A glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor ligand that is specific for the GFRA2 RECEPTOR. Neurturin is essential for the development of specific postganglionic parasympathetic NEURONS.
A family of GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-anchored cell surface receptors that are specific for GLIAL CELL LINE-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS. They form a multi-component receptor complex with PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-RET and regulate a variety of intracellular SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS in conjunction with c-ret protein.
The founding member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family. It was originally characterized as a NERVE GROWTH FACTOR promoting the survival of MIDBRAIN dopaminergic NEURONS, and it has been studied as a potential treatment for PARKINSON DISEASE.
Receptor protein-tyrosine kinases involved in the signaling of GLIAL CELL-LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR ligands. They contain an extracellular cadherin domain and form a receptor complexes with GDNF RECEPTORS. Mutations in ret protein are responsible for HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE and MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2.
Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.
A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.
'Nerve tissue proteins' are specialized proteins found within the nervous system's biological tissue, including neurofilaments, neuronal cytoskeletal proteins, and neural cell adhesion molecules, which facilitate structural support, intracellular communication, and synaptic connectivity essential for proper neurological function.
Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.
Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen.
Cell surface receptors that bind NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; (NGF) and a NGF-related family of neurotrophic factors that includes neurotrophins, BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR and CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR.
The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.
In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.

Expression patterns of neurturin and its receptor components in developing and degenerative mouse retina. (1/82)

PURPOSE: Neurturin (NTN) and its receptor components (GFRalpha2 and Ret) play an important role in the survival of different populations of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. To gain insight into their possible functions throughout normal retinal development and during retinal neuronal apoptosis, the retinal distribution of expression of NTN and GFRalpha2 mRNAs and Ret protein were compared in control and retinal degeneration (rd) mice. METHODS: Eyes from control and rd animals were fixed in paraformaldehyde before sectioning. For in situ hybridization, retinal sections were hybridized with 35S-radiolabeled sense and antisense riboprobes for murine NTN and GFRalpha2 and were autoradiographed. Ret localization was detected by immunofluorescence. RESULTS: Neurturin mRNA expression was modulated through normal postnatal retinal development and was localized primarily to the inner retina and photoreceptor outer segments. GFRalpha2 mRNA displayed a diffuse developmental pattern of expression, but in the mature normal retina, NTN and GFRalpha2 mRNAs were more closely colocalized. Ret protein was localized particularly at the outer segments of photoreceptors, inner retina, and ganglion cell layers, but there were no prominent differences among genotypes. Increased NTN mRNA expression was detected in the retinal pigment epithelium and neural retina in concert with photoreceptor degeneration in rd mouse. In contrast, the level of GFRalpha2 mRNA was lower in rd compared with that in normal retina. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that NTN and its receptor are involved in retinal postnatal development and maintenance and that alterations in their transcription patterns are associated with inherited retinal degeneration.  (+info)

Retarded growth and deficits in the enteric and parasympathetic nervous system in mice lacking GFR alpha2, a functional neurturin receptor. (2/82)

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and a related protein, neurturin (NTN), require a GPI-linked coreceptor, either GFR alpha1 or GFR alpha2, for signaling via the transmembrane Ret tyrosine kinase. We show that mice lacking functional GFR alpha2 coreceptor (Gfra2-/-) are viable and fertile but have dry eyes and grow poorly after weaning, presumably due to malnutrition. While the sympathetic innervation appeared normal, the parasympathetic cholinergic innervation was almost absent in the lacrimal and salivary glands and severely reduced in the small bowel. Neurite outgrowth and trophic effects of NTN at low concentrations were lacking in Gfra2-/- trigeminal neurons in vitro, whereas responses to GDNF were similar between the genotypes. Thus, GFR alpha2 is a physiological NTN receptor, essential for the development of specific postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.  (+info)

Gene targeting reveals a critical role for neurturin in the development and maintenance of enteric, sensory, and parasympathetic neurons. (3/82)

Neurturin (NTN) is a neuronal survival factor that activates the Ret tyrosine kinase in the presence of a GPI-linked coreceptor (either GFR alpha1 or GFR alpha2). Neurturin-deficient (NTN-/-) mice generated by homologous recombination are viable and fertile but have defects in the enteric nervous system, including reduced myenteric plexus innervation density and reduced gastrointestinal motility. Parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal and submandibular salivary gland is dramatically reduced in NTN-/- mice, indicating that Neurturin is a neurotrophic factor for parasympathetic neurons. GFR alpha2-expressing cells in the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia are also depleted in NTN-/- mice. The loss of GFR alpha2-expressing neurons, in conjunction with earlier studies, provides strong support for GFR alpha2/Ret receptor complexes as the critical mediators of NTN function in vivo.  (+info)

A rapid and dynamic regulation of GDNF-family ligands and receptors correlate with the developmental dependency of cutaneous sensory innervation. (4/82)

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) are members of the transforming growth factor-beta family and have been shown to elicit neurotrophic effects upon several classes of neurons including dopaminergic neurons, motoneurons, parasympathetic, sympathetic as well as primary sensory neurons. However, there is little information available on their roles in cutaneous innervation. Herein, we have studied the regulation of gdnf, ntn and the GDNF family receptors and examined their role in the development of facial cutaneous innervation in GDNF mutant mice. A dynamic spatial and temporal regulation of gdnf, ntn and their ligand binding receptors within the follicle-sinus complex correlate with development of distinct subclasses of sensory nerve endings. Furthermore, development of NGF-dependent myelinated mechanoreceptors, i.e. reticular and transverse lanceolate endings also require GDNF during ending formation and maintenance. In addition, ligand and receptor association seems to be intricately linked to a local Schwann cell-axon interaction essential for sensory terminal formation. Our results suggests that functionally specified nerve endings depend on different GDNF family members and that in contrast to neurotrophins, this family of neurotrophic factors may be acting at local sites of terminal Schwann cell-axon growth cone interactions and that they collaborate with neurotrophins by supporting the same populations of neurons but at different times in development.  (+info)

Signalling by the RET receptor tyrosine kinase and its role in the development of the mammalian enteric nervous system. (5/82)

RET is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) superfamily, which can transduce signalling by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) in cultured cells. In order to determine whether in addition to being sufficient, RET is also necessary for signalling by these growth factors, we studied the response to GDNF and NTN of primary neuronal cultures (peripheral sensory and central dopaminergic neurons) derived from wild-type and RET-deficient mice. Our experiments show that absence of a functional RET receptor abrogates the biological responses of neuronal cells to both GDNF and NTN. Despite the established role of the RET signal transduction pathway in the development of the mammalian enteric nervous system (ENS), very little is known regarding its cellular mechanism(s) of action. Here, we have studied the effects of GDNF and NTN on cultures of neural crest (NC)-derived cells isolated from the gut of rat embryos. Our findings suggest that GDNF and NTN promote the survival of enteric neurons as well as the survival, proliferation and differentiation of multipotential ENS progenitors present in the gut of E12.5-13.5 rat embryos. However, the effects of these growth factors are stage-specific, since similar ENS cultures established from later stage embryos (E14. 5-15.5), show markedly diminished response to GDNF and NTN. To examine whether the in vitro effects of RET activation reflect the in vivo function(s) of this receptor, the extent of programmed cell death was examined in the gut of wild-type and RET-deficient mouse embryos by TUNEL histochemistry. Our experiments show that a subpopulation of enteric NC undergoes apoptotic cell death specifically in the foregut of embryos lacking the RET receptor. We suggest that normal function of the RET RTK is required in vivo during early stages of ENS histogenesis for the survival of undifferentiated enteric NC and their derivatives.  (+info)

Multiple actions of neurturin correlate with spatiotemporal patterns of Ret expression in developing chick cranial ganglion neurons. (6/82)

The neurotrophic effects of neurturin (NRTN) on chick cranial ganglia were evaluated at various embryonic stages in vitro and related to its receptor expression. NRTN promoted the outgrowth and survival of ciliary ganglion neurons at early embryonic (E) stages (E6-E12), trigeminal ganglion neurons at midstages (E9-E16), and vestibular ganglion neurons at late stages (E12-E16). NRTN had no positive effects on cochlear ganglion neurons throughout development. In accordance with the time and order of onset in NRTN responsiveness, Ret protein was first detected in ciliary ganglia at E6, subsequently in trigeminal ganglia at E9, and in vestibular ganglia at E12. Ret was absent in E16 ciliary ganglia as well as in cochlear ganglia at all developmental stages that were tested. Exogenous application of retinoic acid induced NRTN responsiveness and Ret protein expression from E9 vestibular ganglion neurons, suggesting that retinoic acid can regulate Ret protein expression in peripheral sensory neurons in vitro. Ret was confined to the neuron cell body, whereas GFRalpha was localized predominantly in peripheral and central neurite processes. No noticeable change in GFRalpha expression was seen in any cranial ganglia throughout the developmental stages that were tested (E6-E16). These results demonstrate that NRTN exerts neurotrophic effects on different cranial ganglia at different developmental stages and that the onset and offset of NRTN responsiveness are regulated mainly by the spatiotemporal patterns of Ret, but not of GFRalpha receptors. The results also substantiate the recently emerging view that NRTN may be an essential target-derived neurotrophic factor for parasympathetic neurons during development.  (+info)

Analysis of the retrograde transport of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin, and persephin suggests that in vivo signaling for the GDNF family is GFRalpha coreceptor-specific. (7/82)

Neurturin (NRTN) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are members of a family of trophic factors with similar actions in vitro on certain neuronal classes. Retrograde transport of GDNF and NRTN was compared in peripheral sensory, sympathetic, and motor neurons to determine whether in vivo these factors are transported selectively by different neuronal populations. After sciatic nerve injections, NRTN was transported by sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Competition studies demonstrated only limited cross-competition between NRTN and GDNF, indicating selective receptor-mediated transport of these factors. By using immunohistochemistry, we identified two populations of NRTN-transporting DRG neurons: a major population of small, RET-positive, IB4-positive, non-TrkA-expressing neurons that also show the ability to transport GDNF and a minor population of calretinin-expressing neurons that fail to transport GDNF. Spinal motor neurons in the adult showed relatively less ability to transport NRTN than to transport GDNF, although NRTN prevented the cell death of neonatal motor neurons in a manner very similar to GDNF (Yan et al., 1995) and persephin (PSPN) (Milbrandt et al., 1998). Last, NRTN, like GDNF, was not transported to sympathetic neurons of the adult superior cervical ganglion (SCG) after injection into the anterior eye chamber. These data reveal a high degree of functional selectivity of GDNF family receptor-alpha (GFRalpha) coreceptor subtypes for NRTN and GDNF in vivo.  (+info)

New roles for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurturin: involvement in hair cycle control. (8/82)

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin (NTN), and their receptors, GDNF family receptor alpha-1 (GFRalpha-1) and GDNF family receptor alpha-2 (GFRalpha-2), are critically important for kidney and nervous system development. However, their role in skin biology, specifically in hair growth control, is as yet unknown. We have studied expression and function of GDNF, neurturin, GFRalpha-1, and GFRalpha-2 in murine skin during the cyclic transformation of the hair follicle (HF) from its resting state (telogen) to active growth (anagen) and then through regression (catagen) back to telogen. GDNF protein and GFRalpha-1 messenger RNA are prominently expressed in telogen skin, which lacks NTN and GFRalpha-2 transcripts. Early anagen development is accompanied by a significant decline in the skin content of GDNF protein and GFRalpha-1 transcripts. During the anagen-catagen transition, GDNF, GFRalpha-1, NTN, and GFRalpha-2 transcripts reach maximal levels. Compared with wild-type controls, GFRalpha-1 (+/-) and GFRalpha-2 (-/-) knockout mice show a significantly accelerated catagen development. Furthermore, GDNF or NTN administration significantly retards HF regression in organ-cultured mouse skin. This suggests important, previously unrecognized roles for GDNF/GFRalpha-1 and NTN/GFRalpha-2 signaling in skin biology, specifically in the control of apoptosis-driven HF involution, and raises the possibility that GFRalpha-1/GFRalpha-2 agonists/antagonists might become exploitable for the treatment of hair growth disorders that are related to abnormalities in catagen development.  (+info)

Neurturin is a type of protein called a neurotrophic factor, which supports the survival and development of certain cells in the body, particularly nerve cells. It is a member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands (GFLs). Neurturin plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system, including promoting the growth and survival of sensory and sympathetic neurons. It binds to a receptor called RET, which is found on the surface of these nerve cells, and activates signaling pathways that help keep the cells alive and functioning properly. Mutations in the gene that encodes neurturin have been associated with certain inherited neurological disorders.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptors are a group of proteins found on the surface of certain cells in the body that bind to GDNF and transmit signals into the cell, thereby activating various cellular responses. GDNF is a type of signaling protein called a neurotrophic factor, which supports the survival and development of neurons (nerve cells).

The GDNF receptor complex consists of two main components: the Ret tyrosine kinase receptor and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored coreceptor called GDNF family receptor alpha (GFRα). There are four different GFRα isoforms (GFRα1, GFRα2, GFRα3, and GFRα4) that can form complexes with Ret and bind to different members of the GDNF ligand family.

When GDNF binds to the GFRα-Ret complex, it induces a conformational change leading to Ret autophosphorylation and activation of various downstream signaling pathways, including Ras/MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and PLCγ. These signaling cascades ultimately regulate cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration, depending on the cellular context.

GDNF receptors are widely expressed in various tissues, but they have crucial roles in the nervous system, where they support neuronal survival, promote axon growth and guidance, and maintain synaptic plasticity. Dysregulation of GDNF signaling has been implicated in several neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the survival, development, and function of certain neurons in the nervous system. It is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and was initially identified for its ability to support the survival and differentiation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which are critical for movement control and motivation. GDNF also supports other types of neurons, including motor neurons and sensory neurons. It exerts its effects by binding to a receptor complex consisting of GFRα1 and RET tyrosine kinase receptors, activating intracellular signaling pathways that promote neuronal survival, growth, and synaptic plasticity. GDNF has been investigated as a potential therapeutic agent for various neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Proto-oncogene proteins c-RET are a group of gene products that play crucial roles in the development and functioning of the nervous system, as well as in other tissues. The c-RET proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, which is a type of enzyme that helps transmit signals from the outside to the inside of cells. This receptor is activated by binding to its ligands, leading to the activation of various signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, differentiation, and survival.

Mutations in the c-RET proto-oncogene can lead to its overactivation, resulting in the conversion of this gene into an oncogene. Oncogenes are genes that have the potential to cause cancer when they are mutated or abnormally expressed. Activating mutations in c-RET have been implicated in several types of human cancers, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2), papillary thyroid carcinoma, and certain types of lung and kidney cancers. These mutations can lead to the constitutive activation of c-RET, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation.

Nerve Growth Factors (NGFs) are a family of proteins that play an essential role in the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain neurons (nerve cells). They were first discovered by Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen in 1956. NGF is particularly crucial for the development and function of the peripheral nervous system, which connects the central nervous system to various organs and tissues throughout the body.

NGF supports the differentiation and survival of sympathetic and sensory neurons during embryonic development. In adults, NGF continues to regulate the maintenance and repair of these neurons, contributing to neuroplasticity – the brain's ability to adapt and change over time. Additionally, NGF has been implicated in pain transmission and modulation, as well as inflammatory responses.

Abnormal levels or dysfunctional NGF signaling have been associated with various medical conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's), chronic pain disorders, and certain cancers (e.g., small cell lung cancer). Therefore, understanding the role of NGF in physiological and pathological processes may provide valuable insights into developing novel therapeutic strategies for these conditions.

Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) are a type of transmembrane receptors found on the cell surface that play a crucial role in signal transduction and regulation of various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, metabolism, and survival. They are called "tyrosine kinases" because they possess an intrinsic enzymatic activity that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to tyrosine residues on target proteins, thereby modulating their function.

RTKs are composed of three main domains: an extracellular domain that binds to specific ligands (growth factors, hormones, or cytokines), a transmembrane domain that spans the cell membrane, and an intracellular domain with tyrosine kinase activity. Upon ligand binding, RTKs undergo conformational changes that lead to their dimerization or oligomerization, which in turn activates their tyrosine kinase activity. Activated RTKs then phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues on downstream signaling proteins, initiating a cascade of intracellular signaling events that ultimately result in the appropriate cellular response.

Dysregulation of RTK signaling has been implicated in various human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and developmental disorders. As such, RTKs are important targets for therapeutic intervention in these conditions.

Nerve tissue proteins are specialized proteins found in the nervous system that provide structural and functional support to nerve cells, also known as neurons. These proteins include:

1. Neurofilaments: These are type IV intermediate filaments that provide structural support to neurons and help maintain their shape and size. They are composed of three subunits - NFL (light), NFM (medium), and NFH (heavy).

2. Neuronal Cytoskeletal Proteins: These include tubulins, actins, and spectrins that provide structural support to the neuronal cytoskeleton and help maintain its integrity.

3. Neurotransmitter Receptors: These are specialized proteins located on the postsynaptic membrane of neurons that bind neurotransmitters released by presynaptic neurons, triggering a response in the target cell.

4. Ion Channels: These are transmembrane proteins that regulate the flow of ions across the neuronal membrane and play a crucial role in generating and transmitting electrical signals in neurons.

5. Signaling Proteins: These include enzymes, receptors, and adaptor proteins that mediate intracellular signaling pathways involved in neuronal development, differentiation, survival, and death.

6. Adhesion Proteins: These are cell surface proteins that mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, playing a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of neural circuits.

7. Extracellular Matrix Proteins: These include proteoglycans, laminins, and collagens that provide structural support to nerve tissue and regulate neuronal migration, differentiation, and survival.

'Drosophila proteins' refer to the proteins that are expressed in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This organism is a widely used model system in genetics, developmental biology, and molecular biology research. The study of Drosophila proteins has contributed significantly to our understanding of various biological processes, including gene regulation, cell signaling, development, and aging.

Some examples of well-studied Drosophila proteins include:

1. HSP70 (Heat Shock Protein 70): A chaperone protein involved in protein folding and protection from stress conditions.
2. TUBULIN: A structural protein that forms microtubules, important for cell division and intracellular transport.
3. ACTIN: A cytoskeletal protein involved in muscle contraction, cell motility, and maintenance of cell shape.
4. BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (LACZ): A reporter protein often used to monitor gene expression patterns in transgenic flies.
5. ENDOGLIN: A protein involved in the development of blood vessels during embryogenesis.
6. P53: A tumor suppressor protein that plays a crucial role in preventing cancer by regulating cell growth and division.
7. JUN-KINASE (JNK): A signaling protein involved in stress response, apoptosis, and developmental processes.
8. DECAPENTAPLEGIC (DPP): A member of the TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor Beta) superfamily, playing essential roles in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.

These proteins are often studied using various techniques such as biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, and structural biology to understand their functions, interactions, and regulation within the cell.

Proto-oncogene proteins are normal cellular proteins that play crucial roles in various cellular processes, such as signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). They are involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and survival under physiological conditions.

When proto-oncogene proteins undergo mutations or aberrations in their expression levels, they can transform into oncogenic forms, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division. These altered proteins are then referred to as oncogene products or oncoproteins. Oncogenic mutations can occur due to various factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and aging.

Examples of proto-oncogene proteins include:

1. Ras proteins: Involved in signal transduction pathways that regulate cell growth and differentiation. Activating mutations in Ras genes are found in various human cancers.
2. Myc proteins: Regulate gene expression related to cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and metabolism. Overexpression of Myc proteins is associated with several types of cancer.
3. EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor): A transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Mutations or overexpression of EGFR are linked to various malignancies, such as lung cancer and glioblastoma.
4. Src family kinases: Intracellular tyrosine kinases that regulate signal transduction pathways involved in cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Dysregulation of Src family kinases is implicated in several types of cancer.
5. Abl kinases: Cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases that regulate various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and stress responses. Aberrant activation of Abl kinases, as seen in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

Understanding the roles of proto-oncogene proteins and their dysregulation in cancer development is essential for developing targeted cancer therapies that aim to inhibit or modulate these aberrant signaling pathways.

Parasympathetic ganglia are collections of neurons located outside the central nervous system (CNS) that serve as relay stations for parasympathetic nerve impulses. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary physiological responses.

The parasympathetic ganglia receive preganglionic fibers from the brainstem and sacral regions of the spinal cord. After synapsing in these ganglia, postganglionic fibers innervate target organs such as the heart, glands, and smooth muscles. The primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system is to promote rest, digestion, and energy conservation.

Parasympathetic ganglia are typically located close to or within the target organs they innervate. Examples include:

1. Ciliary ganglion: Innervates the ciliary muscle and iris sphincter in the eye, controlling accommodation and pupil constriction.
2. Pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) ganglion: Supplies the lacrimal gland, mucous membranes of the nasal cavity, and palate, regulating tear production and nasal secretions.
3. Otic ganglion: Innervates the parotid gland, controlling salivary secretion.
4. Submandibular ganglion: Supplies the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, regulating salivation.
5. Sacral parasympathetic ganglia: Located in the sacrum, they innervate the distal colon, rectum, and genitourinary organs, controlling defecation, urination, and sexual arousal.

These parasympathetic ganglia play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis by regulating various bodily functions during rest and relaxation.

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) receptors are a type of protein molecule found on the surface of certain cells, specifically those associated with the nervous system. They play a crucial role in the development, maintenance, and survival of neurons (nerve cells). There are two main types of NGF receptors:

1. Tyrosine Kinase Receptor A (TrkA): This is a high-affinity receptor for NGF and is primarily found on sensory neurons and sympathetic neurons. TrkA activation by NGF leads to the initiation of various intracellular signaling pathways that promote neuronal survival, differentiation, and growth.
2. P75 Neurotrophin Receptor (p75NTR): This is a low-affinity receptor for NGF and other neurotrophins. It can function as a coreceptor with Trk receptors to modulate their signals or act independently to mediate cell death under certain conditions.

Together, these two types of NGF receptors help regulate the complex interactions between neurons and their targets during development and throughout adult life.

The Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) is the part of the autonomic nervous system that primarily controls vegetative functions during rest, relaxation, and digestion. It is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" activities including decreasing heart rate, lowering blood pressure, increasing digestive activity, and stimulating sexual arousal. The PNS utilizes acetylcholine as its primary neurotransmitter and acts in opposition to the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS), which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response.

Neurites are extensions of a neuron (a type of cell in the nervous system) that can be either an axon or a dendrite. An axon is a thin, cable-like extension that carries signals away from the cell body, while a dendrite is a branching extension that receives signals from other neurons. Neurites play a crucial role in the communication between neurons and the formation of neural networks. They are involved in the transmission of electrical and chemical signals, as well as in the growth and development of the nervous system.

... (NRTN) is a protein that is encoded in humans by the NRTN gene. Neurturin belongs to the glial cell line-derived ... The exact role and function of neurturin in multiple signaling pathways is widely unknown. The most studied is neurturin's role ... Neurturin is encoded for by the NRTN gene located on chromosome 19 in humans and has been shown to promote potent effects on ... Neurturin is an example of a trophic factor that is difficult to utilize clinically because of its inability to cross the blood ...
... shares around a 40% similarity in amino acid sequence compared to GDNF and neurturin, two members of the GDNF family ... February 1998). "Persephin, a novel neurotrophic factor related to GDNF and neurturin". Neuron. 20 (2): 245-53. doi:10.1016/ ... December 2005). "The GDNF family members neurturin, artemin and persephin promote the morphological differentiation of cultured ... although less so than both GDNF and neurturin. The mRNA levels of persephin in developing neurons has been low compared to ...
September 2000). "Binding of GDNF and neurturin to human GDNF family receptor alpha 1 and 2. Influence of cRET and cooperative ... Kotzbauer PT, Lampe PA, Heuckeroth RO, Golden JP, Creedon DJ, Johnson EM, Milbrandt J (December 1996). "Neurturin, a relative ...
"GFRalpha3 is an orphan member of the GDNF/neurturin/persephin receptor family". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ...
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) are two structurally related, potent neurotrophic ... "Binding of GDNF and neurturin to human GDNF family receptor alpha 1 and 2. Influence of cRET and cooperative interactions". The ... "Binding of GDNF and neurturin to human GDNF family receptor alpha 1 and 2. Influence of cRET and cooperative interactions". The ... "A GPI-linked protein that interacts with Ret to form a candidate neurturin receptor". Nature. 387 (6634): 717-21. Bibcode: ...
GDNF family receptor alpha-2 (GFRα2), also known as the neurturin receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GFRA2 ... Yoong LF, Too HP (May 2007). "Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurturin inhibit neurite outgrowth and activate ... Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) are two structurally related, potent neurotrophic ... "Binding of GDNF and neurturin to human GDNF family receptor alpha 1 and 2. Influence of cRET and cooperative interactions". The ...
Garcès A, Livet J, Grillet N, Henderson C, Delapeyrière O (2001). "Responsiveness to neurturin of subpopulations of embryonic ... Golden J, Milbrandt J, Johnson E (2003). "Neurturin and persephin promote the survival of embryonic basal forebrain cholinergic ... neurturin (NRTN), artemin (ARTN), and persephin (PSPN). GFLs have been shown to play a role in a number of biological processes ... "Neurturin exerts potent actions on survival and function of midbrain dopaminergic neurons". J Neurosci. 18 (13): 4929-4937. doi ...
September 2000). "Binding of GDNF and neurturin to human GDNF family receptor alpha 1 and 2. Influence of cRET and cooperative ... June 1997). "A GPI-linked protein that interacts with Ret to form a candidate neurturin receptor". Nature. 387 (6634): 717-721 ...
One of the gene therapy based approach involves gene delivery of neurturin and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor ( ... GDNF protects dopamine neurons in vitro and animal models of parkinsonism; neurturin is a structural and functional analogue of ... "Gene delivery of AAV2-neurturin for Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial". Lancet Neurology. 9 (12 ...
The GDNF family of ligands includes glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), artemin, neurturin, and persephin. ...
Quartu M, Serra MP, Manca A, Mascia F, Follesa P, Del Fiacco M (April 2005). "Neurturin, persephin, and artemin in the human ... December 2005). "The GDNF family members neurturin, artemin and persephin promote the morphological differentiation of cultured ...
... neurturin and persephin. The term has now passed into general use in the technical literature concerned with branching of ...
... and neurturin, which is a GDNF homolog. Another reported use of CED is in the treatment of epilepsy. Current epilepsy ...
... neurturin MeSH D12.776.467.875.550.750 - neuregulin-1 See List of MeSH codes (D12.776.476). MeSH D12.776.503.280.249.500 - ...
Gene map locus 19p13.3 NRTN: Neurturin, associated with Hirschsprung's disease: Gene locus map 19p13.3 GTPBP3: GTP binding ...
The GFRα co-receptors include the following: GFRα1 - preference for GDNF GFRα2 - preference for neurturin GFRα3 - preference ...
Neurturin Persephin Artemin Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9) Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) Hepatoma-derived growth ...
... protein now known as CX3CL1 Neurturin, glial protein This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title NTN. If ...
Approaches have involved the expression of growth factors to prevent damage (Neurturin - a GDNF-family growth factor), and ...
... neurturin MeSH D23.348.479.875.437 - nerve growth factor MeSH D23.348.479.875.550 - neuregulins MeSH D23.348.479.875.550.750 - ... neurturin MeSH D23.348.686.437 - nerve growth factor MeSH D23.348.686.550 - neuregulins MeSH D23.348.686.550.750 - neuregulin-1 ...
... neurturin MeSH D12.776.641.600.550.750 - neuregulin-1 MeSH D12.776.641.650.070.075 - angiotensin i MeSH D12.776.641.650.070.078 ...
Neurturin (NRTN) is a protein that is encoded in humans by the NRTN gene. Neurturin belongs to the glial cell line-derived ... The exact role and function of neurturin in multiple signaling pathways is widely unknown. The most studied is neurturins role ... Neurturin is encoded for by the NRTN gene located on chromosome 19 in humans and has been shown to promote potent effects on ... Neurturin is an example of a trophic factor that is difficult to utilize clinically because of its inability to cross the blood ...
neurturin from Neuroscience News features breaking science news from research labs, scientists and colleges around the world. ... Neurturin, a muscle-produced protein, improves muscular metabolism, motor coordination, and exercise performance in mouse ...
... ... A 15-fold increase was seen in the longer-term cases, but neurturin was still only detected in ~5% of nigral cells. These data ... Comparable volumes-of-expression of neurturin were seen in the putamen in all cases (~15-22%; mean=18.5%). TH-signal in the ... They demonstrate mild but persistent expression of gene-mediated neurturin over 4-years, with an apparent, time-related ...
Protection and regeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons by neurturin or GDNF in a partial lesion model of Parkinsons ... Both glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its recently discovered congener, neurturin (NTN), have been shown ... Both glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its recently discovered congener, neurturin (NTN), have been shown ... neurturin (NTN), have been shown to exert neuroprotective effects on lesioned nigral dopamine (DA) neurons when administered at ...
Neurotrophic factors, such as GDNF, neurturin, and MANF are trophic factors that affect nerve cells. For more information ...
Neurotrophic factors, such as GDNF, neurturin, and MANF are trophic factors that affect nerve cells. For more information ...
Neurturin (NTN) and its receptor components (GFRα2 and Ret) play an important role in the survival of different populations of ... Neurturin (NTN) and its receptor components (GFRα2 and Ret) play an important role in the survival of different populations of ... Neurturin (NTN) and its receptor components (GFRα2 and Ret) play an important role in the survival of different populations of ... Neurturin (NTN) and its receptor components (GFRα2 and Ret) play an important role in the survival of different populations of ...
Neurturin for PD. *Platelet derived growth factor. *Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection in PD ...
1997) Neurturin responsiveness requires a GPI-linked receptor and Ret receptor tyrosine kinase. Nature 387:721-724. ... 1996) Neurturin a relative of glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor. Nature 6608:467-470. ... GDNF is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily (Lin et al., 1993) and is related to neurturin ( ... 1997) A GPI-linked protein that interacts with RET to form a candidate neurturin receptor. Nature 387:717-721. ...
AAV2-neurturin for Parkinsons dis- ease: What lessons have we learned?. Methods Mol Biol. 2016. 1382:485-490. ...
Neurturin NGF Noggin NOV NRG1 NT-3 NT-4 Oncostatin M OX40L PDGF-AA PDGF-BB PlGF PLGF-2 Prolactin PTH RANK S100A8 S100A8/A9 ...
Like other FGF family members, basic fibroblast growth factor possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and is involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. In normal tissue, bFGF is present in basement membranes and in the subendothelial extracellular matrix of blood vessels. It stays membrane-bound as long as there is no signal peptide. It has been hypothesized that, during both wound healing of normal tissues and tumor development, the action of heparan sulfate-degrading enzymes activates bFGF, thus mediating the formation of new blood vessels, a process known as angiogenesis. In addition, it is synthesized and secreted by human adipocytes and the concentration of FGF2 correlates with the BMI in blood samples. It was also shown to act on preosteoblasts - in the form of an increased proliferation - after binding to fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and activating ...
The role of neurturin-responsive, GFRα2-positive neurons is less clear. Mice lacking neurturin have fewer GFRα2-positive ... Quartu M, Serra MP, Manca A, Mascia F, Follesa P, Del Fiacco M (2005) Neurturin, persephin, and artemin in the human pre- and ... Stucky CL, Rossi J, Airaksinen MS, Lewin GR (2002) GFR alpha2/neurturin signalling regulates noxious heat transduction in ... Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) proteins (artemin, neurturin, and persephin) provide support for developing ...
No clinically meaningful adverse events were attributed to AAV2-neurturin.AAV2-neurturin delivery to the putamen and substantia ... No clinically meaningful adverse events were attributed to AAV2-neurturin.AAV2-neurturin delivery to the putamen and substantia ... No clinically meaningful adverse events were attributed to AAV2-neurturin.AAV2-neurturin delivery to the putamen and substantia ... No clinically meaningful adverse events were attributed to AAV2-neurturin.AAV2-neurturin delivery to the putamen and substantia ...
Structure and biophysical characterization of the human full-length neurturin-GFRa2 complex: A role for heparan sulfate in ... Increased expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurturin in a case of colon adenocarcinoma associated ... The neurotrophic factor neurturin contributes toward an aggressive cancer cell phenotype, neuropathic pain and neuronal ... Neurturin, a relative of glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor. Nature. 1996;384:467-70 ...
One member of this family, neurturin, is being evaluated in clinical trials in patients with Parkinsons disease. Milbrandts ...
There are a great deal of studies that clearly show the neuroprotective and neurorestrorative function of GDNF and neurturin on ... The signalling route of GDNF and neurturin via RET tyrosinekinasereceptor is fairly well known but the other mechanisms of ... neurturin, CDNF and MANF) and how they are transported within the brain. Neurotrophic factors are endogenous and secreted ...
keywords = "Disease progression, Neuronal restoration, Neuroprotection, Neurotrophic factors, Neurturin",. author = "Bartus, { ...
GDNF is a disulfide-linked homodimeric neurotrophic factor structurally related to Artemin, Neurturin and Persephin. These ...
Luxol Fast Blue and pSer-129 staining of rhesus macaques 3-months after receiving intrastriatal injections of AAV2-neurturin [ ... AAV2-neurturin) following delivery to the monkey striatum. Mol Ther 16(10):1737-1744. doi:10.1038/mt.2008.170 Epub 2008 Aug 26 ... intrastriatal AAV injections of neurturin sacrificed at 3 months; Group 4: intrastriatal stem cell grafted animals sacrificed ...
人神经秩蛋白(Neurturin)Polyclonal Antibody Polyclonal Antibody for Human Neurturin ...
Neurturin *Nerve Growth Factor *Neuregulins *Neuregulin-1 *Neurotrophin 3 *pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide ...
Biomolecule/Target: N/ASynonyms: GDNF Family Receptor Alpha-2; GDNF Receptor Beta; Neurturin Receptor Alpha; RET Ligand ...
Neurturin: GAAEAAARVYDLGL RRLRQRRRLRRERVRA; *P22 N-(14-30): NAKTRRHERRRKLAIER; *Pen2W2F: Fluo-RQIKIFFQNRRMKFKK-NH2; ...
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A recombinant version of human CNTF (rhCNTF), trade name Axokine, is a modified version with a 15 amino acid truncation of the C-terminus and two amino acid substitutions. It is three to five times more potent than CNTF in in vitro and in vivo assays and has improved stability properties.[6] Like CNTF it is a neurotrophic factor, and may stimulate nerve cells to survive. It was tested in the 1990s as a treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It did not improve muscle control as much as expected, but trial participants did report a loss of appetite. Phase III clinical trials for the drug against obesity were conducted in 2003 by Axokines maker, Regeneron, demonstrating a small positive effect in some patients, but the drug was not commercialized. A major problem with the treatment was that in nearly 70% of the subjects tested, antibodies against Axokine were produced after approximately three months of treatment.[7] In the minority of subjects who did not develop the antibodies, weight loss ...
In 2015, it was in phase III clinical trials for ovarian cancer,[10] BRAF mutant melanoma,[11] and NRAS Q61 mutant melanoma.[12] In December 2015, the company announced that the mutant-NRAS melanoma trial was successful.[13] In the trial, those receiving binimetinib had a median progression-free survival of 2.8 months versus 1.5 months for those on the standard dacarbazine treatment.[14] NDA submitted Jun 2016,[15] and the FDA should decide by 30 June 2017.[16] In April 2016, it was reported that the phase III trial for low-grade ovarian cancer was terminated due to lack of efficacy.[17] Binimetinib was studied for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, but a phase II trial did not show benefit.[medical citation needed] In 2017, the FDA informed Array Biopharma that the phase III trial data was not sufficient and the New Drug Application was withdrawn.[18] In June 2018, it was approved for the treatment of certain melanomas by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in combination with ...
Suitable For Mammalian Cell Culture; A Non-Ionic Copolymer Surfactant Qualified For Use In Insect Cell Culture Applications As An Antifoaming Agent; Pluronic F-127 Was Used To Coat A Siliconized Coverslip To Hold An Egg Extract In A Study.
Neurturin signalling via GFRα2 is essential for innervation of glandular but not muscle targets of sacral parasympathetic ... Neural cells in the esophagus respond to glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurturin, and are RET-dependent. Yan ...
  • Neurturin belongs to the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of neurotrophic factors, which regulate the survival and function of neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its recently discovered congener, neurturin (NTN), have been shown to exert neuroprotective effects on lesioned nigral dopamine (DA) neurons when administered at the level of the substantia nigra. (lu.se)
  • The glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) belong to a structurally related family of neurotrophic factors. (mit.edu)
  • Scientific Background Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) are two structurally related, potent neurotrophic factors that play key roles in the control of neuron survival and differentiation. (biosensis.com)
  • Neurturin signaling is mediated by the activation of a multi-component receptor system including the ret tyrosine kinase (RET), a cell-surface bound GDNF family receptor-α (GFRα) protein, and a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although these receptors are structurally similar, they determine specificity for four ligands-GDNF, Neurturin (NRTN), Artemin (ARTN) and Persephin (PSPN). (medsci.org)
  • GDNF is a disulfide-linked homodimeric neurotrophic factor structurally related to Artemin, Neurturin and Persephin. (reliatech.de)
  • Neurturin is encoded for by the NRTN gene located on chromosome 19 in humans and has been shown to promote potent effects on survival and function of developing and mature midbrain dopaminergic neurons (DA) in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, neurturin has also been shown to support the survival of several other neurons including sympathetic and sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, evidence shows retarded growth of enteric, sensory and parasympathetic neurons in mice upon the removal of neurturin receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurturin has been shown to upregulate B1 (bradykinin) receptors in neurons of mice, indicating a possible influence on pain and inflammation pathways. (wikipedia.org)
  • Less than 1% of substantia nigra (SN) neurons stained for neurturin in the shorter-term cases. (nih.gov)
  • Neurturin (NTN) and its receptor components (GFRα2 and Ret) play an important role in the survival of different populations of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (wustl.edu)
  • The role of neurturin-responsive, GFRα2-positive neurons is less clear. (jneurosci.org)
  • Neurturin is an example of a trophic factor that is difficult to utilize clinically because of its inability to cross the blood-brain barrier of the CNS (central nervous system). (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurturin (NRTN) is a protein that is encoded in humans by the NRTN gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • In vivo the direct administration of neurturin into substantia nigra of mice models also shows mature DA neuron protection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurotrophic factors like neurturin have been tested in several clinical trial settings for the potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, specifically Parkinson's disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • One member of this family, neurturin, is being evaluated in clinical trials in patients with Parkinson's disease. (wustl.edu)
  • Long-term post-mortem studies following neurturin gene therapy in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. (rush.edu)
  • Furthermore, cases utilizing stable cell line generation and choice of fusion protein for higher yield and quality of difficult-to-produce proteins (Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) and Neurturin) are presented and discussed. (bvsalud.org)
  • To help fill this information void, we examined post-mortem brain tissue from four patients with nigrostriatal degeneration who had participated in clinical trials testing gene delivery of neurturin to the putamen of patients. (nih.gov)
  • In the case of Neurturin, choice of fusion protein impacted the target binding 80-fold. (bvsalud.org)
  • Neurturin preferentially binds to the GFRα2 co-receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • A 15-fold increase was seen in the longer-term cases, but neurturin was still only detected in ~5% of nigral cells. (nih.gov)
  • Ceregene sponsored a double-blind phase II clinical trial of CERE-120, a viral vector mediated gene transfer drug that allows for the continuous delivery of neurturin to the nigrostratial system. (wikipedia.org)
  • They demonstrate mild but persistent expression of gene-mediated neurturin over 4-years, with an apparent, time-related amplification of its transport and biological effects, albeit quite weak, and provide unique information to help plan and design future trials. (nih.gov)
  • Knockout mice have shown that neurturin does not appear essential for survival. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition knockout mice have shown that in the absence of neurturin an increased acetylcholine response is observed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lastly, a study also associated neurturin deficiency in mice with keratoconjunctivitis and dry eye. (wikipedia.org)
  • Quantitative and immunohistochemical evaluation of neurturin, alpha-synuclein, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and an oligodendroglia marker (Olig 2) were performed in each brain. (nih.gov)
  • Also, high levels of expression of neurturin were found to be associated with nephroblastoma indicating the possible that the growth factor could be influencing differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurturin mRNA expression was modulated through normal postnatal retinal development and was localized primarily to the inner retina and photoreceptor outer segments. (wustl.edu)
  • The exact role and function of neurturin in multiple signaling pathways is widely unknown. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurotrophic factors like neurturin have been tested in several clinical trial settings for the potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, specifically Parkinson's disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • We recently showed that recombinant neurturin, a neurotrophic factor, improves epithelial regeneration of mouse salivary glands in ex vivo culture after irradiation by reducing apoptosis of parasympathetic neurons. (nih.gov)
  • 3. New roles for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurturin: involvement in hair cycle control. (nih.gov)
  • 15. Neurturin shares receptors and signal transduction pathways with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in sympathetic neurons. (nih.gov)
  • 17. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor/neurturin-induced differentiation and its enhancement by retinoic acid in primary human neuroblastomas expressing c-Ret, GFR alpha-1, and GFR alpha-2. (nih.gov)
  • Eugene M. Johnson conducts interdisciplinary study in the fields of Neurturin and Neurotrophic factors through his works. (research.com)
  • Neurturin, a relative of glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor. (research.com)
  • First, ex vivo fetal salivary gland culture was used to compare the neurturin adenovirus with recombinant neurturin, showing they both improve growth after irradiation by reducing neuronal apoptosis and increasing innervation. (nih.gov)
  • As development proceeds, neurturin helps guide the nerves to wrap around the salivary gland tissue. (nih.gov)
  • Dr. Hoffman's group decided to align their work with that project, using the same gene delivery system to insert an intact copy of the gene that produces neurturin into isolated salivary gland cells, with the ultimate aim of eventually testing their gene therapy in trials just like those being run by Dr. Baum and Dr. Chiorini. (nih.gov)
  • Then, the neurturin adenovirus was delivered to mouse salivary glands in vivo , 24 hr before irradiation, and compared with a control adenovirus. (nih.gov)
  • At AD/PD, Raymond Bartus at Ceregene, Inc. , San Diego, California, updated the crowd on CERE-120, which uses an adenovirus to deliver the growth factor neurturin. (alzforum.org)
  • This led to the current study, in which 58 patients from 9 sites in the United States received either AAV2-neurturin injected bilaterally into the putamen or sham surgery. (medscape.com)
  • In both patients there was persistent, albeit limited, neurturin expression in the putamen covering ~3-12% of the putamen. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In the putamen, dense staining of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibres was observed in areas that contained detectable neurturin expression. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Also, high levels of expression of neurturin were found to be associated with nephroblastoma indicating the possible that the growth factor could be influencing differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Knockout mice have shown that neurturin does not appear essential for survival. (wikipedia.org)
  • Retarded growth and deficits in the enteric and parasympathetic nervous system in mice lacking GFR alpha2, a functional neurturin receptor. (lookformedical.com)
  • Ceregene sponsored a double-blind phase II clinical trial of CERE-120, a viral vector mediated gene transfer drug that allows for the continuous delivery of neurturin to the nigrostratial system. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, "modest but significant" benefits in the primary outcome were evident in a subgroup of patients assessed at 18 months, suggesting "the need for a longer time period for sufficient amplification of the neurturin signal to induce clinical benefit," C. Warren Olanow, MD, from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City, and colleagues say. (medscape.com)
  • Significant improvement at 18 months was also noted with AAV2-neurturin compared with sham surgery in these secondary end points: the mental subscale (part 1) of the UPDRS in the off state ( P = .022), on-time without troublesome dyskinesia ( P = .048), timed walking in the off state ( P = .021), and investigator-rated and patient-rated clinical global impression of improvement ( P = .0089 and P = .031, respectively). (medscape.com)
  • The exact role and function of neurturin in multiple signaling pathways is widely unknown. (wikipedia.org)
  • An initial open-label, 12-month, phase 1 trial of bilateral stereotactic intraputaminal injections of AAV2-neurturin in patients with advanced PD showed that the treatment was safe and well tolerated and seemed to improve motor function. (medscape.com)
  • A neurturin mutation has been described in a family with Hirschsprung Disease. (nih.gov)
  • There was also weak evidence of improvement with AAV2-neurturin for the activities of daily living subscale of the UPDRS in the off state and daily off time ( P = .069 and .091, respectively). (medscape.com)