Neuropeptides. Medical search

Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.

An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)

A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.

A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).

Cell surface receptors that bind specific neuropeptides with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Many neuropeptides are also hormones outside of the nervous system.

Hormones produced by invertebrates, usually insects, mollusks, annelids, and helminths.

A neuropeptide of 29-30 amino acids depending on the species. Galanin is widely distributed throughout the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and INTESTINES. There are various subtypes of GALANIN RECEPTORS implicating roles of galanin in regulating FOOD INTAKE; pain perception; memory; and other neuroendocrine functions.

A family of biologically active peptides sharing a common conserved C-terminal sequence, -Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2, where X is either an aromatic or a branched aliphatic amino acid. Members of this family have been found in mammals, amphibians, and mollusks. Tachykinins have diverse pharmacological actions in the central nervous system and the cardiovascular, genitourinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, as well as in glandular tissues. This diversity of activity is due to the existence of three or more subtypes of tachykinin receptors.

An infraorder of chiefly marine, largely carnivorous CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA, including the genera Cancer, Uca, and Callinectes.

Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.

A system of NEURONS that has the specialized function to produce and secrete HORMONES, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an ENDOCRINE SYSTEM or organ.

A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.

A multi-function neuropeptide that acts throughout the body by elevating intracellular cyclic AMP level via its interaction with PACAP RECEPTORS. Although first isolated from hypothalamic extracts and named for its action on the pituitary, it is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. PACAP is important in the control of endocrine and homeostatic processes, such as secretion of pituitary and gut hormones and food intake.

One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.

An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.

A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.

A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.

A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids that is related to AGOUTI SIGNALING PROTEIN and is also an antagonist of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR activity. It is expressed primarily in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the ADRENAL GLAND. As a paracrine signaling molecule, AGRP is known to regulate food intake and body weight. Elevated AGRP has been associated with OBESITY.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.

A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.

Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.

Periodic casting off FEATHERS; HAIR; or cuticle. Molting is a process of sloughing or desquamation, especially the shedding of an outer covering and the development of a new one. This phenomenon permits growth in ARTHROPODS, skin renewal in AMPHIBIANS and REPTILES, and the shedding of winter coats in BIRDS and MAMMALS.

A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.

A biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. There is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransmitter.

Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.

An opisthobranch mollusk of the order Anaspidea. It is used frequently in studies of nervous system development because of its large identifiable neurons. Aplysiatoxin and its derivatives are not biosynthesized by Aplysia, but acquired by ingestion of Lyngbya (seaweed) species.

A type of chromogranin which was initially characterized in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND. It is found in several species including human, rat, mouse, and others. Secretogranin II is an acidic protein of 559 to 586 amino acid residues that can stimulate DOPAMINE release from neurons and release of pituitary GONADOTROPINS.

A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).

The biochemical and electrophysiological interactions between the NERVOUS SYSTEM and IMMUNE SYSTEM.

One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.

Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.

G-protein-coupled NEUROPEPTIDE RECEPTORS that have specificity for OREXINS and play a role in appetite control, and sleep-wake cycles. Two principle receptor types exist, each having a specificity for OREXIN A and OREXIN B peptide subtypes.

A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.

A class of cell surface receptors for TACHYKININS with a preference for SUBSTANCE P. Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors have been cloned and are members of the G protein coupled receptor superfamily. They are found on many cell types including central and peripheral neurons, smooth muscle cells, acinar cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A tetradecapeptide originally obtained from the skins of toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata. It is also an endogenous neurotransmitter in many animals including mammals. Bombesin affects vascular and other smooth muscle, gastric secretion, and renal circulation and function.

Proteins synthesized by organisms belonging to the phylum ARTHROPODA. Included in this heading are proteins from the subdivisions ARACHNIDA; CRUSTACEA; and HORSESHOE CRABS. Note that a separate heading for INSECT PROTEINS is listed under this heading.

Cell surface proteins that bind TACHYKININS with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Three classes of tachykinin receptors have been characterized, the NK-1; NK-2; and NK-3; which prefer, respectively, SUBSTANCE P; NEUROKININ A; and NEUROKININ B.

One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.

A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.

Hormones secreted by insects. They influence their growth and development. Also synthetic substances that act like insect hormones.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.

A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Cell surface proteins that bind neuropeptide Y with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.

Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.

A serine endopeptidase that has specificity for cleavage at ARGININE. It cleaves a variety of prohormones including PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN, proluteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone, proenkephalins, prodynorphin, and PROINSULIN.

One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.

A genus of dextrally coiled freshwater snails that includes some species of importance as intermediate hosts of parasitic flukes.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.

Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.

Enzyme that is a major constituent of kidney brush-border membranes and is also present to a lesser degree in the brain and other tissues. It preferentially catalyzes cleavage at the amino group of hydrophobic residues of the B-chain of insulin as well as opioid peptides and other biologically active peptides. The enzyme is inhibited primarily by EDTA, phosphoramidon, and thiorphan and is reactivated by zinc. Neprilysin is identical to common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA Antigen), an important marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia. There is no relationship with CALLA PLANT.

A ZINC-containing exopeptidase primarily found in SECRETORY VESICLES of endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. It catalyzes the cleavage of C-terminal ARGININE or LYSINE residues from polypeptides and is active in processing precursors of PEPTIDE HORMONES and other bioactive peptides.

Vesicles derived from the GOLGI APPARATUS containing material to be released at the cell surface.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.

Specialized NEURONS that produce hormones, such as NEUROPEPTIDES or BIOGENIC AMINES. They generally are in the NERVOUS SYSTEM, such as HYPOTHALAMUS, but can be found in other organs or systems. These neurons contain dense neurosecretory granules and PROPROTEIN CONVERTASES allowing the rapidly release of NEUROHORMONES into the blood circulation upon stimulation.

These enzymes catalyze the elimination of ammonia from amidines with the formation of a double bond. EC 4.3.2.

A pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor subtype that binds both PACAP and VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE. It is found predominately in the BRAIN.

Cell surface proteins that bind VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE; (VIP); with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.

Neuropeptides of about 40 amino acids which are structurally similar to CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR. Unlike CRF acting primarily through type 1 CRF RECEPTORS, urocortins signal preferentially through type 2 CRF receptors. Urocortins have wide tissue distribution from fish to mammals, and diverse functions. In mammals, urocortins can suppress food intake, delays gastric emptying, and decreases heat-induced edema.

A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.

A class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins that prefers neurokinin A; (NKA, substance K, neurokinin alpha, neuromedin L), neuropeptide K; (NPK); or neuropeptide gamma over other tachykinins. Neurokinin-2 (NK-2) receptors have been cloned and are similar to other G-protein coupled receptors.

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.

Nerves and plexuses of the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system structures which regulate the autonomic nervous system are not included.

Cell surface proteins that bind catecholamines with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The catecholamine messengers epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are synthesized from tyrosine by a common biosynthetic pathway.

Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of NEUROKININ-1 RECEPTORS.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A 13-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, the N-terminal segment of ACTH. ACTH (1-13) is amidated at the C-terminal to form ACTH (1-13)NH2 which in turn is acetylated to form alpha-MSH in the secretory granules. Alpha-MSH stimulates the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates.

The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the ENKEPHALINS, the DYNORPHINS, and the ENDORPHINS. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN, respectively. There are also at least three classes of OPIOID RECEPTORS, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way.

Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.

A pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor subtype found in LYMPHOCYTES. It binds both PACAP and VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE and regulates immune responses.

A species of parasitic nematode usually found in domestic pigs and a few other animals. Human infection can also occur, presumably as result of handling pig manure, and can lead to intestinal obstruction.

Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, BLATTELLIDAE, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach PERIPLANETA americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae.

The consumption of edible substances.

Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Physiologic mechanisms which regulate or control the appetite and food intake.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A CALCIUM-dependent endopeptidase that has specificity for cleavage at ARGININE that is near paired basic residues. It cleaves a variety of prohormones including PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN; PRORENIN; proenkephalins; prodynorphin; prosomatostatin; and PROINSULIN.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.

The blood/lymphlike nutrient fluid of some invertebrates.

Area in the hypothalamus bounded medially by the mammillothalamic tract and the anterior column of the FORNIX (BRAIN). The medial edge of the INTERNAL CAPSULE and the subthalamic region form its lateral boundary. It contains the lateral hypothalamic nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, lateral tuberal nuclei, and fibers of the MEDIAL FOREBRAIN BUNDLE.

Peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. By stimulating the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in these pigmented cells, they increase coloration of skin and other tissue. MSHs, derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), are produced by MELANOTROPHS in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY; CORTICOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY, and the hypothalamic neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS.

Rapidly decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after administration of a few doses. In immunology, it is the rapid immunization against the effect of toxic doses of an extract or serum by previous injection of small doses. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.

A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

Carrier proteins for OXYTOCIN and VASOPRESSIN. They are polypeptides of about 10-kDa, synthesized in the HYPOTHALAMUS. Neurophysin I is associated with oxytocin and neurophysin II is associated with vasopressin in their respective precursors and during transportation down the axons to the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).

The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)

HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

A thioester hydrolase which acts on esters formed between thiols such as DITHIOTHREITOL or GLUTATHIONE and the C-terminal glycine residue of UBIQUITIN.

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number two carbon, in contrast to INDOLES which have the nitrogen adjacent to the six-membered ring.

A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from KALLIDIN in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from MAST CELLS during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.

Cell surface proteins that bind corticotropin-releasing hormone with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The corticotropin releasing-hormone receptors on anterior pituitary cells mediate the stimulation of corticotropin release by hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor. The physiological consequence of activating corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors on central neurons is not well understood.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Since many pituitary hormones are also released by neurons as neurotransmitters, these receptors are also found in the nervous system.

A class in the phylum CNIDARIA which alternates between polyp and medusa forms during their life cycle. There are over 2700 species in five orders.

A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that share significant homology with GLUCAGON RECEPTORS. They bind PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes that influence the behavior of CELLS.

A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.

Injections into the cerebral ventricles.

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.

Insoluble polymers of TYROSINE derivatives found in and causing darkness in skin (SKIN PIGMENTATION), hair, and feathers providing protection against SUNBURN induced by SUNLIGHT. CAROTENES contribute yellow and red coloration.

Steroids that bring about MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysteroids include the endogenous insect hormones (ECDYSONE and ECDYSTERONE) and the insect-molting hormones found in plants, the phytoecdysteroids. Phytoecdysteroids are natural insecticides.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Agents that are used to stimulate appetite. These drugs are frequently used to treat anorexia associated with cancer and AIDS.

Cell surface proteins that bind CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. CGRP receptors are present in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the periphery. They are formed via the heterodimerization of the CALCITONIN RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN and RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 1.

Characteristic properties and processes of the NERVOUS SYSTEM as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.

The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

A group of acidic proteins that are major components of SECRETORY GRANULES in the endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. They play important roles in the aggregation, packaging, sorting, and processing of secretory protein prior to secretion. They are cleaved to release biologically active peptides. There are various types of granins, usually classified by their sources.

The production and release of substances such as NEUROTRANSMITTERS or HORMONES from nerve cells.

Echinoderms having bodies of usually five radially disposed arms coalescing at the center.

An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.

A tripeptide that stimulates the release of THYROTROPIN and PROLACTIN. It is synthesized by the neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, TRH (was called TRF) stimulates the release of TSH and PRL from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

Slender tubular or hairlike excretory structures found in insects. They emerge from the alimentary canal between the mesenteron (midgut) and the proctodeum (hindgut).

Plant-eating orthopterans having hindlegs adapted for jumping. There are two main families: Acrididae and Romaleidae. Some of the more common genera are: Melanoplus, the most common grasshopper; Conocephalus, the eastern meadow grasshopper; and Pterophylla, the true katydid.

Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Cell surface receptors that bind signalling molecules released by neurons and convert these signals into intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act to regulate ion channels, but also those which act on second messenger systems and those which may act at a distance from their release sites. Included are receptors for neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not located at synapses.

Neural tissue of the pituitary gland, also known as the neurohypophysis. It consists of the distal AXONS of neurons that produce VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN in the SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS and the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS. These axons travel down through the MEDIAN EMINENCE, the hypothalamic infundibulum of the PITUITARY STALK, to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.

A type of chromogranin which was initially characterized in a rat PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CELL LINE. It is found in many species including human, rat, mouse, and others. It is an acidic protein with 626 to 657 amino acid residues. In some species, it inhibits secretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE or INSULIN and exerts bacteriolytic effects in others.

A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)

A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)

A class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins that prefers neurokinin B (neurokinin beta, neuromedin K) over other tachykinins. Neurokinin-3 (NK-3) receptors have been cloned and are members of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. They have been found in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues.

A 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTORS. Ghrelin is widely expressed but primarily in the stomach in the adults. Ghrelin acts centrally to stimulate growth hormone secretion and food intake, and peripherally to regulate energy homeostasis. Its large precursor protein, known as appetite-regulating hormone or motilin-related peptide, contains ghrelin and obestatin.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Differentiated tissue of the central nervous system composed of NERVE CELLS, fibers, DENDRITES, and specialized supporting cells.

The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.

A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.

Cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Sigma receptors bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known.

A family of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES isolated from Bacillus subtilis. EC 3.4.21.-

An ovoid densely packed collection of small cells of the anterior hypothalamus lying close to the midline in a shallow impression of the OPTIC CHIASM.

Agents causing contraction of the pupil of the eye. Some sources use the term miotics only for the parasympathomimetics but any drug used to induce miosis is included here.

Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Small, nonspecific nerve cells scattered in the periventricular GRAY MATTER, separating the medial part of the thalamus from the EPENDYMA of the THIRD VENTRICLE. The group includes the paraventricular nucleus, paratenial nucleus, reuniens nucleus, rhomboidal nucleus, and subfascular nucleus.

Proteolytic enzymes that are involved in the conversion of protein precursors such as peptide prohormones into PEPTIDE HORMONES. Some are ENDOPEPTIDASES, some are EXOPEPTIDASES.

Family of large marine CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA. These are called clawed lobsters because they bear pincers on the first three pairs of legs. The American lobster and Cape lobster in the genus Homarus are commonly used for food.

A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.

A series of sequential intracellular steps involved in the transport of proteins (such as hormones and enzymes) from the site of synthesis to outside the cell. The pathway involves membrane-bound compartments through which the newly synthesized proteins undergo POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, packaging, storage, or transportation to the PLASMA MEMBRANE for secretion.

Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

Proteins found in any species of insect.

A large subphylum of mostly marine ARTHROPODS containing over 42,000 species. They include familiar arthropods such as lobsters (NEPHROPIDAE), crabs (BRACHYURA), shrimp (PENAEIDAE), and barnacles (THORACICA).

Cell surface receptors for obesity factor (LEPTIN), a hormone secreted by the WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Upon leptin-receptor interaction, the signal is mediated through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway to regulate food intake, energy balance and fat storage.

NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.

A 36-amino acid pancreatic hormone that is secreted mainly by endocrine cells found at the periphery of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS and adjacent to cells containing SOMATOSTATIN and GLUCAGON. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), when administered peripherally, can suppress gastric secretion, gastric emptying, pancreatic enzyme secretion, and appetite. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) has been associated with OBESITY in rats and mice.

A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).

ENDOPEPTIDASES which use a metal such as ZINC in the catalytic mechanism.

Widely distributed enzymes that carry out oxidation-reduction reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic substrate; the other oxygen atom is reduced and combined with hydrogen ions to form water. They are also known as monooxygenases or hydroxylases. These reactions require two substrates as reductants for each of the two oxygen atoms. There are different classes of monooxygenases depending on the type of hydrogen-providing cosubstrate (COENZYMES) required in the mixed-function oxidation.

The delivery of a drug into a fluid-filled cavity of the brain.

Mrj encodes a DnaJ-related co-chaperone that is essential for murine placental development. (1/5789)

We have identified a novel gene in a gene trap screen that encodes a protein related to the DnaJ co-chaperone in E. coli. The gene, named Mrj (mammalian relative of DnaJ) was expressed throughout development in both the embryo and placenta. Within the placenta, expression was particularly high in trophoblast giant cells but moderate levels were also observed in trophoblast cells of the chorion at embryonic day 8.5, and later in the labyrinth which arises from the attachment of the chorion to the allantois (a process called chorioallantoic fusion). Insertion of the ROSAbetageo gene trap vector into the Mrj gene created a null allele. Homozygous Mrj mutants died at mid-gestation due to a failure of chorioallantoic fusion at embryonic day 8.5, which precluded formation of the mature placenta. At embryonic day 8.5, the chorion in mutants was morphologically normal and expressed the cell adhesion molecule beta4 integrin that is known to be required for chorioallantoic fusion. However, expression of the chorionic trophoblast-specific transcription factor genes Err2 and Gcm1 was significantly reduced. The mutants showed no abnormal phenotypes in other trophoblast cell types or in the embryo proper. This study indicates a previously unsuspected role for chaperone proteins in placental development and represents the first genetic analysis of DnaJ-related protein function in higher eukaryotes. Based on a survey of EST databases representing different mouse tissues and embryonic stages, there are 40 or more DnaJ-related genes in mammals. In addition to Mrj, at least two of these genes are also expressed in the developing mouse placenta. The specificity of the developmental defect in Mrj mutants suggests that each of these genes may have unique tissue and cellular activities. (+info)

Regulation of body length and male tail ray pattern formation of Caenorhabditis elegans by a member of TGF-beta family. (2/5789)

We have identified a new member of the TGF-beta superfamily, CET-1, from Caenorhabditis elegans, which is expressed in the ventral nerve cord and other neurons. cet-1 null mutants have shortened bodies and male tail abnormal phenotype resembling sma mutants, suggesting cet-1, sma-2, sma-3 and sma-4 share a common pathway. Overexpression experiments demonstrated that cet-1 function requires wild-type sma genes. Interestingly, CET-1 appears to affect body length in a dose-dependent manner. Heterozygotes for cet-1 displayed body lengths ranging between null mutant and wild type, and overexpression of CET-1 in wild-type worms elongated body length close to lon mutants. In male sensory ray patterning, lack of cet-1 function results in ray fusions. Epistasis analysis revealed that mab-21 lies downstream and is negatively regulated by the cet-1/sma pathway in the male tail. Our results show that cet-1 controls diverse biological processes during C. elegans development probably through different target genes. (+info)

Identification of APC2, a homologue of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumour suppressor. (3/5789)

The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumour-suppressor protein controls the Wnt signalling pathway by forming a complex with glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta), axin/conductin and betacatenin. Complex formation induces the rapid degradation of betacatenin. In colon carcinoma cells, loss of APC leads to the accumulation of betacatenin in the nucleus, where it binds to and activates the Tcf-4 transcription factor (reviewed in [1] [2]). Here, we report the identification and genomic structure of APC homologues. Mammalian APC2, which closely resembles APC in overall domain structure, was functionally analyzed and shown to contain two SAMP domains, both of which are required for binding to conductin. Like APC, APC2 regulates the formation of active betacatenin-Tcf complexes, as demonstrated using transient transcriptional activation assays in APC -/- colon carcinoma cells. Human APC2 maps to chromosome 19p13.3. APC and APC2 may therefore have comparable functions in development and cancer. (+info)

Deletion analysis of the Drosophila Inscuteable protein reveals domains for cortical localization and asymmetric localization. (4/5789)

The Drosophila Inscuteable protein acts as a key regulator of asymmetric cell division during the development of the nervous system [1] [2]. In neuroblasts, Inscuteable localizes into an apical cortical crescent during late interphase and most of mitosis. During mitosis, Inscuteable is required for the correct apical-basal orientation of the mitotic spindle and for the asymmetric segregation of the proteins Numb [3] [4] [5], Prospero [5] [6] [7] and Miranda [8] [9] into the basal daughter cell. When Inscuteable is ectopically expressed in epidermal cells, which normally orient their mitotic spindle parallel to the embryo surface, these cells reorient their mitotic spindle and divide perpendicularly to the surface [1]. Like the Inscuteable protein, the inscuteable RNA is asymmetrically localized [10]. We show here that inscuteable RNA localization is not required for Inscuteable protein localization. We found that a central 364 amino acid domain - the Inscuteable asymmetry domain - was necessary and sufficient for Inscuteable localization and function. Within this domain, a separate 100 amino acid region was required for asymmetric localization along the cortex, whereas a 158 amino acid region directed localization to the cell cortex. The same 158 amino acid fragment could localize asymmetrically when coexpressed with the full-length protein, however, and could bind to Inscuteable in vitro, suggesting that this domain may be involved in the self-association of Inscuteable in vivo. (+info)

Differential expression of the mRNA for the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 in cells of the adult rat dorsal root and nodose ganglia and its downregulation by axotomy. (5/5789)

Sensitivity to the pungent vanilloid, capsaicin, defines a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons that are mainly polymodal nociceptors. The recently cloned vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1) is activated by capsaicin and noxious heat. Using combined in situ hybridization and histochemical methods, we have characterized in sensory ganglia the expression of VR1 mRNA. We show that this receptor is almost exclusively expressed by neurofilament-negative small- and medium-sized dorsal root ganglion cells. Within this population, VR1 mRNA is detected at widely varying levels in both the NGF receptor (trkA)-positive, peptide-producing cells that elicit neurogenic inflammation and the functionally less characterized glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-responsive cells that bind lectin Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 (IB4). Cells without detectable levels of VR1 mRNA are found in both classes. A subpopulation of the IB4-binding cells that produce somatostatin has relatively low levels of VR1 mRNA. A previously uncharacterized population of very small cells that express the receptor tyrosine kinase (RET) and that do not label for trkA or IB4-binding has the highest relative levels of VR1 mRNA. The majority of small visceral sensory neurons of the nodose ganglion also express VR1 mRNA, in conjunction with the BDNF receptor trkB but not trkA. Axotomy results in the downregulation of VR1 mRNA in dorsal root ganglion cells. Our data emphasize the heterogeneity of VR1 mRNA expression by subclasses of small sensory neurons, and this may result in their differential sensitivity to chemical and noxious heat stimuli. Our results also indicate that peripherally derived trophic factors may regulate levels of VR1 mRNA. (+info)

Reproducibility studies with 11C-DTBZ, a monoamine vesicular transporter inhibitor in healthy human subjects. (6/5789)

The reproducibility of (+/-)-alpha-[11C] dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) measures in PET was studied in 10 healthy human subjects, aged 22-76 y. METHODS: The scan-to-scan variation of several measures used in PET data analysis was determined, including the radioactivity ratio (target-to-reference), plasma-input Logan total distribution volume (DV), plasma-input Logan Bmax/Kd and tissue-input Logan Bmax/Kd values. RESULTS: The radioactivity ratios, plasma-input Bmax/Kd and tissue-input Bmax/Kd all have higher reliability than plasma-input total DV values. In addition, measures using the occipital cortex as the reference region have higher reliability than the same measures using the cerebellum as the reference region. CONCLUSION: Our results show that DTBZ is a reliable PET tracer that provides reproducible in vivo measurement of striatal vesicular monoamine transporter density. In the selection of reference regions for DTBZ PET data analysis, caution must be exercised in circumstances when DTBZ binding in the occipital cortex or the cerebellum may be altered. (+info)

Interaction of NE-dlg/SAP102, a neuronal and endocrine tissue-specific membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein, with calmodulin and PSD-95/SAP90. A possible regulatory role in molecular clustering at synaptic sites. (7/5789)

NE-dlg/SAP102, a neuronal and endocrine tissue-specific membrane-associated guanylate kinase family protein, is known to bind to C-terminal ends of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B (NR2B) through its PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) domains. NE-dlg/SAP102 and NR2B colocalize at synaptic sites in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, and their expressions increase in parallel with the onset of synaptogenesis. We have identified that NE-dlg/SAP102 interacts with calmodulin in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The binding site for calmodulin has been determined to lie at the putative basic alpha-helix region located around the src homology 3 (SH3) domain of NE-dlg/SAP102. Using a surface plasmon resonance measurement system, we detected specific binding of recombinant NE-dlg/SAP102 to the immobilized calmodulin with a Kd value of 44 nM. However, the binding of Ca2+/calmodulin to NE-dlg/SAP102 did not modulate the interaction between PDZ domains of NE-dlg/SAP102 and the C-terminal end of rat NR2B. We have also identified that the region near the calmodulin binding site of NE-dlg/SAP102 interacts with the GUK-like domain of PSD-95/SAP90 by two-hybrid screening. Pull down assay revealed that NE-dlg/SAP102 can interact with PSD-95/SAP90 in the presence of both Ca2+ and calmodulin. These findings suggest that the Ca2+/calmodulin modulates interaction of neuronal membrane-associated guanylate kinase proteins and regulates clustering of neurotransmitter receptors at central synapses. (+info)

Actions of a pair of identified cerebral-buccal interneurons (CBI-8/9) in Aplysia that contain the peptide myomodulin. (8/5789)

A combination of biocytin back-fills of the cerebral-buccal connectives and immunocytochemistry of the cerebral ganglion demonstrated that of the 13 bilateral pairs of cerebral-buccal interneurons in the cerebral ganglion, a subpopulation of 3 are immunopositive for the peptide myomodulin. The present paper describes the properties of two of these cells, which we have termed CBI-8 and CBI-9. CBI-8 and CBI-9 were found to be dye coupled and electrically coupled. The cells have virtually identical properties, and consequently we consider them to be "twin" pairs and refer to them as CBI-8/9. CBI-8/9 were identified by electrophysiological criteria and then labeled with dye. Labeled cells were found to be immunopositive for myomodulin, and, using high pressure liquid chromatography, the cells were shown to contain authentic myomodulin. CBI-8/9 were found to receive synaptic input after mechanical stimulation of the tentacles. They also received excitatory input from C-PR, a neuron involved in neck lengthening, and received a slow inhibitory input from CC5, a cell involved in neck shortening, suggesting that CBI-8/9 may be active during forward movements of the head or buccal mass. Firing of CBI-8 or CBI-9 resulted in the activation of a relatively small number of buccal neurons as evidenced by extracellular recordings from buccal nerves. Firing also produced local movements of the buccal mass, in particular a strong contraction of the I7 muscle, which mediates radula opening. CBI-8/9 were found to produce a slow depolarization and rhythmic activity of B48, the motor neuron for the I7 muscle. The data provide continuing evidence that the small population of cerebral buccal interneurons is composed of neurons that are highly diverse in their functional roles. CBI-8/9 may function as a type of premotor neuron, or perhaps as a peptidergic modulatory neuron, the functions of which are dependent on the coactivity of other neurons. (+info)

Volume 9 in the series Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy continues the coverage of neuropeptides and neuropeptide receptors ... Neuropeptides in the CNS. Volume 9 of Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy. Neuropeptides in the CNS, Anders Bj rklund, ISBN ... Volume 9 in the series Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy continues the coverage of neuropeptides and neuropeptide receptors ... books.google.com/books/about/Neuropeptides_in_the_CNS.html?id=QLbwAAAAMAAJ&utm_source=gb-gplus-shareNeuropeptides in the CNS. ...

https://books.google.com/books?id=QLbwAAAAMAAJ&q=renin&dq=related:LCCN84647406&lr=&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&hl=en

neuropeptide (plural neuropeptides). *(biochemistry) Any of several peptides, such as endorphins, that function as ... Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=neuropeptide&oldid=45768152" ...

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neuropeptide

CHS Research Group Neuropeptides. Dr. Val ry Grinevich. The Image depicts virus-mediated cell-type specific fluorescent ... Neuropeptides (V078) CHS Research Group at CellNetworks Heidelberg University and DKFZ Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum. Im ... Our laboratory is focused on the dissection of the mechanisms of neuropeptide action in the brain, from molecular via ... to study the possible contribution of neuropeptides to the pathogenesis of the respective human diseases. FUTURE OUTLOOK. In ...

https://www.dkfz.de/en/neuropeptide/index.php

Degradation of Neuropeptide Signal Molecules in Immunocytes of Vertebrates and Invertebrates A. J. Turner, M. K. Leung, G. B. ... Role of Neuropeptides in the Bidirectional Communication Between the Immune and Neuroendocrine Systems ...

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-642-78480-4

With a selected description of techniques in neuropeptide research, Neuropeptide Methods covers aspects of design, synthesis ... Techniques in Neuropeptide Processing, Trafficking, and Secretion Niamh X. Cawley, Tulin Yanik, Irina Arnaoutova, Hong Lou, ... Neuropeptide Methods provides the reader with broad perspectives and breadth of knowledge on current topics related to ... Cancer Cell Receptor Internalization and Proliferation: Effects of Neuropeptide Analogs Terry W. Moody, Michael Schumann, ...

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-60327-099-1

Probably the first neuropeptide to be identified was vasopressin, a nine-amino-acid peptide secreted by the nerve endings in ... The neuropeptides exhibit a few key differences from the classical neurotransmitters. *Neuropeptides are often found in neurons ... Many neuropeptides were originally identified as pituitary or gastrointestinal hormones. Probably the first neuropeptide to be ... The neuropeptides exhibit a few key differences from the classical neurotransmitters. First, neuropeptides are present in ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28247/

... Bill Skaggs skaggs at bns.pitt.edu Mon Nov 1 15:27:42 EST 1999 *Previous message: neuropeptides ... I am in Master of biochemistry and I have a statement on the neuropeptides , involved in pain to do. May you help me?? , Where ...

http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/neur-sci/1999-November/041298.html

Crustacean neuropeptides: structures, functions and comparative aspects.. Keller R1.. Author information. 1. Institut für ... In this article, an attempt is made to review the presently known, completely identified crustacean neuropeptides with regard ... The scope of crustacean neuropeptide research has thus been broadened considerably during the last years. ... which has provided evidence for a multiple role of several neuropeptides as neurohormones on the one hand and as local ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1601108?dopt=Abstract

Two types of SALMFamides have been identified: L-type (e.g. the starfish neuropeptides S1 and S2) with the C-terminal motif ... The gene sequences also reveal a remarkable diversity of SALMFamide neuropeptides. Originally just two peptides (S1 and S2) ... there are sixteen putative SALMFamide neuropeptides. Thus, the SALMFamides would be a good model system for experimental ... The SALMFamides are a family of neuropeptides that act as muscle relaxants in echinoderms. ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0059076

NPFF Neuropeptide FF (FLFQPQRFa) is a mammalian amidated neuropeptide originally isolated from bovine brain and characterized ... Panula P, Aarnisalo AA, Wasowicz K (1996). "Neuropeptide FF, a mammalian neuropeptide with multiple functions". Progress in ... "Entrez Gene: NPFF neuropeptide FF-amide peptide precursor". Waqas SF, Hoang AC, Lin YT, Ampem G, Azegrouz H, Balogh L, Thuróczy ... In humans, Neuropeptide FF peptides are encoded by the NPFF gene. Two genes encoding two different receptors (NPFF1 and NPFF2) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF

Neuropeptide K (also known as neurokinin K), is a protein encoded by the TAC1 gene. It is an elongated derivative of the N- ... Like neurokinin A, neuropeptide K has been localized to sensory neurons and likely plays a role in regulating sensation. While ... In contrast with rat and cow brains, the human brain contains larger amounts of neuropeptide K. Dornan WA, Vink KL, Malen P, ... Takeda, Y; Krause, JE (Jan 1989). "Neuropeptide K potently stimulates salivary gland secretion and potentiates substance P- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_K

At least some neuropeptides act by. modifying the way in which one nerve cell responds to the messages it receives. from other ... is the neuropeptide known a calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), which. is know to be present in the olfactory nerve. When ... The factor is a neuropeptide. These are small molecules which are made. up of several amino acids. There are at least 36 in the ... Denis-Donini has now shown that one neuropeptide which acts in this. way in the adult nervous system is also a differentiation ...

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12316792-000-science-neuropeptide-gives-nerve-cell-its-signature/

Many different peptides belonging to a number of distinct neuropeptide families have al … ... Neuropeptides form the most diverse class of chemical messenger molecules in metazoan nervous systems. They are usually ... Neuropeptides and their precursors in the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster Peptides. 2001 Feb;22(2):241-54. doi: 10.1016/s0196 ... Neuropeptides form the most diverse class of chemical messenger molecules in metazoan nervous systems. They are usually ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11179818/?dopt=Abstract

Shop Perricone MDs Neuropeptide Night Cream at Sephora. An evening moisturizer that visibly and dramatically softens deep ... Neuropeptides: Offer the ultimate visible antidote for wrinkles, sagging, dullness, and discoloration. -DMAE: Helps visibly ... Perricone MDNeuropeptide Night Cream. SIZE 2.5 oz/ 75 mL•ITEM 2125789 ...

https://www.sephora.com/ca/en/product/neuropeptide-night-cream-P434343?icid2=products%20grid:p434343:product

DFG-Schwerpunktskolloquium: Neuropeptide https://www.dpg-physik.de/veranstaltungen/1986/dfg-schwerpunktskolloquium-neuropeptide ...

https://www.dpg-physik.de/veranstaltungen/1986/dfg-schwerpunktskolloquium-neuropeptide?set_language=en

Role of neuropeptides in antidepressant and memory improving effects of venlafaxine by. Nowakowska E, Kus K, Bobkiewicz- ... The regulatory role of neuropeptides and new antidepressant drugs, e.g. venlafaxine in mood status and memory functions may ...

https://www.biopsychiatry.com/venlafaxnp.htm

Neuropeptides are by far the most diverse signaling substances in the nervous system of invertebrates. Invertebrate ... neuropeptides are known to regulate many aspects of animal development, growth, r... ... Neuropeptides are by far the most diverse signaling substances in the nervous system of invertebrates. Invertebrate ... This article provides a brief and topical overview of neuropeptides and their possible functions in some key groups of ...

https://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/neuropeptide-signaling-invertebrates/

Jacob, S., Demosthenous, M., & Carter Porges, C. (2011). Neuropeptide and steroid hormones. In D. Fein (Ed.), The ...

https://www.rti.org/publication/neuropeptide-and-steroid-hormones

Purchase Biochemical and Clinical Aspects of Neuropeptides Synthesis, Processing, and Gene Structure - 1st Edition. Print Book ... Part II: Novel Neuropeptides. Structure and Function of a New Neuropeptide, the Head Activator, Controlling Head Formation in ... Part III: Neuropeptide Deficiencies. Multiple Forms of Neuropeptides in Human CSF and their Significance. Genetic Linkage ... Degradation of Neuropeptides. Metabolites of Arginine-Vasopressin and Oxytocin Are Highly Potent Neuropeptides in the Brain. ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/biochemical-and-clinical-aspects-of-neuropeptides-synthesis-processing-and-gene-structure/koch/978-0-12-417320-0

W. F. Colmers and B. El Bahn, "Neuropeptide Y and Epilepsy," Epilepsy Currents/American Epilepsy Society, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 53 ... W. Yao, S. P. Sheikh, B. Ottesen, and J. C. Jorgensen, "The effect of neuropeptides on vessel tone and cAMP production," Annals ... Modulation of Vasomotive Activity in Rabbit External Ophthalmic Artery by Neuropeptides. Esmeralda Sofia Costa Delgado,1 Carlos ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/joph/2012/498565/ref/

Many lessons in autoimmunity - particularly relating to the role of immune privilege and the interplay between genetics and neuroimmunology - can be learned from the study of alopecia areata, the most common cause of inflammation-induced hair loss. Alopecia areata is now understood to represent an organ-restricted, T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of hair follicles. Disease induction is associated with collapse of hair follicle immune privilege in both humans and in animal models. Here, the role of HLA associations, other immunogenetic factors, and neuroendocrine parameters in alopecia areata pathogenesis are reviewed. This instructive and clinically significant model disease deserves more widespread interest in the immunology community.. ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/31942/citations

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide that is highly homologous to peptide YY (PYY). NPY exerts its various ... BR/>References:
McCullough, L.A., et al., Neuropeptide Y receptors involved in calcium channel regulation in PC12 ... Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide that is highly homologous to peptide YY (PYY). NPY exerts its various ... McCullough, L.A., et al., Neuropeptide Y receptors involved in calcium channel regulation in PC12 cells. Regul. Pept. 75-76, ...

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DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Agents acting at G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been the most successful targets for drug development. Every new GPCR identified is immediately examined for their potential clinical applications. Likewise ...

https://www.sbir.gov/sbirsearch/detail/80926

At least 35 neuropeptide precursor genes have been characterized in Drosophila melanogaster, some of which encode multiple ... Additional neuropeptides have been found in other insect species. With a few notable excep … ... A large number of neuropeptides has been identified in the brain of insects. ... Additional neuropeptides have been found in other insect species. With a few notable exceptions, most of the neuropeptides have ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16761145/?dopt=Abstract

Chronic rhinosinusitis and neuropeptides DOI: https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2003.10262. Publication Date: 18.10.2003. Swiss Med ...

https://smw.ch/article/doi/smw.2003.10262

We aim here to describe the recent advances on the role exerted by neuropeptides in the control of autophagy and its molecular ... Indeed, neuropeptides can function as peptide hormones regulating physiological homeostasis (e.g., cognition, blood pressure, ... Neuropeptides drive a wide diversity of biological actions and mediate multiple regulatory functions involving all organ ... Neuropeptide Y. Nutrient deprivation (or caloric restriction) can stimulate autophagy and the orexigenic peptide neuropeptide Y ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2017/5856071/

Acute Stress May Block a Key Anxiety-Relieving Neuropeptide. Stress-induced anxiety may impair neuropeptide Ys ability to calm ... Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a self-produced molecule in the brain that has robust anxiety-relieving effects. New research on mice ... Future Research on Neuropeptide Y Could Lead to New Treatments for PTSD. The good news is that the groundbreaking research on ... As a neuropeptide, NPY directly influences the hippocampus, which is a brain area considered to be the hub of learning and ...

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-athletes-way/201701/acute-stress-may-block-key-anxiety-relieving-neuropeptide

These gonadal neuropeptide systems are neither well understood in isolation, nor in their interactions with other neuropeptide ... These gonadal neuropeptide systems are neither well understood in isolation, nor in their interactions with other neuropeptide ... Further, our knowledge of the control of these gonadal neuropeptides by peripheral hormones that bind to the gonads, and which ... Further, our knowledge of the control of these gonadal neuropeptides by peripheral hormones that bind to the gonads, and which ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2010.00114/full

Baraban, S.C., Neuropeptide Y and epilepsy: recent progress, prospects and controversies., Neuropeptides, 38, 261-265 (2004). ... Thiele, T.E., et al., A role for neuropeptide Y in neurobiological responses to ethanol and drugs of abuse., Neuropeptides, 38 ... NPY: Neuropeptide Y. NPY1-4-Ahx-NPY25-36: NPY(1-4)-6-aminohexanoic acid-NPY(25-36). PP: Pancreatic polypeptide. PYY: Peptide YY ... Meurs, A., et al., Clinical potential of neuropeptide Y receptor ligands in the treatment of epilepsy., Curr Top Med Chem., 7, ...

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With a selected description of techniques in neuropeptide research, Neuropeptide Methods covers aspects of design, synthesis and biological evaluation of peptides and peptide analogues. (springer.com)
Since there are so many peptides, this chapter focuses on the principles of how neuropeptides are synthesized, stored and released and how they act on the cells they regulate. (nih.gov)
In humans, Neuropeptide FF peptides are encoded by the NPFF gene. (wikipedia.org)
Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) and RFamide related peptides issued from two precursors interact with good affinity with two subtypes of G protein-coupled receptors, namely NPFF1 and NPFF2 subtypes and are involved in several physiological functions such as cardiovascular regulation, hormonal control, macrophage activation, body temperature homeostasis and pain modulation. (wikipedia.org)
Many different peptides belonging to a number of distinct neuropeptide families have already been characterized from various insect species. (nih.gov)
At least 35 neuropeptide precursor genes have been characterized in Drosophila melanogaster, some of which encode multiple peptides. (nih.gov)
Vertebrate gonads are the sites of synthesis and binding of many peptides that were initially classified as neuropeptides. (frontiersin.org)
Neuropeptides appear to be appropriately named: they are peptides synthesized by neurons in the central nervous system. (frontiersin.org)
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino acid peptide and one of the most abundant peptides found in the mammalian brain, shares high sequence homology with peptide YY (PYY) and the pancreatic polypeptides (PPs). (sigmaaldrich.com)
SALMFamide neuropeptides are a family of peptides that are present in the nervous systems of species belonging to the phylum Echinodermata. (biologists.org)
Neuropeptides and Other Bioactive Peptides Edition by Lloyd D. Fricker and Publisher Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences. (vitalsource.com)
The potential of our blended technology approach to facilitate discovery of these peptides is not only significant for advancing honey bee research," the researchers wrote, "it demonstrates promise for neuropeptide discovery in the large number of other new genomes currently being sequenced. (bio-medicine.org)
Nowadays, it is generally accepted that different neuropeptides are involved in a wide range of functions, and in many cases peptides secreted from cells other than neurons, function in the periphery as neuropeptides. (uclahealth.org)
To date, the human genome is found to contain 90 genes encoding neuropeptide precursors and about 100 different peptides have been identified to be released by different populations of neurons and/or peripheral cells. (uclahealth.org)
The youth activating serum contains 52% GFx (Growth Factor) NeuroComplex: a breakthrough blend of growth factor, neuropeptides, peptides & other highly effective actives. (essentialdayspa.com)
Neuropeptides are a class of regulatory peptides with effects in nearly all physiological systems and processes. (edu.au)
This review discusses tachykinins, opioid peptides, angiotensins, bradykinins, and neuropeptide Y that are present in the central nervous system and their processing to bioactive degradation products. (diva-portal.org)
These well-known neuropeptide systems have been selected since they provide illustrative examples that proteolytic degradation of parent peptides can lead to bioactive metabolites with different biological activities as compared to their parent peptides. (diva-portal.org)
For example, substance P, dynorphin A, angiotensin I and II, bradykinin, and neuropeptide Y are all degraded to bioactive fragments with pharmacological profiles that differ considerably from those of the parent peptides. (diva-portal.org)
NES-ZIONA, Israel , May 23, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- PROLOR Biotech, Inc. (NYSE Amex: PBTH), a clinical stage company developing next generation biobetter therapeutic proteins, today announced that its proprietary CTP and Reversible PEGylation platforms for extending the longevity of most proteins, peptides and small molecules will be highlighted today in a presentation at the joint meeting of the Summer Neuropeptide Conference and The European Neuropeptide Club (ENC). (fiercebiotech.com)

Important contributions have been made by immunocytochemical mapping of peptidergic neurons in the nervous system, which has provided evidence for a multiple role of several neuropeptides as neurohormones on the one hand and as local transmitters or modulators on the other. (nih.gov)
Like neurokinin A, neuropeptide K has been localized to sensory neurons and likely plays a role in regulating sensation. (wikipedia.org)
Commonly, each type of neuropeptide is localized to a relatively small number of neurons. (nih.gov)
Since neuropeptides are mainly present in neurons and glial cells but are also widely expressed in nonneural cells and tissues/organs, that is, endocrine and immune systems, their functions range from neuromodulators, neurohormones/hormones, and immune-modulators to growth factors [ 2 - 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Here we show that, in zebrafish embryos, cilia-driven CSF flow transports adrenergic signals that induce urotensin neuropeptides in CSF-contacting neurons along the spinal cord. (nature.com)
Obesity increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) via activation of proopiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ArcN), and this action requires simultaneous withdrawal of tonic neuropeptide Y (NPY) sympathoinhibition. (jci.org)
Neuropeptides are small, protein-like molecules that help neurons communicate with each other. (wisegeek.org)
In Huntington's disease, basal ganglia neurons in which neuropeptides somatostatin and neuropeptide Y are co-localized are selectively preserved. (uclahealth.org)
Through activation of their cognate receptors, secreted neuropeptides mediate communication among various sets of neurons as well as other cell types to regulate several physiological activities, including feeding and growth, molting, cuticle tanning, circadian rhythm, sleep, and learning and memory ( Nässel and Winther, 2010 ). (rupress.org)
From this study it was concluded that during the development of ABA, neuropeptides in first-order neurons in the ARC and MCH in the LHA are regulated in an adequate response to negative energy balance, whereas expression levels of the other studied neuropeptides in secondary neurons of the LHA and PVN are unchanged and are probably regulated by factors other than energy status alone. (biomedsearch.com)
In rat brain slices, whole-cell patch clamp recordings of parvocellular paraventricular nucleus neurons show PrRP caused a decrease in evoked and miniature GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs), effects that were antagonized by RF9, but not neuropeptide Y, a putative GPR10 receptor antagonist. (wiley.com)

The regulatory role of neuropeptides and new antidepressant drugs, e.g. venlafaxine in mood status and memory functions may depend on the interactions between monoaminergic and neuropeptidergic systems. (biopsychiatry.com)
OBJECTIVE--To assess the role of neuropeptides in the control of vascular tone in the human saphenous vein the actions of substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene related peptide, neuropeptide Y, and somatostatin on this blood vessel were examined. (bmj.com)
T. M. Saleh, " The Role of Neuropeptides and Neurohormones in Neurogenic Cardiac Arrhythmias", Current Drug Targets - Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders (2003) 3: 240. (eurekaselect.com)

She demonstrated that the factor responsible for differentiation is the neuropeptide known a calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), which is know to be present in the olfactory nerve. (newscientist.com)

In the 1970s an endogenous peptide was found in nerve cells and the term neuropeptides was then introduced [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
In laboratory mice, exposure to a scent associated with a predator triggers stress-induced anxiety which impairs the endogenous production of neuropeptide Y. Lower levels of NPY make the long-term memory hub of the hippocampus in a mouse more susceptible to imprinting fear-based memories associated with the scent of a dangerous predator. (psychologytoday.com)
Epilepsy is a disease of neuronal hyperexcitability, and pharmacological and genetic studies have identified norepinephrine (NE) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) as important endogenous regulators of neuronal excitability. (jneurosci.org)
Derived from the term "endogenous morphine ," endorphins are one type of neuropeptide. (wisegeek.org)
In addition to GPR10, which is its putative endogenous receptor, PrRP demonstrates a high binding affinity for Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) receptors, specifically the NPFF2 receptor. (wiley.com)
In the human neuroblastoma cell line (SMS-KAN) which expresses and endogenous Y2-like neuropeptide Y receptor, N-acetyl [Leu28,Leu31]neuropeptide Y-(24-36) competes with peptide YY for binding sites with an IC50 of 0.5 +/- 0.1 nM. (curehunter.com)

The products of each neuropeptide precursor seem to be co-expressed, and each precursor displays a unique neuronal distribution pattern. (nih.gov)
Characterisation of this gene is important because it is the first echinoderm neuropeptide precursor sequence to be identified and, more specifically, it provides our first insight into the structure and organisation of a SALMFamide gene in an echinoderm. (biologists.org)
Your search returned 165 hypocretin (orexin) neuropeptide precursor ELISA ELISA Kit across 10 suppliers. (biocompare.com)
Two members of a novel neuropeptide family (FRamides) were contained in the same precursor. (springer.com)
Leviev, I., Grimmelikhuijzen, C. J. P. (1995) Molecular cloning of a preprohormone from sea anemones containing numerous copies of a metamorphosis inducing neuropeptide: a likely role for dipeptidyl aminopeptidase in neuropeptide precursor processing. (springer.com)

Chemically, neuropeptides have a less complex three-dimensional structure and are smaller (3-100 amino acid residues long) than normal proteins but are larger than classic neurotransmitters. (hindawi.com)
Master's student Asiya Jabeen , supervised by Dr. Lyndon Jones , is studying proteins in tear film called neuropeptides, which, among other functions, help to control and heal inflammation in the eye. (uwaterloo.ca)
Cell surface proteins that bind neuropeptide Y with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. (curehunter.com)

Written by leaders in the field, this book explains primary cell cultures and cell lines, as well as techniques in neuropeptide processing, trafficking and secretion. (springer.com)
Secretion of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides is mediated by exocytosis of distinct secretory organelles, synaptic vesicles (SVs) and dense core vesicles (DCVs) respectively. (harvard.edu)
Here we identify a novel protein RIC-7 that is required for neuropeptide secretion in Caenorhabditis elegans. (harvard.edu)
Both the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the central nervous system (CNS) can amplify or modulate aspects of intestinal inflammation through secretion of neuropeptides that serve as a link between the ENS and CNS. (uclahealth.org)

It is significant to note that the number of known neuropeptides far exceeds the number of classical neurotransmitters. (nih.gov)
Neuropeptides may be costored or, alternatively, may coexist with other messenger molecules, as, for instance, with one or even two small classical neurotransmitters, in different cellular compartments. (hindawi.com)
As putative neurotransmitters of nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) nerves, neuropeptides have various actions on airway smooth muscle. (cdc.gov)
The neuropeptides can act as neurotransmitters, co-transmitters as well as neuromodulators. (eurekaselect.com)

kisspeptin can act partly through neuropeptide FF receptors to modulate neuronal activity independent of GPR54 (zeige KISS1R Antikörper ) in the mouse brain. (antikoerper-online.de)
In general, neuropeptides act by modulating neuronal activity through both short-term and long-term effects. (rupress.org)
In contrast with the well-known effects of neuropeptide signaling on neuronal activity and the strength of synaptic transmission, regulation of synaptic growth and development by neuropeptides has not previously been clearly established. (rupress.org)

Innovative Neuropeptide technology activates surface renewal of the dermis to reveal a youthful-looking, radiant complexion and improves the skin's suppleness. (skincarerx.com)

In particular, it has revealed a hitherto unknown complexity in the diversity of SALMFamide neuropeptides that may occur in an echinoderm species because all previous studies, which relied on peptide purification and sequencing, revealed only two SALMFamide neuropeptides in each species examined. (biologists.org)

Major advances in molecular biology, alternative RNA splicing, protein processing, identification of gene control elements, transgenic animals and bioinformatics open up multiple research avenues and allow for better understanding of neuropeptide production and function. (springer.com)
Neuropeptide K (also known as neurokinin K), is a protein encoded by the TAC1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Biochemical and Clinical Aspects of Neuropeptides: Synthesis, Processing, and Gene Structure covers the proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Macromolecular Synthesis: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects of Neuropeptides, held in Blankenese, Hamburg, Germany. (elsevier.com)
The remaining parts explore the posttranslational processing, regulation, metabolism, biosynthesis, and gene expression of these neuropeptides, with a particular emphasis on their triggering mechanism and the control of release. (elsevier.com)
Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPY1R gene . (wikidoc.org)
Even if you find a gene, it is hard to say what particular peptide it will create, because neuropeptide precursors undergo extensive post-translational pr ocessing. (bio-medicine.org)

Awake to smoother skin with Perricone MD Neuropeptide Night Cream , an anti-wrinkle treatment that works alongside the body's natural repair cycle. (skinstore.com)
Perricone MD Neuropeptide Firming & Illuminating Under-Eye Cream, 0.5 oz. (neimanmarcus.com)
Transform sagging, ageing skin with the Neuropeptide Facial Conformer from Perricone MD, an advanced treatment to dramatically increase elasticity and resilience. (skincarerx.com)

books.google.com - Volume 9 in the series Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy continues the coverage of neuropeptides and neuropeptide receptors which was initiated in Volume 4. (google.com)
Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy: Neuropeptide receptors in the CNS. (google.com)

Major contributors in the control of food intake include behavioral response to the environment, hedonic behavior, and metabolism: nutrient sensors, neuropeptide hormones, and peripheral hormones. (springer.com)

Further, our knowledge of the control of these gonadal neuropeptides by peripheral hormones that bind to the gonads, and which themselves are under regulation by true neuropeptide systems from the hypothalamus, is relatively meager. (frontiersin.org)
This chapter describes the role of neuropeptide and some essential peripheral hormones interacting in the hypothalamus toward controlling feeding behavior. (springer.com)
Functional interactions between melanin-concentrating hormone, neuropeptide Y, and anorectic neuropeptides in the rat hypothalamus. (diabetesjournals.org)

When activated by their ligands, neuropeptide GPCRs affect levels of second messengers such as cAMP, diacylglycerol, inositol trisphosphate, and intracellular calcium ( Nässel, 2002 ). (rupress.org)

Analysis of whole-genome shotgun sequence data using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) identified a contig (347664) that contains a coding region for seven putative SALMFamide neuropeptides (PPVTTRSKFTFamide, DAYSAFSFamide, GMSAFSFamide, AQPSFAFamide, GLMPSFAFamide, PHGGSAFVFamide and GDLAFAFamide), which we have named SpurS1-SpurS7, respectively. (biologists.org)
We have identified the affected protein as cholecystokinin (CCK)-like receptor (CCKLR), a putative neuropeptide receptor that belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) sharing a uniform topology with seven transmembrane domains. (rupress.org)

Effects of vasoactive neuropeptides on human saphenous vein. (bmj.com)
In this report, we present evidence that two known immunosuppressive neuropeptides, the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), contribute to the development of bone marrow-derived tolerogenic DCs in vitro and in vivo. (jimmunol.org)
The neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are potent immunosuppressive agents, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity ( 14 , 15 , 16 ). (jimmunol.org)
Neuropeptides that are thought to play a potentially key role in IBD include substance P, corticotropin-releasing hormone, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, mu-opioid receptor agonists, and galanin. (uclahealth.org)
Quantitative morphometric analysis of substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and neuropeptide Y in guinea pig airway. (cdc.gov)
This study quantifies the distribution of substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY), in smooth muscle of different airway levels. (cdc.gov)
Vasoactive neuropeptides in autoimmune diseases" by Ekua W. Brenu, Lotti Tajouri et al. (edu.au)

These neuronal circuits include many neuropeptide hormones and peptide hormones coming from the periphery, all acting in concert in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. (springer.com)
Receptor for neuropeptides B and W, which may be involved in neuroendocrine system regulation, food intake and the organization of other signals. (uniprot.org)
The recently discovered rat neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor, the Y5 subtype, has been proposed to mediate the NPY-induced feeding response and therefore plays a central role in the regulation of food intake. (diabetesjournals.org)
Neuropeptide Y (13-36) (NPY 13-36) stimulates both Y2 and Y5 NPY receptor subtypes, but causes no increase in food intake even when injected at high doses, while the full-length NPY is one of the most potent physiological stimulants of feeding yet described. (genscript.com)
Little is known about the regulation of the hypothalamic neuropeptides that are involved in the regulation of food intake and energy balance during the development of ABA. (biomedsearch.com)
For example the orexins, MCH and ghrelin carry fundamental roles in regulating food intake while neuropeptide S, neuromedin S, the prokineticins and the orexins are major players in modulating sleep and circadian rhythms. (wisepress.com)

Neuropeptide Y receptors involved in calcium channel regulation in PC12 cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
We then focus on two key neuropeptides for regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis: gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH). (frontiersin.org)
The conservation of localized gonadal regulation by gonadal neuropeptides across vertebrates has important implications for understanding the evolution, reproductive physiology and ecology of animals, along with the study and practice of reproductive health and medicine, both clinical and veterinary. (frontiersin.org)
These data indicate that the vasopressin and oxytocin neuropeptide systems, which are critical in the establishment of social bonds and the regulation of emotional behaviors, are affected by early social experience. (pnas.org)
Neuropeptides and peptide hormones from non-neuronal tissues play important roles in the regulation of insect life. (eurekaselect.com)
Neuropeptide S (NPS) has been associated with a number of complex brain functions, including anxiety-like behaviors, arousal, sleep-wakefulness regulation, drug-seeking behaviors, and learning and memory. (diva-portal.org)

We attempt to highlight what is known about these two key gonadal neuropeptides, how their actions differ from their hypothalamic counterparts, and how we might learn from comparative studies of them and other gonadal neuropeptides in terms of pharmacology, reproductive physiology and evolutionary biology. (frontiersin.org)
One neuropeptide can affect physiology in different ways. (eurekaselect.com)

We employ genetic, molecular, anatomical, viral, optogenetic and behavioral approaches to study the effects of addressed axonal release of various neuropeptides within the distinct brain regions controlling stress and fear responses, maternal and social behavior. (dkfz.de)
research encompasses everything from pain and analgesia, appetite control, inflammation, mood and affective behavior, to the entire neuropeptide mechanism possibly being the connective tissues of the body-uniting and coordinating cells, tissues, glands, organs and systems of the body. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
Thus, the involvement of brain neuropeptides in circadian clock function, olfactory processing, various aspects of feeding behavior, and learning and memory are highlighted in this review. (nih.gov)
We employ viral, opto- and chemogenetical, electrophysiological and behavioral approaches to study the effects of various neuropeptides (primarily oxytocin, OT) within the distinct brain regions controlling stress and fear responses, maternal and social behavior. (zi-mannheim.de)

However, what matters is what they do, not what they are called, and we shall see in this review that neither the synthesis nor actions of neuropeptides are limited to the brain. (frontiersin.org)
The distribution described is consistent with physiological studies on the actions of neuropeptides on airway smooth muscle at different levels. (cdc.gov)

Here, a protocol for MALDI imaging mass spectrometry is presented that detects changes in rat brain neuropeptide levels related to dyskinesia. (jove.com)
Using a combination of the newly available honey bee genome sequence, as well as bioinformatics and mass spectrometry, Sweedler and collaborators from the United States and Belgium inferred the sequences of more than 200 possible neuropeptides and confirmed the sequences of 100 neuropeptides from the brain of the honey bee. (bio-medicine.org)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a neuropeptide highly conserved throughout evolution, is present at high levels in the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in peripheral tissues such as the gut and cardiovascular system. (frontiersin.org)
Substance P is another neuropeptide that transmits pain-related information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system. (wisegeek.org)

The effects of amino acids (γ -aminobutyric acid, GABA, taurine, glycine and glutamate), N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and the invertebrate neuropeptides Antho-RFamide, FMRFamide and SALMFamides S1 and S2 were tested on acetylcholine-induced luminescence from isolated arms of clear and black specimens of Amphipholis squamata. (biologists.org)

The chapters of this book review the latest research in the field, most of them are written by the original discoverers of the respective novel neuropeptide. (wisepress.com)

In contrast in a fibroblast Chinese hamster ovary cell line which expresses the cloned human neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor and is used to study changes in cytosolic calcium evoked by (a neuropeptide Y Y1 effect), N-acetyl [Leu28,Leu31]neuropeptide Y-(24-36) showed no activity even at high concentrations. (curehunter.com)

More than 100 different neuropeptides are currently described in cell signalling ( http://www.neuropeptides.nl ). (hindawi.com)

The present study was undertaken to elucidate the causes of hyperphagia in the TG rats by focusing on temporal changes in plasma ghrelin levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) contents. (go.jp)
Hypothalamic neuropeptide expression following chronic food restriction in sedentary and wheel-running rats. (biomedsearch.com)

Our laboratory is focused on the dissection of the mechanisms of neuropeptide action in the brain, from molecular via anatomical to the whole organism level. (dkfz.de)
Denis-Donini has now shown that one neuropeptide which acts in this way in the adult nervous system is also a differentiation signal for a particular class of nerve cells in a part of the brain that deals with smell in rats, the olfactory bulb. (newscientist.com)
NPFF Neuropeptide FF (FLFQPQRFa) is a mammalian amidated neuropeptide originally isolated from bovine brain and characterized as a pain-modulating peptide, with anti-opioid activity on morphine-induced analgesia. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast with rat and cow brains, the human brain contains larger amounts of neuropeptide K. Dornan WA, Vink KL, Malen P, Short K, Struthers W, Barrett C (August 1993). (wikipedia.org)
Neuropeptides reportedly regulate most all of life's processes and although they are produced naturally in the brain, almost every tissue in the body has receptor sites for them. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
A large number of neuropeptides has been identified in the brain of insects. (nih.gov)
With a few notable exceptions, most of the neuropeptides have been demonstrated in brain interneurons of various types. (nih.gov)
We describe the distribution of neuropeptides in brain interneurons of a few well-studied insect species. (nih.gov)
Studies so far indicate that neuropeptides can play a multitude of functional roles in the brain and that even single neuropeptides are likely to be multifunctional. (nih.gov)
Stress-induced anxiety may impair neuropeptide Y's ability to calm the brain. (psychologytoday.com)
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a self-produced molecule in the brain that has robust anxiety -relieving effects. (psychologytoday.com)
Previous studies have found that Neuropeptide Y triggers several reactions in the body and brain that include anxiety and stress reduction, lowering blood pressure, increasing pain tolerance, and making people less inclined to consume too much alcohol . (psychologytoday.com)
As a neuropeptide, NPY directly influences the hippocampus, which is a brain area considered to be the hub of learning and memory. (psychologytoday.com)
Even though my cells are addicted to negativity and the neuropeptides that accompany it, I deeply and completely love, accept, and forgive every single cell in my body, my blood, my nerves, my heart, and every part of my brain that is involved in this addiction. (emofree.com)
Even though my brain has the habit of producing the neuropeptides of misery whenever my thoughts go there, I deeply and completely forgive every part of my brain for following such orders and I now issue the order to produce new neuropeptides of joy and peace. (emofree.com)
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino acid neuropeptide, was originally isolated from porcine brain using a method detecting the C-terminal amide. (frontiersin.org)
Dr. Candace Pert, a psychopharmacologist and professor at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., discovered that receptor molecules and the neuropeptides that bind to them exist in every part of the body, not just in the brain. (wisegeek.org)
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a sympathetic cotransmitter, is the most abundant peptide in the heart and the brain. (ahajournals.org)
From humans to honey bees neuropeptides control brain activity and h. (bio-medicine.org)

In phylogenetic terms, neuropeptides were established very early as molecules effecting intercellular communication. (nih.gov)
Neuropeptides form the most diverse class of chemical messenger molecules in metazoan nervous systems. (nih.gov)
The review discusses a selection of the large number of drug-like molecules that act as agonists or antagonists at receptors of neuropeptides. (diva-portal.org)

Neuropeptides are small protein-like substances produced and released through regulated secretory routes. (uclahealth.org)
As is expected in a state of negative energy balance, expression levels of agouti-related protein (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were increased 5-fold in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of food-restricted running ABA rats vs 2-fold in sedentary food-restricted controls. (biomedsearch.com)
Neuropeptide S (NPS) affects multiple neuroendocrine, behavioral, and inflammatory responses via its G protein-coupled cell surface receptor NPSR1 (Neuropeptide S Receptor 1) [ 1 - 4 ]. (plos.org)
Over the last decade it has been shown that orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be used as targets to discover novel neuropeptides. (wisepress.com)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide that is highly homologous to peptide YY (PYY). (sigmaaldrich.com)

AequoScreen® Double Transfected Cell Lines: Neuropeptide Y, Y2 subtype. (perkinelmer.com)

This under eye treatment is formulated with powerful Neuropeptides, our most advanced firming solution to visibly transform years of damage including wrinkles, saggy skin under eyes, dullness and discoloration. (perriconemd.com)
Neuropeptide Eye Contour helps to firm sagging and more fragile skin, minimizes the appearance of deep lines and wrinkles and diminishes the appearance of puffy eyes, discoloration and dark circles. (luxuryparlor.com)

Formulated with Dr. Perricone's proprietary Neuropeptides, this nourishing and comforting cream cleanser removes surface impurities and makeup leaving skin looking and feeling conditioned and ultra-soft. (perriconemd.com)
Formulated with Dr. Perricone's proprietary Neuropeptides, this non-stripping, nourishing and comforting cream cleanser removes surface impurities and makeup leaving skin looking and feeling conditioned and ultra-soft. (perriconemd.com)
Developed to help firm the appearance of your complexion, the Neuropeptide Facial Cream from Perricone helps to promote a smoother and more lifted skin look. (qvcuk.com)
As per the manufacturer, Perricone Neuropeptide Necolletage, US $240 for 118 ml, is an anti-aging cream that has been specially formulated to treat rings, wrinkles, and other signs of skin aging that appear on your neck and chest. (thebeautyinsiders.com)
Perricone Neuropeptide Necolletage reviews posted by satisfied users have specifically described this cream as having a rich consistency with a natural scent. (thebeautyinsiders.com)
This advanced eye treatment works as the best under-eye cream in our Neuropeptide Collection to visibly transform severe crow's feet, lines and wrinkles. (perriconemd.com)

The functional roles of some neuropeptides and their receptors have been investigated in D. melanogaster by molecular genetics techniques. (nih.gov)
However, the functional interactions between pathways involving these neuropeptides remain incompletely understood. (diabetesjournals.org)
Thus, our study suggests that the functional interactions between these neuropeptides are specific, although the underlying mechanisms are as yet unexplored. (diabetesjournals.org)
The functional significance of neuropeptides and neurohormones throughout the neuroaxis has been the focus of considerable research over the past 25 years. (eurekaselect.com)

We aim here to describe the recent advances on the role exerted by neuropeptides in the control of autophagy and its molecular mechanisms since increasing evidence indicates that dysregulation of autophagic process is related to different pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders, and cancer. (hindawi.com)
The new research on the link between stress, neuropeptide Y, and the CA1 region of the hippocampus fills an important gap in previous knowledge about the molecular and behavioral effects of NPY. (psychologytoday.com)
Leviev, I., Williamson, M., Grimmelikhuijzen, C. J. P. (1997) Molecular cloning of a preprohormone from Hydra magnipapillata containing multiple copies of Hydra -LWamide (Leu-Trp-NH 2 ) neuropeptides: evidence for processing at Ser and Asn residues. (springer.com)
This study lays the groundwork for future molecular studies of honey bee neuropeptides with the identification of 36 genes, 33 of which were previously unreported," the researchers write in the Oct. 27 issue of the journal Science. (bio-medicine.org)

An anti-inflammatory neuropeptide may be beneficial to the body as it reduces inflammation, increases collagen and elastin, repairs scars and wrinkles , and increases circulation. (wisegeek.org)
Perricone Neuropeptide Necolletage contains several decent ingredients that can possibly help in improving how wrinkles appear. (thebeautyinsiders.com)

Neuropeptides drive a wide diversity of biological actions and mediate multiple regulatory functions involving all organ systems. (hindawi.com)
In summary, the book is a unique contribution to the methodological problems associated with the measurement of neuropeptides in a biological matrix and should be unquestionably useful to scientists interested in this topic, as well as in a good reference framework for planning advanced research in neuropeptide isolation and identification. (ebooks.com)
As exemplified in this review, many common neuropeptides are degraded to a variety of smaller fragments but many of the fragments generated have not yet been examined in detail with regard to their potential biological activities. (diva-portal.org)

Like GABA and glutamate, which differ by only a single carboxyl group yet have very different functions, many neuropeptides with similar structures have very different functions. (nih.gov)
Crustacean neuropeptides: structures, functions and comparative aspects. (nih.gov)
In addition, behavioral and electrophysiological assays have addressed neuropeptide functions in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. (nih.gov)
Investigating the presence of neuropeptides in the gonads of a diverse array of species will provide us with information as to the possible evolutionary origins, adaptations, interactions and functions of what we are choosing to term "gonadal neuropeptide" systems. (frontiersin.org)
Neuropeptide S: Anatomy, Pharmacology, Genetics and Physiological Functions. (wisepress.com)

Home / Test Division / Reference Database / 1990 to 1999 / 1999 / A clinical study on personality and neuropeptides in pilots with arrhythmia. (umn.edu)

Scientists identify 36 genes, 100 neuropeptides in honey bee brains ( From humans to honey bees neuropeptide. (bio-medicine.org)
And, because genes that produce neuropeptides often have repeating sequences, some of the genes were found by a computer algorithm that scanned the honey bee genome for such telltale sequences. (bio-medicine.org)

Probably the first neuropeptide to be identified was vasopressin, a nine-amino-acid peptide secreted by the nerve endings in the neural lobe of the pituitary. (nih.gov)

Formulated with Neuropeptides, vitamin B3 and argan oil, our under-eye treatment visibly de-puffs bags, reduces dark circles and helps minimize sagging for a dramatically smoother, brighter, lifted appearance. (perriconemd.com)

By contrast, neuropeptide Y and somatostatin exerted concentration dependent constriction on resting vessels. (bmj.com)

The proteolytic processing of neuropeptides has an important regulatory function and the peptide fragments resulting from the enzymatic degradation often exert essential physiological roles. (diva-portal.org)
Each of these neuropeptides has opened new doors for our understanding of fundamental physiological or behavioral responses. (wisepress.com)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide neurotransmitter found in the CNS and autonomic nervous system. (citizendium.org)

What are the Ingredients in Perricone Neuropeptide Necolletage? (thebeautyinsiders.com)

Neuropeptide Y is produced by adipose tissue macrophages and regulates obesity-induced inflammation. (rndsystems.com)

Anatomy27

Organisms17

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs107

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes17

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Mrj encodes a DnaJ-related co-chaperone that is essential for murine placental development. (1/5789)

Regulation of body length and male tail ray pattern formation of Caenorhabditis elegans by a member of TGF-beta family. (2/5789)

Identification of APC2, a homologue of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumour suppressor. (3/5789)

Deletion analysis of the Drosophila Inscuteable protein reveals domains for cortical localization and asymmetric localization. (4/5789)

Differential expression of the mRNA for the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 in cells of the adult rat dorsal root and nodose ganglia and its downregulation by axotomy. (5/5789)

Reproducibility studies with 11C-DTBZ, a monoamine vesicular transporter inhibitor in healthy human subjects. (6/5789)

Interaction of NE-dlg/SAP102, a neuronal and endocrine tissue-specific membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein, with calmodulin and PSD-95/SAP90. A possible regulatory role in molecular clustering at synaptic sites. (7/5789)

Actions of a pair of identified cerebral-buccal interneurons (CBI-8/9) in Aplysia that contain the peptide myomodulin. (8/5789)

Neuropeptides

Substance P

FMRFamide

Neuropeptide Y

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Receptors, Neuropeptide

Invertebrate Hormones

Galanin

Tachykinins

Brachyura

Hypothalamus

Neurosecretory Systems

Neurokinin A

Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide

Enkephalin, Methionine

Capsaicin

Dynorphins

Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid

Agouti-Related Protein

Neurotransmitter Agents

Somatostatin

Neurokinin B

Gastrin-Releasing Peptide

Molting

Protein Precursors

Peptide PHI

Neurotensin

Neurogenic Inflammation

Aplysia

Secretogranin II

Pro-Opiomelanocortin

Neuroimmunomodulation

Enkephalins

Hypothalamic Hormones

Orexin Receptors

Vasotocin

Receptors, Neurokinin-1

Neurons

Bombesin

Arthropod Proteins

Receptors, Tachykinin

Endorphins

Oxytocin

Insect Hormones

Amino Acid Sequence

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

Cholecystokinin

Molecular Sequence Data

Receptors, Neuropeptide Y

Ganglia

Pituitary Hormones

Proprotein Convertase 2

Enkephalin, Leucine

Lymnaea

Neurons, Afferent

Arcuate Nucleus

Vasopressins

Neprilysin

Carboxypeptidase H

Secretory Vesicles

Oligopeptides

Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

Neuroendocrine Cells

Amidine-Lyases

Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I

Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Urocortins

beta-Endorphin

Receptors, Neurokinin-2

Ganglia, Invertebrate

Immunohistochemistry

Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled

Autonomic Pathways

Receptors, Catecholamine

Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Peptides

alpha-MSH

Opioid Peptides

Feeding Behavior