Neuropeptides. Medical search

Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.

An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)

A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.

A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).

Cell surface receptors that bind specific neuropeptides with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Many neuropeptides are also hormones outside of the nervous system.

Hormones produced by invertebrates, usually insects, mollusks, annelids, and helminths.

A neuropeptide of 29-30 amino acids depending on the species. Galanin is widely distributed throughout the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and INTESTINES. There are various subtypes of GALANIN RECEPTORS implicating roles of galanin in regulating FOOD INTAKE; pain perception; memory; and other neuroendocrine functions.

A family of biologically active peptides sharing a common conserved C-terminal sequence, -Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2, where X is either an aromatic or a branched aliphatic amino acid. Members of this family have been found in mammals, amphibians, and mollusks. Tachykinins have diverse pharmacological actions in the central nervous system and the cardiovascular, genitourinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, as well as in glandular tissues. This diversity of activity is due to the existence of three or more subtypes of tachykinin receptors.

An infraorder of chiefly marine, largely carnivorous CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA, including the genera Cancer, Uca, and Callinectes.

Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.

A system of NEURONS that has the specialized function to produce and secrete HORMONES, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an ENDOCRINE SYSTEM or organ.

A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.

A multi-function neuropeptide that acts throughout the body by elevating intracellular cyclic AMP level via its interaction with PACAP RECEPTORS. Although first isolated from hypothalamic extracts and named for its action on the pituitary, it is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. PACAP is important in the control of endocrine and homeostatic processes, such as secretion of pituitary and gut hormones and food intake.

One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.

An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.

A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.

A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.

A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids that is related to AGOUTI SIGNALING PROTEIN and is also an antagonist of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR activity. It is expressed primarily in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the ADRENAL GLAND. As a paracrine signaling molecule, AGRP is known to regulate food intake and body weight. Elevated AGRP has been associated with OBESITY.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.

A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.

Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.

Periodic casting off FEATHERS; HAIR; or cuticle. Molting is a process of sloughing or desquamation, especially the shedding of an outer covering and the development of a new one. This phenomenon permits growth in ARTHROPODS, skin renewal in AMPHIBIANS and REPTILES, and the shedding of winter coats in BIRDS and MAMMALS.

A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.

A biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. There is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransmitter.

Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.

An opisthobranch mollusk of the order Anaspidea. It is used frequently in studies of nervous system development because of its large identifiable neurons. Aplysiatoxin and its derivatives are not biosynthesized by Aplysia, but acquired by ingestion of Lyngbya (seaweed) species.

A type of chromogranin which was initially characterized in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND. It is found in several species including human, rat, mouse, and others. Secretogranin II is an acidic protein of 559 to 586 amino acid residues that can stimulate DOPAMINE release from neurons and release of pituitary GONADOTROPINS.

A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).

The biochemical and electrophysiological interactions between the NERVOUS SYSTEM and IMMUNE SYSTEM.

One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.

Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.

G-protein-coupled NEUROPEPTIDE RECEPTORS that have specificity for OREXINS and play a role in appetite control, and sleep-wake cycles. Two principle receptor types exist, each having a specificity for OREXIN A and OREXIN B peptide subtypes.

A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.

A class of cell surface receptors for TACHYKININS with a preference for SUBSTANCE P. Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors have been cloned and are members of the G protein coupled receptor superfamily. They are found on many cell types including central and peripheral neurons, smooth muscle cells, acinar cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A tetradecapeptide originally obtained from the skins of toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata. It is also an endogenous neurotransmitter in many animals including mammals. Bombesin affects vascular and other smooth muscle, gastric secretion, and renal circulation and function.

Proteins synthesized by organisms belonging to the phylum ARTHROPODA. Included in this heading are proteins from the subdivisions ARACHNIDA; CRUSTACEA; and HORSESHOE CRABS. Note that a separate heading for INSECT PROTEINS is listed under this heading.

Cell surface proteins that bind TACHYKININS with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Three classes of tachykinin receptors have been characterized, the NK-1; NK-2; and NK-3; which prefer, respectively, SUBSTANCE P; NEUROKININ A; and NEUROKININ B.

One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.

A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.

Hormones secreted by insects. They influence their growth and development. Also synthetic substances that act like insect hormones.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.

A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Cell surface proteins that bind neuropeptide Y with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.

Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.

A serine endopeptidase that has specificity for cleavage at ARGININE. It cleaves a variety of prohormones including PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN, proluteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone, proenkephalins, prodynorphin, and PROINSULIN.

One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.

A genus of dextrally coiled freshwater snails that includes some species of importance as intermediate hosts of parasitic flukes.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.

Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.

Enzyme that is a major constituent of kidney brush-border membranes and is also present to a lesser degree in the brain and other tissues. It preferentially catalyzes cleavage at the amino group of hydrophobic residues of the B-chain of insulin as well as opioid peptides and other biologically active peptides. The enzyme is inhibited primarily by EDTA, phosphoramidon, and thiorphan and is reactivated by zinc. Neprilysin is identical to common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA Antigen), an important marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia. There is no relationship with CALLA PLANT.

A ZINC-containing exopeptidase primarily found in SECRETORY VESICLES of endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. It catalyzes the cleavage of C-terminal ARGININE or LYSINE residues from polypeptides and is active in processing precursors of PEPTIDE HORMONES and other bioactive peptides.

Vesicles derived from the GOLGI APPARATUS containing material to be released at the cell surface.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.

Specialized NEURONS that produce hormones, such as NEUROPEPTIDES or BIOGENIC AMINES. They generally are in the NERVOUS SYSTEM, such as HYPOTHALAMUS, but can be found in other organs or systems. These neurons contain dense neurosecretory granules and PROPROTEIN CONVERTASES allowing the rapidly release of NEUROHORMONES into the blood circulation upon stimulation.

These enzymes catalyze the elimination of ammonia from amidines with the formation of a double bond. EC 4.3.2.

A pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor subtype that binds both PACAP and VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE. It is found predominately in the BRAIN.

Cell surface proteins that bind VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE; (VIP); with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.

Neuropeptides of about 40 amino acids which are structurally similar to CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR. Unlike CRF acting primarily through type 1 CRF RECEPTORS, urocortins signal preferentially through type 2 CRF receptors. Urocortins have wide tissue distribution from fish to mammals, and diverse functions. In mammals, urocortins can suppress food intake, delays gastric emptying, and decreases heat-induced edema.

A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.

A class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins that prefers neurokinin A; (NKA, substance K, neurokinin alpha, neuromedin L), neuropeptide K; (NPK); or neuropeptide gamma over other tachykinins. Neurokinin-2 (NK-2) receptors have been cloned and are similar to other G-protein coupled receptors.

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.

Nerves and plexuses of the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system structures which regulate the autonomic nervous system are not included.

Cell surface proteins that bind catecholamines with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The catecholamine messengers epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are synthesized from tyrosine by a common biosynthetic pathway.

Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of NEUROKININ-1 RECEPTORS.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A 13-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, the N-terminal segment of ACTH. ACTH (1-13) is amidated at the C-terminal to form ACTH (1-13)NH2 which in turn is acetylated to form alpha-MSH in the secretory granules. Alpha-MSH stimulates the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates.

The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the ENKEPHALINS, the DYNORPHINS, and the ENDORPHINS. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN, respectively. There are also at least three classes of OPIOID RECEPTORS, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way.

Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.

A pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor subtype found in LYMPHOCYTES. It binds both PACAP and VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE and regulates immune responses.

A species of parasitic nematode usually found in domestic pigs and a few other animals. Human infection can also occur, presumably as result of handling pig manure, and can lead to intestinal obstruction.

Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, BLATTELLIDAE, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach PERIPLANETA americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae.

The consumption of edible substances.

Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Physiologic mechanisms which regulate or control the appetite and food intake.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A CALCIUM-dependent endopeptidase that has specificity for cleavage at ARGININE that is near paired basic residues. It cleaves a variety of prohormones including PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN; PRORENIN; proenkephalins; prodynorphin; prosomatostatin; and PROINSULIN.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.

The blood/lymphlike nutrient fluid of some invertebrates.

Area in the hypothalamus bounded medially by the mammillothalamic tract and the anterior column of the FORNIX (BRAIN). The medial edge of the INTERNAL CAPSULE and the subthalamic region form its lateral boundary. It contains the lateral hypothalamic nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, lateral tuberal nuclei, and fibers of the MEDIAL FOREBRAIN BUNDLE.

Peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. By stimulating the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in these pigmented cells, they increase coloration of skin and other tissue. MSHs, derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), are produced by MELANOTROPHS in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY; CORTICOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY, and the hypothalamic neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS.

Rapidly decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after administration of a few doses. In immunology, it is the rapid immunization against the effect of toxic doses of an extract or serum by previous injection of small doses. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.

A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

Carrier proteins for OXYTOCIN and VASOPRESSIN. They are polypeptides of about 10-kDa, synthesized in the HYPOTHALAMUS. Neurophysin I is associated with oxytocin and neurophysin II is associated with vasopressin in their respective precursors and during transportation down the axons to the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).

The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)

HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

A thioester hydrolase which acts on esters formed between thiols such as DITHIOTHREITOL or GLUTATHIONE and the C-terminal glycine residue of UBIQUITIN.

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number two carbon, in contrast to INDOLES which have the nitrogen adjacent to the six-membered ring.

A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from KALLIDIN in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from MAST CELLS during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.

Cell surface proteins that bind corticotropin-releasing hormone with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The corticotropin releasing-hormone receptors on anterior pituitary cells mediate the stimulation of corticotropin release by hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor. The physiological consequence of activating corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors on central neurons is not well understood.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Since many pituitary hormones are also released by neurons as neurotransmitters, these receptors are also found in the nervous system.

A class in the phylum CNIDARIA which alternates between polyp and medusa forms during their life cycle. There are over 2700 species in five orders.

A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that share significant homology with GLUCAGON RECEPTORS. They bind PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes that influence the behavior of CELLS.

A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.

Injections into the cerebral ventricles.

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.

Insoluble polymers of TYROSINE derivatives found in and causing darkness in skin (SKIN PIGMENTATION), hair, and feathers providing protection against SUNBURN induced by SUNLIGHT. CAROTENES contribute yellow and red coloration.

Steroids that bring about MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysteroids include the endogenous insect hormones (ECDYSONE and ECDYSTERONE) and the insect-molting hormones found in plants, the phytoecdysteroids. Phytoecdysteroids are natural insecticides.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Agents that are used to stimulate appetite. These drugs are frequently used to treat anorexia associated with cancer and AIDS.

Cell surface proteins that bind CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. CGRP receptors are present in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the periphery. They are formed via the heterodimerization of the CALCITONIN RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN and RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 1.

Characteristic properties and processes of the NERVOUS SYSTEM as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.

The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

A group of acidic proteins that are major components of SECRETORY GRANULES in the endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. They play important roles in the aggregation, packaging, sorting, and processing of secretory protein prior to secretion. They are cleaved to release biologically active peptides. There are various types of granins, usually classified by their sources.

The production and release of substances such as NEUROTRANSMITTERS or HORMONES from nerve cells.

Echinoderms having bodies of usually five radially disposed arms coalescing at the center.

An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.

A tripeptide that stimulates the release of THYROTROPIN and PROLACTIN. It is synthesized by the neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, TRH (was called TRF) stimulates the release of TSH and PRL from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

Slender tubular or hairlike excretory structures found in insects. They emerge from the alimentary canal between the mesenteron (midgut) and the proctodeum (hindgut).

Plant-eating orthopterans having hindlegs adapted for jumping. There are two main families: Acrididae and Romaleidae. Some of the more common genera are: Melanoplus, the most common grasshopper; Conocephalus, the eastern meadow grasshopper; and Pterophylla, the true katydid.

Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Cell surface receptors that bind signalling molecules released by neurons and convert these signals into intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act to regulate ion channels, but also those which act on second messenger systems and those which may act at a distance from their release sites. Included are receptors for neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not located at synapses.

Neural tissue of the pituitary gland, also known as the neurohypophysis. It consists of the distal AXONS of neurons that produce VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN in the SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS and the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS. These axons travel down through the MEDIAN EMINENCE, the hypothalamic infundibulum of the PITUITARY STALK, to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.

A type of chromogranin which was initially characterized in a rat PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CELL LINE. It is found in many species including human, rat, mouse, and others. It is an acidic protein with 626 to 657 amino acid residues. In some species, it inhibits secretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE or INSULIN and exerts bacteriolytic effects in others.

A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)

A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)

A class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins that prefers neurokinin B (neurokinin beta, neuromedin K) over other tachykinins. Neurokinin-3 (NK-3) receptors have been cloned and are members of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. They have been found in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues.

A 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTORS. Ghrelin is widely expressed but primarily in the stomach in the adults. Ghrelin acts centrally to stimulate growth hormone secretion and food intake, and peripherally to regulate energy homeostasis. Its large precursor protein, known as appetite-regulating hormone or motilin-related peptide, contains ghrelin and obestatin.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Differentiated tissue of the central nervous system composed of NERVE CELLS, fibers, DENDRITES, and specialized supporting cells.

The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.

A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.

Cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Sigma receptors bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known.

A family of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES isolated from Bacillus subtilis. EC 3.4.21.-

An ovoid densely packed collection of small cells of the anterior hypothalamus lying close to the midline in a shallow impression of the OPTIC CHIASM.

Agents causing contraction of the pupil of the eye. Some sources use the term miotics only for the parasympathomimetics but any drug used to induce miosis is included here.

Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Small, nonspecific nerve cells scattered in the periventricular GRAY MATTER, separating the medial part of the thalamus from the EPENDYMA of the THIRD VENTRICLE. The group includes the paraventricular nucleus, paratenial nucleus, reuniens nucleus, rhomboidal nucleus, and subfascular nucleus.

Proteolytic enzymes that are involved in the conversion of protein precursors such as peptide prohormones into PEPTIDE HORMONES. Some are ENDOPEPTIDASES, some are EXOPEPTIDASES.

Family of large marine CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA. These are called clawed lobsters because they bear pincers on the first three pairs of legs. The American lobster and Cape lobster in the genus Homarus are commonly used for food.

A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.

A series of sequential intracellular steps involved in the transport of proteins (such as hormones and enzymes) from the site of synthesis to outside the cell. The pathway involves membrane-bound compartments through which the newly synthesized proteins undergo POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, packaging, storage, or transportation to the PLASMA MEMBRANE for secretion.

Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

Proteins found in any species of insect.

A large subphylum of mostly marine ARTHROPODS containing over 42,000 species. They include familiar arthropods such as lobsters (NEPHROPIDAE), crabs (BRACHYURA), shrimp (PENAEIDAE), and barnacles (THORACICA).

Cell surface receptors for obesity factor (LEPTIN), a hormone secreted by the WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Upon leptin-receptor interaction, the signal is mediated through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway to regulate food intake, energy balance and fat storage.

NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.

A 36-amino acid pancreatic hormone that is secreted mainly by endocrine cells found at the periphery of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS and adjacent to cells containing SOMATOSTATIN and GLUCAGON. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), when administered peripherally, can suppress gastric secretion, gastric emptying, pancreatic enzyme secretion, and appetite. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) has been associated with OBESITY in rats and mice.

A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).

ENDOPEPTIDASES which use a metal such as ZINC in the catalytic mechanism.

Widely distributed enzymes that carry out oxidation-reduction reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic substrate; the other oxygen atom is reduced and combined with hydrogen ions to form water. They are also known as monooxygenases or hydroxylases. These reactions require two substrates as reductants for each of the two oxygen atoms. There are different classes of monooxygenases depending on the type of hydrogen-providing cosubstrate (COENZYMES) required in the mixed-function oxidation.

The delivery of a drug into a fluid-filled cavity of the brain.

Mrj encodes a DnaJ-related co-chaperone that is essential for murine placental development. (1/5789)

We have identified a novel gene in a gene trap screen that encodes a protein related to the DnaJ co-chaperone in E. coli. The gene, named Mrj (mammalian relative of DnaJ) was expressed throughout development in both the embryo and placenta. Within the placenta, expression was particularly high in trophoblast giant cells but moderate levels were also observed in trophoblast cells of the chorion at embryonic day 8.5, and later in the labyrinth which arises from the attachment of the chorion to the allantois (a process called chorioallantoic fusion). Insertion of the ROSAbetageo gene trap vector into the Mrj gene created a null allele. Homozygous Mrj mutants died at mid-gestation due to a failure of chorioallantoic fusion at embryonic day 8.5, which precluded formation of the mature placenta. At embryonic day 8.5, the chorion in mutants was morphologically normal and expressed the cell adhesion molecule beta4 integrin that is known to be required for chorioallantoic fusion. However, expression of the chorionic trophoblast-specific transcription factor genes Err2 and Gcm1 was significantly reduced. The mutants showed no abnormal phenotypes in other trophoblast cell types or in the embryo proper. This study indicates a previously unsuspected role for chaperone proteins in placental development and represents the first genetic analysis of DnaJ-related protein function in higher eukaryotes. Based on a survey of EST databases representing different mouse tissues and embryonic stages, there are 40 or more DnaJ-related genes in mammals. In addition to Mrj, at least two of these genes are also expressed in the developing mouse placenta. The specificity of the developmental defect in Mrj mutants suggests that each of these genes may have unique tissue and cellular activities. (+info)

Regulation of body length and male tail ray pattern formation of Caenorhabditis elegans by a member of TGF-beta family. (2/5789)

We have identified a new member of the TGF-beta superfamily, CET-1, from Caenorhabditis elegans, which is expressed in the ventral nerve cord and other neurons. cet-1 null mutants have shortened bodies and male tail abnormal phenotype resembling sma mutants, suggesting cet-1, sma-2, sma-3 and sma-4 share a common pathway. Overexpression experiments demonstrated that cet-1 function requires wild-type sma genes. Interestingly, CET-1 appears to affect body length in a dose-dependent manner. Heterozygotes for cet-1 displayed body lengths ranging between null mutant and wild type, and overexpression of CET-1 in wild-type worms elongated body length close to lon mutants. In male sensory ray patterning, lack of cet-1 function results in ray fusions. Epistasis analysis revealed that mab-21 lies downstream and is negatively regulated by the cet-1/sma pathway in the male tail. Our results show that cet-1 controls diverse biological processes during C. elegans development probably through different target genes. (+info)

Identification of APC2, a homologue of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumour suppressor. (3/5789)

The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumour-suppressor protein controls the Wnt signalling pathway by forming a complex with glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta), axin/conductin and betacatenin. Complex formation induces the rapid degradation of betacatenin. In colon carcinoma cells, loss of APC leads to the accumulation of betacatenin in the nucleus, where it binds to and activates the Tcf-4 transcription factor (reviewed in [1] [2]). Here, we report the identification and genomic structure of APC homologues. Mammalian APC2, which closely resembles APC in overall domain structure, was functionally analyzed and shown to contain two SAMP domains, both of which are required for binding to conductin. Like APC, APC2 regulates the formation of active betacatenin-Tcf complexes, as demonstrated using transient transcriptional activation assays in APC -/- colon carcinoma cells. Human APC2 maps to chromosome 19p13.3. APC and APC2 may therefore have comparable functions in development and cancer. (+info)

Deletion analysis of the Drosophila Inscuteable protein reveals domains for cortical localization and asymmetric localization. (4/5789)

The Drosophila Inscuteable protein acts as a key regulator of asymmetric cell division during the development of the nervous system [1] [2]. In neuroblasts, Inscuteable localizes into an apical cortical crescent during late interphase and most of mitosis. During mitosis, Inscuteable is required for the correct apical-basal orientation of the mitotic spindle and for the asymmetric segregation of the proteins Numb [3] [4] [5], Prospero [5] [6] [7] and Miranda [8] [9] into the basal daughter cell. When Inscuteable is ectopically expressed in epidermal cells, which normally orient their mitotic spindle parallel to the embryo surface, these cells reorient their mitotic spindle and divide perpendicularly to the surface [1]. Like the Inscuteable protein, the inscuteable RNA is asymmetrically localized [10]. We show here that inscuteable RNA localization is not required for Inscuteable protein localization. We found that a central 364 amino acid domain - the Inscuteable asymmetry domain - was necessary and sufficient for Inscuteable localization and function. Within this domain, a separate 100 amino acid region was required for asymmetric localization along the cortex, whereas a 158 amino acid region directed localization to the cell cortex. The same 158 amino acid fragment could localize asymmetrically when coexpressed with the full-length protein, however, and could bind to Inscuteable in vitro, suggesting that this domain may be involved in the self-association of Inscuteable in vivo. (+info)

Differential expression of the mRNA for the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 in cells of the adult rat dorsal root and nodose ganglia and its downregulation by axotomy. (5/5789)

Sensitivity to the pungent vanilloid, capsaicin, defines a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons that are mainly polymodal nociceptors. The recently cloned vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1) is activated by capsaicin and noxious heat. Using combined in situ hybridization and histochemical methods, we have characterized in sensory ganglia the expression of VR1 mRNA. We show that this receptor is almost exclusively expressed by neurofilament-negative small- and medium-sized dorsal root ganglion cells. Within this population, VR1 mRNA is detected at widely varying levels in both the NGF receptor (trkA)-positive, peptide-producing cells that elicit neurogenic inflammation and the functionally less characterized glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-responsive cells that bind lectin Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 (IB4). Cells without detectable levels of VR1 mRNA are found in both classes. A subpopulation of the IB4-binding cells that produce somatostatin has relatively low levels of VR1 mRNA. A previously uncharacterized population of very small cells that express the receptor tyrosine kinase (RET) and that do not label for trkA or IB4-binding has the highest relative levels of VR1 mRNA. The majority of small visceral sensory neurons of the nodose ganglion also express VR1 mRNA, in conjunction with the BDNF receptor trkB but not trkA. Axotomy results in the downregulation of VR1 mRNA in dorsal root ganglion cells. Our data emphasize the heterogeneity of VR1 mRNA expression by subclasses of small sensory neurons, and this may result in their differential sensitivity to chemical and noxious heat stimuli. Our results also indicate that peripherally derived trophic factors may regulate levels of VR1 mRNA. (+info)

Reproducibility studies with 11C-DTBZ, a monoamine vesicular transporter inhibitor in healthy human subjects. (6/5789)

The reproducibility of (+/-)-alpha-[11C] dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) measures in PET was studied in 10 healthy human subjects, aged 22-76 y. METHODS: The scan-to-scan variation of several measures used in PET data analysis was determined, including the radioactivity ratio (target-to-reference), plasma-input Logan total distribution volume (DV), plasma-input Logan Bmax/Kd and tissue-input Logan Bmax/Kd values. RESULTS: The radioactivity ratios, plasma-input Bmax/Kd and tissue-input Bmax/Kd all have higher reliability than plasma-input total DV values. In addition, measures using the occipital cortex as the reference region have higher reliability than the same measures using the cerebellum as the reference region. CONCLUSION: Our results show that DTBZ is a reliable PET tracer that provides reproducible in vivo measurement of striatal vesicular monoamine transporter density. In the selection of reference regions for DTBZ PET data analysis, caution must be exercised in circumstances when DTBZ binding in the occipital cortex or the cerebellum may be altered. (+info)

Interaction of NE-dlg/SAP102, a neuronal and endocrine tissue-specific membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein, with calmodulin and PSD-95/SAP90. A possible regulatory role in molecular clustering at synaptic sites. (7/5789)

NE-dlg/SAP102, a neuronal and endocrine tissue-specific membrane-associated guanylate kinase family protein, is known to bind to C-terminal ends of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B (NR2B) through its PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) domains. NE-dlg/SAP102 and NR2B colocalize at synaptic sites in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, and their expressions increase in parallel with the onset of synaptogenesis. We have identified that NE-dlg/SAP102 interacts with calmodulin in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The binding site for calmodulin has been determined to lie at the putative basic alpha-helix region located around the src homology 3 (SH3) domain of NE-dlg/SAP102. Using a surface plasmon resonance measurement system, we detected specific binding of recombinant NE-dlg/SAP102 to the immobilized calmodulin with a Kd value of 44 nM. However, the binding of Ca2+/calmodulin to NE-dlg/SAP102 did not modulate the interaction between PDZ domains of NE-dlg/SAP102 and the C-terminal end of rat NR2B. We have also identified that the region near the calmodulin binding site of NE-dlg/SAP102 interacts with the GUK-like domain of PSD-95/SAP90 by two-hybrid screening. Pull down assay revealed that NE-dlg/SAP102 can interact with PSD-95/SAP90 in the presence of both Ca2+ and calmodulin. These findings suggest that the Ca2+/calmodulin modulates interaction of neuronal membrane-associated guanylate kinase proteins and regulates clustering of neurotransmitter receptors at central synapses. (+info)

Actions of a pair of identified cerebral-buccal interneurons (CBI-8/9) in Aplysia that contain the peptide myomodulin. (8/5789)

A combination of biocytin back-fills of the cerebral-buccal connectives and immunocytochemistry of the cerebral ganglion demonstrated that of the 13 bilateral pairs of cerebral-buccal interneurons in the cerebral ganglion, a subpopulation of 3 are immunopositive for the peptide myomodulin. The present paper describes the properties of two of these cells, which we have termed CBI-8 and CBI-9. CBI-8 and CBI-9 were found to be dye coupled and electrically coupled. The cells have virtually identical properties, and consequently we consider them to be "twin" pairs and refer to them as CBI-8/9. CBI-8/9 were identified by electrophysiological criteria and then labeled with dye. Labeled cells were found to be immunopositive for myomodulin, and, using high pressure liquid chromatography, the cells were shown to contain authentic myomodulin. CBI-8/9 were found to receive synaptic input after mechanical stimulation of the tentacles. They also received excitatory input from C-PR, a neuron involved in neck lengthening, and received a slow inhibitory input from CC5, a cell involved in neck shortening, suggesting that CBI-8/9 may be active during forward movements of the head or buccal mass. Firing of CBI-8 or CBI-9 resulted in the activation of a relatively small number of buccal neurons as evidenced by extracellular recordings from buccal nerves. Firing also produced local movements of the buccal mass, in particular a strong contraction of the I7 muscle, which mediates radula opening. CBI-8/9 were found to produce a slow depolarization and rhythmic activity of B48, the motor neuron for the I7 muscle. The data provide continuing evidence that the small population of cerebral buccal interneurons is composed of neurons that are highly diverse in their functional roles. CBI-8/9 may function as a type of premotor neuron, or perhaps as a peptidergic modulatory neuron, the functions of which are dependent on the coactivity of other neurons. (+info)

Neurogenic inflammation is often characterized by a heightened immune response, increased production of cytokines, and activation of immune cells such as macrophages and microglia. This condition can lead to a range of symptoms including pain, swelling, redness, and loss of function in the affected area.

Neurogenic inflammation can be difficult to diagnose as it can mimic other conditions such as infection or autoimmune disorders. Treatment options for neurogenic inflammation vary depending on the underlying cause but may include immunosuppressive medications, anti-inflammatory drugs, and therapies aimed at reducing nerve damage and promoting healing.

In summary, neurogenic inflammation is a complex condition that can result from various forms of nervous system damage or injury. It is characterized by an exaggerated immune response, increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and activation of immune cells. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent further nerve damage and promote healing.

Definition: Hyperphagia is a condition characterized by excessive hunger and overeating, often seen in individuals with certain medical or psychiatric conditions.

More Information

Hyperphagia can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Hormonal imbalances, such as low levels of leptin or high levels of ghrelin
* Certain medications, such as steroids and some antidepressants
* Medical conditions, such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
* Psychiatric conditions, such as binge eating disorder and other eating disorders
* Sleep deprivation or disruptions in the body's circadian rhythms

Symptoms of hyperphagia may include:

* Increased hunger and desire to eat
* Overeating or consuming large amounts of food
* Difficulty controlling food intake
* Feeling anxious or irritable when unable to eat
* Weight gain or obesity

Treatment for hyperphagia typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as hormonal imbalances or psychiatric conditions. This may involve medication, therapy, or lifestyle changes. In some cases, weight loss strategies and nutrition counseling may also be helpful.

It is important to note that hyperphagia can have serious health consequences, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. If you suspect you or someone you know may be experiencing hyperphagia, it is important to seek medical attention to determine the cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

There are several types of narcolepsy, including:

* Type 1 narcolepsy: This is the most common form of the disorder, and it is characterized by the presence of cataplexy and low levels of hypocretin-1, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
* Type 2 narcolepsy: This form of narcolepsy is similar to type 1, but it does not involve cataplexy. Instead, people with type 2 narcolepsy may experience other symptoms such as memory loss, anxiety, and depression.
* Narcolepsy with cataplexy: This is a subtype of type 1 narcolepsy that is characterized by the presence of both cataplexy and low levels of hypocretin-1.
* Narcolepsy without cataplexy: This is a subtype of type 2 narcolepsy that is characterized by the absence of cataplexy and low levels of hypocretin-1.

There is no cure for narcolepsy, but medications such as stimulants, modafinil, and sodium oxybate can help manage symptoms. Behavioral interventions such as scheduled napping and exercise can also be helpful in managing the disorder.

1. Tracheitis: This is an inflammation of the trachea that can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, allergies, or other factors. Symptoms may include coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.
2. Tracheal tumors: These are abnormal growths that can develop in the trachea, either benign or malignant. Symptoms may include a persistent cough, difficulty swallowing, and shortness of breath.
3. Tracheal narrowing (tracheal stenosis): This is a condition where the trachea becomes narrowed due to scarring or other factors, making it harder for air to pass through. Symptoms may include wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
4. Tracheomalacia: This is a condition where the walls of the trachea become weakened and collapse, causing difficulty breathing and other symptoms.
5. Bronchiectasis: This is a condition where the airways are damaged and widened, leading to the accumulation of mucus and other debris. Symptoms may include coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.
6. Tracheobronchial disorders: These are conditions that affect both the trachea and bronchi, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis. Symptoms may include wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing.

These are just a few examples of tracheal diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the trachea as well. Treatment for these diseases may vary depending on the specific condition and severity of symptoms, but may include medications, respiratory therapy, or surgery in some cases.

Neuropeptides Journal Neuropeptides reference website (a comprehensive neuropeptide database) Neuropeptides eBook series ... Expression of neuropeptides in the nervous system is diverse. Neuropeptides are often co-released with other neuropeptides and ... Neuropeptides are often co-released with other neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in a single neuron, yielding a multitude of ... Once released, neuropeptides can diffuse widely to affect a broad range of targets. Neuropeptides are synthesized from large, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide

NPFF Neuropeptide FF (FLFQPQRFa) is a mammalian amidated neuropeptide originally isolated from bovine brain and characterized ... Panula P, Aarnisalo AA, Wasowicz K (1996). "Neuropeptide FF, a mammalian neuropeptide with multiple functions". Progress in ... "Entrez Gene: NPFF neuropeptide FF-amide peptide precursor". Waqas SF, Hoang AC, Lin YT, Ampem G, Azegrouz H, Balogh L, Thuróczy ... In humans, Neuropeptide FF peptides are encoded by the NPFF gene. Two genes encoding two different receptors (NPFF1 and NPFF2) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF

... (also known as neurokinin K), is a protein encoded by the TAC1 gene. It is an elongated derivative of the N- ... Like neurokinin A, neuropeptide K has been localized to sensory neurons and likely plays a role in regulating sensation. While ... In contrast with rat and cow brains, the human brain contains larger amounts of neuropeptide K. Dornan WA, Vink KL, Malen P, ... Takeda, Y; Krause, JE (Jan 1989). "Neuropeptide K potently stimulates salivary gland secretion and potentiates substance P- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_K

... or preprotein L8 is a short human neuropeptide. Neuropeptide W acts as a ligand for two neuropeptide B/W ... There are two forms of neuropeptide W whose precursor is encoded by NPW gene. The 23-amino-acid form (neuropeptide W-23) is the ... "Neuropeptide W/neuropeptide B receptors , G protein-coupled receptors , IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY". www. ... Retrieved 26 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) "Neuropeptide W/neuropeptide B receptors , G protein- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_W

A neuropeptide receptor is a type of peptide receptor which binds one or more neuropeptides. An example is the μ-opioid ... Neurotransmitter receptor Neuropeptide+receptor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e v ... t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Neuropeptides, Receptors, All stub articles, Membrane ... receptor, which binds to and is activated by the neuropeptide β-endorphin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_receptor

... is a short biologically active peptide whose precursor in humans is encoded by the NBP gene. Neuropeptide B acts ... Neuropeptide B is thought to be associated with the regulation of feeding, neuroendocrine system, memory, learning and in the ... Hondo M, Ishii M, Sakurai T (2008). "The NPB/NPW neuropeptide system and its role in regulating energy homeostasis, pain, and ... Uniprot: Neuropeptide B precursor Portal: Biology (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_B

... the common fruit fly has a neuropeptide that is similar to NPY, known as neuropeptide F. The levels of neuropeptide F are ... Neuropeptide Y is expressed in interneurons. NPY exerts most of its effects through Neuropeptide Y receptors, mainly Y1, Y2, Y4 ... Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino-acid neuropeptide that is involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in ... King PJ, Widdowson PS, Doods HN, Williams G (August 1999). "Regulation of neuropeptide Y release by neuropeptide Y receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y

... (NPS) is a neuropeptide found in human and mammalian brain, mainly produced by neurons in the amygdala and ... "Neuropeptide S: a neuropeptide promoting arousal and anxiolytic-like effects". Neuron. 43 (4): 487-97. doi:10.1016/j.neuron. ... "In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of the neuropeptide s receptor antagonist [D-Cys(tBu)5]neuropeptide S". ... "Distribution of neuropeptide S receptor mRNA and neurochemical characteristics of neuropeptide S-expressing neurons in the rat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_S

Cortistatin is a neuropeptide with strong structural similarity to somatostatin (both peptides belong to the same family). It ... Cortistatin (or more specifically cortistatin-17) is a neuropeptide that is expressed in inhibitory neurons of the cerebral ... "Entrez Gene: CORT cortistatin". Spier AD, de Lecea L (2001). "Cortistatin: a member of the somatostatin neuropeptide family ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 1, Neuropeptides, All ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortistatin_(neuropeptide)

... , also known as pro-FMRFamide-related neuropeptide VF or RFamide-related peptide precursor, is a ... The propeptide is cleaved to form three other peptides, which are: Neuropeptide SF (NPSF) (RFRP-1) - agonist of the NPFF1 and ... Similarly to the avian GnIH neuropeptide, NPSF and NPVF have been found to potently inhibit gonadotropin secretion. Moreover, a ... Neuropeptide FF FMRFamide Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone Gonadotropin release inhibitor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_VF_precursor

Neuropeptide B/W receptor NPBWR1 NPBWR2 Neuropeptide FF receptor NPFFR1 NPFFR2 Neuropeptide S receptor NPSR1 Neuropeptide Y ... GPCR neuropeptide receptors are G-protein coupled receptors which bind various neuropeptides. Members include: ... International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.[permanent dead link] Neuropeptide+Receptor at the US National Library ... Larhammar D, Salaneck E (2004). "Molecular evolution of NPY receptor subtypes". Neuropeptides. 38 (4): 141-51. doi:10.1016/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPCR_neuropeptide_receptor

There are five known mammalian neuropeptide Y receptors designated Y1 through Y5. Four neuropeptide Y receptors each encoded by ... Neuropeptide Y receptors are a family of receptors belonging to class A G-protein coupled receptors and they are activated by ... Neuropeptide+Y+Receptor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e (Protein pages needing a ... Activated neuropeptide receptors release the Gi subunit from the heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gi subunit in turn ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor

Neuropeptide AF Neuropeptide FF Neuropeptide SF (RFRP-1) Neuropeptide VF (RFRP-3) BIBP-3226 (mixed NPFF1 / NPY1 antagonist) RF- ... neuropeptide+FF+receptor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e (Protein pages needing a ... The Neuropeptide FF receptor family is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily containing two subtypes, NPFF1 ... Fang Q, Guo J, He F, Peng YL, Chang M, Wang R (September 2006). "In vivo inhibition of neuropeptide FF agonism by BIBP3226, an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor

"Neuropeptide S: a neuropeptide promoting arousal and anxiolytic-like effects". Neuron. 43 (4): 487-97. doi:10.1016/j.neuron. ... "Neuropeptide S: a neuropeptide promoting arousal and anxiolytic-like effects". Neuron. 43 (4): 487-97. doi:10.1016/j.neuron. ... "Entrez Gene: NPSR1 neuropeptide S receptor 1". Xu YL, Reinscheid RK, Huitron-Resendiz S, Clark SD, Wang Z, Lin SH, Brucher FA, ... The neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR) is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily of integral membrane proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_S_receptor

Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 (Y2R) is a member of the neuropeptide Y receptor family of G-protein coupled receptors, that in ... Neuropeptide Y (endogenous agonist, non subtype selective) Neuropeptide Y fragment 13-36 (NPY2 selective agonist) Peptide YY ... Uddman R, Möller S, Nilsson T, Nyström S, Ekstrand J, Edvinsson L (May 2002). "Neuropeptide Y Y1 and neuropeptide Y Y2 ... "Entrez Gene: NPY2R neuropeptide Y receptor Y2". Murphy KG, Dhillo WS, Bloom SR (Dec 2006). "Gut peptides in the regulation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y2

... , also known as NPFF1 is a human protein, encoded by the NPFFR1 gene. Neuropeptide FF receptor GRCh38 ... "Entrez Gene: NPFFR1 neuropeptide FF receptor 1". Bonini JA, Jones KA, Adham N, et al. (2001). "Identification and ... "Neuropeptide FF Receptors: NPFF1". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... 2000). "New neuropeptides containing carboxy-terminal RFamide and their receptor in mammals". Nat. Cell Biol. 2 (10): 703-8. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_1

Neuropeptide Y receptor type 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPY5R gene. Neuropeptide Y (endogenous agonist, ... "Entrez Gene: NPY5R neuropeptide Y receptor Y5". Kakui N, Tanaka J, Tabata Y, Asai K, Masuda N, Miyara T, Nakatani Y, Ohsawa F, ... "Neuropeptide Y Receptors: Y5". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... Lutz CM, Richards JE, Scott KL, Sinha S, Yang-Feng TL, Frankel WN, Thompson DA (Dec 1997). "Neuropeptide Y receptor genes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y5

Neuropeptide Y1 bound to antagonist BMS-193835) 5ZBQ (Neuropeptide Y1 bound to antagonist UR-MK299) Neuropeptide Y receptor ... Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPY1R gene. Neuropeptide Y (endogenous agonist, ... Uddman R, Möller S, Nilsson T, Nyström S, Ekstrand J, Edvinsson L (May 2002). "Neuropeptide Y Y1 and neuropeptide Y Y2 ... "Entrez Gene: NPY1R neuropeptide Y receptor Y1". Yang Z, Han S, Keller M, Kaiser A, Bender BJ, Bosse M, Burkert K, Kögler LM, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y1

The pheromone biosynthesis activation neuropeptide (PBAN) is a neurohormone (member of the PBAN/pyrokinin neuropeptide family) ... However, the receptor of this neuropeptide has been already cloned. The receptor belongs to the G-protein coupled receptors, ... Rafaeli, Ada (2009). "Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN): Regulatory role and mode of action". General and ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pheromones, Neuropeptides). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromone_biosynthesis_activating_neuropeptide

... , also known as NPFF2 is a human protein encoded by the NPFFR2 gene. Neuropeptide FF receptor GRCh38 ... "Entrez Gene: NPFFR2 neuropeptide FF receptor 2". Cikos S, Gregor P, Koppel J (1999). "Sequence and tissue distribution of a ... "Neuropeptide FF Receptors: NPFF2". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... 2000). "Receptor for the pain modulatory neuropeptides FF and AF is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 275 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_2

Putative neuropeptide Y receptor type 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPY6R gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... "Entrez Gene: NPY6R neuropeptide Y receptor Y6 (pseudogene)". Rose PM, Lynch JS, Frazier ST, et al. (1997). "Molecular genetic ... Starbäck P, Wraith A, Eriksson H, Larhammar D (2000). "Neuropeptide Y receptor gene y6: multiple deaths or resurrections?". ... "Inactivation of a novel neuropeptide Y/peptide YY receptor gene in primate species". J Biol Chem. 271 (44): 27217-20. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y6

April 1985). "The analgesic and respiratory depressant actions of metorphamide in mice and rabbits". Neuropeptides. 6 (2): 121- ... Neuropeptides. 5 (4-6): 517-20. doi:10.1016/0143-4179(85)90068-X. PMID 2860609. S2CID 11442343. Xu SF; Lu WX; Zhou KR; et al. ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenorphin

Rodgers RJ, Ishii Y, Halford JC, Blundell JE (October 2002). "Orexins and appetite regulation". Neuropeptides. 36 (5): 303-25. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-334867

Jacobson LH, Hoyer D, de Lecea L (January 2022). "Hypocretins (orexins): The ultimate translational neuropeptides". J Intern ... Neuropeptides. 47 (6): 477-88. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.009. PMID 24215799. S2CID 6402764. Winrow CJ, Gotter AL, Cox CD, et ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filorexant

Neuropeptides. 41 (4): 239-47. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2007.03.001. PMID 17512052. S2CID 19443938. Mabuchi T, Matsumura S, Okuda- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTC-801

Tachykinins are a family of neuropeptides that share the same hydrophobic C-terminal region with the amino acid sequence Phe-X- ... Part I: ligands and mechanisms of cellular activation". Neuropeptides. 31 (6): 537-63. doi:10.1016/S0143-4179(97)90001-9. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1

Rotzinger S, Lovejoy DA, Tan LA (April 2010). "Behavioral effects of neuropeptides in rodent models of depression and anxiety ... Neuropeptides. 12 (4): 213-7. doi:10.1016/0143-4179(88)90057-1. PMID 2907121. S2CID 54378746. Caballero C, Celis ME (May 1993 ... as well as inhibiting release of other neuropeptides such as alpha-MSH, and potentiating melatonin activity. This complex mix ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocyte-inhibiting_factor

Runesson J, Saar I, Lundström L, Järv J, Langel U (2009). "A novel GalR2-specific peptide agonist". Neuropeptides. 43 (3): 187- ... Neuropeptides. 39 (3): 239-43. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2004.12.026. PMID 15944016. S2CID 32791271. Lu X, Ross B, Sanchez-Alavez M, ... Neuropeptides. 41 (5): 307-20. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2007.05.001. PMID 17637475. S2CID 25988178. Bulaj G, Green BR, Lee HK, ... Neuropeptides. 42 (4): 387-97. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2008.04.009. PMC 3399724. PMID 18554714. Mazarati A, Lundström L, Sollenberg ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galanin_receptor

Rehfeld, J.F. (1991). "Progastrin and its products in the cerebellum". Neuropeptides. 20 (4): 239-45. doi:10.1016/0143-4179(91) ... a neuropeptide which belongs to the bombesin/neuromedin B family and whose expression is important in the intestine and brain. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progastrin

Neuropeptides. 52: 31-37. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2015.06.006. PMID 26164378. S2CID 804877.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimace_scale

The neuropeptide FF (NPFF) system has been implicated in a number of physiological processes including modulating the ... The neuropeptide FF (NPFF) system has been implicated in a number of physiological processes including modulating the ... Discovery of novel proline-based neuropeptide FF receptor antagonists. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 8(10), 2290-2308. https://doi ...

https://www.rti.org/publication/discovery-novel-proline-based-neuropeptide-ff-receptor-antagonists

In a previously described chimeric peptide, we reported that the multifunctional opioid/neuropeptide FF (NPFF) receptor agonist ... and Biological Characterization of Cyclic Disulfide-Containing Peptide Analogs of the Multifunctional Opioid/Neuropeptide FF ... and Biological Characterization of Cyclic Disulfide-Containing Peptide Analogs of the Multifunctional Opioid/Neuropeptide FF ... and Biological Characterization of Cyclic Disulfide-Containing Peptide Analogs of the Multifunctional Opioid/Neuropeptide FF ...

https://www.iasp-pain.org/publications/pain-research-forum/papers-of-the-week/paper/156735-synthesis-and-biological-characterization-cyclic-disulfide-containing-peptide-analogs/

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a peptide neurotransmitter released by interneurons in the dentate gyrus, has important effects on mood, ... Neuropeptide Y stimulates neuronal precursor proliferation in the post-natal and adult dentate gyrus. Abstract. Adult dentate ... Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a peptide neurotransmitter released by interneurons in the dentate gyrus, has important effects on mood, ... Neuropeptide Y stimulates neuronal precursor proliferation in the post-natal and adult dentate gyrus ...

https://www.garvan.org.au/research/publications/1908

Neuropeptides control many physiological and endocrinological processes in animals, performing as. September 4, 2017. woofahs0 ... Neuropeptides control many physiological and endocrinological processes in animals, performing as. Home / Uncategorized / ... Neuropeptides control many physiological and endocrinological processes in animals, performing as neuroactive chemical ...

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Bobeck, E.N., Wardman J., Gomes, I., Devi, L.A. (2014). When BigLEN Met GPR171: A Tale of a Recently Deorphanized Neuropeptide/ ... When BigLEN Met GPR171: A Tale of a Recently Deorphanized Neuropeptide/Receptor System ...

https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/biology_facpub/1735/

... increased secretion of hypothalmic neuropeptide Y (NPY), and hypogonadism, and a causal relationship has been evoked. Severe ...

https://serval.unil.ch/en/notice/serval:BIB_B9B47E576B6C

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https://salondeshakti.de/tag/neuropeptide/

... of neuropeptide receptors. The evolutionary origins of at least 30 neuropeptide signalling systems have been traced to the ... Neuropeptides are a diverse class of neuronal signalling molecules that regulate physiological processes and behaviour in ... We are entering a new era in neuropeptide research where it has become feasible to compare the physiological roles of ... Furthermore, two rounds of genome duplication gave rise to an expanded repertoire of neuropeptide signalling systems in the ...

https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/69c0a6b2ca014807aa16e7f994910297

Methylmercury affects the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides that control body weight in C57BL/6J mice. / Ferrer, Beatriz ... In this study, we investigated if MeHg is able to induce changes in the expression of key hypothalamic neuropeptides that ... In this study, we investigated if MeHg is able to induce changes in the expression of key hypothalamic neuropeptides that ... In this study, we investigated if MeHg is able to induce changes in the expression of key hypothalamic neuropeptides that ...

https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/methylmercury-affects-the-expression-of-hypothalamic-neuropeptide

Neuropeptides et neuromédiateurs / cordinateur J. Epelbaum. Contributor(s): Epelbaum, J , Institut national de la santé et de ... édDescription: 306 pISBN: 2855986591Subject(s): Neuropeptides , NeurotransmittersNLM classification: WL 104 95NE ...

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Neuropeptides. 16 (1): 51-55. doi:10.1016/0143-4179(90)90029-X. PMID 2174522. S2CID 25646937.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proglumide

The cookie settings on this website are set to "allow cookies" to give you the best browsing experience possible. If you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click "Accept" below then you are consenting to this.. Close ...

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... Dr. Perricones Neuropeptide Deep Wrinkle Serum ($180) is for people who dont ... Neuropeptides to instantly relax lines and wrinkles and keep working to do that over time. ... As with all of the patented Perricone technology, Deep Wrinkle Neuropeptide Serum delivers long-lasting anti-aging benefits, ...

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The neuropeptide substance P regulates aldosterone secretion in human adrenals. 29 May 2020 ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/1771082a0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=a1e4dd0a-b26d-4919-84e9-4eff64150428

Grown Alchemist Regenerating Night Cream: Neuro-Peptide & Violet Leaf Extract

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Since prostaglandins, nociceptive neuropeptides, and inflammatory cytokines have critical roles in the development of aging as ... Aging exaggerates pulpal pain sensation by increasing the expression levels of nociceptive neuropeptides and inflammatory ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/odontologia/resource/pt/mdl-37406473

A D-amino acid-containing neuropeptide discovery funnel. Itamar Livnat, Hua Chia Tai, Erik T. Jansson, Lu Bai, Elena V. ... A D-amino acid-containing neuropeptide discovery funnel. / Livnat, Itamar; Tai, Hua Chia; Jansson, Erik T. et al. In: ... Advantages of the method, the D-amino acid-containing neuropeptide discovery funnel, are that it is capable of detecting the D- ... Advantages of the method, the D-amino acid-containing neuropeptide discovery funnel, are that it is capable of detecting the D- ...

https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/a-d-amino-acid-containing-neuropeptide-discovery-funnel

Neuropeptides / genetics * Neuropeptides / metabolism * RNA, Circular / genetics * RNA, Circular / metabolism* * Sepsis / ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34116030/

The orexin category of hypothalamic neuropeptides continues to be implicated in. * Post author By gasyblog ... The orexin category of hypothalamic neuropeptides continues to be implicated in reinforcement mechanisms highly relevant to ...

http://www.gasyblog.com/2019/01/20/the-orexin-category-of-hypothalamic-neuropeptides-continues-to-be-implicated-in/

Possible relationship between reboxetine and neuropeptide Y (NPY) signalling in neuron cell culture ...

https://avesis.acibadem.edu.tr/yayin/cfd4ae30-c476-452c-b66d-4c7fd81ce85a/possible-relationship-between-reboxetine-and-neuropeptide-y-npy-signalling-in-neuron-cell-culture

The neurotransmitter Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is released from sympathetic nerves in the bone marrow and has been shown to ... Journal Name: NEUROPEPTIDES * Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Animal Behavior ... Keywords: Neuropeptide Y, Hematopoietic stem cells, Quiescence, SELF-RENEWAL, NERVE INJURY, RECEPTOR, NPY, PROLIFERATION, ... Neuropeptide Y is involved in the regulation of quiescence of hematopoietic stem cells ...

https://avesis.hacettepe.edu.tr/publication/details/abb65bab-9e2f-439b-a163-e9cf6900b3c5/neuropeptide-y-is-involved-in-the-regulation-of-quiescence-of-hematopoietic-stem-cells

Though it is known that the FMRFaR is activated by a neuropeptide called FMRF, neurons that release FMRF and signals that ... Home » flying to the tune of a neuropeptide receptor exciting insights from fruit flies ... Flying To The Tune Of A Neuropeptide Receptor: "Exciting" Insights From Fruit Flies. ...

https://sciencetrends.com/flying-to-the-tune-of-a-neuropeptide-receptor-exciting-insights-from-fruit-flies/

Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) and colour polymorphism: an immunochemical study in Spodoptera littoralis ... Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) and color polymorphism: An immunochemical study in Spodoptera littoralis ... Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) and color polymorphism: An immunochemical study in Spodoptera littoralis ... Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) and color polymorphism: An immunochemical study in Spodoptera littoralis ...

https://volcaniarchive.agri.gov.il/skn/en/c6/e52279/Scientific_Publication/Pheromone_biosynthesis_activating_neuropeptide_PBA

1. Effects of dual neuropeptide treatment on the mechanical threshold. Fifty-six C57BL/6J mice and 56 neuropathic pain model ... To determine the antinociceptive effects of the combination of the two neuropeptide antagonists, the von Frey test and hot ... Antinociceptive medicines, including neuropeptide antagonists, generally exert a dose-dependent effect in alleviating pain. ... However, few studies have investigated the pain-alleviating effect of the combination of two or more neuropeptide antagonists. ...

https://www.epain.org/journal/view.html?uid=1721&vmd=Full

Do neuropeptides in the dorsal horn change if the dorsal root ganglion cell death that normally accompanies peripheral nerve ... Dive into the research topics of Do neuropeptides in the dorsal horn change if the dorsal root ganglion cell death that ...

https://researchexperts.utmb.edu/en/publications/do-neuropeptides-in-the-dorsal-horn-change-if-the-dorsal-root-gan/fingerprints/

Neuropeptide S reduces mouse aggressiveness in the resident/intruder test through selective activation of the neuropeptide S ... Neuropeptide S (NPS) regulates various biological functions by selectively activating the NPS receptor (NPSR). In particular ... Neuropeptide S (NPS) regulates various biological functions by selectively activating the NPS receptor (NPSR). In particular ...

https://iris.unife.it/handle/11392/2332379

This study clearly showed that Npy is a neuropeptide that links DR to longevity in mammals. However, Npy is not required for ... Neuropeptide Y Required for Calorie Restriction Benefits. Permalink No Comments Yet Add a Comment Posted by Reason ... In this study, we found that neuropeptide Y (Npy), which mediates physiological adaptations to energy deficits, is an essential ... in this case some of the mechanisms thought important to calorie restriction still function even without neuropeptide Y, the ...

https://www.fightaging.org/archives/2014/04/

Pubmed Data : Neuropeptides. 1987 Feb-Mar;9(2):113-22. PMID: 3033541 ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/content/immunosuppressive

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Neuronal Receptor Peptide Receptors Ligands NPFF Chemokine Expression Physiological Gene Role Search Page Things Study Secretion of neuropeptides Crustacean Receptor Inflammation Mechanisms Role Functions

Neuropeptides are a diverse class of neuronal signalling molecules that regulate physiological processes and behaviour in animals. (scilifelab.se)
Research in this laboratory focuses on the regulation of biosynthesis, processing, intracellular trafficking, and secretion of neuropeptides and peptide hormones in neuronal and endocrine cells with an emphasis on the cellular organization of these biological processes. (nih.gov)

Synthesis and Biological Characterization of Cyclic Disulfide-Containing Peptide Analogs of the Multifunctional Opioid/Neuropeptide FF Receptor Agonists That Produce Long-Lasting and Nontolerant Antinociception. (iasp-pain.org)
In a previously described chimeric peptide, we reported that the multifunctional opioid/neuropeptide FF (NPFF) receptor agonist (BN-9) produced antinociception for 1.5 h after supraspinal administration. (iasp-pain.org)
Neuropeptide S receptor 1 is a nonhormonal treatment target in endometriosis. (ox.ac.uk)
We sequenced DNA from 32 human families contributing to a genetic linkage signal on chromosome 7p13-15 and observed significant overrepresentation of predicted deleterious low-frequency coding variants in NPSR1, the gene encoding neuropeptide S receptor 1, in cases (predominantly stage III/IV) versus controls (P = 7.8 × 10-4). (ox.ac.uk)
10. Neuropeptide substance P upregulates chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in primary mouse neutrophils. (nih.gov)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a peptide neurotransmitter released by interneurons in the dentate gyrus, has important effects on mood, anxiety-related behaviour and learning and memory. (garvan.org.au)
MeHg induced the expression of the anorexigenic neuropeptide pro-omiomelanocortin (Pomc) and the orexigenic peptide Agoutirelated peptide (Agrp) in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting deregulation of mechanisms that control body weight. (elsevier.com)
Neuropeptides and peptide hormones are synthesized from larger multivalent precursors, and the biosynthesis may be regulated at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional (RNA splicing), translational, or post-translational levels. (nih.gov)
A recent major focus of the laboratory has been on the mechanisms by which neuropeptides, peptide hormones, and their processing enzymes are sorted at the trans-Golgi network and targeted to the regulated secretory pathway and post-Golgi transport of hormone containing vesicles to the release site. (nih.gov)
1. In order to examine the concentration of neuropeptide Y‐like immuno‐reactivity (NPY‐LI) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the circulation in man, blood was sampled from the iliac vein, the inferior vena cava, the superior vena cava, the pulmonary artery and the femoral artery in 13 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. (sahmri.org.au)

This research looks at the molecular pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including those that have neuropeptide ligands. (otago.ac.nz)
Here, we review revolutionary insights into the evolution of neuropeptide signalling that have been obtained recently through comparative analysis of genome/transcriptome sequence data and by 'deorphanisation' of neuropeptide receptors. (scilifelab.se)
The neuropeptide antagonist cyclosomatostatin abrogated the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on T cell infiltration, indicating that the effect of somatostatin is mediated via specific somatostatin receptors. (nih.gov)

We postulate that family B neuropeptide signaling in brain and peripheral endocrine tissues mediated through ERK requires activation of NCS-Rapgef2, and that this signaling pathway, and therefore its downstream cellular effects, may be pharmacologically distinguished from those of other cAMP effectors, including PKA and Epac, activated by family B neuropeptide ligands. (nih.gov)

The neuropeptide FF (NPFF) system has been implicated in a number of physiological processes including modulating the pharmacological activity of opioid analgesics and several other classes of drugs of abuse. (rti.org)

Somatostatin does not inhibit SDF-1alpha-induced T cell attachment to the collagen substrate, which indicates that this neuropeptide specifically inhibits the process of chemokine-induced T cell penetration and migration through the collagen. (nih.gov)

In this study, we investigated if MeHg is able to induce changes in the expression of key hypothalamic neuropeptides that regulate energy homeostasis. (elsevier.com)
Moreover, MeHg affected the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides that control food intake and body weight in a gender- and dose-dependent manner. (elsevier.com)
3. Expression of neuropeptides and other neuroendocrine markers in human phaeochromocytomas. (nih.gov)

Neuropeptides control many physiological and endocrinological processes in animals, performing as neuroactive chemical substances inside the peripheral and central anxious systems. (woofahs.com)
We are entering a new era in neuropeptide research where it has become feasible to compare the physiological roles of orthologous and paralogous neuropeptides in a wide range of phyla. (scilifelab.se)

Furthermore, two rounds of genome duplication gave rise to an expanded repertoire of neuropeptide signalling systems in the vertebrate lineage, enabling neofunctionalisation and/or subfunctionalisation, but with lineage-specific gene loss and/or additional gene or genome duplications generating complex patterns in the phylogenetic distribution of paralogous neuropeptide signalling systems. (scilifelab.se)
18. Association study of two functional single nucleotide polymorphisms of neuropeptide y gene with multiple sclerosis. (nih.gov)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter known for increasing appetite and possibly having a role in alcohol preference and dependence. (nih.gov)

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The present study shows, for first time, that MeHg is able to induce changes in hypothalamic neuropeptides that regulate energy homeostasis, favoring an anorexigenic/catabolic profile. (elsevier.com)
In the present study, sensory irritants are characterized by the stimulation of neuropeptide release from sensory nerves in the nasal mucosa, while pulmonary irritants are characterized by recruitment of PMN into bronchoalveolar airspaces, elevation of breathing frequency, and neuropeptide release from sensory fibers innervating the epithelium of the conducting airways. (cdc.gov)

Both the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system can amplify or modulate the aspects of intestinal inflammation through secretion of neuropeptides or small molecules. (medscape.com)
Research in this laboratory focuses on the regulation of biosynthesis, processing, intracellular trafficking, and secretion of neuropeptides and peptide hormones in neuronal and endocrine cells with an emphasis on the cellular organization of these biological processes. (nih.gov)

For example, the process of neurosecretion was first formally demonstrated in the crustacean X-organ-sinus gland system, and the first fully characterized invertebrate neuropeptide was from a shrimp. (nih.gov)
Here, we review the basic biology of crustacean neuropeptides, discuss methodologies currently driving their discovery, provide an overview of the known families, and summarize recent data on their control of physiology and behavior. (nih.gov)
A multi-scale strategy for discovery of novel endogenous neuropeptides in the crustacean nervous system. (nih.gov)
Crustacean neuropeptides: structures, functions and comparative aspects. (nih.gov)
Identification of putative crustacean neuropeptides using in silico analyses of publicly accessible expressed sequence tags. (nih.gov)

10. Neuropeptide substance P upregulates chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in primary mouse neutrophils. (nih.gov)

Summary Although the available data suggest an important role for neuropeptides in the pathophysiology of intestinal inflammation, there does yet not appear to be a function that can be taken as established for any of these molecules. (medscape.com)

Clarification of the molecular mechanisms of action of neuropeptides and on immune and inflammatory reactions will likely yield new treatment options in the future. (medscape.com)
A recent major focus of the laboratory has been on the mechanisms by which neuropeptides, peptide hormones, and their processing enzymes are sorted at the trans-Golgi network and targeted to the regulated secretory pathway and post-Golgi transport of hormone containing vesicles to the release site. (nih.gov)

The purpose of this study is to present recent data on the role that neuropeptides play in the pathophysiology of IBD. (medscape.com)
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter known for increasing appetite and possibly having a role in alcohol preference and dependence. (nih.gov)
Ancestral Role of Ecdysis-Related Neuropeptides in Animal Life Cycle Transitions. (bvsalud.org)

Recently discovered functions of each of these neuropeptides with a discussion of implications of the data for therapy are reviewed. (medscape.com)

Anatomy27

Organisms17

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs107

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes17

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Mrj encodes a DnaJ-related co-chaperone that is essential for murine placental development. (1/5789)

Regulation of body length and male tail ray pattern formation of Caenorhabditis elegans by a member of TGF-beta family. (2/5789)

Identification of APC2, a homologue of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumour suppressor. (3/5789)

Deletion analysis of the Drosophila Inscuteable protein reveals domains for cortical localization and asymmetric localization. (4/5789)

Differential expression of the mRNA for the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 in cells of the adult rat dorsal root and nodose ganglia and its downregulation by axotomy. (5/5789)

Reproducibility studies with 11C-DTBZ, a monoamine vesicular transporter inhibitor in healthy human subjects. (6/5789)

Interaction of NE-dlg/SAP102, a neuronal and endocrine tissue-specific membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein, with calmodulin and PSD-95/SAP90. A possible regulatory role in molecular clustering at synaptic sites. (7/5789)

Actions of a pair of identified cerebral-buccal interneurons (CBI-8/9) in Aplysia that contain the peptide myomodulin. (8/5789)

No images available that match "neuropeptides"

Neuropeptides

Substance P

FMRFamide

Neuropeptide Y

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Receptors, Neuropeptide

Invertebrate Hormones

Galanin

Tachykinins

Brachyura

Hypothalamus

Neurosecretory Systems

Neurokinin A

Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide

Enkephalin, Methionine

Capsaicin

Dynorphins

Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid

Agouti-Related Protein

Neurotransmitter Agents

Somatostatin

Neurokinin B

Gastrin-Releasing Peptide

Molting

Protein Precursors

Peptide PHI

Neurotensin

Neurogenic Inflammation

Aplysia

Secretogranin II

Pro-Opiomelanocortin

Neuroimmunomodulation

Enkephalins

Hypothalamic Hormones

Orexin Receptors

Vasotocin

Receptors, Neurokinin-1

Neurons

Bombesin

Arthropod Proteins

Receptors, Tachykinin

Endorphins

Oxytocin

Insect Hormones

Amino Acid Sequence

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

Cholecystokinin

Molecular Sequence Data

Receptors, Neuropeptide Y

Ganglia

Pituitary Hormones

Proprotein Convertase 2

Enkephalin, Leucine

Lymnaea

Neurons, Afferent

Arcuate Nucleus

Vasopressins

Neprilysin

Carboxypeptidase H

Secretory Vesicles

Oligopeptides

Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

Neuroendocrine Cells

Amidine-Lyases

Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I

Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Urocortins

beta-Endorphin

Receptors, Neurokinin-2

Ganglia, Invertebrate

Immunohistochemistry

Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled

Autonomic Pathways

Receptors, Catecholamine

Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Peptides

alpha-MSH

Opioid Peptides

Feeding Behavior