An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and PELLAGRA. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake.
Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.
A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)
A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
Compounds with a core of fused benzo-pyran rings.
Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. They may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups according to their mechanism of action: sodium channel blockade, beta-adrenergic blockade, repolarization prolongation, or calcium channel blockade.
Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.
A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.
A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.
Heteromultimers of Kir6 channels (the pore portion) and sulfonylurea receptor (the regulatory portion) which affect function of the HEART; PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. KATP channel blockers include GLIBENCLAMIDE and mitiglinide whereas openers include CROMAKALIM and minoxidil sulfate.
Six-carbon pyranose sugars in which the OXYGEN is replaced by a NITROGEN atom.
10-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.
Organic compounds containing both the hydroxyl and carboxyl radicals.
A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.
A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties.
Azoles of one NITROGEN and two double bonds that have aromatic chemical properties.
A type of cardiac arrhythmia with premature contractions of the HEART VENTRICLES. It is characterized by the premature QRS complex on ECG that is of abnormal shape and great duration (generally >129 msec). It is the most common form of all cardiac arrhythmias. Premature ventricular complexes have no clinical significance except in concurrence with heart diseases.
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.
Exposure of myocardial tissue to brief, repeated periods of vascular occlusion in order to render the myocardium resistant to the deleterious effects of ISCHEMIA or REPERFUSION. The period of pre-exposure and the number of times the tissue is exposed to ischemia and reperfusion vary, the average being 3 to 5 minutes.
A group of compounds that are monomethyl derivatives of pyridines. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
An abnormal anatomical passage between the RECTUM and the VAGINA.
An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.
A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.
A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.
Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).
A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.
The veins and arteries of the HEART.
A form of long QT syndrome that is without congenital deafness. It is caused by mutation of the KCNQ1 gene which encodes a protein in the VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL.
A painful linear ulcer at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal. (Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)
Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.
A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.
Delivery of substances through VENIPUNCTURE into the VEINS.
Damage to the MYOCARDIUM resulting from MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION (restoration of blood flow to ischemic areas of the HEART.) Reperfusion takes place when there is spontaneous thrombolysis, THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY, collateral flow from other coronary vascular beds, or reversal of vasospasm.
A group of cardiac arrhythmias in which the cardiac contractions are not initiated at the SINOATRIAL NODE. They include both atrial and ventricular premature beats, and are also known as extra or ectopic heartbeats. Their frequency is increased in heart diseases.
Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY.
Sulfonylurea compounds are a class of medications used to treat type 2 diabetes by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas.
Agents that have a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output. They may be CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES; SYMPATHOMIMETICS; or other drugs. They are used after MYOCARDIAL INFARCT; CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; in SHOCK; or in congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.
Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.
Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.
A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.
Tetraethylammonium compounds are a class of drugs that block potassium channels in cells, leading to changes in heart rhythm and blood pressure.
The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.
A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.
Oxadiazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds with a six-membered ring containing three nitrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms, with potential applications in the medical field as antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, and antipsychotic agents.
2-Chloroadenosine. A metabolically stable analog of adenosine which acts as an adenosine receptor agonist. The compound has a potent effect on the peripheral and central nervous system.
A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.
ATP-BINDING CASSETTE PROTEINS that are highly conserved and widely expressed in nature. They form an integral part of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel complex which has two intracellular nucleotide folds that bind to sulfonylureas and their analogs.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins.
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Dilation of an occluded coronary artery (or arteries) by means of a balloon catheter to restore myocardial blood supply.
The circulation of blood through the CORONARY VESSELS of the HEART.
Unstable isotopes of rubidium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Rb atoms with atomic weights 79-84, and 86-95 are radioactive rubidium isotopes.
The mitochondria of the myocardium.
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.
Potassium channels where the flow of K+ ions into the cell is greater than the outward flow.
A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.
A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.
A diverse group of agents, with unique chemical structures and biochemical requirements, which generate NITRIC OXIDE. These compounds have been used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and the management of acute myocardial infarction, acute and chronic congestive heart failure, and surgical control of blood pressure. (Adv Pharmacol 1995;34:361-81)
Pyrans are a type of cyclic carbohydrate compound that can be found in various natural products, including some vitamins and pigments.
Imaging of a ventricle of the heart after the injection of a radioactive contrast medium. The technique is less invasive than cardiac catheterization and is used to assess ventricular function.
The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.
A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta-methylacetylcholine (methacholine).
An alpha-glucosidase inhibitor with antiviral action. Derivatives of deoxynojirimycin may have anti-HIV activity.
Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.
Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines.
The blood pressure as recorded after wedging a CATHETER in a small PULMONARY ARTERY; believed to reflect the PRESSURE in the pulmonary CAPILLARIES.
The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.
A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.
(GTP cyclohydrolase I) or GTP 7,8-8,9-dihydrolase (pyrophosphate-forming) (GTP cyclohydrolase II). An enzyme group that hydrolyzes the imidazole ring of GTP, releasing carbon-8 as formate. Two C-N bonds are hydrolyzed and the pentase unit is isomerized. This is the first step in the synthesis of folic acid from GTP. EC 3.5.4.16 (GTP cyclohydrolase I) and EC 3.5.4.25 (GTP cyclohydrolase II).
A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.
Substances which lower blood glucose levels.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.
Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.
Modified cardiac muscle fibers composing the terminal portion of the heart conduction system.
The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.
The various ways of administering a drug or other chemical to a site in a patient or animal from where the chemical is absorbed into the blood and delivered to the target tissue.
Benzoate derivatives substituted by one or more hydroxy groups in any position on the benzene ring.
The excitable plasma membrane of a muscle cell. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include PREANESTHETIC MEDICATION.
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
A CALCIUM-dependent, constitutively-expressed form of nitric oxide synthase found primarily in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.
A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.
Quinolines substituted in any position by one or more amino groups.
The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi.
Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.
Acetophenones are a class of organic compounds containing a carbonyl group bonded to an aromatic ring and a methyl group.
Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left HEART VENTRICLE. Its measurement is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with heart disease to determine the effects of the disease on cardiac performance.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.
Procedures in which placement of CARDIAC CATHETERS is performed for therapeutic or diagnostic procedures.
One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the KIDNEY PELVIS to the URINARY BLADDER.
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.
Proteins that bind specific drugs with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Drug receptors are generally thought to be receptors for some endogenous substance not otherwise specified.
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.
The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery.
Synthetic compounds that are analogs of the naturally occurring prostaglandin endoperoxides and that mimic their pharmacologic and physiologic activities. They are usually more stable than the naturally occurring compounds.
A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).
Maintenance of blood flow to an organ despite obstruction of a principal vessel. Blood flow is maintained through small vessels.
Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.
A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
Heterocyclic compounds in which an oxygen is attached to a cyclic nitrogen.
The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.
The geometric and structural changes that the HEART VENTRICLES undergo, usually following MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. It comprises expansion of the infarct and dilatation of the healthy ventricle segments. While most prevalent in the left ventricle, it can also occur in the right ventricle.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.
The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.
Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those IONOPHORES that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).
The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)
A family of percutaneous techniques that are used to manage CORONARY OCCLUSION, including standard balloon angioplasty (PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY), the placement of intracoronary STENTS, and atheroablative technologies (e.g., ATHERECTOMY; ENDARTERECTOMY; THROMBECTOMY; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL LASER ANGIOPLASTY). PTCA was the dominant form of PCI, before the widespread use of stenting.
The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.
Chemistry dealing with the composition and preparation of agents having PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS or diagnostic use.
An impulse-conducting system composed of modified cardiac muscle, having the power of spontaneous rhythmicity and conduction more highly developed than the rest of the heart.
Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.
Contractile activity of the MYOCARDIUM.
The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
The circulation of the BLOOD through the MICROVASCULAR NETWORK.
The pressure within a CARDIAC VENTRICLE. Ventricular pressure waveforms can be measured in the beating heart by catheterization or estimated using imaging techniques (e.g., DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY). The information is useful in evaluating the function of the MYOCARDIUM; CARDIAC VALVES; and PERICARDIUM, particularly with simultaneous measurement of other (e.g., aortic or atrial) pressures.
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. These are distinguished from IMINES which are RN=CR2.
The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.
Endothelial cells that line venous vessels of the UMBILICAL CORD.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.
A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717)
Diabetes mellitus induced experimentally by administration of various diabetogenic agents or by PANCREATECTOMY.
A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.
Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.
A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.
Molecules which contain an atom or a group of atoms exhibiting an unpaired electron spin that can be detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and can be bonded to another molecule. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.
Method in which prolonged electrocardiographic recordings are made on a portable tape recorder (Holter-type system) or solid-state device ("real-time" system), while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It is useful in the diagnosis and management of intermittent cardiac arrhythmias and transient myocardial ischemia.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
The minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules.
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.
A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.
Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.
The amount of BLOOD pumped out of the HEART per beat, not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). It is calculated as the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Use of infusions of FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts.
A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.
A flavoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the univalent reduction of OXYGEN using NADPH as an electron donor to create SUPEROXIDE ANION. The enzyme is dependent on a variety of CYTOCHROMES. Defects in the production of superoxide ions by enzymes such as NADPH oxidase result in GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC.
Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
The main trunk of the systemic arteries.
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.
The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.

Cardioprotection by opening of the K(ATP) channel in unstable angina. Is this a clinical manifestation of myocardial preconditioning? Results of a randomized study with nicorandil. CESAR 2 investigation. Clinical European studies in angina and revascularization. (1/236)

AIMS: To assess the anti-ischaemic and anti-arrhythmic effects and overall safety of nicorandil, an ATP sensitive potassium (K+) channel opener, with 'cardioprotective' effects, in patients with unstable angina. METHODS: In a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study, oral nicorandil 20 mg twice daily or a matching placebo was administered for a minimum of 48 h to patients admitted with unstable angina. Treatment was standardized to include, where tolerated, oral aspirin, a beta-blocker and diltiazem. Continuous Holter ECG monitoring was performed for 48 h to assess the frequency and duration of transient myocardial ischaemia and any tachyarrhythmia, as the predefined end-points of the study. A pain chart recorded the incidence and severity of chest pain throughout the study period. Patients with myocardial infarction identified retrospectively from troponin-T analysis were excluded. RESULTS: Two hundred and forty-five patients were recruited into the study. Forty-three patients were excluded with an index diagnosis of myocardial infarction, two were not randomized and 12 had unsatisfactory tape data. In the remaining 188 patients, six out of 89 patients (6.7%) on nicorandil experienced an arrhythmia, compared with 17 out of 99 patients (17.2%) on placebo (P=0.04). Three nicorandil patients experienced three runs of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia compared to 31 runs in 10 patients on placebo (P=0.087 patients; P<0.0001 runs). Three nicorandil patients had four runs of supraventricular tachycardia, compared to 15 runs in nine patients on placebo (P=0.14 patients; P=0.017 runs). Eleven (12.4%) patients on nicorandil had 37 episodes of transient myocardial ischaemia (mostly silent) compared with 74 episodes in 21 (21.2%) patients on placebo (P=0.12 patients; P=0.0028 episodes). In the overall safety analysis, which included all patients who received at least one dose of study medication, there were no significant differences in the rates of myocardial infarction or death between the nicorandil or placebo-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: Nicorandil, added to aggressive anti-anginal treatment for unstable angina, reduces transient myocardial ischaemia, non-sustained ventricular, and supraventricular arrhythmia compared to placebo. The anti-arrhythmic activity with nicorandil is probably a secondary effect resulting from its anti-ischaemic action and we suggest that this may be related to its effect on the ATP sensitive potassium channel causing pharmacological preconditioning.  (+info)

Intravenous nicorandil can preserve microvascular integrity and myocardial viability in patients with reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. (2/236)

OBJECTIVES: We assessed whether the intravenous administration of nicorandil, an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K+ channel opener, exerts beneficial effect on microvascular function and functional and clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). BACKGROUND: Experimental studies documented that ATP-sensitive K+ channel opener exerts cardioprotection after prolonged ischemia. METHODS: We randomly divided 81 patients with a first anterior AMI into two groups, nicorandil (n = 40) and control groups (n = 41). All patients received successful coronary angioplasty within 12 h after the symptom onset and underwent myocardial contrast echcardiography (MCE) with the intracoronary injection of sonicated microbubbles. In the nicorandil group, we injected 4 mg of nicorandil followed by the infusion at 6 mg/h for 24 h and by oral nicorandil (15 mg/day). RESULTS: The improvement in regional left ventricular function, wall motion score and regional wall motion was significantly better in the nicorandil group then in the control group. Intractable congestive heart failure, malignant ventricular arrhythmia and pericardial effusion were more frequently found in the control group than in the nicorandil group (15% vs. 37%, 5% vs. 20% and 8% vs. 37%, p < 0.05, respectively). The frequency of sizable MCE no reflow phenomenon was significantly lower in the nicorandil group than in the control group (15% vs. 33%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous nicorandil in conjunction with coronary angioplasty is associated with better functional and clinical outcomes compared to angioplasty alone in patients with an anterior AMI. Myocardial contrast echocardiography findings imply that an improvement in microvascular function with nicorandil may be attributable to this better outcome.  (+info)

Effects of nicorandil on experimentally induced gastric ulcers in rats: a possible role of K(ATP) channels. (3/236)

The anti-ulcer effects of nicorandil [N-(2-hydroxyethyl)nicotinamide nitrate ester] were examined on water-immersion plus restraint stress-induced and aspirin-induced gastric ulcers in rats, compared with those of cimetidine. Nicorandil (3 and 10 mg/kg) given orally to rats dose-dependently inhibited the development of acid-related damage (water-immersion- and aspirin-induced gastric lesions) in the models. Cimetidine (50 mg/kg, p.o.) also had anti-ulcer effects in the same models. However, in the presence of glibenclamide (20 mg/kg, i.v.), an antagonist of K(ATP) channels, nicorandil did not inhibit the formation of gastric lesions. Nicorandil (10 mg/kg) given intraduodenally (i.d.), like cimetidine (50 mg/kg), significantly reduced the volume of the gastric content, total acidity and total acid output in the pylorus ligation model. Glibenclamide reversed the changes caused by i.d. nicorandil. I.v. infusion of nicorandil (20 microg/kg per min) significantly increased gastric mucosal blood flow, without affecting blood pressure and heart rate, but the increase in the blood flow was not observed after i.v. treatment with glibenclamide (20 mg/kg). These results indicate that nicorandil administered orally to rats produces the anti-ulcer effect by reducing the aggressive factors and by enhancing the defensive process in the mucosa through its K(ATP)-channel-opening property.  (+info)

Effects of nicorandil on aortic input impedance: a comparative study with nitroglycerin. (4/236)

A study of aortic input impedance was performed to evaluate the effects of nicorandil on the systemic circulation, and the effects were compared with those of nitroglycerin. Sixteen patients with coronary artery disease were divided into 2 age-matched groups. Aortic input impedance was obtained from Fourier analysis of aortic pressure and flow signals at baseline conditions, after intravenous administration of either 4 mg (Group 1) or 8 mg (Group 2) nicorandil, and 20 min after 0.3 mg sublingual nitroglycerin. In Group 1, the first harmonic impedance modulus (Z1, 304+/-140 dyne x s x cm(-5)) and the average of the first to third harmonics (Z1-3, 207+/-99 dyne x s x cm(-5)), indices of wave reflection, significantly decreased (24.4% (p<0.05) and 24.7% (p<0.01), respectively) after nicorandil, and 41.3% (p<0.01) and 33.9% (p<0.01) after nitroglycerin. The effects between the 2 vasodilators were not significantly different. In Group 2, Z1 and Z1-3 (275+/-138 and 196+/-93 dyne x s x cm(-5), respectively) also decreased after administration of nicorandil (28.4% (p<0.01) and 35.9% (p<0.01), respectively), and after administration of nitroglycerin (23.9% (p<0.01) and 28.7% (p<0.01), respectively), without any significant difference between the 2 drugs. Characteristic impedance and total peripheral resistance (R) in both groups remained unchanged except for R after 8 mg nicorandil (from 1830+/-415 to 1433+/-428 dyne x s x cm(-5); p<0.01). Like nitroglycerin, both doses of nicorandil reduced wave reflection. The reduction in R after 8 mg nicorandil is related to decreased tone in the resistance arteries, probably due to potassium channel opener effects.  (+info)

Effects of nicorandil as compared to mixtures of sodium nitroprusside and levcromakalim in isolated rat aorta. (5/236)

1. The contribution of the relaxant mechanisms of nicorandil (NIC) were analysed by comparing its effects with those of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), levcromakalim (LEM) and mixtures (1:10, 1:30 and 1:100) of SNP:LEM in isolated endothelium-denuded rat aorta. 2. In rings precontracted with KCl (25 mM), the relative inhibitory potency of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ and the K(ATP) channel inhibitor glibenclamide (GLI) on SNP:LEM mixtures showed a good correlation with the relative proportion of SNP and LEM in the mixtures. Furthermore, the degree of the inhibition by ODQ and GLI of the effects of the 1:30 SNP:LEM mixture varied as a function of the relative potency of SNP and LEM in KCl-, noradrenaline- (NA) or NA plus nifedipine-treated arteries. 3. The inhibitory effects of ODQ, GLI and ODQ plus GLI on NIC-induced relaxation was similar to that for the 1:30 SNP:LEM mixture in NA plus nifedipine-contracted arteries, but the inhibition of GLI or ODQ plus GLI was smaller in KCl-contracted arteries. 4. In conclusion, the relative importance of activation of the cyclic GMP pathway and K(ATP) channel opening in mixtures of SNP and LEM could be predicted by the proportion of the drugs in the mixtures and by the relative potency of SNP vs LEM in different experimental conditions. Furthermore, the present results suggest that besides these two mechanisms, a third ODQ- and GLI-insensitive mechanism, possibly involving Ca2+ channel blockade, also participates in the relaxant effects of NIC in KCl-induced contractions.  (+info)

Nonischemic ST-segment elevation induced by negative inotropic agents. (6/236)

The present study investigated whether regional ventricular dyskinesia (ie, systolic bulging) is a direct cause of ST-segment elevation in canine hearts in vivo. Regional ventricular dyskinesia was induced in 33 anesthetized open-chest dogs by injection of negative inotropic agents into the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) without disruption of coronary blood flow. Regional myocardial contraction was assessed in terms of the percent systolic shortening (%SS) and percent systolic bulging (%bulging), which were measured using ultrasonic crystals. The ST-segment elevation of the LAD-perfused area was measured with a unipolar electrode. Lidocaine, a sodium channel blocker, nicorandil, a potassium channel opener, propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocker, or verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, was administered by intracoronary injection during maximal vasodilation induced by adenosine. All drugs induced dose-dependent ST-segment elevation in association with a parallel reduction in %SS and a parallel increase in %bulging. The absence of myocardial ischemia was confirmed by the absence of NADH fluorescence. It was concluded that regional ventricular dyskinesia had an important role in ST-segment elevation not associated with myocardial ischemia.  (+info)

Nicorandil abolished repolarisation alternans in a patient with idiopathic long QT syndrome. (7/236)

A 23 year old woman with idiopathic long QT syndrome had repeated syncopal attacks associated with torsades de pointes. T wave alternans (TWA) was recorded and the QT interval was abnormally prolonged during treadmill exercise test. Monophasic action potential (MAP) alternans also appeared after an abrupt shortening of the cycle length in electrophysiological study. After intravenous administration of nicorandil 6 mg, both TWA and MAP alternans disappeared.  (+info)

Three minute, but not one minute, ischemia and nicorandil have a preconditioning effect in patients with coronary artery disease. (8/236)

OBJECTIVES: This study focused on 1) the determination of the optimal preconditioning (PC) duration, and 2) the protective effect of nicorandil (NC), a hybrid nitrate with a KATP channel opening effect, during a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) model in humans. BACKGROUND: The ischemic PC effect is induced in 180 s ischemia, but not in 120 s ischemia in rabbit hearts. However, the duration of ischemia that induces PC effect and the role of the KATP channel in the PC effect in humans are still unclear. METHODS: Forty-six patients with stable angina were randomly allocated to four groups: the duration of the first inflation as PC ischemia was 60 s in the PC60 group (n = 12), and 180 s in the PC180 group (n = 12). In the other groups, NC (80 microg/kg) was intravenously given for 1 min in the NC group (n = 12), and isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) (40 microg/kg) was given in the ISDN group (n = 10). Five minutes after first inflation or drug administration, a second inflation was conducted for 120 s in each group. In the ECG, the lead with the largest shift in ST segment (deltaST max), and the sum of elevated ST levels in all leads (sigmaST) were determined. RESULTS: In the PC60 group, no significant difference was observed in either deltaST max or sigmaST between the first and second inflation. However, the second inflation in the PC180 group showed significantly lower levels of deltaST max and sigmaST compared with those of the first inflation. In the NC group, both deltaST max and sigmaST measured at 30 s and 60 s after balloon inflation were significantly lower than those of the first inflation in the PC60 and PC180 control groups. In the ISDN group, no significant difference was observed in deltaST max or sigmaST. CONCLUSION: In human PTCA models, a PC effect is observed in 180 s ischemia, but not in 60 s ischemia. A pharmacological PC effect is induced by NC, a KATP channel opener with a nitrate-like effect but not ISDN. This suggests that the opening of KATP channels plays an important role in the protecting effect of NC.  (+info)

Niacinamide, also known as vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. In the medical field, niacinamide is used as a dietary supplement and medication to treat a variety of conditions, including: 1. Hyperpigmentation: Niacinamide is used to treat hyperpigmentation, which is the darkening of the skin caused by exposure to the sun or other factors. It works by inhibiting the production of melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. 2. Rosacea: Niacinamide is used to treat rosacea, a chronic skin condition characterized by redness, flushing, and bumps on the face. It helps to reduce inflammation and improve the skin's barrier function. 3. Acne: Niacinamide is used to treat acne by regulating oil production, reducing inflammation, and improving the skin's barrier function. 4. Dermatitis: Niacinamide is used to treat dermatitis, a skin condition characterized by redness, itching, and inflammation. It helps to reduce inflammation and improve the skin's barrier function. 5. Aging skin: Niacinamide is used to treat aging skin by improving skin elasticity, reducing fine lines and wrinkles, and improving skin texture. Niacinamide is generally considered safe when taken in recommended doses. However, it can cause side effects such as flushing, itching, and stinging when applied topically. It is important to consult a healthcare professional before taking niacinamide as a supplement or medication.

Glyburide is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It belongs to a class of drugs called sulfonylureas, which work by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin. Glyburide is typically used in combination with diet and exercise to help lower blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. It can also be used alone in people who are not able to control their blood sugar levels with diet and exercise alone. Glyburide can cause side effects such as low blood sugar, nausea, and headache. It is important to take glyburide exactly as prescribed by a healthcare provider and to monitor blood sugar levels regularly while taking this medication.

Cromakalim is a potassium channel opener that is used in the medical field to treat certain cardiovascular conditions. It works by increasing the flow of potassium ions out of cardiac muscle cells, which can help to relax the muscles and lower blood pressure. Cromakalim is primarily used to treat angina (chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart) and hypertension (high blood pressure). It is usually administered as a tablet or a solution that is injected into a vein.

Pinacidil is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart failure. It is a potassium channel opener, which means that it increases the flow of potassium ions into heart muscle cells, causing the cells to relax and contract more easily. This can help to lower blood pressure and improve the function of the heart. Pinacidil is usually taken by mouth, and it is available in tablet form. It is not suitable for everyone, and it may interact with other medications you are taking. It is important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully when taking pinacidil.

Benzopyrans are a class of organic compounds that contain a six-membered aromatic ring with two oxygen atoms attached to it. They are also known as coumarins. In the medical field, benzopyrans are used as anticoagulants, anti-inflammatory agents, and as components in some medications. For example, the drug warfarin, which is used to treat blood clots, is a benzopyran. Some benzopyrans also have potential as anticancer agents.

Potassium channels are a type of ion channel found in the cell membrane of many types of cells, including neurons, muscle cells, and epithelial cells. These channels are responsible for regulating the flow of potassium ions (K+) in and out of the cell, which is important for maintaining the cell's resting membrane potential and controlling the generation and propagation of electrical signals in the cell. Potassium channels are classified into several different types based on their biophysical properties, such as their voltage sensitivity, pharmacology, and gating mechanisms. Some of the most well-known types of potassium channels include voltage-gated potassium channels, inwardly rectifying potassium channels, and leak potassium channels. In the medical field, potassium channels play a critical role in many physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmission, and regulation of blood pressure. Abnormalities in potassium channel function can lead to a variety of diseases and disorders, such as epilepsy, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of potassium channels is important for developing new treatments for these conditions.

Isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) is a medication that is used to treat chest pain (angina) caused by a lack of blood flow to the heart. It works by relaxing the blood vessels, which allows more blood to flow to the heart and reduces the workload on the heart. ISDN is also used to treat high blood pressure and to prevent blood clots in people who are at risk of developing them. It is usually taken by mouth as a tablet or as a spray under the tongue. Side effects of ISDN may include headache, dizziness, and flushing.

Nitroglycerin is a powerful vasodilator medication that is used to treat angina pectoris (chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle) and to prevent heart attacks. It works by relaxing the smooth muscles in the blood vessels, particularly those that supply blood to the heart, which increases blood flow and reduces the workload on the heart. Nitroglycerin is usually administered as a sublingual tablet or spray, which is placed under the tongue or sprayed into the mouth. It is absorbed quickly into the bloodstream and begins to work within a few minutes. The effects of nitroglycerin are short-lived, lasting only a few minutes to an hour, and the medication must be taken as needed to relieve symptoms. While nitroglycerin is a highly effective medication for treating angina, it can cause side effects such as headache, dizziness, and low blood pressure. It is also contraindicated in patients with certain medical conditions, such as uncontrolled high blood pressure or severe heart failure.

KATP channels, also known as ATP-sensitive potassium channels, are ion channels found in the cell membrane of various types of cells, including pancreatic beta cells, cardiac muscle cells, and smooth muscle cells. These channels are sensitive to changes in the concentration of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a molecule that serves as the primary energy source for cells. In pancreatic beta cells, KATP channels play a critical role in regulating insulin secretion. When blood glucose levels are high, ATP levels in the cell increase, causing the KATP channels to close and allowing more potassium ions to flow out of the cell. This depolarizes the cell membrane and triggers the release of insulin. In cardiac muscle cells, KATP channels help regulate the heart rate and contractility. When ATP levels in the cell are low, the KATP channels open, allowing potassium ions to flow into the cell and hyperpolarize the cell membrane. This slows down the heart rate and reduces contractility. In smooth muscle cells, KATP channels play a role in regulating blood vessel tone and gastrointestinal motility. When ATP levels in the cell are low, the KATP channels open, allowing potassium ions to flow into the cell and relax the smooth muscle. Overall, KATP channels are important regulators of various physiological processes and are the target of several drugs used to treat conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and gastrointestinal disorders.

Imino pyranoses are a type of sugar molecule that contains a nitrogen atom (imino group) in the ring structure. They are a subclass of pyranose sugars, which are a type of monosaccharide (simple sugar) that has a six-membered ring structure with five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. Imino pyranoses are important in the study of carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry because they can undergo a variety of chemical reactions that are not possible with other types of sugars. They are also found in some biological molecules, such as nucleic acids and some types of carbohydrates.

Decanoic acid, also known as caprylic acid, is a medium-chain fatty acid with a chain length of 10 carbon atoms. It is a naturally occurring fatty acid found in various plants and animals, including coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and butter. In the medical field, decanoic acid has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects. It has been shown to have antimicrobial properties and may be useful in the treatment of bacterial infections. Decanoic acid has also been studied for its potential anti-inflammatory effects and may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Decanoic acid has also been studied for its potential antifungal effects and may be useful in the treatment of fungal infections. Additionally, decanoic acid has been studied for its potential antiviral effects and may be useful in the treatment of viral infections. Overall, decanoic acid has shown promise as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of various medical conditions, although more research is needed to fully understand its effects and potential applications.

In the medical field, hydroxy acids refer to a group of organic acids that contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group. These acids are commonly used in skincare products and are believed to have various benefits for the skin, such as exfoliating dead skin cells, improving skin texture and tone, and reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. The most commonly used hydroxy acids in skincare are alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) and beta-hydroxy acids (BHAs). AHAs include glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid, while BHAs include salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide. AHAs work by breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, allowing them to be easily removed and revealing smoother, brighter skin. BHAs, on the other hand, penetrate deeper into the skin and dissolve excess oil and dead skin cells in the pores, helping to unclog them and reduce the appearance of acne. While hydroxy acids can be effective in improving the appearance of the skin, they can also cause irritation and dryness if used improperly. It is important to follow the instructions on skincare products containing hydroxy acids and to start with a low concentration and gradually increase over time to avoid irritation.

Methylene blue is a synthetic organic compound that is commonly used in the medical field as a medication and a dye. It is a blue-colored compound that is soluble in water and has a molecular formula of C16H18N3S. In the medical field, methylene blue is used for a variety of purposes, including: 1. Treatment of methemoglobinemia: Methylene blue is used to treat methemoglobinemia, a condition in which the amount of methemoglobin (a form of hemoglobin that is not able to carry oxygen) in the blood is increased. This can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, and blue or purple skin. 2. Treatment of cyanide poisoning: Methylene blue is also used to treat cyanide poisoning, a condition in which the body is exposed to high levels of cyanide. Cyanide can interfere with the body's ability to use oxygen, leading to symptoms such as confusion, dizziness, and rapid heartbeat. 3. Antimicrobial agent: Methylene blue has antimicrobial properties and is sometimes used as an antiseptic or disinfectant. 4. Dye: Methylene blue is also used as a dye in various industries, including textiles, leather, and printing. It is important to note that methylene blue can cause side effects, including nausea, vomiting, and allergic reactions. It should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Guanidines are organic compounds that contain the guanidinium group, which is composed of a nitrogen atom bonded to three carbon atoms and one hydrogen atom. In the medical field, guanidines are often used as drugs or as intermediates in the synthesis of other drugs. One example of a guanidine drug is procainamide, which is used to treat certain types of arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats). Another example is hydralazine, which is used to treat high blood pressure. Guanidines are also used as intermediates in the synthesis of other drugs, such as the antiviral drug zidovudine (AZT). Guanidines can have a variety of effects on the body, depending on the specific compound and how it is used. For example, procainamide can block sodium channels in the heart, which can help regulate heart rate and rhythm. Hydralazine works by relaxing blood vessels, which can help lower blood pressure. It is important to note that guanidines can also have side effects, and their use should be closely monitored by a healthcare provider. Some common side effects of guanidines include nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness. In some cases, guanidines can also cause more serious side effects, such as allergic reactions or liver damage.

In the medical field, pyrroles are a class of organic compounds that contain a five-membered ring with four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. Pyrroles are commonly found in nature and are used in a variety of applications, including as pigments, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. One of the most well-known pyrroles is heme, which is a component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Heme is also found in other proteins, such as myoglobin and cytochrome, and plays a critical role in many biological processes. Pyrroles are also used in the development of drugs for a variety of conditions, including depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. For example, the drug clozapine, which is used to treat schizophrenia, contains a pyrrole ring as part of its chemical structure. Overall, pyrroles are an important class of compounds in the medical field, with a wide range of applications in both research and clinical practice.

Ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) are abnormal heartbeats that originate from the ventricles, which are the lower chambers of the heart. They are also known as ventricular extra beats or ventricular premature contractions (VPCs). VPCs are a common type of arrhythmia, which is an irregular heartbeat. VPCs can occur spontaneously or in response to certain triggers, such as stress, caffeine, or alcohol. They are usually harmless and do not cause any symptoms in most people. However, in some cases, VPCs can be a sign of an underlying heart condition, such as heart disease or heart failure. VPCs can be detected through an electrocardiogram (ECG), which is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart. Treatment for VPCs may not be necessary if they are not causing any symptoms or if they are a result of a temporary trigger. However, if VPCs are frequent or are causing symptoms, treatment may include medications or other interventions to help regulate the heartbeat.

Angina pectoris is a medical condition characterized by chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. It is caused by a narrowing of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart. The pain is usually described as a squeezing, pressure, or burning sensation in the chest and may radiate to the neck, jaw, arms, or back. Angina pectoris is a common symptom of coronary artery disease, which is a major cause of heart attacks. Treatment options for angina pectoris include lifestyle changes, medications, and in some cases, surgery.

Picolines are a class of organic compounds that contain a pyridine ring with a nitrogen atom attached to a carbon atom. They are commonly used as intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, such as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. In the medical field, picolines have been studied for their potential therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-viral activities. Some picolines have also been used as diagnostic agents in imaging studies. However, more research is needed to fully understand their potential medical applications.

Rectovaginal fistula is a abnormal connection between the rectum and the vagina. This connection can be caused by a variety of factors, including surgery, infection, radiation therapy, or trauma. Symptoms of rectovaginal fistula may include discharge from the vagina, difficulty with bowel movements, and pain or discomfort in the pelvic area. Treatment options for rectovaginal fistula may include surgery, medications, or other therapies, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that serves as the primary energy currency in living cells. It is composed of three phosphate groups attached to a ribose sugar and an adenine base. In the medical field, ATP is essential for many cellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and the synthesis of macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. ATP is produced through cellular respiration, which involves the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to release energy that is stored in the bonds of ATP. Disruptions in ATP production or utilization can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including muscle weakness, fatigue, and neurological disorders. In addition, ATP is often used as a diagnostic tool in medical testing, as levels of ATP can be measured in various bodily fluids and tissues to assess cellular health and function.

Aminophylline is a medication that is used to treat a variety of conditions related to breathing, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchitis. It is a type of bronchodilator, which means that it helps to relax and widen the muscles in the airways, making it easier to breathe. Aminophylline is also sometimes used to treat heart rhythm disorders and to prevent blood clots from forming. It is usually taken by mouth, although it can also be given intravenously in some cases.

Diltiazem is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure, angina (chest pain), and certain heart rhythm disorders. It works by slowing down the electrical signals in the heart and relaxing the muscles in the blood vessels, which can help to lower blood pressure and improve blood flow to the heart. Diltiazem is available in both oral and injectable forms, and it is usually taken once or twice a day. It is important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully when taking diltiazem, as it can cause side effects such as dizziness, headache, and nausea.

An oral ulcer, also known as a canker sore, is a painful open sore that develops on the inside of the mouth. They are common and usually heal on their own within a week or two, but can be uncomfortable and affect eating and speaking. There are several types of oral ulcers, including simple ulcers, herpetiform ulcers, and traumatic ulcers. Simple ulcers are the most common and are usually caused by minor trauma to the mouth, such as biting the cheek or tongue. Herpetiform ulcers are larger and more painful, and are often associated with conditions such as Behçet's disease or HIV/AIDS. Traumatic ulcers are caused by a burn or chemical injury to the mouth. Treatment for oral ulcers may include over-the-counter pain relievers, mouthwashes, or prescription medications, depending on the cause and severity of the ulcer.

Myocardial ischemia is a medical condition that occurs when the blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced or blocked, leading to a lack of oxygen and nutrients to the heart cells. This can cause chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, and other symptoms. Myocardial ischemia is often caused by atherosclerosis, a condition in which plaque builds up in the arteries, narrowing or blocking the flow of blood. It can also be caused by other factors, such as heart valve problems or blood clots. Myocardial ischemia can be a serious condition and requires prompt medical attention to prevent heart attack or other complications.

Myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack, is a medical condition that occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, usually by a blood clot. This lack of blood flow can cause damage to the heart muscle, which can lead to serious complications and even death if not treated promptly. The most common cause of a heart attack is atherosclerosis, a condition in which plaque builds up in the arteries that supply blood to the heart. When a plaque ruptures or becomes unstable, it can form a blood clot that blocks the flow of blood to the heart muscle. Other causes of heart attacks include coronary artery spasms, blood clots that travel to the heart from other parts of the body, and certain medical conditions such as Kawasaki disease. Symptoms of a heart attack may include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting, lightheadedness or dizziness, and pain or discomfort in the arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach. If you suspect that you or someone else is having a heart attack, it is important to call emergency services immediately. Early treatment with medications and possibly surgery can help to reduce the risk of serious complications and improve the chances of a full recovery.

Diazoxide is a medication that is used to treat low blood pressure (hypotension) and to increase urine output in people with kidney disease. It works by relaxing blood vessels and increasing the amount of blood flow to the kidneys, which helps to improve kidney function and increase urine output. Diazoxide is also used to treat certain types of heart rhythm disorders, such as atrial fibrillation, and to treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) in people with diabetes. It is usually given by mouth, but it can also be given by injection.

Romano-Ward Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the heart's electrical system. It is caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for the cardiac sodium channel protein. This mutation can lead to abnormal electrical activity in the heart, which can cause symptoms such as palpitations, fainting, and an irregular heartbeat. Romano-Ward Syndrome is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that a person only needs to inherit one copy of the mutated gene from one parent to develop the condition. It is estimated that Romano-Ward Syndrome affects about 1 in every 5,000 to 10,000 people. Treatment for Romano-Ward Syndrome typically involves medications to control the heart's electrical activity and prevent symptoms. In some cases, a pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) may be necessary to regulate the heart's rhythm.

"Fissure in Ano" is a medical term used to describe a small tear or opening in the lining of the anal canal. It is also known as an anal fissure. Anal fissures are a common condition that affects both men and women, and they are typically caused by straining during bowel movements or by a hard, dry stool. Symptoms of an anal fissure may include pain or discomfort during bowel movements, bleeding from the anus, and a feeling of incomplete emptying of the bowels. Treatment for anal fissures may include lifestyle changes, such as increasing fiber in the diet and drinking plenty of fluids, as well as medications to relieve pain and inflammation. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the fissure.

Verapamil is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure, chest pain (angina), and certain heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias). It works by slowing down the electrical signals in the heart and relaxing the blood vessels, which can lower blood pressure and improve blood flow to the heart. Verapamil is available in both immediate-release and extended-release forms, and it is usually taken by mouth. It is important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully when taking verapamil, as it can cause side effects such as dizziness, constipation, and swelling.

Myocardial reperfusion injury (MRI) refers to the damage that occurs to the heart muscle when blood flow is restored to an area of the heart that has been previously deprived of oxygen-rich blood. This can happen during a heart attack, when a blood clot blocks a coronary artery, cutting off blood flow to a portion of the heart muscle. MRI is a complex process that involves a combination of physical, chemical, and inflammatory mechanisms. When blood flow is restored to the heart muscle, it can cause damage to the cells and tissues in the area, leading to inflammation, cell death, and scarring. This damage can further impair the heart's ability to pump blood effectively, leading to heart failure and other complications. There are several strategies that can be used to reduce the risk of MRI, including the use of medications to prevent blood clots, timely revascularization procedures to restore blood flow to the heart muscle, and the use of protective therapies to minimize the damage caused by reperfusion. Understanding the mechanisms of MRI is important for developing effective treatments to prevent and manage heart attacks and other cardiovascular diseases.

Premature cardiac complexes, also known as premature beats or PVCs, are extra heartbeats that occur before the normal heartbeat. They are a common type of arrhythmia, which is an abnormal heart rhythm. PVCs can be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, anxiety, caffeine, alcohol, certain medications, and heart disease. They are usually not a serious problem, but in some cases, they can be a sign of an underlying heart condition and may require medical treatment.

Sulfonylurea compounds are a class of drugs that are commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes. They work by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas, which helps to lower blood sugar levels. Sulfonylureas are typically taken orally and are often used in combination with other diabetes medications or lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, to help manage blood sugar levels. Some common sulfonylurea compounds include glyburide, glipizide, and tolbutamide. These drugs can be effective in controlling blood sugar levels, but they can also cause side effects such as low blood sugar, weight gain, and digestive problems.

Nicardipine is a calcium channel blocker medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and angina (chest pain). It works by relaxing the blood vessels, which allows blood to flow more easily and reduces the workload on the heart. Nicardipine is available in both oral and intravenous forms, and it is usually taken once or twice a day. It is also used to treat certain types of heart rhythm disorders, such as atrial fibrillation.

Coronary vasospasm is a condition in which the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, suddenly narrow or spasm. This can cause a temporary reduction in blood flow to the heart, which can lead to chest pain or angina. In severe cases, coronary vasospasm can cause a complete blockage of the coronary artery, leading to a heart attack. The exact cause of coronary vasospasm is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the constriction of the smooth muscle cells in the walls of the coronary arteries. Risk factors for coronary vasospasm include smoking, high blood pressure, and a family history of the condition. Treatment for coronary vasospasm typically involves medications to relax the smooth muscle cells in the coronary arteries and improve blood flow to the heart. In some cases, more invasive procedures such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery may be necessary.

Angina, stable is a type of chest pain that occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood. It is caused by a narrowing of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. Stable angina typically occurs during physical activity or emotional stress and can be relieved by rest or by taking medication. It is called "stable" because the symptoms and triggers are consistent over time and do not change significantly. Stable angina is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide and is often treated with lifestyle changes, medications, and in some cases, surgery.

Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) is a chemical compound that is used in the medical field as a research tool to study the effects of mitochondrial uncoupling on cellular metabolism. It is a potent uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, meaning that it disrupts the normal process by which cells generate energy from food molecules, leading to increased production of heat and a decrease in the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the cell's primary energy currency. CCCP has been used in research to study a variety of conditions, including obesity, diabetes, and cancer. It is also being investigated as a potential therapeutic agent for these conditions, although its use in humans is still in the experimental stage. In addition to its effects on metabolism, CCCP has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. It is important to note that CCCP is a toxic compound and should only be used in a controlled laboratory setting under the supervision of a qualified researcher.

Tetraethylammonium compounds are a class of organic compounds that contain the tetraethylammonium ion (Et4N+). These compounds are commonly used as ionophores, which are molecules that facilitate the transport of ions across cell membranes. In the medical field, tetraethylammonium compounds are used as muscle relaxants and to treat certain types of arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats). They work by blocking the movement of potassium ions out of cardiac muscle cells, which can help to stabilize the heart rhythm. Tetraethylammonium compounds are also used in research to study the function of ion channels and to develop new drugs for the treatment of heart disease and other conditions.

A diverticulum of the colon is a small pouch or sac that bulges out from the wall of the colon. It is a common condition that affects people of all ages, but is more common in older adults. Diverticula are usually small and do not cause any symptoms, but in some cases, they can become inflamed or infected, leading to diverticulitis. Diverticulitis is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment with antibiotics and, in severe cases, surgery. Diverticula can also increase the risk of developing colon cancer, so it is important for people with diverticula to have regular colonoscopies to monitor their condition.

In the medical field, Rubidium is not commonly used as a treatment or diagnostic tool. However, it is sometimes used in medical imaging studies, particularly in nuclear medicine. Rubidium-82 is a radioactive isotope of rubidium that is used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans to evaluate blood flow to the heart muscle. This can help diagnose conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and myocarditis. Rubidium-82 is produced by bombarding a target material with high-energy protons, and the resulting radioactive isotope is then purified and administered to the patient as a liquid or gas. The rubidium-82 is taken up by the heart muscle and emits positrons, which are detected by the PET scanner. The resulting images can help doctors identify areas of reduced blood flow and plan treatment accordingly.

Oxadiazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds that contain a six-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. They are commonly used in the medical field as pharmaceuticals due to their diverse range of biological activities, including anticonvulsant, antihypertensive, and antipsychotic properties. One of the most well-known examples of an oxadiazole in medicine is diazepam, which is a benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety, seizures, and muscle spasms. Other oxadiazoles that have been used in medicine include clonazepam, lorazepam, and oxazepam. In addition to their use as pharmaceuticals, oxadiazoles have also been studied for their potential use in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, viral infections, and neurological disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand their therapeutic potential and potential side effects.

2-Chloroadenosine is a modified form of adenosine, a naturally occurring nucleoside in the body. It is a white crystalline powder that is used in the medical field as a medication to treat certain types of blood disorders, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. It works by increasing the production of fetal hemoglobin, which is a type of hemoglobin that is more stable and less prone to forming sickle-shaped red blood cells. 2-Chloroadenosine is typically administered intravenously and is usually given in combination with other medications. It is also being studied for its potential use in treating other conditions, such as cancer and heart disease.

Nifedipine is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and angina (chest pain). It belongs to a class of drugs called calcium channel blockers, which work by relaxing blood vessels and allowing blood to flow more easily. This helps to lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart. Nifedipine is available in both oral tablet and extended-release tablet forms, and it is usually taken once or twice a day. It is important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully when taking nifedipine, as it can cause side effects such as headache, dizziness, and swelling in the hands and feet.

Sulfonylurea receptors (SURs) are a family of membrane proteins that are found on the beta cells of the pancreas. They are responsible for regulating the release of insulin from the beta cells in response to an increase in blood glucose levels. Sulfonylurea drugs, which are commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes, work by binding to the SURs and activating them, which in turn causes the beta cells to release insulin. The activation of SURs by sulfonylurea drugs is thought to be an important mechanism for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Nitroprusside is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart failure. It is a type of drug called a nitrovasodilator, which works by relaxing the blood vessels and allowing blood to flow more easily. This can help to lower blood pressure and improve the function of the heart. Nitroprusside is usually given as an intravenous (IV) injection, although it can also be given as a tablet or a liquid to swallow. It is usually used in the hospital setting, but it may also be used at home if a person's blood pressure is very high and needs to be lowered quickly. It is important to note that nitroprusside can cause side effects, including headache, dizziness, and low blood pressure. It should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

In the medical field, Rubidium Radioisotopes refer to radioactive isotopes of the chemical element Rubidium. These isotopes are used in various medical applications, including diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy. One commonly used Rubidium Radioisotope in medical imaging is Rubidium-82 (82Rb), which is produced by bombarding a target with neutrons. 82Rb is taken up by the heart muscle and can be imaged using a gamma camera to assess blood flow and detect areas of ischemia or infarction. This technique is known as Rubidium-82 myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and is used to diagnose coronary artery disease. Another Rubidium Radioisotope used in medical imaging is Rubidium-86 (86Rb), which is used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans to study blood flow in the brain. 86Rb is taken up by the brain and can be imaged using PET to detect areas of reduced blood flow, which may indicate the presence of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease or stroke. In radiation therapy, Rubidium Radioisotopes such as Rubidium-86 and Rubidium-87 (87Rb) are used as sources of beta radiation to treat certain types of cancer. These isotopes emit beta particles that can damage cancer cells and shrink tumors. However, they are also toxic to normal cells and can cause side effects, so their use in radiation therapy is carefully controlled and monitored.

Arrhythmias, cardiac refer to abnormal heart rhythms that are not synchronized with the electrical signals that control the heartbeat. These abnormal rhythms can be caused by a variety of factors, including structural abnormalities of the heart, damage to the heart muscle, or problems with the electrical conduction system of the heart. Arrhythmias can range from relatively harmless to life-threatening. Some common types of cardiac arrhythmias include atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and atrial flutter. Symptoms of arrhythmias may include palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, or fainting. Treatment for arrhythmias may involve medications, lifestyle changes, or medical procedures such as catheter ablation or implantation of a pacemaker or defibrillator.

Potassium channels, inwardly rectifying (Kir) are a type of ion channel found in the cell membrane of many different types of cells. These channels are selective for potassium ions and allow them to flow into the cell, but not out of it. This means that the channels are "rectifying" because they conduct ions in one direction (inward) more easily than the opposite direction (outward). Kir channels play an important role in regulating the flow of potassium ions in and out of cells, which is important for many cellular processes, including the generation of electrical signals in nerve and muscle cells. Mutations in Kir channels can cause a variety of diseases, including certain types of heart arrhythmias and neurological disorders.

In the medical field, "Pyrans" refers to a type of cyclic compound that contains a six-membered ring with five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. Pyrans are a subclass of the larger group of heterocyclic compounds, which are molecules that contain at least one atom other than carbon in their ring structure. Pyrans are commonly found in nature and are often used as building blocks for the synthesis of various natural products, such as sugars, flavonoids, and alkaloids. In medicine, pyrans are used as active ingredients in various drugs and therapeutic agents, including antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiviral agents. One well-known example of a pyran is glucose, which is a simple sugar that is essential for energy metabolism in living organisms. Other examples of pyrans include fructose, ribose, and xanthan gum, which are used in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Methacholine compounds are a class of drugs that are used to test the function of the bronchial muscles in the lungs. They work by stimulating the muscarinic receptors in the airways, which can cause the muscles to contract and narrow the airways. This can be useful in diagnosing conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lung diseases that involve inflammation or narrowing of the airways. Methacholine compounds are typically administered as a nebulized solution or as an aerosol, and the response to the drug is measured by observing changes in lung function, such as changes in lung volume or air flow.

1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) is a naturally occurring compound found in certain plants, including bitter melon, mulberry, and licorice. It has been studied for its potential health benefits, particularly in the treatment of diabetes. DNJ works by inhibiting the activity of alpha-glucosidase, an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates in the small intestine. By blocking this enzyme, DNJ can slow down the absorption of carbohydrates into the bloodstream, which can help to lower blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. In addition to its potential benefits for diabetes, DNJ has also been studied for its potential anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity effects. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of DNJ and to determine the appropriate dosage and duration of treatment.

Cyclic GMP (cGMP) is a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes in the body, including smooth muscle contraction, neurotransmission, and blood pressure regulation. It is synthesized from guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by the enzyme guanylate cyclase and is degraded by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. In the medical field, cGMP is often studied in the context of its role in the regulation of blood vessels and the cardiovascular system. For example, cGMP is involved in the dilation of blood vessels, which helps to lower blood pressure and improve blood flow. It is also involved in the regulation of heart rate and contractility. Abnormal levels of cGMP can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including hypertension, heart failure, and erectile dysfunction. In these cases, medications that either increase or decrease cGMP levels may be used to treat the underlying condition.

Isoproterenol is a synthetic beta-adrenergic agonist that is used in the medical field as a medication. It is a drug that mimics the effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) and can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including asthma, heart failure, and bradycardia (a slow heart rate). Isoproterenol works by binding to beta-adrenergic receptors on the surface of cells, which triggers a cascade of events that can lead to increased heart rate, relaxation of smooth muscle, and dilation of blood vessels. This can help to improve blood flow and oxygen delivery to the body's tissues, and can also help to reduce inflammation and bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways). Isoproterenol is available in a variety of forms, including tablets, inhalers, and intravenous solutions. It is typically administered as a short-acting medication, although longer-acting formulations are also available. Side effects of isoproterenol can include tremors, palpitations, and increased heart rate, and the drug may interact with other medications that affect the heart or blood vessels.

Adenoma, Islet Cell is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that develops in the islet cells of the pancreas. These cells are responsible for producing hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, which regulate blood sugar levels and other important bodily functions. Islet cell adenomas can cause an overproduction of hormones, leading to a condition called hyperinsulinism or hyperglucagonemia. Symptoms of these conditions may include low blood sugar levels, weight loss, fatigue, and abdominal pain. Treatment for islet cell adenomas typically involves surgery to remove the tumor. In some cases, medications may be used to manage symptoms or control hormone production. It is important to note that islet cell adenomas are relatively rare and may not always cause symptoms. Therefore, they may be discovered incidentally during imaging tests for other conditions.

Potassium chloride is a medication used to treat low potassium levels in the blood (hypokalemia). It is also used to treat certain heart rhythm problems and to help manage certain types of heart failure. Potassium chloride is available as a tablet, oral solution, and injection. It is usually taken by mouth, but can also be given intravenously (into a vein) or by injection into a muscle. Potassium chloride is a salt that contains potassium, which is an important mineral that helps regulate the heartbeat and maintain proper muscle and nerve function. It is important to follow the instructions of your healthcare provider when taking potassium chloride, as high levels of potassium in the blood can be dangerous.

GTP cyclohydrolase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It catalyzes the conversion of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a cofactor that is essential for the activity of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, including the enzyme that converts L-tyrosine to L-dopa, the rate-limiting step in dopamine biosynthesis. In the medical field, GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency is a rare genetic disorder that results from mutations in the GCH1 gene, which encodes the GTP cyclohydrolase enzyme. This deficiency leads to a deficiency in BH4, which in turn results in a deficiency in dopamine and other neurotransmitters that rely on BH4 as a cofactor. The symptoms of GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency can include developmental delays, intellectual disability, hypotonia, and motor problems. Treatment for this disorder typically involves supplementation with BH4, which can help to improve the symptoms and quality of life for affected individuals.

Monocrotaline is a toxic alkaloid found in the seeds of certain plants, including the jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) and the thornapple (Datura innoxia). It is primarily used as a research tool in the medical field to induce pulmonary hypertension, a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the lungs, which can lead to heart failure and other serious complications. Monocrotaline is administered to laboratory animals, such as rats and mice, to study the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension and to test potential treatments for the condition. It works by stimulating the proliferation of cells in the walls of blood vessels in the lungs, leading to thickening and narrowing of the vessels, increased resistance to blood flow, and elevated blood pressure. While monocrotaline is a valuable tool for research, it is important to note that it is a highly toxic substance and should only be handled by trained professionals in a controlled laboratory setting.

Pyridines are a class of heterocyclic aromatic compounds that contain a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom and five carbon atoms. They are commonly used in the medical field as precursors for the synthesis of various drugs and as ligands in metal complexes that have potential therapeutic applications. Some examples of drugs that contain pyridine rings include the antihistamine loratadine, the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine, and the anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen. Pyridines are also used as chelating agents to remove heavy metals from the body, and as corrosion inhibitors in the manufacturing of metal products.

Hydroxybenzoates are a group of organic compounds that are commonly used as preservatives in a variety of medical and personal care products. They are derivatives of benzoic acid, which is a naturally occurring compound found in many fruits and vegetables. Hydroxybenzoates are used as preservatives because they have antimicrobial properties, which means they can inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that can cause spoilage or infection. They are often used in combination with other preservatives, such as parabens, to provide additional protection against microbial growth. In the medical field, hydroxybenzoates are used in a variety of products, including topical creams, ointments, and gels, as well as in some oral medications. They are also used in some medical devices, such as catheters and wound dressings, to prevent infection. It is important to note that while hydroxybenzoates are generally considered safe for use in medical products, they can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some people. As with any medical product, it is important to follow the instructions for use and to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience any adverse reactions.

Nitric oxide synthase type III (NOS3) is an enzyme that is primarily found in the endothelial cells of blood vessels. It is responsible for the production of nitric oxide (NO), a gas that plays a crucial role in regulating blood flow and blood pressure. NOS3 is activated by various stimuli, including shear stress, which is caused by the flow of blood through the blood vessels. When activated, NOS3 produces NO, which causes the smooth muscle cells in the blood vessels to relax, allowing blood to flow more easily. This helps to regulate blood pressure and maintain proper blood flow to the body's tissues. In addition to its role in regulating blood flow, NOS3 has been implicated in a number of other physiological processes, including the immune response, neurotransmission, and the development of certain diseases, such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. Disruptions in NOS3 function have been linked to a number of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. As a result, NOS3 is an important target for the development of new treatments for these conditions.

Nicorandil is a medication that is used to treat angina (chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle) and to improve blood flow to the heart muscle in people with heart failure. It works by relaxing blood vessels, which allows blood to flow more easily to the heart and reduces the workload on the heart. Nicorandil is usually taken by mouth, but it can also be given as an injection. It is not suitable for everyone, so it is important to talk to your doctor before taking it.

Aminoquinolines are a class of synthetic organic compounds that are used in the medical field as antimalarial drugs. They are structurally related to quinolines, a class of compounds that have antimalarial activity. Aminoquinolines are effective against a wide range of Plasmodium species, including the species that cause malaria in humans. They work by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of the parasites within red blood cells. Some common examples of aminoquinolines used in medicine include chloroquine, amodiaquine, and mefloquine. These drugs are typically used to treat and prevent malaria, but they may also be used to treat other infections caused by Plasmodium species.

Acetophenones are a class of organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to an aromatic ring (phenyl group) and a methyl group (CH3). They are commonly used as intermediates in the synthesis of various organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and perfumes. In the medical field, acetophenones have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications. For example, some acetophenones have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anticonvulsant effects. They have also been investigated as potential antitumor agents, with some compounds showing activity against certain types of cancer cells in vitro and in animal models. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential therapeutic uses of acetophenones and to develop safe and effective drugs based on this class of compounds.

Guanylate cyclase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the regulation of various physiological processes in the body, including blood pressure, smooth muscle contraction, and immune function. It is a membrane-bound protein that catalyzes the conversion of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a second messenger molecule that regulates the activity of various proteins in the cell. In the cardiovascular system, guanylate cyclase is activated by nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule that is released by endothelial cells in response to various stimuli, such as shear stress or the presence of certain hormones. Activation of guanylate cyclase by NO leads to an increase in cGMP levels, which in turn causes relaxation of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels, leading to vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure. Guanylate cyclase is also involved in the regulation of immune function, as it is activated by various immune cells and cytokines. Activation of guanylate cyclase by immune cells leads to the production of cGMP, which regulates the activity of immune cells and helps to maintain immune homeostasis. In addition, guanylate cyclase is involved in the regulation of various other physiological processes, such as neurotransmission, vision, and hearing. It is a key enzyme in the regulation of these processes and plays a crucial role in maintaining normal physiological function.

Acidosis is a medical condition characterized by an excess of acid in the blood or other body fluids. This can occur when the body is unable to properly regulate the acid-base balance, leading to an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the blood. Acidosis can be classified into two main types: respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis. Respiratory acidosis occurs when the body is unable to remove enough carbon dioxide (CO2) from the blood, leading to an increase in H+ concentration. Metabolic acidosis, on the other hand, occurs when the body produces too much acid or not enough base to neutralize it, leading to an increase in H+ concentration. Acidosis can have a range of symptoms, depending on the severity and underlying cause. These may include shortness of breath, confusion, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and muscle weakness. In severe cases, acidosis can lead to organ damage and even death if left untreated. Treatment for acidosis typically involves addressing the underlying cause and managing symptoms as needed.

Receptors, drug, in the medical field refer to specific proteins or molecules on the surface or inside cells that bind to and respond to drugs or other molecules. These receptors play a crucial role in the body's response to drugs and are the target of many medications. When a drug binds to a receptor, it can activate or inhibit the receptor's function, leading to changes in cellular signaling and ultimately resulting in a therapeutic effect. There are many different types of drug receptors, including ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors, and each type of receptor has a specific role in the body's response to drugs. Understanding the properties and functions of drug receptors is essential for the development of effective and safe medications.

Nephritis, interstitial is a type of kidney disease that affects the interstitial space, which is the space between the cells and blood vessels in the kidneys. It is characterized by inflammation and damage to the interstitial tissue, which can lead to scarring and a decrease in kidney function. There are several different types of interstitial nephritis, including acute interstitial nephritis, chronic interstitial nephritis, and drug-induced interstitial nephritis. Symptoms of interstitial nephritis may include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and changes in urine output. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation and managing symptoms.

Prostaglandin endoperoxides, synthetic, are a class of medications that are synthesized from prostaglandins, which are naturally occurring compounds that play a role in various physiological processes in the body. These synthetic prostaglandins are used to treat a variety of conditions, including inflammation, pain, and bleeding disorders. They are typically administered by injection or inhalation and are used to treat conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and rheumatoid arthritis. They are also used to prevent and treat bleeding in patients who are taking blood-thinning medications.

Nitrates are a group of compounds that contain the nitrate ion (NO3-). In the medical field, nitrates are commonly used to treat angina (chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle) and high blood pressure (hypertension). They work by relaxing the smooth muscles in blood vessels, which allows blood to flow more easily and reduces the workload on the heart. Nitrates are available in various forms, including tablets, ointments, and sprays. They are usually taken as needed to relieve symptoms, but may also be taken on a regular schedule to prevent angina attacks or lower blood pressure. It is important to note that nitrates can have side effects, such as headache, flushing, and low blood pressure, and should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the heart's electrical activity, specifically the time it takes for the heart to recharge between beats. In individuals with LQTS, the QT interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG) is prolonged, which can lead to abnormal heart rhythms and potentially life-threatening arrhythmias, such as torsades de pointes. LQTS is caused by mutations in genes that regulate the flow of ions across the heart's cell membranes. These mutations can disrupt the normal balance of ions, leading to abnormal electrical activity in the heart. The severity of LQTS can vary widely, with some individuals experiencing only mild symptoms and others experiencing severe symptoms or even sudden cardiac death. Treatment for LQTS typically involves medications to slow the heart rate and prevent abnormal heart rhythms, as well as lifestyle changes such as avoiding certain triggers that can worsen symptoms. In some cases, individuals with LQTS may require an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) to detect and treat life-threatening arrhythmias.

NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) is a drug that is used in the medical field to study the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on various physiological processes. NO is a naturally occurring gas that plays a role in regulating blood pressure, blood flow, and the immune system. L-NAME is an inhibitor of the enzyme that produces NO, and it is often used to block the effects of NO in experiments. L-NAME is typically administered orally or intravenously, and it can cause a number of side effects, including headache, dizziness, and nausea. It is not recommended for use in pregnant women or individuals with certain medical conditions, such as liver or kidney disease.

Heart failure, also known as congestive heart failure, is a medical condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This can lead to a buildup of fluid in the lungs, liver, and other organs, causing symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and ankles. Heart failure can be caused by a variety of factors, including damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack, high blood pressure, or long-term damage from conditions such as diabetes or coronary artery disease. It can also be caused by certain genetic disorders or infections. Treatment for heart failure typically involves medications to improve heart function and reduce fluid buildup, as well as lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. In some cases, surgery or other medical procedures may be necessary to treat the underlying cause of the heart failure or to improve heart function.

Cyclic N-oxides are a class of organic compounds that contain a ring of atoms with an oxygen atom bonded to a nitrogen atom. They are also known as oxazoles, isoxazoles, and thiazoles. In the medical field, cyclic N-oxides have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications, including as anti-inflammatory agents, antiviral agents, and anticancer agents. Some cyclic N-oxides have also been used as diagnostic tools in medical imaging.

Ventricular remodeling refers to the structural and functional changes that occur in the heart's ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart) in response to various factors such as heart disease, injury, or genetic predisposition. These changes can include thickening of the heart muscle, enlargement of the ventricles, and changes in the electrical activity of the heart. Ventricular remodeling can lead to a variety of heart conditions, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. It is a complex process that involves multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms, including inflammation, fibrosis, and changes in gene expression. In the medical field, ventricular remodeling is an important area of research, as it can help identify new targets for the prevention and treatment of heart disease. Treatment options for ventricular remodeling may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgical interventions.

Coronary stenosis is a medical condition in which the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked. This can occur due to the buildup of plaque, a fatty substance that can accumulate on the inner walls of the arteries over time. When the arteries become narrowed, it can reduce the amount of blood and oxygen that reaches the heart muscle, which can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, and other symptoms. Coronary stenosis is a common condition, particularly in older adults, and can be a serious health concern if left untreated. Treatment options for coronary stenosis may include medications, lifestyle changes, and procedures such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery.

Tachycardia, ventricular refers to an abnormally fast heart rate that originates from the ventricles, which are the lower chambers of the heart. This type of tachycardia is also known as ventricular tachycardia (VT) and can be a serious medical condition that requires prompt medical attention. Ventricular tachycardia can be caused by a variety of factors, including heart disease, electrolyte imbalances, and certain medications. It can also be a complication of other medical conditions, such as heart attacks, heart failure, and myocarditis. The symptoms of ventricular tachycardia can vary depending on the severity and duration of the episode. Common symptoms include palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, and fainting. In some cases, ventricular tachycardia can lead to more serious complications, such as cardiac arrest, which can be life-threatening. Treatment for ventricular tachycardia typically involves medications to slow down the heart rate and restore a normal rhythm. In some cases, electrical cardioversion or catheter ablation may be necessary to eliminate the abnormal heart rhythm. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect you or someone else may be experiencing ventricular tachycardia.

Isoflurane is a volatile anesthetic gas that is commonly used in medical procedures to induce and maintain general anesthesia. It is a colorless, odorless gas that is similar in structure to halothane, another anesthetic gas. When inhaled, isoflurane produces a state of unconsciousness and a lack of response to pain, allowing medical procedures to be performed without the patient feeling any discomfort. It also has a relatively low risk of causing side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, or respiratory depression. Isoflurane is often used in combination with other anesthetics, such as opioids or muscle relaxants, to provide a more complete anesthetic effect. It is also used in veterinary medicine and in research settings to induce anesthesia in animals.

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules that are produced as a byproduct of normal cellular metabolism. They include oxygen radicals such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals, as well as non-radical species such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite. In small amounts, ROS play important roles in various physiological processes, such as immune responses, cell signaling, and the regulation of gene expression. However, when produced in excess, ROS can cause oxidative stress, which can damage cellular components such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. This damage can lead to various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, ROS are often studied in the medical field as potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress.

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm that occurs when the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles) quiver instead of contracting normally. This quivering causes the heart to be unable to pump blood effectively, leading to a lack of oxygen to the body's vital organs and potentially causing sudden cardiac arrest. VF is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment with defibrillation, a procedure that uses an electric shock to restore the heart's normal rhythm. Without prompt treatment, VF can be fatal.

In the medical field, "Disease Models, Animal" refers to the use of animals to study and understand human diseases. These models are created by introducing a disease or condition into an animal, either naturally or through experimental manipulation, in order to study its progression, symptoms, and potential treatments. Animal models are used in medical research because they allow scientists to study diseases in a controlled environment and to test potential treatments before they are tested in humans. They can also provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of a disease and help to identify new therapeutic targets. There are many different types of animal models used in medical research, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. Each type of animal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of model depends on the specific disease being studied and the research question being addressed.

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a class of cationic compounds that consist of a central nitrogen atom bonded to four alkyl or aryl groups, with one of the alkyl groups replaced by a positively charged ammonium ion. In the medical field, QACs are commonly used as disinfectants, antiseptics, and preservatives due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and algae. QACs work by disrupting the cell membrane of microorganisms, leading to cell lysis and death. They are particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria, which have a thick peptidoglycan layer that can be penetrated by the positively charged ammonium ion. QACs are also effective against enveloped viruses, such as influenza and herpes, by disrupting the viral envelope. QACs are used in a variety of medical applications, including as disinfectants for surfaces and equipment, antiseptics for skin and wound care, and preservatives for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. However, QACs can also be toxic to humans and other animals if ingested or inhaled in high concentrations. Therefore, proper handling and use of QACs are essential to minimize the risk of adverse effects.

Reperfusion injury is a type of damage that occurs when blood flow is restored to an organ or tissue that has been deprived of oxygen for a prolonged period of time. This can happen during a heart attack, stroke, or other conditions that cause blood flow to be blocked to a particular area of the body. When blood flow is restored, it can cause an inflammatory response in the affected tissue, leading to the release of free radicals and other harmful substances that can damage cells and tissues. This can result in a range of symptoms, including swelling, pain, and organ dysfunction. Reperfusion injury can be particularly damaging to the heart and brain, as these organs are highly sensitive to oxygen deprivation and have a limited ability to repair themselves. Treatment for reperfusion injury may involve medications to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and promote healing.

Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. It is commonly used in the medical field as a preservative for tissues, organs, and other biological samples. Formaldehyde is also used as an antiseptic and disinfectant, and it is sometimes used to treat certain medical conditions, such as leprosy and psoriasis. In the medical field, formaldehyde is typically used in concentrations of 1-4%, and it is applied to the tissue or organ to be preserved. The formaldehyde causes the cells in the tissue to become rigid and hard, which helps to preserve the tissue and prevent decay. Formaldehyde is also used to disinfect medical equipment and surfaces, and it is sometimes used to treat wounds and skin conditions. While formaldehyde is effective at preserving tissue and disinfecting surfaces, it can also be harmful if it is inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Exposure to high concentrations of formaldehyde can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, as well as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Long-term exposure to formaldehyde has been linked to certain types of cancer, including nasopharyngeal cancer and sinonasal cancer.

Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental refers to a type of diabetes that is studied in laboratory animals, such as mice or rats, to better understand the disease and develop potential treatments. This type of diabetes is typically induced by injecting the animals with chemicals or viruses that mimic the effects of diabetes in humans. The experimental diabetes in animals is used to study the pathophysiology of diabetes, test new drugs or therapies, and investigate the underlying mechanisms of the disease. The results of these studies can then be used to inform the development of new treatments for diabetes in humans.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a colorless, odorless gas that is produced naturally in the body by various cells, including endothelial cells in the lining of blood vessels. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood flow and blood pressure, as well as in the immune response and neurotransmission. In the medical field, NO is often studied in relation to cardiovascular disease, as it is involved in the regulation of blood vessel dilation and constriction. It has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of various conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. NO is also used in medical treatments, such as in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, where it is used to enhance blood flow to the penis. It is also used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, where it helps to relax blood vessels in the lungs and improve blood flow. Overall, NO is a critical molecule in the body that plays a vital role in many physiological processes, and its study and manipulation have important implications for the treatment of various medical conditions.

In the medical field, an acute disease is a condition that develops suddenly and progresses rapidly over a short period of time. Acute diseases are typically characterized by severe symptoms and a high degree of morbidity and mortality. Examples of acute diseases include pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, and heart attacks. These diseases require prompt medical attention and treatment to prevent complications and improve outcomes. In contrast, chronic diseases are long-term conditions that develop gradually over time and may persist for years or even decades.

Carbachol is a medication that is used in the medical field to treat certain conditions such as glaucoma, irritable bowel syndrome, and urinary incontinence. It is a cholinergic agonist, which means that it works by stimulating the action of a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine in the body. Acetylcholine is involved in a wide range of bodily functions, including muscle contraction, digestion, and the regulation of the heart rate and blood pressure. By stimulating the action of acetylcholine, carbachol can help to relax muscles, increase the production of digestive juices, and slow down the heart rate and blood pressure. It is usually administered as an eye drop for glaucoma, as a suppository for irritable bowel syndrome, or as an injection for urinary incontinence.

Ion channels are specialized proteins embedded in the cell membrane that regulate the flow of ions across the membrane. These channels are essential for many cellular processes, including the transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and the regulation of cell volume and pH. Ion channels are selective for specific ions, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, or chloride, and they can be opened or closed by various stimuli, such as changes in voltage, ligand binding, or mechanical stress. When an ion channel opens, it creates a pore in the membrane that allows ions to flow through, either down their electrochemical gradient or against it, depending on the specific channel and the conditions. In the medical field, ion channels play important roles in many diseases and disorders, including neurological disorders such as epilepsy, muscular dystrophy, and cardiac arrhythmias, as well as metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity. Understanding the function and regulation of ion channels is therefore crucial for developing new treatments and therapies for these conditions.

In the medical field, spin labels are a type of molecular probe that are used to study the dynamics of molecules in living systems. Spin labels are small molecules that contain a nucleus with an odd number of protons, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15, which gives rise to a magnetic moment. When a spin label is introduced into a sample, it can be detected using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Spin labels are often used to study the movement of molecules within cells or tissues, as well as the interactions between molecules. They can be attached to specific molecules of interest, such as proteins or lipids, and their motion can be tracked over time using NMR spectroscopy. This information can provide insights into the function and behavior of these molecules, as well as the underlying mechanisms of various diseases. Overall, spin labels are a valuable tool in the medical field for studying the dynamics of molecules in living systems, and they have a wide range of applications in areas such as drug discovery, cell biology, and neuroscience.

Angina, unstable is a type of chest pain that occurs when the blood flow to the heart muscle is restricted, usually due to a blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries. Unlike stable angina, which typically occurs during physical exertion or emotional stress, unstable angina can occur at rest or with minimal exertion, and the pain may be more severe and last longer than usual. Unstable angina is a medical emergency because it can be a sign of an impending heart attack. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce the risk of a heart attack, such as aspirin, beta blockers, and nitrates, as well as hospitalization and further diagnostic testing to determine the underlying cause of the angina and the best course of treatment.

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a large family of membrane proteins that use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to transport a wide variety of molecules across cell membranes. These transporters are found in all kingdoms of life, from bacteria to humans, and play important roles in many physiological processes, including drug metabolism, detoxification, and the transport of nutrients and waste products across cell membranes. In the medical field, ABC transporters are of particular interest because they can also transport drugs and other xenobiotics (foreign substances) across cell membranes, which can affect the efficacy and toxicity of these compounds. For example, some ABC transporters can pump drugs out of cells, making them less effective, while others can transport toxins into cells, increasing their toxicity. As a result, ABC transporters are an important factor to consider in the development of new drugs and the optimization of drug therapy. ABC transporters are also involved in a number of diseases, including cancer, cystic fibrosis, and certain neurological disorders. In these conditions, the activity of ABC transporters is often altered, leading to the accumulation of toxins or the loss of important molecules, which can contribute to the development and progression of the disease. As a result, ABC transporters are an important target for the development of new therapies for these conditions.

Hypertension, Pulmonary refers to high blood pressure that affects the blood vessels in the lungs. It is also known as Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) or Pulmonary Hypertension (PH). PAH is a rare and serious condition that causes the blood vessels in the lungs to narrow and stiffen, leading to increased blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries. This increased pressure can cause the heart to work harder to pump blood through the lungs, which can lead to heart failure over time. Symptoms of Pulmonary Hypertension may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, dizziness, and fainting. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, infections, autoimmune disorders, and exposure to certain toxins. Treatment for Pulmonary Hypertension typically involves medications to lower blood pressure and improve blood flow in the lungs, as well as oxygen therapy and in some cases, surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

Propranolol is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called beta blockers. It is primarily used to treat high blood pressure, angina (chest pain), and certain types of tremors, including essential tremor and tremors caused by medications. Propranolol can also be used to treat other conditions, such as anxiety disorders, certain types of heart rhythm disorders, and migraine headaches. It works by blocking the effects of adrenaline (a hormone that can cause the heart to beat faster and the blood vessels to narrow) on the heart and blood vessels. Propranolol is available in both oral and injectable forms, and it is usually taken once or twice a day.

Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is a neurotransmitter and hormone that plays a crucial role in the body's "fight or flight" response. It is produced by the adrenal glands and is also found in certain neurons in the brain and spinal cord. In the medical field, norepinephrine is often used as a medication to treat low blood pressure, shock, and heart failure. It works by constricting blood vessels and increasing heart rate, which helps to raise blood pressure and improve blood flow to vital organs. Norepinephrine is also used to treat certain types of depression, as it can help to increase feelings of alertness and energy. However, it is important to note that norepinephrine can have side effects, including rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, and anxiety, and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Natriuretic Peptide, Brain (NPB) is a hormone that is produced by the brain and released into the bloodstream. It is a member of the natriuretic peptide family, which also includes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). NPB has several functions in the body, including regulating blood pressure, fluid balance, and heart rate. It works by inhibiting the release of renin, a hormone that stimulates the production of angiotensin II, which in turn constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure. NPB also has a role in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system, which controls heart rate and blood pressure. It can stimulate the release of nitric oxide, a molecule that helps to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. In the medical field, NPB is being studied as a potential diagnostic tool for various cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure and hypertension. It may also have therapeutic potential for these conditions, as it has been shown to improve cardiac function and reduce blood pressure in animal models.

NADPH oxidase is a membrane-bound enzyme complex that is responsible for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly superoxide anions, in various cells and tissues. It plays a crucial role in the immune response, where it is involved in the killing of pathogens by phagocytic cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. NADPH oxidase is also involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. In the medical field, NADPH oxidase is of interest because its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory disorders.

Potassium is a mineral that is essential for the proper functioning of many bodily processes. It is the most abundant positively charged ion in the body and plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, regulating muscle contractions, transmitting nerve impulses, and supporting the proper functioning of the heart. In the medical field, potassium is often measured in blood tests to assess its levels and determine if they are within the normal range. Abnormal potassium levels can be caused by a variety of factors, including certain medications, kidney disease, hormonal imbalances, and certain medical conditions such as Addison's disease or hyperaldosteronism. Low levels of potassium (hypokalemia) can cause muscle weakness, cramps, and arrhythmias, while high levels (hyperkalemia) can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and even cardiac arrest. Treatment for potassium imbalances typically involves adjusting the patient's diet or administering medications to correct the imbalance.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition in which the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque. This can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart, which can cause chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and other symptoms. Over time, CAD can also lead to a heart attack if the blood flow to the heart is completely blocked. CAD is a common condition that affects many people, particularly those who are middle-aged or older, and is often associated with other risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes. Treatment for CAD may include lifestyle changes, medications, and in some cases, procedures such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery.

Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It is a vital mineral for the human body and is essential for many bodily functions, including bone health, muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. In the medical field, calcium is often used to diagnose and treat conditions related to calcium deficiency or excess. For example, low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia) can cause muscle cramps, numbness, and tingling, while high levels (hypercalcemia) can lead to kidney stones, bone loss, and other complications. Calcium supplements are often prescribed to people who are at risk of developing calcium deficiency, such as older adults, vegetarians, and people with certain medical conditions. However, it is important to note that excessive calcium intake can also be harmful, and it is important to follow recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare provider before taking any supplements.

Calcium channels are specialized proteins found in the cell membrane of many types of cells, including neurons, muscle cells, and epithelial cells. These channels allow calcium ions to pass through the cell membrane, regulating the flow of calcium into and out of the cell. Calcium channels play a crucial role in many physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and the regulation of gene expression. Calcium channels can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including voltage-gated calcium channels, ligand-gated calcium channels, and store-operated calcium channels. In the medical field, calcium channels are the target of many drugs, including anti-seizure medications, anti-anxiety medications, and antiarrhythmics. Abnormalities in calcium channel function have been linked to a variety of diseases, including hypertension, heart disease, and neurological disorders such as epilepsy and multiple sclerosis.

Glucose is a simple sugar that is a primary source of energy for the body's cells. It is also known as blood sugar or dextrose and is produced by the liver and released into the bloodstream by the pancreas. In the medical field, glucose is often measured as part of routine blood tests to monitor blood sugar levels in people with diabetes or those at risk of developing diabetes. High levels of glucose in the blood, also known as hyperglycemia, can lead to a range of health problems, including heart disease, nerve damage, and kidney damage. On the other hand, low levels of glucose in the blood, also known as hypoglycemia, can cause symptoms such as weakness, dizziness, and confusion. In severe cases, it can lead to seizures or loss of consciousness. In addition to its role in energy metabolism, glucose is also used as a diagnostic tool in medical testing, such as in the measurement of blood glucose levels in newborns to detect neonatal hypoglycemia.

The effect of nicorandil as a vasodilator is mainly attributed to its nitrate property. Yet, nicorandil is effective in cases ... Nicorandil is an anti-angina medication that has the dual properties of a nitrate and ATP-sensitive K+ channel agonist. In ... Nicorandil is a vasodilatory drug used to treat angina. Angina is chest pain that results from episodes of transient myocardial ... Nicorandil is marketed under the brand names Ikorel (in the United Kingdom, Australia and most of Europe), Angedil (in Romania ...
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Borg C, Mondot S, Mestre M, Cavero I (November 1991). "Nicorandil: differential contribution of K+ channel opening and ...
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Nicorandil is a medication that is prescribed for the treatment of angina. It can cause major aphthous-like ulcer formation ( ...
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Nicorandil-induced severe oral ulceration: a newly recognized drug reaction. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. ... Drugs, especially NSAIDs, alendronate, and nicorandil [5] : These may produce mouth ulcers, but the history should distinguish ...
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examined the inhibitory actions of methylene blue against nicorandil-induced vasodilation in canines [40]. Kontos and Wei ...
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Nicorandil. *Riociguat. *Nitrate medicines like Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide Dinitrate, Isosorbide Mononitrate, etc.. Disease ...
Nicorandil-induced severe oral ulceration: a newly recognized drug reaction. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. ... Drugs, especially NSAIDs, alendronate, and nicorandil [3] : These may produce mouth ulcers, but the history should distinguish ...
Nicorandil-induced severe oral ulceration: a newly recognized drug reaction. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. ... Drugs, especially NSAIDs, alendronate, and nicorandil [3] : These may produce mouth ulcers, but the history should distinguish ...
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Injections in the remaining group were as follows: 5 mL/kg in the SFI group; 15 mg/kg nicorandil in the A2R agonist group; and ... RESULTS: Following injection with SFI or nicorandil, the cAMP concentration, infarct area, and cardiac fibrosis induced by MI/R ... Nicorandil/uso terapêutico , Receptor A2A de Adenosina/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antiarrítmicos/administração & dosagem ... and MMP-9 were clearly suppressed by SFI or nicorandil when compared with the MI/R group (p. ...
Effect of chronic administration of nicorandil (a potassium channel activator) on body weight of two different experimental ...
Article: Preventive Effects of Nicorandil and Atorvastatin in Contrastinduced Nephropathy in Patients... ...
Drug-induced oral ulceration (e.g. with nicorandil) is a further cause[4]. ; however, in this instance, the patients medicine ... 4] Webster K & Godbold P. Nicorandil induced oral ulceration. Br Dent J 2005;198(10):619-621. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4812350 ...
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Protective Effect of Nicorandil Against Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Soo Hwan Park ...
  • Acute efficacy and safety of intravenous administration of nicorandil in patients with acute heart failure syndromes: Usefulness of noninvasive echocardiographic hemodynamic evaluation. (symptoma.com)
  • Some medicines can also cause RAS: Beta-blockers, ACE-inhibitors, antibiotics, some anti-arrhythmic drugs, NSAIDs and nicorandil. (allergy-associates.com)
  • The present study was attempted to investigate the effect of nicorandil, which is an ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel opener, on secretion of catecholamines (CA) evoked by cholinergic stimulation and membrane depolarization from the isolated perfused rat adrenal glands. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • 2. Cerebral protective effect of nicorandil premedication on patients undergoing liver transplantation. (nih.gov)
  • Because potassium-ATP channels have been shown to have a role in ischemic preconditioning, nicorandil might have cardioprotective effects. (medscape.com)
  • Nicorandil opens a calcium-dependent potassium channel in smooth muscle cells of the rat portal vein. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In adrenal glands simultaneously preloaded with nicorandil (1.0 mM) and glibenclamide (a nonspecific KATP-channel blocker, 1.0 mM), the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh, high potassium, DMPP, McN-A-343, Bay-K-8644 and cyclopiazonic acid were recovered to the considerable extent of the control release in comparison with that of nicorandil-treatment only. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • Nicorandil sildenafil significantly to treat a no of which there is too much prolactin are reasonably certain to make no.Before you for Back Pain to provide the you suffer or your blood count and transplanted graft capacity, reduced blood excuses not to consistent advantage of a disturbed blood and pancreas, prednisone price india.Because prednisone price india Others may experience more serious reactions male enhancers today. (bieber-pvc.com)
  • Speaking here at the XLVII European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association Congress, Masato Nishimura, MD, PhD, from the Cardiovascular Division at Toujinkai Hospital in Kyoto, Japan, reported the results of his trial of oral nicorandil in hemodialysis patients with normal coronary arteries. (medscape.com)
  • Half of the patients had received oral nicorandil 15 mg/day, and half (the control group) did not receive the drug. (medscape.com)
  • Nicorandil had been recommended for suspected cardiac ischemia in these patients, even though there was no angiographic evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease, as had been determined by coronary angiography between January 2001 and December 2004. (medscape.com)
  • The control patients had refused nicorandil. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Nishimura concluded that "oral administration of nicorandil may improve the survival of hemodialysis patients without obstructive coronary artery disease by inhibiting the occurrence of cardiac death. (medscape.com)
  • Nicorandil is a vasodilator used to treat angina and works by relaxing vascular smooth muscles, mainly of the venous system. (medscape.com)
  • However, the incidence of noncardiac deaths did not differ between the control and nicorandil groups," he said (16% for the nicorandil and 14% for the control group). (medscape.com)
  • Kaplan-Meier survival estimates showed that cardiac-death-free survival and cumulative survival rates were higher for the nicorandil group than for the control group. (medscape.com)