believe," says Dr. Verena Viarisio, who is a staff scientist at the DKFZs Cancer Prevention Unit and the author of the present fact sheet on nicotine as a health ...
Pharmacogenetics of Nicotine Addiction and Treatment II (PNAT 2) | Global Research ProjectsPharmacogenetics of Nicotine Addiction and Treatment II (PNAT 2) | Global Research Projects
Smoking is a significant public health problem, and there is a great need for research to improve smoking cessation treatment outcomes. The goal of the Pharmacogenetics of Nicotine Addiction Treatment (PNAT) research program is to generate the evidence base to optimize treatment decisions for Individuals who want to quit smoking. During the past 4 years of PNAT1, we have characterized genetic variants altering nicotine pharmacokinetics as well as pharmacodynamic genetic variants influencing response to pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation treatment. We have shown that the CYP2A6 enzyme is critical in the metabolic inactivation of nicotine, and inherited variation in nicotine clearance influences smoking behavior and cessation. With a vision toward translation of our research to practice, we have characterized a genetically-informed biomarker of CYP2A6 activity, specifically the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR;3hydroxycotinine/cotinine), which reflects both genetic and environmental influences ...
Society for Neuroscience - NEW STUDIES FIND THAT NICOTINE, OR A SIMILAR SUBSTANCE, MAY IMPROVE MEMORY AND PROTECT AGAINST...Society for Neuroscience - NEW STUDIES FIND THAT NICOTINE, OR A SIMILAR SUBSTANCE, MAY IMPROVE MEMORY AND PROTECT AGAINST...
For immediate release.. For more information, please call Dawn McCoy or Leah Ariniello at 202-462-6688.. NEW STUDIES FIND THAT NICOTINE, OR A SIMILAR SUBSTANCE, MAY IMPROVE MEMORY AND PROTECT AGAINST DISEASE; ONE DAY MAY FIND USE AS TREATMENT FOR DISORDERS. NEW ORLEANS, Nov. 11 - Scientists continue to explore the remarkable protective effect of nicotine - the addictive chemical in tobacco - on the brain. One recent study has found that one of nicotines metabolites, cotinine, may improve memory and protect brain cells from diseases such as Alzheimers and Parkinsons. Another new study shows that nicotine can help improve some of the learning and memory problems associated with hypothyroidism. Such studies suggest that nicotine - or drugs that mimic nicotine - may one day prove beneficial in the treatment of neurological disorders.. "These findings dont mean people should smoke," warns neuroscientist Michael Kuhar, PhD, of Emory University. "Any benefits from the nicotine in cigarettes or ...
Prenatal nicotine exposure alters the types of nicotinic receptors tha by Zheng Gui Huang, Xin Wang et al."Prenatal nicotine exposure alters the types of nicotinic receptors tha" by Zheng Gui Huang, Xin Wang et al.
Nicotinic receptors play an important role in modulating the activity of parasympathetic cardiac vagal neurons in the medulla. Previous work has shown nicotine acts via at least three mechanisms to excite brain stem premotor cardiac vagal neurons. Nicotine evokes a direct increase in holding current and facilitates both the frequency and amplitude of glutamatergic neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons. This study tests whether these nicotinic receptor-mediated responses are endogenously active, whether α4β2 and α7 nicotinic receptors are involved, and whether prenatal exposure to nicotine alters the magnitude of these responses and the types of nicotinic receptors involved. Application of neostigmine (10 μM) significantly increased the holding current, amplitude, and frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) glutamatergic events in cardiac vagal neurons. In unexposed animals, the nicotine-evoked facilitation of mEPSC frequency, but not mEPSC amplitude or holding current,
Nicotine Standards in the United States<...Nicotine Standards in the United States<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Nicotine Standards in the United States. AU - Stanton, Cassandra A.. AU - Hatsukami, Dorothy K.. PY - 2019/12/23. Y1 - 2019/12/23. N2 - This Special Issue on nicotine standards in the United States will address many of the questions raised in the Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) through a series of policy commentaries and timely empirical studies across a variety of topic areas within the proposed comprehensive nicotine standards plan. The questions addressed in this issue include: (1) the threshold dose of nicotine (and other constituents) that would lead to minimally addictive cigarettes; (2) the effects of a nicotine product standard in smokers with co-morbidity, youth and young adult smokers, and menthol smokers; (3) a step-down or targeted data approach to reducing nicotine in cigarettes; (4) perceptions and communications about product standards; and (5) requirements associated with the implementation of a nicotine product standard.. AB - This Special Issue on ...
Deleterious effects of nicotine on the ultrastructure of oocytes: role of gamma-tocotrienol - Article abstract #878274 |...Deleterious effects of nicotine on the ultrastructure of oocytes: role of gamma-tocotrienol - Article abstract #878274 |...
Background:Previous studies have shown that nicotine enhances oxidative DNA damage and leads to increased lipid peroxidation, which affects embryo development. The present study investigated the effect of daily supplementation of gamma-tocotrienol on oocytes of nicotine-treated mice. Material and Method:Immature female mice (18-25 g) were divided into three groups. For 30 days, group A (control group) received saline (0.2 ml/day s.c.), group B nicotine (5 mg/kg/day s.c. in saline), and group C nicotine with gamma-tocotrienol (60 mg/kg/day p.o.). The animals were superovulated following these schedules. Results:Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the nicotine-treated oocytes appeared nonspherical with rough surface and the zona pellucida (zp) was torn and became irregular. Supplementation with gamma-tocotrienol in the nicotine-treated mice retained the spherical shape of the oocytes with intact zp; however, the surfaces of the oocytes remained irregular and rough. Transmission electron
Study finds nicotine safe, helps in Alzheimers, ParkinsonsStudy finds nicotine safe, helps in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's
A study of Alzheimers patients showed that those who wore nicotine patches were better able to remember and pay attention than those who didnt. Another study showed that nicotine boosted cognitive function in older people who didnt have Alzheimers, but were showing signs of age-related mental decline.. Nicotine also seems to protect against Parkinsons disease, in which the death of cells in a small area of the brain results in tremors, impairing movement and as well as cognitive difficulties. So whats going on? How does the dreaded addictive component of cigarettes produce health benefits?. For starters, nicotine by itself isnt very addictive at all, according to Dr. Paul Newhouse, the director of Vanderbilt Universitys Center for Cognitive Medicine. Nicotine seems to require assistance from other substances found in tobacco to get people hooked.. "People wont smoke without nicotine in cigarettes, but they wont take nicotine by itself," said Newhouse, who has done extensive research ...
HAWAIIAN BREEZE NICOTINE JUICE - MADTOWN VAPORHAWAIIAN BREEZE NICOTINE JUICE - MADTOWN VAPOR
Strawberry, raspberry, pineapple, and mango for smooth refreshing summer vape.. Steeping time 7-14 days. Please select the options to complete your nicotine juice order. Our 100% USA made Nicotine juice comes in a variety of blends and strengths. The Hawaiian Breeze Nicotine Juice is made with the highest quality flavors and ingredients and will satisfy your taste buds and nicotine cravings. The Hawaiian Breeze Nicotine Juice is freshly mixed when you order so you will never get any old product from us. All our e-juices ship out within 24 hours of order time. Most of the time sooner. If you have any questions, comments, or concerns please send us a email via our contact page or call us at (608)285-2006. All our nicotine juice is made with the following ingredients. Food Flavoring. Vegetable Glycerin 99.7% USP Kosher. Propylene Glycol USP Nicotine. WARNING: MadTown Vapor e-Liquid products may contain nicotine, a poisonous and addictive substance. MadTown Vapor products are intended for use by ...
Nicotine (Into the mouth)Nicotine (Into the mouth)
Nicotine Polacrilex (NIK-oh-teen pol-a-KRIL-ex) Helps you quit smoking. Brand Name(s): Commit, Good Neighbor Pharmacy Nicotine, Good Neighbor Pharmacy Nicotine Gum, Good Neighbor Pharmacy Nicotine Polacrilex, Good Sense Nicotine Polacrilex, Health Mart Nicotine Polacrilex, Leader Nicotine Polacrilex, Leader Nicotine Polacrilex Gum, Nicorelief,...
Plus itPlus it
This summary outlines the evidence base for using a genetically informed biomarker to tailor smoking cessation treatment. This marker represents the rate of CYP2A6-mediated nicotine clearance, and is measured using the ratio of the nicotine metabolites derived from nicotine from smoking (3hydroxycotinine [3HC]/cotinine), referred to as the nicotine metabolite ratio or NMR. The NMR has been associated retrospectively with the ability to quit smoking and differential response to nicotine dependence therapy in multiple independent clinical trials. We first examined the NMR in an open label trial of transdermal nicotine patch versus nicotine nasal spray. In the patch condition, slow metabolizers (the lowest quartile of the NMR) had significantly higher quit rates than normal metabolizers (2nd to 4th quartiles of the NMR) at the end of 8 weeks of treatment and at 6-month follow up, even after controlling for baseline cigarettes per day and level of nicotine dependence. No such relationship was ...
Plus itPlus it
Using AGM as a model, we found that long-term, in vivo nicotine treatment significantly decreases in vitro nicotine metabolism by approximately 40% and the expression of a CYP2A6-like protein in AGM liver by approximately 60%. Because nicotine metabolism is dose-independent at the levels of nicotine self-administered by smokers (Benowitz and Jacob, 1993), changes in CYP2A6 protein would be expected to alter nicotine metabolism. Experiments using anti-CYP2A6 inhibitory antibodies strongly suggest that the decrease in nicotine metabolism after long-term nicotine administration is mediated by the decrease observed in the CYP2A6agm-mediated portion of the total NCO (40%), similar to the reduction observed in CYP2A6agm protein (60%). This is quantitatively similar to the decreases in nicotine clearance observed during smoking compared with nonsmoking (27-34%; Lee et al., 1987;Benowitz and Jacob, 1993). Our observation that CYP2A6agm protein and nicotine metabolism is reduced in AGM that underwent ...
Effects of Maternal Nicotine Exposure on Laminin Αlpha 5 Expression Change of the Basal Membrane in the Distal Convoluted and...Effects of Maternal Nicotine Exposure on Laminin Αlpha 5 Expression Change of the Basal Membrane in the Distal Convoluted and...
Background and Objective: It is obviously approved that Fibronectin and Laminin α-5 (LAMA5) expression will change, in some organs of fetuses that their mothers were smoking during pregnancy period. For example, the expression of mentioned proteins in newborns decreases in parenchyma of their lungs. In present study, we evaluated the effects ...
Nicotine | Dragon Lancet PortalNicotine | Dragon Lancet Portal
Nicotine salt (nic salt) include an equal amount of nicotine and in a natural state as that found in a tobacco leaf. If this nicotine is added to the vape liquid, it has to be vape at very high temperatures for it to be effective. And even with very temperatures, the nicotine will not be effectively absorbed. For it to be effective, a little modification has to be made. Moreover, the freebase nicotine has very pH that increases alkalinity that results in harsher throat-hit, causing you to vape a smaller amount than you need.. Nic salt neutralizes this effect as it lowers the PH level of nicotine and reduces alkalinity resulting in a smoother vaping experience. It also makes it possible to vape effectively at a much lower temperature as in the cheap vape pens and those cigs-like with a high concentration of nicotine. Generally, mixing vape juices with nicotine salts makes the salts less potent while providing high experience and satisfaction.. ...
Rate of Nicotine Metabolism and Smoking Cessation Outcomes in a Community-based Sample of Treatment- - North American Quitline...Rate of Nicotine Metabolism and Smoking Cessation Outcomes in a Community-based Sample of Treatment- - North American Quitline...
In samples from controlled randomized clinical trials, a smokers rate of nicotine metabolism, measured by the 3-hydroxycotinine to cotinine ratio (NMR), predicts response to transdermal nicotine. Replication of this relationship in community-based samples of treatment-seeking smokers may help guide the implementation of the NMR for personalized treatment for nicotine dependence. Data from a community-based sample of treatment seeking smokers (N = 499) who received 8 weeks of transdermal nicotine and 4 behavioral counseling sessions were used to evaluate associations between the NMR and smoking cessation. Secondary outcomes included withdrawal and craving, depression and anxiety, side effects, and treatment adherence. ...
Nicotine replacement therapy | Stop smoking service | Services A-Z | Services | The Royal FreeNicotine replacement therapy | Stop smoking service | Services A-Z | Services | The Royal Free
Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) works by substituting the source of nicotine to "replace" the nicotine you inhale when you smoke. For people who are quitting smoking, NRTs can help by delivering a safer alternative source of nicotine than cigarettes. They also can reduce or eliminate the symptoms of withdrawal, making it easier for some people to quit. NRTs have been extensively tested and used by millions of people. They are considered safe and effective ways of quitting smoking.. ...
Catching Your Breath | Science SignalingCatching Your Breath | Science Signaling
Catecholamine secretion from neonatal adrenomedullary chromaffin cells (AMCs) in response to episodes of asphyxia during birth leads to physiological changes that facilitate air breathing. The ability of AMCs to respond to hypoxia disappears postnatally concurrently with maturation of cholinergic innervation, and prenatal nicotine exposure is associated with decreased hypoxia-induced catecholamine secretion and increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Buttigieg et al., who previously showed that chronic nicotine exposure interferes with the response of neonatal rat AMCs to hypoxia, explored the underlying mechanism. Hypoxia leads to inhibition of large-conductance and small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels and of delayed rectifier K+ channels in AMCs; however, pharmacological analysis indicated that prenatal nicotine exposure did not affect K+ currents mediated by these channels, and immunocytochemical analysis confirmed their presence in AMCs from the nicotine-exposed pups. ...
Июль, 2012 | Стильная свадьбаИюль, 2012 | Стильная свадьба
Hermes Replica Bags Spare a thought for the fans of cricket (not just of world cup) what the changing rules of the game have done to cricket over the years. An eye on the short term profits has put paid to the long term future of cricket. Please make it more of a contest between bat ball... Hermes Replica Bags hermes replica So what is the future of nicotine and Replica Hermes Handbags e cigarettes? Could they help bring out the good effects of nicotine? E cigarettes can be Replica Hermes a very fast and an effective way of delivering nicotine as a therapeutic treatment if found it could be used as such. With e cigarettes, nicotine can be delivered directly to the brain. If inhaled, it take 10 to 19 seconds for the hermesbagss com nicotine to enter the brain as opposed to 20 minutes with a patch or a nicotine gum. hermes replica Replica Hermes Belt Both teams have matured, and if both teams play well, it could be close. The RAC may prove a disadvantage to Rutgers. Over the years, the UConn fans ...
Multigenerational epigenetic effects of nicotine on lung function | BMC Medicine | Full TextMultigenerational epigenetic effects of nicotine on lung function | BMC Medicine | Full Text
A recent preclinical study has shown that not only maternal smoking but also grandmaternal smoking is associated with elevated pediatric asthma risk. Using a well-established rat model of in utero nicotine exposure, Rehan et al. have now demonstrated multigenerational effects of nicotine that could explain this grandmother effect. F1 offspring of nicotine-treated pregnant rats exhibited asthma-like changes to lung function and associated epigenetic changes to DNA and histones in both lungs and gonads. These alterations were blocked by co-administration of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist, rosiglitazone, implicating downregulation of this receptor in the nicotine effects. F2 offspring of F1 mated animals exhibited similar changes in lung function to that of their parents, even though they had never been exposed to nicotine. Thus epigenetic mechanisms appear to underlie the multigenerational transmission of a nicotine-induced asthma-like phenotype. These findings emphasize the
Why Would Anyone Want 0 Nicotine Cartomizers? - South Beach Smoke BlogWhy Would Anyone Want 0 Nicotine Cartomizers? - South Beach Smoke Blog
If you are smoking electronic cigarettes, wouldnt it seem nonsensical to have 0mg of nicotine? Why do it without the nicotine? Simple: sometimes nicotine is just isnt called for. Some people want to enjoy everything about an e-cig and not have nicotine. For others, who have quit smoking, it allows them to enjoy the ability to smoke, enjoy the flavors, and the sensation of having a cigarette in hand, and be free of the negatives and the actual nicotine.. Many people who begin smoking electronically do so because they are fed up with all of the negative aspects associated with cigarettes and smoke. Often, especially after having heavy smoking tendencies, they start out with Full Flavored cartridges, for the maximum of 16mg of nicotine. With regular usage, most e-cigarette users find that they can control how much they vape because they arent smoking the equivalent of an entire cigarette every time they want to puff. Their appetite for nicotine begins to decrease pretty naturally, and they dont ...
Barton Health | Health Library | Staywell Health Library | Options in Nicotine TherapyBarton Health | Health Library | Staywell Health Library | Options in Nicotine Therapy
Options in Nicotine Therapy About two-thirds of smokers who try to quit on their own arent successful, and withdrawal symptoms typically cause their relapses. By using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to reduce these symptoms, smokers who try to quit have a better chance of succeeding. Nicotine, when used by smoking or chewing in tobacco products, is highly addictive, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS). The rapid absorption and high levels of nicotine in the blood that are achieved when a...
Snus News & Other Tobacco Products: Prolonged effect of nicotine as a result of binding with melanin..Snus News & Other Tobacco Products: Prolonged effect of nicotine as a result of binding with melanin..
To investigate the factors linking tobacco use, nicotine exposure, and skin pigmentation, the researchers recruited 150 adult African American smokers from three sites in inner city Harrisburg during summer 2007. Participants provided researchers with the average number of cigarettes smoked each day and answered a questionnaire that measured nicotine dependence -- the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Also cotinine levels (cotinine is a metabolic byproduct of nicotine that can be used as a biomarker for tobacco use) were measuered. King and colleagues surmise that nicotines half-life may, along with tobacco toxicants, be extended due to the accumulation in melanin-containing tissues. Previous research shows that nicotine has a biochemical affinity for melanin. King: conceivably, this association could result in an accumulation of the addictive agent in melanin-containing tissues of smokers with greater amounts of skin pigmentation ...
Best Range Mint and Menthol Flavoured Nicotine Salts - TgDarkly BlogsBest Range Mint and Menthol Flavoured Nicotine Salts - TgDarkly Blogs
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Utilization of nicotine nasal spray in smoking cessation | The Journal of the American Osteopathic AssociationUtilization of nicotine nasal spray in smoking cessation | The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
It is widely accepted that nicotine replacement therapy can help patients to quit smoking. Recent approval by the US Food and Drug Administration of a nicotine nasal spray gives clinicians greater flexibility in choosing the best replacement therapy for a particular patient. Four types of smoking cessation therapy are currently available (gum, patch, nasal spray, and bupropion). These differ with respect to their onset and duration of action, adverse effects, and cost. This article focuses on which patients may benefit most from the use of nicotine nasal spray. Instructions for proper administration and dosing of the nicotine nasal spray are discussed as well as how to taper it appropriately, and how to avoid--and manage--adverse effects. Additionally, the cost of the nicotine nasal spray is reviewed and compared with over-the-counter products and bupropion. Resources for behavioral support are provided as well. ...
Nicotinic alpha7- or beta2-containing receptor knockout: effects on radial-arm maze learning and long-term nicotine consumption...Nicotinic alpha7- or beta2-containing receptor knockout: effects on radial-arm maze learning and long-term nicotine consumption...
Nicotinic alpha7- or beta2-containing receptor knockout: effects on radial-arm maze learning and long-term nicotine consumption in mice.
Toenail Nicotine Levels as a Biomarker of Tobacco Smoke Exposure | Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & PreventionToenail Nicotine Levels as a Biomarker of Tobacco Smoke Exposure | Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
This cross-sectional analyses of tobacco exposure during the same period as toenail collection indicates that toenail nicotine levels can be informative biomarkers for the assessment of exposure to tobacco smoke. Women who were not active smokers who were exposed to ETS had higher nicotine levels than nonexposed individuals, but both categories of nonsmokers had much lower nicotine levels than active smokers. Nicotine levels of passive nonactive smokers overlapped with those of active smokers, which supports the hypothesis that exposure to passive smoking can be a significant source of exposure that is usually not accounted for in studies of adverse health effects of active smoking based on questionnaire measurements only.. The limitations of validating a new biomarker with an imperfect one such as questionnaire in this case are well known. Although the two measures were highly correlated, nail nicotine was less strongly correlated with questionnaire reports of passive smoking. Given the many ...
Wellbutrin with nicotine patchWellbutrin with nicotine patch
All participants received nicotine patch and were invited to attend a smoking cessation lecture and group. Cigarette smoking and alcohol outcomes were measured at six months. Bupropion when added to nicotine patch did not improve smoking outcomes. One-third of participants on bupropion reported discontinuing the. How It Works. Bupropion is a pill you take to reduce your craving for tobacco. The way it does this is not entirely known. Bupropion does not contain nicotine and does not help you quit smoking in the same way that nicotine replacement therapy does. But like other medicines, it decreases cravings and withdrawal symptoms.. *Repute spray and nicotine inhaler are commonly non-formulary in the VHA and adverse only through the local non-formulary slime. In the VHA, the Sweating-line therapies for smoking cessation on the National Formulary slim. Nicotine Patch. Deafness Gum. Nicotine Lozenge. Bupropion. Race Therapy as. BUPROPION SUSTAINED RELEASE (SR) mg. Unconsciousness PATCH 21mg, 14mg, ...
Effects of Oral Nicotine on Rat Liver StereologyEffects of Oral Nicotine on Rat Liver Stereology
VALENCA, Samuel Santos; GOUVEIA, Lucas; ALVES PIMENTA, Wagner y PORTO, Luís Cristóvão. Effects of Oral Nicotine on Rat Liver Stereology. Int. J. Morphol. [online]. 2008, vol.26, n.4, pp.1013-1022. ISSN 0717-9502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022008000400037.. Nicotine is the more abundant component in cigarette smoke. Because nicotine is first metabolized in the liver, our aim was to investígate the effects of nicotine on this organ by biochemical and stereological methods. Male Wistar rats were treated with oral nicotine (ON) diluted in drinking water during 32 days. The control group was treated with drinking water in the same period. Rats were sacrificed 24 hours after last day, the blood was collected and the liver was removed. Lipidogram was performed by enzymatic method and collagen fibers, fat globules and hepatocytes were count in the liver by stereological methods. We observed in control group preserved hepatocytes, with no presence of inflammatory cells. However in the ON ...
Altmetric - Mecamylamine (a nicotine antagonist) for smoking cessationAltmetric - Mecamylamine (a nicotine antagonist) for smoking cessation
Mecamylamine is a nicotine antagonist (that is it blocks the effect of nicotine). The rationale for its use in smoking cessation is that it may block the rewarding effect of nicotine and thus reduce the urge to smoke. The objective of this review was to determine the effectiveness of mecamylamine in promoting smoking cessation, either alone or in combination with nicotine replacement therapy. We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register. Randomised trials of mecamylamine, either alone or in combination with nicotine replacement therapy, which reported smoking cessation rates at least six months after intervention. We extracted data in duplicate on the type of subjects, the dose and duration of the mecamylamine and nicotine treatments, side-effects of treatment, the outcome measures, method of randomisation, and completeness of follow-up. The main outcome measure was sustained abstinence from smoking (biochemically validated) after at least six months follow-up in patients ...
Nicotine (Nasal Route) Side Effects - Mayo ClinicNicotine (Nasal Route) Side Effects - Mayo Clinic
Do not use any other nicotine products with the nasal spray. This includes nicotine patches, lozenges, or gum. You may have serious unwanted effects if you use more than one nicotine product. Pregnant women should only use this medicine as directed by a doctor. Cigarette smoke can seriously harm your child. Try to stop smoking without using medicine. The risks to your child from this medicine are not fully known. Nicotine products must be kept out of the reach of children and pets. Small amounts of nicotine can cause serious unwanted effects in children, and a used bottle may contain enough nicotine to cause problems. If the spray bottle is touched by a child, contact your doctor or poison control center at once. During the first week, you may have a hot, peppery feeling in your throat or nose, coughing, a runny nose, sneezing, or watery eyes. Do not stop using the medicine. If you continue to use the nasal spray, you should adjust to these effects. If these effects do not lessen after several ...
Long reliance on nicotine gum may cause other health problemsLong reliance on nicotine gum may cause other health problems
Q: After 30 years of smoking, I quit the habit 12 years ago. Since then, Ive been chewing about 15 pieces of nicotine gum every day. Can you tell me how this might be affecting my health? Im in good health overall, but my HDL is still too low despite daily exercise and taking 4,800 milligrams of fish oil daily. A: The good news is that by stopping smoking, youve significantly reduced your risk of heart disease and cancer, especially lung cancer. The not-so-good news is that continued, long-term use of nicotine-replacement therapy could potentially cause other health problems. The purpose of nicotine gum is to deliver small doses of nicotine to your body, which allow you to better manage your withdrawal symptoms and cravings as you quit smoking. When you smoke, you inhale nicotine and more than 4,000 harmful chemicals. More than 60 of those substances are known to cause cancer. Replacing smoking with a pure nicotine alternative, such as nicotine gum, eliminates all those other chemicals, and ...
Intranasal Nicotine Increases Postoperative Nausea and is Ineffective in Reducing Pain Following Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery...Intranasal Nicotine Increases Postoperative Nausea and is Ineffective in Reducing Pain Following Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Intranasal Nicotine Increases Postoperative Nausea and is Ineffective in Reducing Pain Following Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery in Tobacco-Naïve Females. T2 - A Randomized, Double Blind Trial. AU - Weingarten, Toby N.. AU - McGlinch, Brian P.. AU - Liedl, Lavonne. AU - Kendrick, Michael L.. AU - Kellogg, Todd A.. AU - Schroeder, Darrell R.. AU - Sprung, Juraj. PY - 2015. Y1 - 2015. N2 - Background: Nicotine is a known analgesic. Our primary aim was to test the hypothesis that intranasal nicotine administered intraoperatively reduces the need for postoperative opioids. The secondary outcomes included evaluation of both postoperative pain and nausea and vomiting (PONV).Results: Total iv MEQ were not significantly reduced during the PACU stay in patients receiving nicotine (median [interquartile range (IQR)], 5.3 [0, 10.0] mg for nicotine vs. 5.2 [0, 12.7] mg for placebo, one-tailed P = 0.414) or for the first 24 h following PACU discharge (39.6 [20.0, 52.5] mg for nicotine vs. ...
Expression and regulation of nicotine receptor and osteopontin isoforms in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. - Semantic...Expression and regulation of nicotine receptor and osteopontin isoforms in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. - Semantic...
Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted phospho-protein that confers on cancer cells a migratory phenotype. We have recently shown that nicotine, a risk factor in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), induces an alpha7-nicotine acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR)-mediated increase of OPN in PDA cells. In this study, we tested nicotines effect on the expression of OPN splice variants (OPNa, b, c) in PDA cells. We also analyzed the correlation between patients smoking history with OPN and α7-nAChR levels. RT-PCR and UV-light-illumination of ethidium-bromide staining were used to examine the mRNA expression in tissue and PDA cells treated with or without nicotine (3-300 nM). Localization of total OPN, OPNc and α7-nAChR was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and their mRNA tissue expression levels were correlated with the patients smoking history. PDA cells expressed varying levels of OPNa, OPNb, and α7-nAChR. Nicotine treatment selectively induced denovo expression of OPNc and increased α7-nAChR expression
Nicorette Nicotine Gum, Stop Smoking Aid, 4 mg, Fruit Chill Flavor, 20 CTNicorette Nicotine Gum, Stop Smoking Aid, 4 mg, Fruit Chill Flavor, 20 CT
Nicorette Gum is a quit smoking aid specially formulated with nicotine to help you kick your smoking habit one craving at a time. As the only nicotine gum with patented dual-coated technology, Nicorette Gum 4 mg in Fruit Chill provides a bold taste experience. Nicorette Nicotine Gum helps relieve the cravings, anxiety, frustration, irritability and restlessness associated with quitting smoking. For the best chance at success, chew at least 9 pieces of Nicorette Gum for the first 6 weeks and complete the entire 12-week program. However, do not chew more than 24 pieces of gum per day or eat or drink for 15 minutes before using Nicorette Gum. For additional quit smoking support, check out Quit.com a free online resource that provides you with individualized smoking cessation plans. If at any time you re experiencing intense cravings, you may take an additional piece of Nicorette Gum. Nicotine gum in Fruit Chill is a type of nicotine replacement therapy, which can help reduce your cravings and withdrawal
FLUFFY PINEAPPLE NICOTINE JUICE - MADTOWN VAPORFLUFFY PINEAPPLE NICOTINE JUICE - MADTOWN VAPOR
Sweet Pineapple wrapped in Marshmallow Use with caution on plastic tanks. Please select the options to complete your nicotine juice order. Our 100% USA made Nicotine juice comes in a variety of blends and strengths. The Fluffy Pineapple Nicotine Juice is made with the highest quality flavors and ingredients and will satisfy your taste buds and nicotine cravings. The Fluffy Pineapple Nicotine Juice is freshly mixed when you order so you will never get any old product from us. All our e-juices ship out within 24 hours of order time. Most of the time sooner. If you have any questions, comments, or concerns please send us a email via our contact page or call us at (608)285-2006. All our nicotine juice is made with the following ingredients. Food Flavoring. Vegetable Glycerin 99.7% USP Kosher. Propylene Glycol USP Nicotine. WARNING: MadTown Vapor e-Liquid products may contain nicotine, a poisonous and addictive substance. MadTown Vapor products are intended for use by persons of legal age or older; ...
Tobacco Addiction | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)Tobacco Addiction | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) A variety of formulations of nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) now exist, including the transdermal nicotine patch, nicotine spray, nicotine gum, and nicotine lozenges. Because nicotine is the main addictive ingredient in tobacco, the rationale for NRT is that stable low levels of nicotine will prevent withdrawal symptoms-which often drive continued tobacco use-and help keep people motivated to quit. Research shows that combining the patch with another replacement therapy is more effective than a single therapy alone.
Nicotine dependence - WikipediaNicotine dependence - Wikipedia
Pre-existing cognitive and mood disorders may influence the development and maintenance of nicotine dependence.[22] Nicotine is a parasympathomimetic stimulant[11] that binds to and activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain,[12] which subsequently causes the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine, acetylcholine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, endorphins,[23] and several neuropeptides.[24] Repeated exposure to nicotine can cause an increase in the number of nicotinic receptors, which is believed to be a result of receptor desensitization and subsequent receptor upregulation.[23] This upregulation or increase in the number of nicotinic receptors significantly alters the functioning of the brain reward system.[25] With constant use of nicotine, tolerance occurs at least partially as a result of the development of new nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain.[23] After several months of nicotine abstinence, the number of receptors ...
nicotine (gum, lozenge)nicotine (gum, lozenge)
Nicotine is the primary ingredient in tobacco products. Nicotine gum and lozenges are medical products used to aid in smoking cessation in adults. Using a controlled amount of nicotine helps reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms when you quit smoking. Nicotine may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication...
Silent desensitizers of neuronal NACHR and methods of use thereof - Patent applicationSilent desensitizers of neuronal NACHR and methods of use thereof - Patent application
0057] Of the major nAChR subtypes, the α4β2 subtype stands out not only because of its prevalence in most of the brain, but also because it is increased by chronic administration of nicotine in rats and mice (Flores C M, Rogers S W, Pabreza L A, Wolfe B B and Kellar K J (1992) A subtype of nicotinic cholinergic receptor in rat brain is composed of alpha 4 and beta 2 subunits and is up-regulated by chronic nicotine treatment. Molecular pharmacology 41(1):31-37; Marks M J, Burch J B and Collins A C (1983) Effects of chronic nicotine infusion on tolerance development and nicotinic receptors. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 226(3):817-825; Schwartz R D and Kellar K J (1983) Nicotinic cholinergic receptor binding sites in the brain: regulation in vivo. Science (New York, N.Y. 220(4593):214-216) and in human brain from smokers (Benwell M E, Balfour D J and Anderson J M (1988) Evidence that tobacco smoking increases the density of (-)-[3H]nicotine binding sites in human ...
Nicotine, Carcinogen, and Toxin Exposure in Long-Term E-Cigarette and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Users: A Cross-sectional...Nicotine, Carcinogen, and Toxin Exposure in Long-Term E-Cigarette and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Users: A Cross-sectional...
Background: Given the rapid increase in the popularity of e-cigarettes and the paucity of associated longitudinal health-related data, the need to assess the potential risks of long-term use is essential.. Objective: To compare exposure to nicotine, tobacco-related carcinogens, and toxins among smokers of combustible cigarettes only, former smokers with long-term e-cigarette use only, former smokers with long-term nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) use only, long-term dual users of both combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes, and long-term users of both combustible cigarettes and NRT.. Design: Cross-sectional study.. Setting: United Kingdom.. Participants: The following 5 groups were purposively recruited: combustible cigarette-only users, former smokers with long-term (≥6 months) e-cigarette-only or NRT-only use, and long-term dual combustible cigarette-e-cigarette or combustible cigarette-NRT users (n = 36 to 37 per group; total n = 181).. Measurements: Sociodemographic and smoking ...
Ethanol 190 Proof SDA - Nicotine and Methylene Blue supplier distributor- CAS Ethanol 64-17-5; Nicotine 54-11-5; Methylene BlueEthanol 190 Proof SDA - Nicotine and Methylene Blue supplier distributor- CAS Ethanol 64-17-5; Nicotine 54-11-5; Methylene Blue
Ethanol 190 Proof SDA - Nicotine and Methylene Blue, Ethanol 190 Proof SDA - Nicotine and Methylene Blue supplier, Ethanol 190 Proof SDA - Nicotine and Methylene Blue distributor, CAS Ethanol 64-17-5; Nicotine 54-11-5; Methylene Blue , Ethanol 190 Proof SDA - Nicotine and Methylene Blue manufacturer, Ethanol 190 Proof SDA - Nicotine and Methylene Blue wholesale
Dietary UKMR-1 roselle supplementation prevents nicotine-induced cardiac injury by inhibiting myocardial oxidative stress<...Dietary UKMR-1 roselle supplementation prevents nicotine-induced cardiac injury by inhibiting myocardial oxidative stress<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Dietary UKMR-1 roselle supplementation prevents nicotine-induced cardiac injury by inhibiting myocardial oxidative stress. AU - Ramalingam, Anand. AU - Budin, Siti Balkis. AU - Lim, Yi Cheng. AU - Si, Yiang Nee Lislivia. AU - Zainalabidin, Satirah. PY - 2016/7/1. Y1 - 2016/7/1. N2 - UKMR-1, a local variant of mutant Roselle strain (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is enriched with free radical scavenging polyphenols such as anthocyanin, Vitamin C and hydroxycitric acid. However, pharmacological actions of UKMR-1 are not fully known. This study was conducted to determine whether supplementation of aqueous UKMR-1 calyx extract was able to protect against nicotine-induced cardiac injury in rats. In this experimental study, healthy male albino rats were randomly allotted into three groups (n=7 per group): control, nicotine and UKMR-1+Nicotine groups. Nicotine (0.6 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to both nicotine and UKMR-1+Nicotine groups for 28 consecutive days. UKMR-1+Nicotine group also ...
Screening for Tobacco and Nicotine Use in Pregnancy | Article | NursingCenterScreening for Tobacco and Nicotine Use in Pregnancy | Article | NursingCenter
Tobacco and nicotine use are associated with numerous adverse health effects including miscarriage, preterm birth, low birthweight, placenta previa, placental abruption, cleft lip and palate, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Babies exposed to secondhand smoke have increased risk of ear infections, asthma complications, and SIDS (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). Prevalence of all forms of nicotine use among pregnant women in the United States is unknown; however, 8.4% of women report smoking at some time during pregnancy (Curtin & Matthews, 2016). Cigarette smoking has declined among adolescents, though use of electronic cigarettes and hookah has increased (CDC), thus screening for new and emerging tobacco products is increasingly important. Familiarity with the many types of tobacco and nicotine should guide screening questions, for example, instead of asking a woman if she smokes cigarettes, nurses might ask, "Do you use any type of tobacco or nicotine?" or "Do ...
Quitting Smoking - Nicotine Patches Vs Hypnosis - Health and Medical EthicsQuitting Smoking - Nicotine Patches Vs Hypnosis - Health and Medical Ethics
I personally gave up smoking last year -after 20 long years of being a smoker. I was extremely lucky that I met Cindy from http://www.cindygalvin.co.uk who uses a method call RTT hypnosis and it worked extremely well for me. However, it seems hypnosis may not work for everyone, and if you are one of those who is not so lucky, another way to give up smoking is by using nicotine patches.. Here is a brief overview of nicotine patches with a detailed list of side effects:. The nicotine patch is a safe and effective method to use in smoking cessation. They are made in several different strengthsusually 21mg, 14 mg, and 7mgand can accommodate the occasional or chain smoker. These patches work by delivering a steady stream of nicotine into your system that curbs your cravings and allows you to gradually lower the dosage until you no longer need them. Each box contains 14 patches and the dosage is recommended depending on how many cigarettes you smoke per day. There are,however, some side effects to be ...
Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric...Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric...
Author(s): Anthenelli, Robert M; Benowitz, Neal L; West, Robert; St Aubin, Lisa; McRae, Thomas; Lawrence, David; Ascher, John; Russ, Cristina; Krishen, Alok; Evins, A Eden | Abstract: Substantial concerns have been raised about the neuropsychiatric safety of the smoking cessation medications varenicline and bupropion. Their efficacy relative to nicotine patch largely relies on indirect comparisons, and there is limited information on safety and efficacy in smokers with psychiatric disorders. We compared the relative neuropsychiatric safety risk and efficacy of varenicline and bupropion with nicotine patch and placebo in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders.We did a randomised, double-blind, triple-dummy, placebo-controlled and active-controlled (nicotine patch; 21 mg per day with taper) trial of varenicline (1 mg twice a day) and bupropion (150 mg twice a day) for 12 weeks with 12-week non-treatment follow-up done at 140 centres (clinical trial centres, academic centres, and outpatient clinics
IJERPH | Free Full-Text | E-Cigarette-Only and Dual Use among Adolescents in Ireland: Emerging Behaviours with Different Risk...IJERPH | Free Full-Text | E-Cigarette-Only and Dual Use among Adolescents in Ireland: Emerging Behaviours with Different Risk...
E-cigarette-only use and dual-use are emerging behaviours among adolescent nicotine product users which have not yet been sufficiently explored. This study examines the prevalence of, and the factors associated with, nicotine product use in adolescence. The study is a cross-sectional analysis of the 2018 Planet Youth survey completed by 15–16 year olds in the West of Ireland in 2018. The outcome of interest was current nicotine product use, defined as use at least once in the past 30 days. A main effects multinomial logistic regression model was used to examine the association between potential risk and protective factors and nicotine product use. Among 4422 adolescents 22.1% were current nicotine product users, consisting of 5.1% e-cigarette only users, 7.7% conventional cigarette only users, and 9.3% dual-users. For risk factors, the odds of association were weaker for e-cigarette only use compared to conventional cigarette and dual use. Participating in team sport four times/week or more
Nicotine promotes cell migration through alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in gastric cancer cells<...Nicotine promotes cell migration through alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in gastric cancer cells<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Nicotine promotes cell migration through alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in gastric cancer cells. AU - Lien, Yung Chang. AU - Wang, Weu. AU - Kuo, Li Jen. AU - Liu, Jun Jen. AU - Wei, Po Li. AU - Ho, Yuan Soon. AU - Ting, Wen Chien. AU - Wu, Chih Hsiung. AU - Chang, Yu Jia. PY - 2011/9. Y1 - 2011/9. N2 - Background: The objective was to study the mechanism of nicotine-enhanced migration of gastric cancer cells. Long-term cigarette smoking increases the risk of gastric cancer mortality. Tobacco-specific mitogen, nicotine, was reported to correlate with cancer progression on gastric cancer. Since metastasis is the major cause of cancer death, the influence of nicotine on the migration of gastric cancer cells remains to be determined. Materials and Methods: The influence of nicotine on migration of gastric cancer cells was evaluated by transwell assay and wound-healing migration assay. Receptor-mediated migration was studied by both inhibitor and small interfering RNA. ...
CiteSeerX - Inflammatory Response to Burn Trauma: Nicotine Attenuates Proinflammatory Cytokine LevelsCiteSeerX - Inflammatory Response to Burn Trauma: Nicotine Attenuates Proinflammatory Cytokine Levels
CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): Objective: The immune response to an inflammatory stimulus is balanced and or-chestrated by stimulatory and inhibitory factors. After a thermal trauma, this balance is disturbed and an excessive immune reaction with increased production and release of proinflammatory cytokines results. The nicotine-stimulated anti-inflammatory reflex offsets this. The goal of this study was to verify that transdermal administration of nico-tine downregulates proinflammatory cytokine release after burn trauma. Methods: A 30 % total body surface area full-thickness rat burn model was used in Sprague Dawley rats (n = 35, male). The experimental animals were divided into a control group, a burn trauma group, a burn trauma group with additional nicotine treatment, and a sham + nicotine group with 5 experimental animals per group. The last 2 groups received a transdermal nicotine administration of 1.75 mg. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor
Reasons for Smoking and Severity of Residual Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms When Using Nicotine Chewing Gum - Fingerprint -...Reasons for Smoking and Severity of Residual Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms When Using Nicotine Chewing Gum - Fingerprint -...
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Reasons for Smoking and Severity of Residual Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms When Using Nicotine Chewing Gum. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
Gas/Particle Partitioning of Ammonia and Nicotine in Mainstream Tobacc by Cai Chen"Gas/Particle Partitioning of Ammonia and Nicotine in Mainstream Tobacc" by Cai Chen
Nicotine is recognized as the tobacco component that is responsible for most if not all of the addictive nature of tobacco. In mainstream tobacco smoke (MTS), the amount of nicotine that is in the free-base form is generally believed to be well correlated with physical â impactâ , â strengthâ , and â harshnessâ of such smoke. There are also reasons to expect that the amount of free-base nicotine may be related to the addictiveness of tobacco smoke. Evidence from previously secret tobacco industry documents indicates that ammonia-producing compounds have been added to cigarette tobacco as â impact boostersâ . Knowledge of the acid/base chemistry of tobacco smoke is required for a proper understanding of the effect of ammonia additives on nicotine chemistry in MTS. The goal of this work was to improve our understanding of this chemistry by studying the interdependent gas/particle (G/P) partitioning of nicotine and ammonia in MTS, including the study of components in MTS that are related
Nornicotine partially substitutes for (+)-amphetamine in a drug discrimination paradigm in rats. | PassportNornicotine partially substitutes for (+)-amphetamine in a drug discrimination paradigm in rats. | Passport
Rats were trained in a two-lever food-reinforced operant task to discriminate (+)-amphetamine (1 mg/kg) from saline. After discrimination training stabilized, test doses of (+)-amphetamine (0.0625-2.0 mg/kg), (-)-nicotine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg), or (-)-nornicotine (1-10 mg/kg) were assessed for their ability to substitute for the (+)-amphetamine training dose during brief test sessions in which food reinforcement was withheld. As expected, as the test dose of (+)-amphetamine increased, there was a dose-related increase in drug-appropriate responding, with both 1 and 2 mg/kg test doses substituting fully for the (+)-amphetamine training dose. Both (-)-nicotine and (-)-nornicotine showed partial substitution (approximately 50% drug-appropriate responding) for the (+)-amphetamine training dose, with (-)-nicotine being more potent than (-)-nornicotine. Rate suppressant effects prevented the assessment of higher doses of (-)-nicotine or (-)-nornicotine. Thus, while (-)-nicotine and (-)-nornicotine share ...
Comparison of Pure Nicotine- and Smokeless Tobacco Extract-induced Tox by Deniz Yildiz, Y. S. Liu et al."Comparison of Pure Nicotine- and Smokeless Tobacco Extract-induced Tox" by Deniz Yildiz, Y. S. Liu et al.
The toxicities and oxidative stress-inducing actions of (−)-nicotine and smokeless tobacco extract (STE), containing equivalent amounts of nicotine, were studied. Toxicities were determined by colony formation assays using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Results indicated that nicotine is less toxic than smokeless tobacco extract that contained the same amount of nicotine. The generation of reactive oxygen species, following treatment with smokeless tobacco extract and nicotine, was assessed by measurement of changes in glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. CHO cells (5 × 105 cells/5 ml media) were incubated with 4, 0.8, and 0.08 mg of nicotine and STE containing the same amounts of nicotine. All preparations of smokeless tobacco extract significantly decreased GSH levels and increased MDA generation. However, 0.08 mg of nicotine treatment did not result in a significant change in GSH level, and only 4 mg of nicotine were sufficient to increase MDA generation. Addition of free
Electronic nicotine delivery devices, and their impact on health and patterns of tobacco use: a systematic review protocol |...Electronic nicotine delivery devices, and their impact on health and patterns of tobacco use: a systematic review protocol |...
E-cigarettes or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have recently attracted considerable attention for several reasons. Compared with combustible cigarettes, these (1) deliver nicotine without combustion, (2) are thought to be less toxic,1-8 (3) can be used to reduce nicotine craving/withdrawal,3 ,9-13 (4) tend to be less expensive2 ,3 ,8 ,14 ,15 and (5) can potentially help one quit combustible cigarette smoking/prevent relapse.1-4 ,6-8 ,15-21. While there is great variability in the design and performance of ENDS within and across brands, characterising features include the use of a battery or other power source, and a heating element that when activated delivers an aerosol mist from a solution most often containing tobacco-derived nicotine, flavourings and other ingredients.22 ,23 ENDS typically fall into three categories: disposable ciga-like products, rechargeable ciga-like products and larger rechargeable products (ie, personal vapourisers, tank systems). In addition to ...
Marlboro menthol silver nicotine level. Where can i get Marlboro cigs in London, Marlboro cigarettes miles catalogMarlboro menthol silver nicotine level. Where can i get Marlboro cigs in London, Marlboro cigarettes miles catalog
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Nicotine Applied by Transdermal Patch Induced HSV-1 Ocular Shedding in Latently Infected Rabbits | IOVS | ARVO JournalsNicotine Applied by Transdermal Patch Induced HSV-1 Ocular Shedding in Latently Infected Rabbits | IOVS | ARVO Journals
Abstract: : Purpose: To examine the ability of nicotine, a compound known to be involved in stress-associated immunomodulation, to induce ocular viral shedding in rabbits latently infected with HSV-1 strain McKrae. Methods: New Zealand white rabbits latently infected with HSV-1 were randomly divided into two groups. One group received nicotine by transdermal patch (21 mg/d) for 20 days, the other served as a control. Reactivation data were obtained by detection of infectious virus in tear film collected by daily ocular swabs. The concentration of nicotine (mg/ml) in the serum was determined at 0, 1, 4, 8, 15, and 24 hrs after patch replacement. Results: Rabbits receiving nicotine exhibited a significantly (p=0.00001) higher rate of HSV-1 ocular shedding than controls. Compilation of data from three separate experiments demonstrated that 16.5% (258/1560) of the swabs taken from rabbits treated with nicotine were positive for virus, compared to only 8.3% (53/639) of swabs taken from controls. Peak ...
CIGoutlet.NET News: Swedish Match and Gum Tech Form Joint Venture for Non-Tobacco Nicotine ProductsCIGoutlet.NET News: Swedish Match and Gum Tech Form Joint Venture for Non-Tobacco Nicotine Products
PHOENIX--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Dec. 21, 1999--Swedish Match AB and Gum Tech International have reached an agreement in principle to form a joint venture to explore new business opportunities in the field of non-tobacco nicotine products. The joint venture will. Under the terms of the agreement, Swedish Match will own 51% and Gum Tech will own 49% of the joint venture. Gum Tech will contribute intellectual property related to chewing gum products containing nicotine, and Swedish Match will contribute $10 million in start-up capital. Swedish Match, based in Stockholm, Sweden, is an international group which develops, manufactures, markets and distributes, through its own subsidiaries worldwide, a broad range of tobacco products within the OTP (Other Tobacco Products) category, with smokeless tobacco as its core business along with cigars and pipe tobacco, as well as matches and lighters. The companys extensive range of products is sold in 140 countries, with sales for the 12 month period ended ...
Plus itPlus it
Cigarette smoking is the foremost modifiable risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Nicotine is a suspected fetal neuroteratogen. There is concern that nicotine may achieve toxic levels during pregnancy if nicotine replacement therapies are prescribed at doses used in the nonpregnant state. Ten healthy, volunteer, pregnant smokers received infusions of deuterium-labeled nicotine and cotinine during pregnancy and again postpartum. From blood and urine measurements, the following were determined: clearance (renal and nonrenal) of nicotine and cotinine, clearance of nicotine via the cotinine pathway (an indicator of CYP2A6 activity), and daily intake of nicotine from smoking. The clearance of nicotine and cotinine was significantly higher (60 and 140%, respectively), and the half-life of cotinine was much shorter (8.8 versus 16.6 h, P , 0.01) during pregnancy. Although plasma levels of cotinine were lower during pregnancy (119 versus 202 ng/ml, P , 0.05), daily intake of nicotine from smoking ...
Nicotine Addiction | AddictionsNicotine Addiction | Addictions
Nicotine causes chemical and biological changes in the brain. Although it is less dramatic than heroin or cocaine, the strength of the addiction is just as powerful. It is a "reinforcing" drug, which means that users desire the drug regardless of the damaging effects.The human body builds a tolerance to nicotine and the effect of the drug is reduced over time. As a result, regular smokers can inhale greater amounts of smoke and toxins without showing immediate effects (ie. coughing, nausea).Nicotine is considered addictive because it alters brain functioning and because people use it compulsively. Addiction to nicotine is not immediate - it may take weeks or months to develop ...
Association between nicotinic acetylcholine receptor single nucleotide polymorphisms and smoking cessation. - CLAHRCAssociation between nicotinic acetylcholine receptor single nucleotide polymorphisms and smoking cessation. - CLAHRC
INTRODUCTION: The α4β2 nicotinic receptor is of central importance in tobacco dependence, while the homomeric α7 receptor may also play a role. In this candidate gene study, we examine the association between 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes coding for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits α4 (rs1044396, rs2273504, rs2236196, and rs2273502), α7 (rs2133965 and rs4779969), and β2 (rs2072660 and rs2072661) and smoking abstinence in a cohort of quitters enrolled in a clinical trial of behavioral support. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Patch in Practice study, involving 925 smokers in the United Kingdom. All participants were given an 8-week course of 15 mg of transdermal nicotine replacement therapy and blood was taken for genotyping. RESULTS: Logistic regression analyses assessed the association between each selected SNP and smoking abstinence at 4, 12, 26, and 52 weeks. There were no statistically significant associations with smoking cessation success or nicotine intake
Cotinine as a biomarker of systemic nicotine exposure in spit tobacco users. The potential impact of a low-nitrosamine...Cotinine as a biomarker of systemic nicotine exposure in spit tobacco users. The potential impact of a low-nitrosamine...
Cotinine as a biomarker of systemic nicotine exposure in spit tobacco users. The potential impact of a low-nitrosamine smokeless tobacco product on cigarette smoking in the United States: estimates of a panel of experts
Epigallocatechin Gallate Differentially Modulates Interleukin Secretion in Nicotine and TNF-Treated Human Gingival Epithelial...Epigallocatechin Gallate Differentially Modulates Interleukin Secretion in Nicotine and TNF-Treated Human Gingival Epithelial...
Objectives: To determine the effects of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), a major catechin component of green tea, on cytokine expression in a human oral epithelial cell culture model of nicotine use.Methods: Confluent gingival epithelial cells in wells of a 24-well plate were subjected to one of six treatments. For controls cells received 1) No treatment or 2) Were treated with 10 μg /ml EGCG for 1 hour and cultured for 24 hours prior to analysis. A set of cells were pre-treated for 1 hour with 10 μg /ml EGCG and 3) Treated for 24 hours with 0.1 mM nicotine prior to challenge with 10 ng/ml TNFα for 1 hour, or 4) Not treated with nicotine but challenged with TNFα for 1 hour prior to analysis. A setof cells were not pre-treated with EGCG and 5) Treated for 24 hours with 0.1 mM nicotine prior to challenge with 10 ng/ml TNFα for 1 hour, or 6) Not treated with nicotine but challenged with TNFα for 1 hour prior to analysis. Culture medium samples were assayed for levels of secreted interleukins IL
ASHES, Vol. 9(13) - Do e-cigarettes deliver? A randomized control trial of nicotine delivery systems - The Brief Addiction...ASHES, Vol. 9(13) - Do e-cigarettes deliver? A randomized control trial of nicotine delivery systems - The Brief Addiction...
As awareness about and use of e-cigarettes has grown across the globe (ASHES Vol. 9(6)), these devices have come under more scrutiny from researchers and public policy experts. E-cigarettes are gaining popularity because like nicotine patches, they provide a low dose of nicotine, contain fewer toxins than cigarettes, and simulate behavioral and sensory dimensions of smoking. However, because e-cigarettes are a relatively new technology, there is a paucity of research to inform discussions about safety and efficacy. This weeks ASHES reviews a recent randomized control trial examining the efficacy of e-cigarettes compared to placebo and nicotine patches for smoking cessation...
Toenails show lung cancer risk - NHS.UKToenails 'show lung cancer risk' - NHS.UK
This research, involving 210 men with lung cancer and 630 men without, looked at levels of nicotine measured in toenail samples provided 1-13 years earlier (depending on when cancer was diagnosed). The results are somewhat as expected, with nicotine levels in nail samples roughly equating to the mens reported smoking history. Nicotine levels in current smokers were generally the highest, men who had never smoked had the lowest nicotine levels, and past smokers were more evenly spread across the five categories of nicotine level. There were also, as expected, more smokers among the men with lung cancer than those without the disease, and men with cancer had on average higher nail nicotine levels.. In general, the research supports what is already well known - that smoking or smoke exposure is the biggest risk factor for lung cancer. How accurately nicotine levels in nails can predict cancer risk is slightly less clear. In the current study, nicotine levels in the highest quintile (average ...
TSRI scientists design nicotine vaccine that provokes robust immune response | EurekAlert! Science NewsTSRI scientists design nicotine vaccine that provokes robust immune response | EurekAlert! Science News
When a promising nicotine vaccine failed in clinical trials a few years ago, scientists from The Scripps Research Institute were determined to keep trying to help smokers overcome their addiction. Now the team has designed a more effective nicotine vaccine and proven that the structures of molecules used in vaccines is critical.
Effect of Morphine and Bupivacaine on Nicotine-Induced Catecholamine Secretion from Encapsulated Chromaffin CellsEffect of Morphine and Bupivacaine on Nicotine-Induced Catecholamine Secretion from Encapsulated Chromaffin Cells
On the Convergence of Bio-, Information-, Enrivonmental-, Energy-, Space- and Nano-Technolgies: Effect of Morphine and Bupivacaine on Nicotine-Induced Catecholamine Secretion from Encapsulated Chromaffin Cells
Effect of nicotine on proliferation of normal, malignant, and human papillomavirus-transformed human cervical cells. -...Effect of nicotine on proliferation of normal, malignant, and human papillomavirus-transformed human cervical cells. -...
Nicotine is concentrated in the cervical mucus of smokers relative to serum levels. In this experiment, the effect of nicotine on cellular proliferation of human ectocervical, endocervical, malignant, and human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 DNA-transformed cervical cell lines was studied. Ectocervical and endocervical cell lines were derived from benign hysterectomy specimens and cultured in keratinocyte growth medium. HPV 16 DNA-transformed cell lines were derived through transfection of ectocervical cells with cloned HPV 16 DNA. HPV-transformed lines and malignant cell lines established from three women with newly diagnosed cervical cancer were maintained in E-media with 5% fetal calf serum. Cells (2500-5000) were cultured in 96-well tissue culture plates with varying concentrations of nicotine (100 to 10 mg/ml) and proliferation was assessed 72 hr later with a semiautomated colorimetric assay. Experiments were performed three times and proliferation of nicotine-exposed cells was compared to ...
Cross-species analysis of nicotine-induced proteomic alterations in pancreatic cells<...Cross-species analysis of nicotine-induced proteomic alterations in pancreatic cells<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Cross-species analysis of nicotine-induced proteomic alterations in pancreatic cells. AU - Paulo, Joao A.. AU - Urrutia, Raul. AU - Kadiyala, Vivek. AU - Banks, Peter. AU - Conwell, Darwin L.. AU - Steen, Hanno. PY - 2013/5. Y1 - 2013/5. N2 - Toxic compounds in tobacco, such as nicotine, may adversely affect pancreatic function. We aim to determine nicotine-induced protein alterations in pancreatic cells, thereby revealing links between nicotine exposure and pancreatic disease. We compared the proteomic alterations induced by nicotine treatment in cultured pancreatic cells (mouse, rat, and human stellate cells and human duct cells) using MS-based techniques, specifically SDS-PAGE (gel) coupled with LC-MS/MS and spectral counting. We identified thousands of proteins in pancreatic cells, hundreds of which were identified exclusively or in higher abundance in either nicotine-treated or untreated cells. Interspecies comparisons of stellate cell proteins revealed several ...
HeavyVape. Heavy Vape - MentholHeavyVape. Heavy Vape - Menthol
buy Menthol online Please take note: We at Heavy Vape, take safety seriously. When you order flavored e-liquid, it comes in a child-proof, tamper resistant bottle that is clearly labelled with its contents and nicotine level. If you are ordering any of our liquids that have more than 0mg of nicotine, it can be poisonous if ingested! Even though our bottles are child-proof, please make sure that your children and pets cannot get to them So, you might ask, what level of nicotine should I get? That depends on your needs, but here is a general rule of thumb: 0mg - contains no nicotine at all. It is purely for the vapor and flavor. 6mg - contains very little nicotine. This is usually used for dripping. 12mg - contains a small amount of nicotine. Similar to the nicotine you would get if you smoked a pack of light or ultralight cigarettes per day. 18mg - contains a medium amount of nicotine. Similar to the nicotine you would get if you smoked a pack of regular cigarettes per day. 24mg - contains a
Tobacco smokingTobacco smoking
Insular cortexInsular cortex
AlkaloidAlkaloid
Nicotinic agonistNicotinic agonist
PharmacognosyPharmacognosy
CHRNB2CHRNB2
DiacetylDiacetyl
Index of oral health and dental articlesIndex of oral health and dental articles
Habenular nucleiHabenular nuclei
Passive smokingPassive smoking
Physical dependencePhysical dependence
Effects of cannabisEffects of cannabis
List of designer drugsList of designer drugs
Carolyn M. MazureCarolyn M. Mazure
Richard GruczaRichard Grucza
Alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptorAlpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor
University of Ottawa Heart InstituteUniversity of Ottawa Heart Institute
Prevalence of tobacco consumptionPrevalence of tobacco consumption
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptorNicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Vape shopVape shop
Frank ChaloupkaFrank Chaloupka
SoulseekSoulseek
ListerineListerine
Public Finance Balance of Smoking in the Czech RepublicPublic Finance Balance of Smoking in the Czech Republic
George J. MitchellGeorge J. Mitchell
Construction of electronic cigarettesConstruction of electronic cigarettes
SnusSnus
Marcus MunafoMarcus Munafo
GabapentinGabapentin
SupertasterSupertaster
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
NicotineNicotinic AgonistsTobacco Use DisorderGanglionic StimulantsReceptors, NicotinicMecamylamineCotinineNicotinic AntagonistsChewing GumSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeTobacco Use Cessation ProductsSmoking CessationSmokingAdministration, CutaneousDihydro-beta-ErythroidineTarsSelf Administrationalpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine ReceptorAzocinesDose-Response Relationship, DrugAconitineConditioning, OperantRats, Sprague-DawleyQuinolizinesTobacco, SmokelessTobacco ProductsRewardTobaccoAnabasineBicyclo Compounds, HeterocyclicReinforcement (Psychology)Carbon MonoxideBehavior, AnimalSelf StimulationHexamethoniumDopamineBenzazepinesBungarotoxinsHexamethonium CompoundsTobacco Smoke PollutionVentral Tegmental AreaQuinoxalinesNitrosaminesSmokeAnalysis of VariancePyridinesMotor ActivityNucleus AccumbensAsclepiasDuboisiaSolanaceaeEncyclopedias as TopicPlants, Edible
Study finds nicotine safe, helps in Alzheimers, ParkinsonsStudy finds nicotine safe, helps in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's
Nicotine reinforcement and cognition restored by targeted expression of nicotinic receptors | NatureNicotine reinforcement and cognition restored by targeted expression of nicotinic receptors | Nature
KEGG PATHWAY: Nicotine addictionKEGG PATHWAY: Nicotine addiction
Nicotine itself may threaten cardiovascular healthNicotine itself may threaten cardiovascular health
Nicotine and Parkinsons disease: Implications for therapy - Quik - 2008 - Movement Disorders - Wiley Online LibraryNicotine and Parkinson's disease: Implications for therapy - Quik - 2008 - Movement Disorders - Wiley Online Library
Expanding the genetic architecture of nicotine dependence and its shared genetics with multiple traits | Nature CommunicationsExpanding the genetic architecture of nicotine dependence and its shared genetics with multiple traits | Nature Communications
Seriously addicted to nicotine lozenges [quit smoking 5179.4]Seriously addicted to nicotine lozenges [quit smoking 5179.4]
Nicotine Addiction | Winchester HospitalNicotine Addiction | Winchester Hospital
What does Nicotine mean?What does Nicotine mean?
nicotine - Wiktionarynicotine - Wiktionary
nicotine (CHEBI:18723)nicotine (CHEBI:18723)
Nicotine Psychopharmacology | SpringerLinkNicotine Psychopharmacology | SpringerLink
My friend nicotine | New ScientistMy friend nicotine | New Scientist
Nicotine (2005-110) | NIOSH | CDCNicotine (2005-110) | NIOSH | CDC
S)-nicotine (CHEBI:17688)S)-nicotine (CHEBI:17688)
Electronic Nicotine Delivery SystemsElectronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
Neuroscience For Kids - nicotineNeuroscience For Kids - nicotine
Nicotine ToxicologyNicotine Toxicology
Nicotine WithdrawalNicotine Withdrawal
Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine | SpringerLinkTobacco Smoking and Nicotine | SpringerLink
Nicotines new appeal | Science NewsNicotine's new appeal | Science News
Nicotine Lozenges: MedlinePlus Drug InformationNicotine Lozenges: MedlinePlus Drug Information
Nicotine poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaNicotine poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Nicotine - Drugs.comNicotine - Drugs.com
nicotine Archives - ExtremeTechnicotine Archives - ExtremeTech
NIOSH Skin Notation Profiles: Nicotine | NIOSH | CDCNIOSH Skin Notation Profiles: Nicotine | NIOSH | CDC
Smoking, cortisol and nicotine. - PubMed - NCBISmoking, cortisol and nicotine. - PubMed - NCBI
Is Nicotine All Bad? - Scientific AmericanIs Nicotine All Bad? - Scientific American
Nicotine and Cocaine: Similar Addiction? - RedorbitNicotine and Cocaine: Similar Addiction? - Redorbit
The Nicotine Addicts DilemmaThe Nicotine Addict's Dilemma
Novartis Nicotine Patches | WalgreensNovartis Nicotine Patches | Walgreens
nicotine vaccine - Everything2.comnicotine vaccine - Everything2.com
Nicotine - Eyez lyrics | LyricsFreakNicotine - Eyez lyrics | LyricsFreak
Nicotine-Plus: PyGTK2 Soulseek Client download | SourceForge.netNicotine-Plus: PyGTK2 Soulseek Client download | SourceForge.net
Nicotine in cigarettes linked to breast cancer - TelegraphNicotine in cigarettes linked to breast cancer - Telegraph
Nicotine lozengeNicotine lozenge
Niacin (Nicotine vitamins?) - Molecule of the DayNiacin (Nicotine vitamins?) - Molecule of the Day
3 Ways to Clean Nicotine Stains - wikiHow3 Ways to Clean Nicotine Stains - wikiHow
Nicotine Replacement TherapyNicotine Replacement Therapy
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
NicotineNicotinic AgonistsTobacco Use DisorderGanglionic StimulantsReceptors, NicotinicMecamylamineCotinineNicotinic AntagonistsChewing GumSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeTobacco Use Cessation ProductsSmoking CessationSmokingAdministration, CutaneousDihydro-beta-ErythroidineTarsSelf Administrationalpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine ReceptorAzocinesDose-Response Relationship, DrugAconitineConditioning, OperantRats, Sprague-DawleyQuinolizinesTobacco, SmokelessTobacco ProductsRewardTobaccoAnabasineBicyclo Compounds, HeterocyclicReinforcement (Psychology)Carbon MonoxideBehavior, AnimalSelf StimulationHexamethoniumDopamineBenzazepinesBungarotoxinsHexamethonium CompoundsTobacco Smoke PollutionVentral Tegmental AreaQuinoxalinesNitrosaminesSmokeAnalysis of VariancePyridinesMotor ActivityNucleus AccumbensAsclepiasDuboisiaSolanaceaeEncyclopedias as TopicPlants, Edible
SmokersEffect of nicotineCigarettesDependenceAddictionAmount of nicotineAddictiveCotinineLevels of nicotinePrenatalPresence of nicotineNeuronsQuitLess nicotineReceptorsAbstractCigaretteLevel of nicotineResponse to nicotineWithdrawal symptomsReplacement therapyVapeLiquid nicotineBehavioralDoseVaping nicotine saltsReceptorMetabolite RatioVaporAmounts of nicotineFound that nicotineSuggest that nicotineLozengeDosesAcetylcholineSmoking CessationConcentrationsChronic nicotineMaternal nicotineSymptomsIncreasesLozengesHigh-affinityStable than freebase nicotineExposure to nicotine during adolMechanismsFetalSignificantlyBehavior
Smokers17
Effect of nicotine8
Cigarettes19
Dependence7
Addiction13
Amount of nicotine2
Addictive6
Cotinine3
  • Nicotine is actually a bit like cannabis, in that the metabolites it makes, both in original nicotine, and the main metabolite cotinine, bind to fat more readily than other types of metabolite. (10statesstandards.com)
  • The main problem you've actually got is that the main alkaloid in tobacco, cotinine , is discoverable for longer in blood than nicotine itself. (10statesstandards.com)
  • So although you could be clean of nicotine in your blood in three days, if you are a chronic smoker, cotinine can stay in your blood for up to 10 days. (10statesstandards.com)
Levels of nicotine4
Prenatal11
Presence of nicotine1
Neurons5
  • We demonstrate the efficient re-expression of electrophysiologically responsive, ligand-binding nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in dopamine-containing neurons of the VTA, together with the recovery of nicotine-elicited dopamine release and nicotine self-administration. (nature.com)
  • King and Picciotto have also identified a novel brain circuit - glutamate neurons, which originate in the cortex and project to the thalamus (corticothalmic neurons) - as the likely site where changes occur in the brain during early nicotine exposure. (sfn.org)
  • They are currently working to identify the molecular changes that developmental exposure to nicotine triggers in the corticothalamic neurons. (sfn.org)
  • Previous work has shown nicotine acts via at least three mechanisms to excite brain stem premotor cardiac vagal neurons. (gwu.edu)
  • Nicotine evokes a direct increase in holding current and facilitates both the frequency and amplitude of glutamatergic neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons. (gwu.edu)
Quit6
  • For others, who have quit smoking, it allows them to enjoy the ability to smoke, enjoy the flavors, and the sensation of having a cigarette in hand, and be free of the negatives and the actual nicotine. (southbeachsmoke.com)
  • Thus while use of nicotine patch may be harmful, nicotine gum use has not been found to be that harmful for a baby and the mom who is trying to quit smoking. (growingyourbaby.com)
  • It can be a challenge to quit using products that contain nicotine but remember… you are not alone. (lradac.org)
  • But scientists at Selecta Biosciences in Boston have developed a new solution for those looking to quit the nasty habit: a nicotine vaccine. (wordpress.com)
  • Higher doses of nicotine patch may produce small increases in quit rates. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this study quit rates with bupropion were higher than with nicotine patch or placebo. (ox.ac.uk)
Less nicotine1
Receptors7
  • Apparently, nicotine binds to the receptors in the brain normally occupied by acetylcholine, which benefits people who need more, but it has no apparent effect on those who don't. (tampabay.com)
  • Acetylcholine receptors containing the β2 subunit are involved in the reinforcing properties of nicotine. (nature.com)
  • This response was identical to one the researchers had reported on previously ( Journal of Neuroscience , May 2003) in genetically altered mice that lack high affinity nicotine receptors as a result of a knockout mutation. (sfn.org)
  • Previous animal studies have found that nicotine interrupts endogenous acetylcholine receptors in the brain and lungs, which can cause developmental disruptions and abnormalities. (growingyourbaby.com)
  • Slotkin TA, Epps TA, Stenger ML, Sawyer KJ, Seidler FJ: Cholinergic receptors in heart and brainstem of rats exposed to nicotine during development: implications for hypoxia tolerance and perinatal mortality. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nicotine work via nicotinic receptors in brain.B2 subunit of this receptor is considered crucial to nicotine's effects. (wordpress.com)
  • To check whether immunisation has the desired effect, subjects were given IV nicotine and scans were repeated to measure binding to receptors. (wordpress.com)
Abstract1
  • abstract = "Nicotine reportedly improves covert orienting of spatial attention, but enhanced alertness may also play a role. (elsevier.com)
Cigarette6
  • Having the e-cigarette battery in hand simulates the action of smoking, and puffing with vapor recreates it almost exactly, whether you are using cartridges with nicotine or not. (southbeachsmoke.com)
  • But the therapy is still recommended as it is slightly better than putting the baby under the direct influence of cigarette smoking which has many other chemicals present other than nicotine. (growingyourbaby.com)
  • To put it simply, when you take your first drag of a cigarette or nicotine product, within 10 seconds the nicotine will enter your brain and trigger happy, euphoric feelings. (lradac.org)
  • Whether you vape freebase nicotine or nicotine salts, you're going to be inhaling a lot less harmful chemicals than you would with a traditional cigarette. (vaporvanity.com)
  • u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNicotine salts aim to replicate the same nicotine hit that is provided by smoking a cigarette, as the nicotine salts are absorbed into your bloodstream much faster than the freebase nicotine found in 'traditional' eliquids on the market, meaning that a nicotine hit is felt quicker from inhaling vaporized eliquid containing nicotine salts. (motivape.co.uk)
  • The nicotine vaccine does not eliminate the craving for nicotine-instead, it diminishes the effect from smoking the cigarette. (wordpress.com)
Level of nicotine1
Response to nicotine1
  • Selecta's researchers have used synthetic nanoparticles to trigger an immune response to nicotine, causing the body to create antibodies that bind specifically to the toxin. (wordpress.com)
Withdrawal symptoms1
Replacement therapy4
Vape11
  • It doesn't matter if you inhale nicotine from a vape, or through tobacco, it will still test exactly the same. (10statesstandards.com)
  • Nicotine salts are by far the best possible way to vape. (vaporvanity.com)
  • Even though freebase nicotine is generally considered easier to vape, some companies have found that by adding benzoic acid to their nicotine salts that they can get nicotine levels comparable to freebase nicotine with the added benefits of nicotine salts. (vaporvanity.com)
  • You can use a less-powerful vape - Since nicotine salts are more efficient at delivering nicotine to your system, you won't need some monstrous quad-18650 box mod . (vaporvanity.com)
  • It comes with packed nicotine salts, which ensures that you can vape them all day without a harsh throat hit. (dragonlancetc.com)
  • If this nicotine is added to the vape liquid, it has to be vape at very high temperatures for it to be effective. (dragonlancetc.com)
  • Moreover, the freebase nicotine has very pH that increases alkalinity that results in harsher throat-hit, causing you to vape a smaller amount than you need. (dragonlancetc.com)
  • It also makes it possible to vape effectively at a much lower temperature as in the cheap vape pens and those cigs-like with a high concentration of nicotine. (dragonlancetc.com)
  • Generally, mixing vape juices with nicotine salts makes the salts less potent while providing high experience and satisfaction. (dragonlancetc.com)
  • experience: according to users, the vape is free from the harsh nicotine hit, which is experienced in most conventional e-liquids. (dragonlancetc.com)
  • Nicotine salt based eliquids allow you to vape a higher concentration of nicotine, with a surprisingly smooth draw. (motivape.co.uk)
Liquid nicotine1
Behavioral3
Dose6
  • Low and high doses of nicotine altered behavior in opposite directions: The low-dose group tended to learn faster and the high-dose group tended to learn slower than the control animals. (sfn.org)
  • Logically, nicotine replacement should be safer than smoking, but several animal studies indicate that the total dose of nicotine that the fetus is exposed to may be what really matters for brain development," the authors of a 2007 study write in their conclusion. (growingyourbaby.com)
  • Nicotine patches provide a measured dose of nicotine through the skin and can be purchased without a prescription. (bartonhealth.org)
  • Wear each patch for 24 hours to provide a steady dose of nicotine around the clock, so you can avoid highs and lows. (bartonhealth.org)
  • A fatal dose of nicotine for an adult is between 50 to 60 milligrams, and a fatal dose for children is expected to be less. (govdelivery.com)
  • DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data in duplicate on the type of participants, the dose, duration and form of nicotine therapy, the outcome measures, method of randomization, and completeness of follow up.The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months of follow up. (ox.ac.uk)
Vaping nicotine salts1
  • Available in 30ml bottles, this highly-affordable brand is a great way to get started with vaping nicotine salts. (vaporvanity.com)
Receptor6
  • Abnormal avoidance learning in mice lacking functional high-affinity nicotine receptor in the brain. (nature.com)
  • These alterations were blocked by co-administration of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist, rosiglitazone, implicating downregulation of this receptor in the nicotine effects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nicotine induction of the asthma phenotype was found to result from a downregulation of mesenchymal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), which plays a critical role in the development, homeostasis and repair of the lung [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We believe that nicotine exposure during development- the same kind of exposure that occurs in mothers who smoke during pregnancy - disrupts normal nicotine receptor activity, much like the knockout mutation, and that this leads to altered emotional learning in adulthood," says King. (sfn.org)
  • They were scanned (SPECT or receptor binding) before and after four monthly immunisations.Subjects abstained from tobacco for the 5 days before each SPECT scan day to allow for any nicotine or metabolites to clear the brain. (wordpress.com)
  • The protocol for the ex-vivo experiment included three groups: control, nicotine (0.1 g/mL) and nicotine plus mecamylamine, a nicotinic receptor inhibitor (0.2 g/mL). (gaacademy.org)
Metabolite Ratio2
Vapor4
  • The best nicotine salt e-liquid is Yami Vapor . (vaporvanity.com)
  • Now you can enjoy the smooth vapor and rapid nicotine absorption of nicotine salts combined with the award-winning Yami Vapor flavors. (vaporvanity.com)
  • The vapor is less harsh - Nicotine salts, in the formulation that some companies use, can help lower the pH balance of your e-juice. (vaporvanity.com)
  • While the jury is still out on the health effects of vaping, it's important to note that you'll be inhaling much less vapor when using nicotine salts (due to the fact that you can absorb more of the nicotine ) so if you're concerned about the potential negative health effects of vaping then nicotine salts can possibly help reduce your risk. (vaporvanity.com)
Amounts of nicotine1
  • E-juice containers may have varying amounts of nicotine, from zero milligrams up to 34 milligrams or higher. (govdelivery.com)
Found that nicotine2
  • King and Picciotto found that nicotine-treated mice showed a hypersensitive response and avoided the dark compartment longer than non-exposed mice. (sfn.org)
  • Animal research has found that nicotine exposure in adolescence causes long-lasting changes in brain development. (govdelivery.com)
Suggest that nicotine1
  • Such studies suggest that nicotine - or drugs that mimic nicotine - may one day prove beneficial in the treatment of neurological disorders. (sfn.org)
Lozenge2
  • This is because nicotine patches send a constant flow of nicotine through the skin whereas gums or lozenge have a discontinuous flow, thereby reducing the overall nicotine that reaches the baby and may harm them. (growingyourbaby.com)
  • The ORs for the different forms of NRT were 1.66 (95% CI: 1.52 to 1.81) for gum, 1.81 (95% CI: 1.63 to 2.02) for patches, 2.35 (95% CI: 1.63 to 3.38) for nasal spray, 2.14 (95% CI: 1.44 to 3.18) for inhaled nicotine and 2.05 (95% CI: 1.62 to 2.59) for nicotine sublingual tablet/lozenge. (ox.ac.uk)
Doses1
Acetylcholine1
  • Nicotine is chemically similar to acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that declines in Alzheimer's disease. (tampabay.com)
Smoking Cessation2
  • Nicotine is fetotoxic, but one could argue that if nicotine replacement (patches, gum, or inhalers) is the only effective smoking cessation tool, for some pregnant women it is a better alternative than smoking because hundreds of potentially harmful substances are replaced by a single one. (growingyourbaby.com)
  • T]his study suggests that two milligrams of nicotine gum does not increase smoking cessation rates, but may reduce overall tobacco exposure during pregnancy. (growingyourbaby.com)
Concentrations1
Chronic nicotine3
  • Which makes it far more uncertain about when you will be clean, especially if you have high body fat, and are a chronic nicotine smoker. (10statesstandards.com)
  • Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) following chronic nicotine treatment showed loosening of the boundary and tearing of the zp. (medscimonit.com)
  • This study documented that chronic nicotine treatment adversely affects the ultrastructure of oocytes, while gamma-tocotrienol treatment at least minimizes the nicotine-induced damage to oocytes. (medscimonit.com)
Maternal nicotine5
  • They found that maternal nicotine exposure exerted adverse effects on lung development, not only for the immediate offspring but also for the next generation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The purpose of the present study was to measure the effect of chronic maternal nicotine consumption during gestation only, gestation continuing through lactation, lactation only, and a no-drug control group on physical development, and gross and fine motor coordination of the offspring. (usm.edu)
  • Delayed swimming development provided evidence for a teratogenic effect of maternal nicotine consumption. (usm.edu)
  • The beam walk, roto rod, swimming ontogeny, and open field provided significant evidence that maternal nicotine consumption delays fine motor coordination. (usm.edu)
  • Results showed that the most damaging effects of maternal nicotine consumption occur during gestation. (usm.edu)
Symptoms1
Increases1
Lozenges1
  • It's also what we use in nicotine replacement therapies-like gums, patches, sprays, and lozenges. (motivape.co.uk)
High-affinity1
  • reports the results of a proof of concept study based on the above assumption.The vaccine was 3:aminomethylnicotine conjugated to recombinant Pseudomonas exoprotein A (3:-AmNic-rEPA).This has high affinity for nicotine. (wordpress.com)
Stable than freebase nicotine2
  • Nicotine salts last longer - Since nicotine salts are much more stable than freebase nicotine, you'll get a much longer shelf life out of your e-liquid. (vaporvanity.com)
  • u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eNicotine salt e-juice has a longer shelf-life:\u003c\/strong\u003e Nicotine salts are more stable than freebase nicotine, which means that nicotine salt e-juice will last longer in storage without the nicotine degrading. (motivape.co.uk)
Exposure to nicotine during adol1
Mechanisms2
  • Identifying the molecular mechanisms involved in nicotine reinforcement and cognition is a priority and requires the development of new in vivo experimental paradigms. (nature.com)
  • Thus epigenetic mechanisms appear to underlie the multigenerational transmission of a nicotine-induced asthma-like phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)
Fetal1
  • Pregnant women should also be concerned due to evidence that nicotine can harm fetal brain and lung development. (govdelivery.com)
Significantly2
Behavior2
  • The present study investigated the role of sex on nicotine-induced changes to stimulus-response behavior and associated BDNF protein levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further, non-significant changes to BDNF expression in brain regions highly associated with PCA indicate that BDNF is unlikely to drive nicotine-enhanced conditioned behavior. (biomedcentral.com)
NiQuitin patches (nicotine patches) to quit smoking
NiQuitin patches (nicotine patches) to quit smoking (netdoctor.co.uk)
Nicotine reinforcement and cognition restored by targeted expression of nicotinic receptors | Nature
Nicotine reinforcement and cognition restored by targeted expression of nicotinic receptors | Nature (nature.com)
Myblu Intense Nicotine Salt Liquidpods | Convenience Store News
Myblu Intense Nicotine Salt Liquidpods | Convenience Store News (csnews.com)
Nicotine metabolite shows promise for improving memory, protecting brain cells | EurekAlert! Science News
Nicotine metabolite shows promise for improving memory, protecting brain cells | EurekAlert! Science News (eurekalert.org)
Drunk in public」NICOTINE PV（Film10）Mark Harry Films - YouTube
Drunk in public」NICOTINE PV（Film10）Mark Harry Films - YouTube (youtube.com)
Walgreens Nicotine 4MG Mint Mini-Lozenges | Walgreens
Walgreens Nicotine 4MG Mint Mini-Lozenges | Walgreens (walgreens.com)
Walgreens Coated Nicotine Gum, 4mg Mint | Walgreens
Walgreens Coated Nicotine Gum, 4mg Mint | Walgreens (walgreens.com)
Walgreens Nicotine Gum, 2 mg Fruit | Walgreens
Walgreens Nicotine Gum, 2 mg Fruit | Walgreens (walgreens.com)
Massachusetts puts tough restrictions on flavored tobacco and nicotine vaping - CNN
Massachusetts puts tough restrictions on flavored tobacco and nicotine vaping - CNN (cnn.com)
JUUL: How social media hyped nicotine for a new generation - CNN
JUUL: How social media hyped nicotine for a new generation - CNN (edition.cnn.com)
Study: Combining nicotine, substance use treatments increases quit rates
Study: Combining nicotine, substance use treatments increases quit rates (sctimes.com)
Erectile dysfunction nicotine overdose, erectile dysfunction causes prostate health, 2008 ford edge battery light on
Erectile dysfunction nicotine overdose, erectile dysfunction causes prostate health, 2008 ford edge battery light on (s3.amazonaws.com)
Juul nicotine hit may be 'Worst for kids, best for smokers'
Juul nicotine hit may be 'Worst for kids, best for smokers' (yorkdispatch.com)
Nicotine Patches, Spray, Inhalers & Gum - Chemist Australia
Nicotine Patches, Spray, Inhalers & Gum - Chemist Australia (chemistaustralia.com.au)
Nicotine epitope - Immune Epitope Database (IEDB)
Nicotine epitope - Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) (iedb.org)
Prevalence of NRT Use and Associated Nicotine Intake in Smokers, Recent Ex-Smokers and Longer-Term Ex-Smokers
Prevalence of NRT Use and Associated Nicotine Intake in Smokers, Recent Ex-Smokers and Longer-Term Ex-Smokers (journals.plos.org)
Ani DiFranco - New Songs, Playlists & Latest News - BBC Music
Ani DiFranco - New Songs, Playlists & Latest News - BBC Music (bbc.co.uk)
Electronic cigarette - Wikipedia
Electronic cigarette - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Case Definitions for Chemical Poisoning
Case Definitions for Chemical Poisoning (cdc.gov)
Cigarette butts help urban birds ward off mites | New Scientist
Cigarette butts help urban birds ward off mites | New Scientist (newscientist.com)
Stimulant - Wikipedia
Stimulant - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Ulcerative colitis - Wikipedia
Ulcerative colitis - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Nicotine: 2014
Nicotine: 2014 (sangmeistersnicotine.blogspot.de)
Nicotine: 2015
Nicotine: 2015 (sangmeistersnicotine.blogspot.de)
Nicotine: 2009
Nicotine: 2009 (sangmeistersnicotine.blogspot.de)
Staying Healthy During Pregnancy (for Parents) - The Barbara Bush Children's Hospital
Staying Healthy During Pregnancy (for Parents) - The Barbara Bush Children's Hospital (kidshealth.org)
Nicotine | SpringerLink
Nicotine | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Nicotine: September 2011
Nicotine: September 2011 (sangmeistersnicotine.blogspot.de)
Nicotine: July 2011
Nicotine: July 2011 (sangmeistersnicotine.blogspot.de)
Child Labor and Human Rights Abuses on Tobacco Farms in Zimbabwe | HRW
Child Labor and Human Rights Abuses on Tobacco Farms in Zimbabwe | HRW (hrw.org)
How to Quit Smoking: Tips and Methods
How to Quit Smoking: Tips and Methods (medicinenet.com)
Nicotine Psychopharmacology | SpringerLink
Nicotine Psychopharmacology | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Liveline Thursday 13 June 2013 - Liveline - RTÉ Radio 1
Liveline Thursday 13 June 2013 - Liveline - RTÉ Radio 1 (rte.ie)
Quit Smoking in 28 Days Audio Program on the App Store
Quit Smoking in 28 Days Audio Program on the App Store (itunes.apple.com)
Niacin (Nicotine vitamins?) - Molecule of the Day
Niacin (Nicotine vitamins?) - Molecule of the Day (scienceblogs.com)
3 Ways to Keep Smoking Systematically Without Getting Addicted
3 Ways to Keep Smoking Systematically Without Getting Addicted (wikihow.com)
Effectiveness of interventions to help people stop smoking: findings from the Cochrane Library | The BMJ
Effectiveness of interventions to help people stop smoking: findings from the Cochrane Library | The BMJ (bmj.com)
Stop smoking in pregnancy - NHS
Stop smoking in pregnancy - NHS (nhs.uk)
Secret industry funding of doctor-led vaping lobby group laid bare
Secret industry funding of doctor-led vaping lobby group laid bare (smh.com.au)