A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system.
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
Time period from 1801 through 1900 of the common era.
Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.
The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders.
Organizations representing specialized fields which are accepted as authoritative; may be non-governmental, university or an independent research organization, e.g., National Academy of Sciences, Brookings Institution, etc.
The scientific disciplines concerned with the embryology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, etc., of the nervous system.
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)
Time period from 2001 through 2100 of the common era.
Major administrative divisions of the hospital.
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.
Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.
A subfield of psychiatry that emphasizes the somatic substructure on which mental operations and emotions are based, and the functional or organic disturbances of the central nervous system that give rise to, contribute to, or are associated with mental and emotional disorders. (From Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 8th ed.)
A written account of a person's life and the branch of literature concerned with the lives of people. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)
Writings having excellence of form or expression and expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest. The body of written works produced in a particular language, country, or age. (Webster, 3d ed)
The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system.
Drugs used to prevent SEIZURES or reduce their severity.
Written or other literary works whose subject matter is medical or about the profession of medicine and related areas.
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
A disorder whose predominant feature is a loss or alteration in physical functioning that suggests a physical disorder but that is actually a direct expression of a psychological conflict or need.
Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).
Undergraduate education programs for second- , third- , and fourth-year students in health sciences in which the students receive clinical training and experience in teaching hospitals or affiliated health centers.
Detailed account or statement or formal record of data resulting from empirical inquiry.
"In the context of medicine, 'History' refers to the detailed narrative account of a patient's past and present health conditions, symptoms, treatments, lifestyle, and other relevant information, obtained through interviewing the patient or their significant others."
Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)
A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology.
A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system.
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)
Organizations which certify physicians and dentists as specialists in various fields of medical and dental practice.
An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)
The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in children.
Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.
The practice of sending a patient to another program or practitioner for services or advice which the referring source is not prepared to provide.
A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS and their causes.

Early theory and research on hemispheric specialization. (1/548)

This article provides an account of early theory and research on hemispheric specialization. It begins by tracing theory and research on localization of function that set the stage for the discovery of hemispheric specialization. After that, it describes the studies of Paul Broca, John Hughlings-Jackson, and others on hemisphere specialization and reviews some of the proposed explanations for the phenomenon. It then turns to the study of hemispheric specialization and mental illness, and it ends by identifying some of the linkages between theory and research from the past and the present.  (+info)

Measuring change in disability after inpatient rehabilitation: comparison of the responsiveness of the Barthel index and the Functional Independence Measure. (2/548)

BACKGROUND: The importance of evaluating disability outcome measures is well recognised. The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) was developed to be a more comprehensive and "sensitive" measure of disability than the Barthel Index (BI). Although the FIM is widely used and has been shown to be reliable and valid, there is limited information about its responsiveness, particularly in comparison with the BI. This study compares the appropriateness and responsiveness of these two disability measures in patients with multiple sclerosis and stroke. METHODS: Patients with multiple sclerosis (n=201) and poststroke (n=82) patients undergoing inpatient neurorehabilitation were studied. Admission and discharge scores were generated for the BI and the three scales of the FIM (total, motor, and cognitive). Appropriateness of the measures to the study samples was determined by examining score distributions, floor and ceiling effects. Responsiveness was determined using an effect size calculation. RESULTS: The BI, FIM total, and FIM motor scales show good variability and have small floor and ceiling effects in the study samples. The FIM cognitive scale showed a notable ceiling effect in patients with multiple sclerosis. Comparable effect sizes were found for the BI, and two FIM scales (total and motor) in both patients with multiple sclerosis and stroke patients. CONCLUSION: All measures were appropriate to the study sample. The FIM cognitive scale, however, has limited usefulness as an outcome measure in progressive multiple sclerosis. The BI, FIM total, and FIM motor scales show similar responsiveness, suggesting that both the FIM total and FIM motor scales have no advantage over the BI in evaluating change.  (+info)

The fate of neuroradiologic abstracts presented at national meetings in 1993: rate of subsequent publication in peer-reviewed, indexed journals. (3/548)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Abstract presentations are a valuable means of rapidly conveying new information; however, abstracts that fail to eventually become published are of little use to the general medical community. Our goals were to determine the publication rate of neuroradiologic papers originally presented at national meetings in 1993 and to assess publication rate as a function of neuroradiologic subspecialty and study design. METHODS: Proceedings from the 1993 ASNR and RSNA meetings were reviewed. A MEDLINE search encompassing 1993-1997 was performed cross-referencing lead author and at least one text word based on the abstract title. All ASNR and RSNA neuroradiologic abstracts were included. Study type, subspecialty classification, and sample size were tabulated. Publication rate, based on study design and neuroradiologic subspecialty, was compared with overall publication rate. Median duration from meeting presentation to publication was calculated, and the journals of publication were noted. RESULTS: Thirty-seven percent of ASNR abstracts and 33% of RSNA neuroradiologic abstracts were published as articles in indexed medical journals. Publication rates among neuroradiologic subspecialty types were not significantly different. Prospective studies presented at the ASNR were published at a higher rate than were retrospective studies. There was no difference between the publication rate of experimental versus clinical studies. Neuroradiologic abstracts were published less frequently than were abstracts within other medical specialties. Median time between abstract presentation and publication was 15 months. CONCLUSION: Approximately one third of neuroradiologic abstracts presented at national meetings in 1993 were published in indexed journals. This rate is lower than that of abstracts from medical specialties other than radiology.  (+info)

Specialty care for patients with epilepsy must become standard of care. Promotion of Specialty Care for Epilepsy Group. (4/548)

Epilepsy is a complex, common disorder with severe consequences for patients. The authors believe that a significant percentage of patients are receiving suboptimal care. The national standard of care needs to be upgraded to include the notion that patients with less than total seizure control or those suffering from any medication side-effects should be given the opportunity to receive specialty care by physicians with specific expertise in the field of epilepsy.  (+info)

Neurological disease, emotional disorder, and disability: they are related: a study of 300 consecutive new referrals to a neurology outpatient department. (5/548)

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders in patients referred to general neurology outpatient clinics, to compare disability and number of somatic symptoms in patients with and without emotional disorder, the relation to neurological disease, and assess the need for psychiatric treatment as perceived by patients and doctors. METHODS: A prospective cohort study set in a regional neurology service in Edinburgh, Scotland. The subjects were 300 newly referred consecutive outpatients who were assessed for DSM IV anxiety and depressive disorders (PRIME-MD, and HAD), health status, and disability (SF-36), and patients', GPs' and neurologists' ratings of the need for patient to receive psychiatric or psychological treatment. RESULTS: Of 300 new patients, 140 (47%) met criteria for one or more DSM IV anxiety or depressive diagnosis. Major depression was the most common (27%). A comparison of patients with and without emotional disorder showed that physical function, physical role functioning, bodily pain, and social functioning were worse in patients with emotional disorders (p<0. 0005). The median number of somatic symptoms was greater in patients with emotional disorders (p<0.0005). These differences were independent of the presence of neurological disease. Few patients wished to receive psychiatric or psychological treatments. Both general practitioners and neurologists were more likely to recommend psychiatric treatment when the patients' symptoms were medically unexplained. CONCLUSIONS: Almost half of new referrals to general neurology clinics met criteria for a DSM IV psychiatric diagnosis. These patients were more disabled, and had more somatic symptoms. They expressed little enthusiasm for receiving psychiatric treatment.  (+info)

Do medically unexplained symptoms matter? A prospective cohort study of 300 new referrals to neurology outpatient clinics. (6/548)

OBJECTIVES: To determine (a) the proportion of patients referred to general neurology outpatient clinics whose symptoms are medically unexplained; (b) why they were referred; (c) health status and emotional disorder in this group compared with patients whose symptoms are explained by "organic" neurological disease. METHODS: The prospective cohort study with case note follow up at 6 months was carried out in the regional neurology service in Lothian, Scotland with 300 newly referred outpatients. Neurologists rated the degree to which patients' symptoms were explained by organic disease (organicity), GPs' reasons for referral, health status (SF-36), anxiety, and depressive disorders (PRIME-MD), RESULTS: Of 300 new patients 11% (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 7%-14%) had symptoms that were rated as "not at all explained" by organic disease, 19% (15% to 23%) "somewhat explained", 27% (22% to 32%) "largely explained", and 43% (37% to 49%) "completely explained" by organic disease. Reason for referral was not associated with "organicity". Comparison of these groups showed that although physical function was similar, the median number of physical symptoms and pain were greater in patients with lower organicity ratings (p<0.0005, p<0. 0005). Depressive and anxiety disorders were more common in patients with symptoms of lower organicity (70% of patients in the not at all group had an anxiety or depressive disorder compared with 32% in the completely explained group (p<0.0005). CONCLUSION: One third of new referrals to general neurology clinics have symptoms that are poorly explained by identifiable organic disease. These patients were disabled and distressed. They deserve more attention.  (+info)

An integrative approach to neurotoxicology. (7/548)

Exposure of human populations to a wide variety of chemicals has generated concern about the potential neurotoxicity of new and existing chemicals. Experimental studies conducted in laboratory animals remain critical to the study of neurotoxicity. An integrative approach using pharmacokinetic, neuropathological, neurochemical, electrophysiological, and behavioral methods is needed to determine whether a chemical is neurotoxic. There are a number of factors that can affect the outcome of a neurotoxicity study, including the choice of animal species, dose and dosage regimen, route of administration, and the intrinsic sensitivity of the nervous system to the test chemical. The neurotoxicity of a chemical can vary at different stages of brain development and maturity. Evidence of neurotoxicity may be highly subjective and species specific and can be complicated by the presence of systemic disease. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of these and other factors involved in the assessment of the neurotoxic potential for chemicals. This article discusses the neurotoxicity of several neurotoxicants (eg, acrylamide, trimethyltin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, manganese, and ivermectin), thereby highlighting a multidisciplinary approach to the assessment of chemically induced neurotoxicity in animals. These model chemicals produce a broad range of effects that includes peripheral axonopathy, selective neuronal damage within the nervous system, and impaired neuronal-glial metabolism.  (+info)

Racial variation in treatment for transient ischemic attacks: impact of participation by neurologists. (8/548)

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the role of neurologists in explaining African American-white differences in the use of diagnostic and therapeutic services for cerebrovascular disease. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Medicare inpatient hospital records were used to identify a random 20 percent sample of patients age 65 and over hospitalized with a principal diagnosis of TIA between January 1, 1991 and November 30, 1991 (n = 17,437). STUDY DESIGN: Medicare administrative data were used to identify five outcome measures: noninvasive cerebrovascular tests, cerebral angiography, carotid endarterectomy, anticoagulant therapy (as proxied by outpatient prothrombin time tests), and the specialty of the attending physician (neurologist versus other specialist). DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: All Medicare claims were extracted for a 30-day period beginning with the date of admission. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Even after adjusting for patient demographics, comorbidity, ability to pay, and provider characteristics, African American patients were significantly less likely to receive noninvasive cerebrovascular testing, cerebral angiography, or carotid endarterectomy, compared with white patients, and to have a neurologist as their attending physician. At the same time, patients treated by neurologists were more likely to undergo diagnostic testing and less likely to undergo carotid endarterectomy. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that African American patients with TIA may have less access to services for cerebrovascular disease and that at least some of this may be attributed to less access to neurologists. More research is needed on how patients at risk for stroke are referred to specialists.  (+info)

Neurology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of diseases and disorders of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, muscles, and autonomic nervous system. Neurologists are medical doctors who specialize in this field, diagnosing and treating conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and various types of headaches and pain disorders. They use a variety of diagnostic tests, including imaging studies like MRI and CT scans, electrophysiological tests like EEG and EMG, and laboratory tests to evaluate nerve function and identify any underlying conditions or abnormalities. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, rehabilitation, or lifestyle modifications.

Nervous system diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. These diseases can affect various functions of the body, such as movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. They can be caused by genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or tumors. Examples of nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, stroke, and neuroinfections like meningitis and encephalitis. The symptoms and severity of these disorders can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and debilitating.

"History, 19th Century" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to the historical events, developments, and figures related to the 1800s in various fields, including politics, culture, science, and technology. However, if you are looking for medical advancements during the 19th century, here's a brief overview:

The 19th century was a period of significant progress in medicine, with numerous discoveries and innovations that shaped modern medical practices. Some notable developments include:

1. Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine (1796): Although not strictly within the 19th century, Jenner's discovery laid the foundation for vaccination as a preventive measure against infectious diseases.
2. Germ theory of disease: The work of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and others established that many diseases were caused by microorganisms, leading to the development of antiseptic practices and vaccines.
3. Anesthesia: In 1842, Crawford Long first used ether as an anesthetic during surgery, followed by the introduction of chloroform in 1847 by James Simpson.
4. Antisepsis and asepsis: Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic practices in surgery, significantly reducing postoperative infections. Later, the concept of asepsis (sterilization) was developed to prevent contamination during surgical procedures.
5. Microbiology: The development of techniques for culturing and staining bacteria allowed for better understanding and identification of pathogens.
6. Physiology: Claude Bernard's work on the regulation of internal body functions, or homeostasis, contributed significantly to our understanding of human physiology.
7. Neurology: Jean-Martin Charcot made significant contributions to the study of neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
8. Psychiatry: Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, a new approach to understanding mental illnesses.
9. Public health: The 19th century saw the establishment of public health organizations and initiatives aimed at improving sanitation, water quality, and vaccination programs.
10. Medical education reforms: The Flexner Report in 1910 led to significant improvements in medical education standards and practices.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "History, 20th Century" is a broad and complex topic that refers to the events, developments, and transformations that occurred throughout the world during the 1900s. It is not a medical term or concept. If you're interested in learning more about this historical period, I would recommend consulting a history textbook, reputable online resources, or speaking with a historian. They can provide detailed information about the political, social, economic, and cultural changes that took place during the 20th century.

Psychiatry is the branch of medicine focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. A psychiatrist is a medically trained doctor who specializes in psychiatry, and they are qualified to assess both the mental and physical aspects of psychological problems. They can use a variety of treatments, including psychotherapy, medications, psychoeducation, and psychosocial interventions, to help patients manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Psychiatrists often work in multidisciplinary teams that include other mental health professionals such as psychologists, social workers, and mental health nurses. They may provide services in a range of settings, including hospitals, clinics, community mental health centers, and private practices.

It's important to note that while I strive to provide accurate and helpful information, my responses should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you or someone else has concerns about mental health, it is always best to consult with a qualified healthcare provider.

"Academies and Institutes" in a medical context typically refer to organizations that are dedicated to advancing knowledge, research, and education in a specific field of medicine or healthcare. These organizations often bring together experts and leaders in the field to share knowledge, conduct research, and develop guidelines or policies. They may also provide training and certification for healthcare professionals.

Examples of medical academies and institutes include:

* The National Academy of Medicine (NAM) in the United States, which provides independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation on medical and health issues.
* The Royal College of Physicians (RCP) in the United Kingdom, which is a professional body dedicated to improving the practice of medicine, with a particular focus on physicians.
* The American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC), which are two leading organizations focused on cardiovascular disease and healthcare.
* The World Health Organization (WHO) is an international organization that coordinates and directs global health activities, including research, policy-making, and service delivery.

These institutions play a crucial role in shaping medical practice and policy by providing evidence-based recommendations and guidelines, as well as training and certification for healthcare professionals.

Neurosciences is a multidisciplinary field of study that focuses on the structure, function, development, and disorders of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It incorporates various scientific disciplines such as biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, engineering, and computer science to understand the complexities of the nervous system at different levels, from molecular and cellular mechanisms to systems and behavior.

The field encompasses both basic research and clinical applications, with the aim of advancing our knowledge of the nervous system and developing effective treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Specialties within neurosciences include neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neurochemistry, neuropharmacology, neurobiology, neuroimmunology, behavioral neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, clinical neuroscience, and computational neuroscience, among others.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can result in a wide range of symptoms, including convulsions, loss of consciousness, and altered sensations or behaviors. Epilepsy can have many different causes, including genetic factors, brain injury, infection, or stroke. In some cases, the cause may be unknown.

There are many different types of seizures that can occur in people with epilepsy, and the specific type of seizure will depend on the location and extent of the abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Some people may experience only one type of seizure, while others may have several different types. Seizures can vary in frequency, from a few per year to dozens or even hundreds per day.

Epilepsy is typically diagnosed based on the patient's history of recurrent seizures and the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures the electrical activity in the brain. Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans may also be used to help identify any structural abnormalities in the brain that may be contributing to the seizures.

While there is no cure for epilepsy, it can often be effectively managed with medication. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the area of the brain responsible for the seizures. With proper treatment and management, many people with epilepsy are able to lead normal, productive lives.

I believe there might be a bit of confusion in your question. "History" is a subject that refers to events, ideas, and developments of the past. It's not something that has a medical definition. However, if you're referring to the "21st century" in a historical context, it relates to the period from 2001 to the present. It's an era marked by significant advancements in technology, medicine, and society at large. But again, it doesn't have a medical definition. If you meant something else, please provide more context so I can give a more accurate response.

There seems to be a misunderstanding in your question. "Hospital Departments" is not a medical term or diagnosis, but rather an organizational structure used by hospitals to divide their services and facilities into different units based on medical specialties or patient populations. Examples of hospital departments include internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, emergency medicine, radiology, and pathology. Each department typically has its own staff, equipment, and facilities to provide specialized care for specific types of patients or medical conditions.

A headache is defined as pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. It can be a symptom of various underlying conditions such as stress, sinus congestion, migraine, or more serious issues like meningitis or concussion. Headaches can vary in intensity, ranging from mild to severe, and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light and sound. There are over 150 different types of headaches, including tension headaches, cluster headaches, and sinus headaches, each with their own specific characteristics and causes.

A neurological examination is a series of tests used to evaluate the functioning of the nervous system, including both the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body). It is typically performed by a healthcare professional such as a neurologist or a primary care physician with specialized training in neurology.

During a neurological examination, the healthcare provider will assess various aspects of neurological function, including:

1. Mental status: This involves evaluating a person's level of consciousness, orientation, memory, and cognitive abilities.
2. Cranial nerves: There are 12 cranial nerves that control functions such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and movement of the face and neck. The healthcare provider will test each of these nerves to ensure they are functioning properly.
3. Motor function: This involves assessing muscle strength, tone, coordination, and reflexes. The healthcare provider may ask the person to perform certain movements or tasks to evaluate these functions.
4. Sensory function: The healthcare provider will test a person's ability to feel different types of sensations, such as touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and proprioception (the sense of where your body is in space).
5. Coordination and balance: The healthcare provider may assess a person's ability to perform coordinated movements, such as touching their finger to their nose or walking heel-to-toe.
6. Reflexes: The healthcare provider will test various reflexes throughout the body using a reflex hammer.

The results of a neurological examination can help healthcare providers diagnose and monitor conditions that affect the nervous system, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, or peripheral neuropathy.

Neuropsychiatry is a subspecialty that focuses on the integration of neurology and psychiatry, combining knowledge from both fields to understand, diagnose, and treat disorders that involve both the brain and behavior. It addresses conditions where mental disorders (such as schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders) are thought to be caused or influenced by underlying neurological conditions (such as epilepsy, dementia, Parkinson's disease). Neuropsychiatrists evaluate, manage, and treat patients with complex neurobehavioral disorders using a comprehensive approach that considers biological, psychological, and social factors.

A biography is a written or oral account of someone’s life. It can be written in either objective or subjective style, depending on the author’s approach and purpose. A biography typically includes information about the person’s birth, major life events, relationships, accomplishments, and death. It may also include an analysis of the person’s character and impact on society.

Biographies can be written about people from all walks of life, including politicians, artists, scientists, religious figures, and historical figures. They can be used for a variety of purposes, such as to educate readers about a particular person or period in history, to inspire or entertain, or to provide insight into the human experience.

Biographies can be classified into several types, including:

1. Autobiography: A biography written by the subject themselves.
2. Memoir: A type of autobiography that focuses on specific events or aspects of the author's life.
3. Authorized biography: A biography written with the cooperation and approval of the subject or their estate.
4. Unauthorized biography: A biography written without the subject's cooperation or approval.
5. Collective biography: A biography that covers multiple subjects who share a common theme, such as members of a particular family, group, or profession.
6. Fictionalized biography: A biography that includes fictional elements to enhance the narrative or fill in gaps in the historical record.

Regardless of the type, a well-written biography can provide valuable insights into the life and times of its subject, shedding light on their achievements, struggles, and contributions to society.

In the context of medicine, "literature" refers to scientific publications such as research articles, reviews, case reports, and clinical guidelines that report on or discuss clinical trials, experimental studies, epidemiological investigations, or other research related to medical conditions, treatments, interventions, and public health. These publications are typically peer-reviewed, meaning they have been evaluated by experts in the field for quality, accuracy, and relevance before being accepted for publication. Medical literature provides healthcare professionals with evidence-based information that can inform clinical decision making, improve patient care, and advance medical knowledge.

Neurophysiology is a branch of physiology that deals with the study of the functioning of the nervous system and its components, including the neurons, neurotransmitters, and electrical signals that transmit information within the nervous system. It involves the examination of various aspects such as nerve impulse transmission, sensory processes, muscle activation, and brain function using techniques like electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and nerve conduction studies. The findings from neurophysiological studies can be applied to diagnose and manage neurological disorders and injuries.

Anticonvulsants are a class of drugs used primarily to treat seizure disorders, also known as epilepsy. These medications work by reducing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that leads to seizures. In addition to their use in treating epilepsy, anticonvulsants are sometimes also prescribed for other conditions, such as neuropathic pain, bipolar disorder, and migraine headaches.

Anticonvulsants can work in different ways to reduce seizure activity. Some medications, such as phenytoin and carbamazepine, work by blocking sodium channels in the brain, which helps to stabilize nerve cell membranes and prevent excessive electrical activity. Other medications, such as valproic acid and gabapentin, increase the levels of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which has a calming effect on nerve cells and helps to reduce seizure activity.

While anticonvulsants are generally effective at reducing seizure frequency and severity, they can also have side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, and gastrointestinal symptoms. In some cases, these side effects may be managed by adjusting the dosage or switching to a different medication. It is important for individuals taking anticonvulsants to work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their response to the medication and make any necessary adjustments.

"Medicine in Literature" is not a medical term per se, but rather a field of study that explores the representation and interpretation of medicine, health, and illness in literature. It is an interdisciplinary approach that combines literary analysis with medical humanities to understand the cultural, historical, and social contexts of medical practices, theories, and experiences as depicted in various forms of literature. This field often examines how literature reflects and shapes societal attitudes towards health, disease, and medical care, and how it can contribute to medical education and empathic understanding of patients' experiences.

Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Some examples of brain diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.

Conversion disorder is a mental health condition that is characterized by the presence of neurological symptoms, such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing, that cannot be explained by a medical condition. These symptoms are thought to be caused by psychological factors, such as stress or trauma, and may be a way for the individual to express emotional distress or avoid certain situations.

The symptoms of conversion disorder are typically dramatic and can interfere significantly with a person's daily life. They may include:

* Loss of or alteration in physical senses (such as blindness, deafness, or loss of touch)
* Weakness or paralysis in a part or all of the body
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Seizures or convulsions
* Inability to move certain parts of the body
* Tremors or shaking
* Loss of consciousness

It is important to note that conversion disorder is not a fake or intentional condition. Rather, it is a genuine medical condition that requires treatment. Treatment typically involves addressing any underlying psychological issues and helping the individual develop more effective ways of coping with stress and emotional distress.

Autoimmune diseases of the nervous system are a group of conditions that occur when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the brain, spinal cord, or nerves. These diseases can cause inflammation, damage to nerve cells, and interference with the transmission of nerve impulses, leading to various neurological symptoms.

Examples of autoimmune diseases that affect the nervous system include:

1. Multiple sclerosis (MS): A chronic disease characterized by damage to the protective covering of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, causing a variety of neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, vision problems, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
2. Myasthenia gravis: A condition that causes muscle weakness and fatigue, particularly affecting the eyes, face, and neck muscles. It occurs when the immune system attacks the receptors that transmit signals between nerves and muscles.
3. Guillain-Barré syndrome: A rare disorder in which the body's immune system attacks the nerves, causing muscle weakness, tingling, and numbness that can spread throughout the body. In severe cases, it can lead to paralysis and respiratory failure.
4. Neuromyelitis optica (NMO): A rare autoimmune disease that affects the optic nerve and spinal cord, causing vision loss, muscle weakness, and other neurological symptoms.
5. Autoimmune encephalitis: A group of conditions characterized by inflammation of the brain, caused by an overactive immune response. Symptoms can include seizures, memory loss, confusion, and behavioral changes.
6. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP): A rare disorder that causes progressive weakness and numbness in the legs and arms due to damage to the nerves' protective covering.

Treatment for autoimmune diseases of the nervous system typically involves medications to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation, as well as physical therapy and other supportive measures to manage symptoms and maintain function.

A clinical clerkship is a phase of medical education where medical students participate in supervised direct patient care in a clinical setting as part of their training. It typically occurs during the third or fourth year of medical school and serves to provide students with practical experience in diagnosing and treating patients under the guidance of experienced physicians.

During a clinical clerkship, students work directly with patients in hospitals, clinics, or other healthcare facilities, taking medical histories, performing physical examinations, ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests, formulating treatment plans, and communicating with patients and their families. They may also participate in patient rounds, conferences, and other educational activities.

Clinical clerkships are designed to help students develop clinical skills, build confidence, and gain exposure to different medical specialties. They provide an opportunity for students to apply the knowledge and skills they have learned in the classroom to real-world situations, helping them to become competent and compassionate healthcare providers.

A "Research Report" in the medical context is a comprehensive and systematic documentation of the entire process, findings, and conclusions of a scientific research study. It typically includes an abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections. The report may also contain information about the funding sources, potential conflicts of interest, and ethical considerations related to the research. The purpose of a research report is to allow other researchers to critically evaluate the study, replicate its findings, and build upon its knowledge. It should adhere to strict standards of scientific reporting and be written in a clear, concise, and objective manner.

In the context of medical terminology, "history" refers to the detailed narrative of the patient's symptoms, illnesses, treatments, and other related information gathered during a medical consultation or examination. This is usually obtained by asking the patient a series of questions about their past medical conditions, current health status, family medical history, lifestyle habits, and any medications they are taking. The information collected in the medical history helps healthcare professionals to diagnose, treat, and manage the patient's health concerns more effectively. It is also an essential part of continuity of care, as it provides valuable insights into the patient's health over time.

Headache disorders refer to a group of conditions characterized by recurrent headaches that cause significant distress and impairment in daily functioning. The most common types of headache disorders are tension-type headaches, migraines, and cluster headaches.

Tension-type headaches are typically described as a dull, aching sensation around the head and neck, often accompanied by tightness or pressure. Migraines, on the other hand, are usually characterized by moderate to severe throbbing pain on one or both sides of the head, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound, and visual disturbances.

Cluster headaches are relatively rare but extremely painful, with attacks lasting from 15 minutes to three hours and occurring several times a day for weeks or months. They typically affect one side of the head and are often accompanied by symptoms such as redness and tearing of the eye, nasal congestion, and sweating on the affected side of the face.

Headache disorders can have a significant impact on quality of life, and effective treatment often requires a multidisciplinary approach that may include medication, lifestyle changes, and behavioral therapies.

Neuropsychology is a branch of psychology that deals with the study of the structure and function of the brain as they relate to cognitive and behavioral processes. It involves understanding how damage to different parts of the brain can affect various mental abilities such as memory, attention, language, perception, and problem-solving.

Neuropsychologists often work with patients who have neurological conditions like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, or epilepsy to evaluate their cognitive and behavioral strengths and weaknesses. They use various assessment tools and techniques, including neuropsychological tests, interviews, and observations, to make these evaluations.

The findings from a neuropsychological evaluation can help in several ways, such as:

1. Diagnosing neurological conditions or monitoring the progression of a known condition.
2. Developing treatment plans that take into account the individual's cognitive and behavioral strengths and weaknesses.
3. Providing recommendations for rehabilitation or accommodations in daily life, education, or work settings.
4. Monitoring changes in cognitive function over time to assess the effectiveness of treatments or the progression of a condition.
5. Conducting research to better understand the relationship between brain structure and function and behavior.

Neurosurgery, also known as neurological surgery, is a medical specialty that involves the diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders of the nervous system. This includes the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system. Neurosurgeons use both traditional open and minimally invasive techniques to treat various conditions such as tumors, trauma, vascular disorders, infections, stroke, epilepsy, pain, and congenital anomalies. They work closely with other healthcare professionals including neurologists, radiologists, oncologists, and critical care specialists to provide comprehensive patient care.

A stroke, also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is a serious medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, leading to deprivation of oxygen and nutrients to brain cells. This can result in the death of brain tissue and cause permanent damage or temporary impairment to cognitive functions, speech, memory, movement, and other body functions controlled by the affected area of the brain.

Strokes can be caused by either a blockage in an artery that supplies blood to the brain (ischemic stroke) or the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke). A transient ischemic attack (TIA), also known as a "mini-stroke," is a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain that lasts only a few minutes and does not cause permanent damage.

Symptoms of a stroke may include sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg; difficulty speaking or understanding speech; vision problems; loss of balance or coordination; severe headache with no known cause; and confusion or disorientation. Immediate medical attention is crucial for stroke patients to receive appropriate treatment and prevent long-term complications.

Specialty boards, also known as medical specialty boards or certifying boards, are organizations that grant certification to physicians who have completed specialized training and passed an examination in a particular area of medical practice. In the United States, these boards are responsible for establishing the standards and requirements for specialty training and for evaluating the knowledge, skills, and experience of physicians seeking board certification. The American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) recognizes 24 member boards that cover various medical specialties, including internal medicine, surgery, psychiatry, pediatrics, and radiology, among others. Board certification is a voluntary process that demonstrates a physician's expertise and commitment to maintaining high standards of care in their area of practice.

Infantile spasms, also known as West syndrome, is a rare but serious type of epilepsy that affects infants typically between 4-8 months of age. The spasms are characterized by sudden, brief, and frequent muscle jerks or contractions, often involving the neck, trunk, and arms. These spasms usually occur in clusters and may cause the infant to bend forward or stretch out. Infantile spasms can be a symptom of various underlying neurological conditions and are often associated with developmental delays and regression. Early recognition and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes.

Child psychiatry is a medical subspecialty that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders in children, adolescents, and their families. It incorporates various disciplines, including psychology, pediatrics, neurology, social work, nursing, and education, to provide comprehensive care for children with complex needs.

Child psychiatrists use a biopsychosocial approach to understand the underlying causes of a child's difficulties, considering genetic, biological, developmental, environmental, and psychological factors. They are trained to perform comprehensive evaluations, including diagnostic interviews, cognitive and neuropsychological testing, and psychiatric assessments, to develop individualized treatment plans.

Treatment modalities may include psychotherapy (individual, family, or group), medication management, psychoeducation, and coordination with other healthcare professionals and community resources. Child psychiatrists often work in various settings, such as hospitals, clinics, private practices, schools, and residential treatment facilities, to ensure that children receive the necessary support and care for their mental health concerns.

The term "hysteria" is an outdated and discredited concept in medicine, particularly in psychiatry and psychology. Originally, it was used to describe a condition characterized by dramatic, excessive emotional reactions and physical symptoms that couldn't be explained by a medical condition. These symptoms often included things like paralysis, blindness, or fits, which would sometimes be "hysterical" in nature - that is, they seemed to have no physical cause.

However, the concept of hysteria has been largely abandoned due to its lack of scientific basis and its use as a catch-all diagnosis for symptoms that doctors couldn't explain. Today, many of the symptoms once attributed to hysteria are now understood as manifestations of other medical or psychological conditions, such as conversion disorder, panic attacks, or malingering. It's important to note that using outdated and stigmatizing terms like "hysteria" can be harmful and misleading, so it's best to avoid them in favor of more precise and respectful language.

**Referral:**
A referral in the medical context is the process where a healthcare professional (such as a general practitioner or primary care physician) sends or refers a patient to another healthcare professional who has specialized knowledge and skills to address the patient's specific health condition or concern. This could be a specialist, a consultant, or a facility that provides specialized care. The referral may involve transferring the patient's care entirely to the other professional or may simply be for a consultation and advice.

**Consultation:**
A consultation in healthcare is a process where a healthcare professional seeks the opinion or advice of another professional regarding a patient's medical condition. This can be done in various ways, such as face-to-face meetings, phone calls, or written correspondence. The consulting professional provides their expert opinion to assist in the diagnosis, treatment plan, or management of the patient's condition. The ultimate decision and responsibility for the patient's care typically remain with the referring or primary healthcare provider.

Sleep medicine is a medical specialty or subspecialty devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of sleep disturbances and disorders. Sleep-related problems such as snoring, sleep apnea, insomnia, narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, parasomnias, circadian rhythm disorders, and unusual behaviors during sleep are among the conditions that sleep medicine physicians diagnose and treat.

Sleep medicine specialists often work in multidisciplinary teams that include other healthcare professionals such as neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, pulmonologists, otolaryngologists, and dentists to provide comprehensive care for patients with sleep disorders. They use various diagnostic tools, including polysomnography (sleep studies), actigraphy, and multiple sleep latency tests, to evaluate patients' sleep patterns and diagnose their conditions accurately. Based on the diagnosis, they develop individualized treatment plans that may include lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, medical devices, or surgery.

To become a sleep medicine specialist, physicians typically complete a residency in a related field such as neurology, pulmonology, psychiatry, or internal medicine and then pursue additional training and certification in sleep medicine. The American Board of Medical Specialties recognizes sleep medicine as a subspecialty, and the American Board of Sleep Medicine offers certification to qualified physicians who pass a rigorous examination.

... vascular neurology (stroke), behavioral neurology, child neurology, headache, multiple sclerosis, neuroimaging, neurooncology, ... Medicine portal American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology American Osteopathic Board of Neurology and Psychiatry Developmental ... Neurology (from Greek: νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is the branch of medicine dealing ... In Germany, a compulsory year of psychiatry must be done to complete a residency of neurology. In the United Kingdom and ...
... is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by the American Medical Association. It was established in ... "JAMA Neurology". NLM Catalog. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2019-11-12. "Journals Ranked by Impact: ... "Clinical Neurology". List of American Medical Association journals "For Authors". JAMA. Retrieved 14 October 2020. National ... Clinical Neurology". 2022 Release of Journal Citation Reports™. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate Analytics. 2022. ...
Extinction is a neurological disorder that impairs the ability to perceive multiple stimuli of the same type simultaneously. Extinction is usually caused by damage resulting in lesions on one side of the brain. Those who are affected by extinction have a lack of awareness in the contralesional side of space (towards the left side space following a right lesion) and a loss of exploratory search and other actions normally directed toward that side. Unilateral lesions of various brain structures can cause a failure to sense contralesional stimuli in the absence of obvious sensory losses. This failure is defined as unilateral extinction if it occurs solely in the case of simultaneous bilateral sensory stimulations. Unilateral extinction can occur with bilateral visual, auditory and tactile stimuli, as well as with bilateral cross-modal stimulations of these sensory systems, and is more frequent following right hemisphere brain damage (RHD) than left hemisphere brain damage (LHD). Unilateral sensory ...
... is a subspecialty of neurology that studies the impact of neurological damage and disease upon behavior, ... Localizationist neurology and clinical descriptions reached a peak in the late 19th and early 20th century, with work extending ... In the United States, the work of Norman Geschwind led to a renaissance of behavioral neurology. He is famous for his work on ... In the United States, 'Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry' has been recognized as a single subspecialty by the United ...
Neurology is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in neurology. It is published by Wolters Kluwer on behalf ... "Source details: Neurology". Scopus preview. Elsevier. Retrieved 2019-01-08. "Neurology". 2022 Journal Citation Reports. Web of ... "Neurology". NLM Catalog. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2019-01-08. "Neurology". MIAR: Information ... Neurology journals, Academic journals established in 1951, Wolters Kluwer academic journals, Academic journals associated with ...
... is a bimonthly peer-reviewed open-access medical journal published by Medknow Publications on behalf of the ... "Neurology India". 2019 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2019. Official website ... It covers all aspects of neurology, including neurosurgery, neuropsychiatry, neuropathology, neuro-oncology, and neuro- ... Neurology journals, Medknow Publications academic journals, Academic journals established in 1953, Academic journals associated ...
A psychon was a minimal unit of psychic activity proposed by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts in "A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" in 1943, where it was posited to be "no less than the activity of a single neuron." McCulloch was later to reflect that he intended to invent a kind of "least psychic event" with the following properties: it either happened or else it did not happen. it would happen only if it was the product of a temporal antecedent. it was to lead to subsequent psychons. these could be compounded to produce the equivalents of more complicated propositions concerning their antecedents. This dual value logic was adopted by Jacques Lacan and applied to psychoanalysis. The psychon was a primitive model of what would eventually become known as the all or nothing principle of neuron firing. McCulloch, WS; Pitts, W (1990). "A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. 1943" (PDF). Bulletin of Mathematical Biology. 52 (1-2): 99-115, discussion ...
... is a branch of neurology dedicated to improving functions of the impaired nervous system through ... "Restorative neurology: Consideration of the new anatomy and physiology of the injured nervous system." Clinical Neurology and ... Restorative neurology is a new way and a combination of neural components that are able to determine how long a natural ... Restorative neurology's main goal is to take advantage of the new anatomy and physiology approach for enhanced neurological ...
... Section of the American Academy of Neurology "AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NEUROLOGY, GERIATRIC NEUROLOGY, ... Geriatric Neurology: Falls, Prevention and Balance course Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology Geriatric Neurology ... The Geriatric Neurology Section of the American Academy of Neurology was organized in 1989 to increase awareness of and foster ... Behavioral Neurology Clinic at the Perlman Ambulatory Care Center. The Geriatric Neurology Section of the American Academy of ...
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... is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering neurology. It was established in 1968 and is published ... "European Neurology". 2014 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2015. "European Neurology ... The history of European Neurology dates back to 1897, when the Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie was established. ... In 1968, it was split into two journals: European Neurology and Psychiatria Clinica. " ...
Neurology journals, Pediatrics journals, English-language journals, Monthly journals, All stub articles, Neurology journal ... Articles in Pediatric Neurology are available in both print and electronic formats, and proofs are available online soon after ... The editor-in-chief of Pediatric Neurology is E. Steve Roach, MD, of The University of Texas Dell Medical School in Austin, ... Established in 1985, Pediatric Neurology is a peer-reviewed medical journal that emphasizes the neurological disorders of ...
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... is a peer-reviewed medical journal publishing articles of "broad interest in neurology, particularly those ... Annals of Neurology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2020. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1531-8249. Retrieved 26 June 2020. "Annals of Neurology". ... "Clinical Neurology". The Annals of Neurology was launched in 1977. The following people have been editors-in-chief of the ... Neurology journals, Wiley (publisher) academic journals, All stub articles, Neurology journal stubs). ...
... is a bimonthly peer-reviewed open access medical journal that was established in 2010 and is ... "Archive of Surgical Neurology International". National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 14 May 2014. "Scopus title list". ... The editor-in-chief is James I. Ausman (University of California, Los Angeles). Surgical Neurology International was ... Ausman, James I (2010). "The Beginning of Surgical Neurology International". Surg. Neurol. Int. 2014, 1:5: 5. doi:10.4103/2152- ...
The Journal of Neurology is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering research on diseases of the nervous system. It was ... Neurology journals, Monthly journals, Springer Science+Business Media academic journals, English-language journals, ... Publications established in 1891, All stub articles, Neurology journal stubs). ...
... is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio. It was established in ... It covers research developments and clinical practice in neurology. Coverage includes prevention, diagnosis and treatment of ... "Journals Ranked by Impact: Clinical Neurology". 2021 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate. 2022. ... "Displaying Record for Publication: Nature Reviews Neurology". CASSI. Chemical Abstracts Service. Retrieved 2022-08-09. "Aims & ...
... a physician in a specialty other than neurology or a professional practicing in a specialty related to neurology. This level of ... Junior - a graduate of an accredited medical/osteopathic school who is completing training in a neurology residency program or ... Neurologist - a physician fully trained in neurology and board certified by the ABPN, AOBNP, the Royal College of Physicians ... This level of membership has both United States and International categories Fellow of the American Academy of Neurology (FAAN ...
The European Journal of Neurology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal that covers all aspects of neurology. It was ... "European Journal of Neurology". 2020 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate. 2021. Official website ... Neurology journals, English-language journals, Academic journals associated with international learned and professional ... established in 1994 and is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the European Academy of Neurology. The editor-in-chief is ...
... is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal covering neurology and neurosurgery. It was ... "Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery". 2021 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate. 2022. Official ... Neurology journals, Neurosurgery journals, Elsevier academic journals, Academic journals established in 1974, Quarterly ... journals, English-language journals, All stub articles, Surgery journal stubs, Neurology journal stubs). ...
The Journal of Child Neurology is a peer-reviewed medical journal that covers the field of pediatric neurology. The editor-in- ... "Journal of Child Neurology". 2012 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2013. Official ...
doi:10.1136/bmj.39227.616447.BE (Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2022, Neurology). ... A Journal of Neurology, 133(Pt 7), 1869-88. doi:10.1093/brain/awq147 McDowell TY, Amr S, Culpepper WJ, Langenberg P, Royal W, ...
... is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal covering cognitive neurology. It was ... "Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology". 2021 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate. 2022. Official ... "Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology". NLM Catalog. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2018-12-13. " ... "Source details: Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology". Scopus preview. Elsevier. Retrieved 2018-12-13. " ...
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2014: EFNS-ENS Joint Congress of European Neurology in Istanbul, Turkey. Birthplace of the European Academy of Neurology. 2015 ... French Society of Neurology (Société Française de Neurologie) Georgian Society of Neurologists German Society of Neurology ( ... Swedish Neurological Society Swiss Society of Neurology (Société Suisse de Neurologie) The Netherlands Society of Neurology ( ... "Review of the European Academy of Neurology Congress 2019", Neurology, EMJ, 13 August 2019, retrieved 3 January 2020 "History ...
Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering pediatric neurology and ... Neurology journals, Pediatrics journals, English-language journals, Monthly journals, All stub articles, Neurology journal ... "Journals Ranked by Impact: Clinical Neurology". 2020 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. ... the British Paediatric Neurology Association, the British Academy of Childhood Disability, the European Academy of Childhood ...
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... is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering neurology. The journal publishes editorials ... Current Opinion (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) "Current Opinion in Neurology". NLM Catalog. National Center for Biotechnology ... "Resurchify - Impact factor if Current Opinion in Neurology". Official website (Articles with short description, Short ... The journal was established in 1988 as Current Opinion in Neurology and Neurosurgery and obtained its current name in 1993. The ...
"Influence of Early Printmaking on the Development of Neuroanatomy and Neurology". Archives of Neurology. 59 (12): 1964-1969. ... The study of neurology and neurosurgery dates back to prehistoric times, but the academic disciplines did not begin until the ... He was among the first few authors to use the word "neurology," after anatomist Jean Riolan the Younger in 1610. A beginning of ... A revolution took place in both neurology in particular and in anatomy in general when Andreas Vesalius published his De humani ...
... is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that focuses on neuroscience and related fields, but ... From 1904 till 1910 the journal was named Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology. The journal is abstracted and ...
... vascular neurology (stroke), behavioral neurology, child neurology, headache, multiple sclerosis, neuroimaging, neurooncology, ... Medicine portal American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology American Osteopathic Board of Neurology and Psychiatry Developmental ... Neurology (from Greek: νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is the branch of medicine dealing ... In Germany, a compulsory year of psychiatry must be done to complete a residency of neurology. In the United Kingdom and ...
Welcome to Medscape Neurology, where you can peruse the latest medical news, commentary from clinician experts, major ... Neurology. Allergy & Immunology Anesthesiology Cardiology Critical Care Dermatology Diabetes & Endocrinology Emergency Medicine ... Neurology Ob/Gyn & Womens Health Oncology Ophthalmology Orthopedics Pathology & Lab Medicine Pediatrics Plastic Surgery ...
What is Pediatric Neurology?. Pediatric neurology is a branch of medicine concerned with treating disorders of the nervous ... Neurology. Hanna Kolski is a pediatric neurologist. Her decade-long involvement with the Cooperative International ... Perinatal neurology. We have established a perinatal consult service designed to meet the needs of those parents and newborns ... Pediatric neurology clinics are primarily based at the Stollery Childrens Hospital, with a number of clinics and interactions ...
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Cover all the disorders encountered by clinicians and researchers engaged in neurology and allied fields ... The Handbook of Clinical Neurology (HCN) was originally conceived and edited by Pierre Vinken and George Bruyn as a prestigious ... Now, more than 180 volumes after it began, the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series has an unparalleled reputation for ... The Neurology of HIV Infection, Volume 152(. opens in new tab/window. ). ...
Neurology. Brain and spinal cord disorders present some of todays most complex health challenges. New technologies and methods ...
Neurology, as well as other peer-reviewed neurology and medical journals. ... Published in print twice a month with the latest developments and online-only coverage on NeurologyToday.com, Neurology Today ... It delivers credible, up-to-the-minute, balanced, cutting-edge reporting and commentary for todays busy neurology ... and trends in the practice and science of neurology, reaching more than 36,000 professionals. ...
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Neurology patients online: perceptions and reality. *John W Henson1 Nature Clinical Practice Neurology volume 4, page 347 (2008 ... Nature Reviews Neurology (Nat Rev Neurol) ISSN 1759-4766 (online) ISSN 1759-4758 (print) ... JW Henson is Associate Editor for Science for AAN.com, the American Academy of Neurology, a Neurologist and Radiologist at ... Henson, J. Neurology patients online: perceptions and reality. Nat Rev Neurol 4, 347 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/ ...
Eisais key areas of commercial focus are neurology and oncology. The company serves as the U.S. pharmaceutical operation of ...
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Queen Square: A History of the National Hospital and its Institute of Neurology Shorvon, Simon Compston, Alastair Published: ... Receive email alerts on new books, offers and news in American Academy of Neurology. ...
Route B: Clinical Neurology Experiential Learning Module. Students spend 15 weeks placed within the neurology department of ... Alisha Patel Alumni, MSc Clinical Neurology Alisha Patel graduated from our Clinical Neurology MSc in 2015, and credits the ... In the third semester, students on Route B of the MSc in Clinical Neurology take the 60-credit Clinical Neurology Experiential ... Clinical Neurology. School of Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Health. Understand neurological disease and how ...
News-Medical is your trusted source of Neurology news, articles and research for doctors, patients, and families. ... Neurology. What is Neurology? Neurology is a branch of medical science that is concerned with disorders and diseases of the ... online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology. Short-term exposure was defined as ... What is the Difference Between Neurology and Neuroscience?. Read More What is Neuroscience?. Read More What is Neurosurgery?. ...
The Lancet Neurology. DOI. 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30488-0. Keywords. * /Health and medicine/Medical specialties/Immunology/ ... The Lancet Neurology: Discovery could speed diagnosis and treatment of children with life-threatening neurological diseases In ... The Lancet Neurology: Discovery could speed diagnosis and treatment of children with life-threatening neurological diseases. ... Life sciences/Neuroscience/Clinical neuroscience/Neurology/Neurological disorders/Demyelinating diseases * /Health and medicine ...
Ive been going to doctors with this since i was 15, and every now and then another symptom is added. It started with exercise intolerance when i was 15- mostly aerobic. While i was really good at un-a...
Articles from BMJ Neurology Open are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group ...
Sherman is an associate professor at Harvard Medical School in the department of neurology. ...
Adult Neurology: 410-955-9441 , Pediatric Neurology: 410-955-4259. Adult Neurosurgery: 410-955-6406 , Pediatric Neurosurgery: ... Adult Neurology: 410-955-9441. Pediatric Neurology: 410-955-4259. Adult Neurosurgery: 410-955-6406. Pediatric Neurosurgery: 410 ... The Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery provide expert care to thousands of adults and children each year, many with rare ... The Johns Hopkins Hospital is top ranked in Neurology & Neurosurgery, according to U.S. News & World Reports 2023-24 Best ...
The material on this site is for informational purposes only, and is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment provided by a qualified health care provider ...
Explains neurology (brain and nerve) conditions; includes symptoms, causes, medications, diagnosis, treatments, prevention, and ...
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Neurology International, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal. ... Neurology International is published by MDPI from Volume 12 Issue 3 (2020). Previous articles were published by another ...
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  • JW Henson is Associate Editor for Science for AAN.com, the American Academy of Neurology, a Neurologist and Radiologist at Massachusetts General Hospital, and Associate Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. (nature.com)
  • Receive email alerts on new books, offers and news in American Academy of Neurology. (cambridge.org)
  • People with a higher cumulative estrogen exposure throughout their life may have a lower risk of cerebral small vessel disease, according to a new study published in the September 27, 2023, online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology. (news-medical.net)
  • Short-term exposure to air pollution may be linked to an increased risk of stroke, according to a meta-analysis published in the September 27, 2023, online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology. (news-medical.net)
  • She completed the Diversity Leadership Program from the American Academy of Neurology in 2021. (rochester.edu)
  • What is Pediatric Neurology? (ualberta.ca)
  • Pediatric neurology is a branch of medicine concerned with treating disorders of the nervous system in children and includes all conditions involving the brain, spinal cord, muscle and nerves. (ualberta.ca)
  • Pediatric neurology clinics are primarily based at the Stollery Children's Hospital, with a number of clinics and interactions occurring also at the Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital. (ualberta.ca)
  • The evaluation of mental retardation is a frequent and challenging problem in pediatric neurology. (researchgate.net)
  • My training at Stanford has given me excellent foundations in pediatrics and child neurology and has provided me the opportunity to pursue a career in pediatric neuroimmunology. (stanford.edu)
  • The best part of this program is that despite being at one of the largest pediatric training facilities, the Child Neurology/NDD team feels like a close-knit family that cares about each other! (bcm.edu)
  • Some application cycles may also include a reserved position for those who have already completed their 3-year pediatrics residency and have decided they would like to pursue pediatric neurology. (bcm.edu)
  • Given the critical importance of inpatient child neurology training for clinical competence-and importantly, as an essential part of the care for children with neurodevelopmental disabilities-residents in our program complete the same inpatient neurology training as the other residency pathways in Pediatric Neurosciences. (bcm.edu)
  • Neurology is a nonsurgical specialty, its corresponding surgical specialty is neurosurgery. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stem cells harvested from a person's own bone marrow or blood, can safely slow progression of the most common form of the autoimmune disease, multiple sclerosis, or MS as it's usually known, finds research published online in the Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. (news-medical.net)
  • The Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery provide expert care to thousands of adults and children each year, many with rare, complex conditions. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The Johns Hopkins Hospital is top ranked in Neurology & Neurosurgery, according to U.S. News & World Report 's 2023-24 Best Hospitals list. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Dr. Garber Galbraith, the first chief of neurosurgery, had also come to Birmingham following the war but remained in private practice, yet practicing a fair amount of general neurology. (uab.edu)
  • The RUSH Neurology and Neurosurgery program is nationally recognized as a leader in the care of neurological disorders and incorporates the most advanced surgical and nonsurgical therapies to treat these conditions. (rush.edu)
  • Hear from neurology and neurosurgery providers as they discuss research and programs at RUSH. (rush.edu)
  • Receive our monthly neurosciences newsletter that features the latest advancements, innovations and research from our neurology and neurosurgery providers. (rush.edu)
  • The Child Neurology Program is a five year program that combines educational opportunities in both Pediatrics and Neurology and prepares the trainee to be board certified in both fields. (stanford.edu)
  • The first two years of residency are dedicated to pediatrics, the final three years are to specialize in Neurology and Child Neurology. (stanford.edu)
  • I chose to come to Stanford for Child Neurology because of Stanford's excellence in clinical care and research throughout neurology and neurosciences. (stanford.edu)
  • You may also be interested in Annals of Neurology , a companion journal to ACTN and an official journal of American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society. (wiley.com)
  • The Child Neurology Residency is a five-year residency program designed for individuals interested in clinical practice and clinical research in Child Neurology. (bcm.edu)
  • The three years of neurology training include six months of inpatient adult neurology, six months of outpatient adult neurology related specialties, and twenty-four months of child neurology, both inpatient and outpatient specialty clinics. (bcm.edu)
  • This is the most common pathway for child neurology training. (bcm.edu)
  • The four years of neurodevelopmental disabilities training include six months of inpatient adult neurology, six months of outpatient adult neurology related specialties, eighteen months of clinical training in child neurology and neurodevelopmental disabilities and eighteen months of clinical and basic science education. (bcm.edu)
  • Graduates of this residency are eligible for American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) and American Board of Pediatrics (ABP) board certification-to include Child Neurology and Neurodevelopmental Disabilities. (bcm.edu)
  • This program is administered by the Child Neurology Residency Program and approved by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology. (bcm.edu)
  • This is a five-year residency program involving one year of general pediatrics training followed by four years of child neurology training that includes three years of clinical neurology as described above, ending with one year of mentored basic neuroscience research in an affiliated laboratory at Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, including at the Texas Children's Neuroscience Research Institute. (bcm.edu)
  • Many found it was eased after an attachment to the Institute of Neurology at Queen Square, London. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2014's Advances in Stroke Dr Mark J. Alberts examines important strides made in vascular neurology in the past year. (medscape.com)
  • He was trained in internal medicine at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center prior to his residency program in vascular neurology at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the Brigham and Women's Hospital. (massgeneral.org)
  • As part of the SPIRIT network, one of 25 Regional Coordinating Centers in the NIH/NINDS Stroke Trials Network, Brown University will seek to enroll one fellow for a year long vascular neurology research fellowship, beginning on or around July 1st of each year. (brown.edu)
  • Fellows enrolled in accredited vascular neurology fellowships are welcome to apply. (brown.edu)
  • Following the application deadline, a multi-institutional fellowship committee will review the written applications to select candidates based on their interest in an academic career related to vascular neurology, promise for success, the quality and feasibility of a project proposal, and the commitment of a primary mentor. (brown.edu)
  • They have designed this series to encompass both clinical neurology and also the basic and clinical neurosciences that are its underpinning. (elsevier.com)
  • A neurologist is a physician specializing in neurology and trained to investigate, diagnose and treat neurological disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • After five years of medical school and two years as a Foundation Trainee, an aspiring neurologist must pass the examination for Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (or the Irish equivalent) and complete two years of core medical training before entering specialist training in neurology. (wikipedia.org)
  • Brian J Scott, MD is a board-certified neurologist and Clinical Associate Professor of Neurology & Neurological Sciences with subspecialty board certification in neuro-oncology and neurocritical care. (stanford.edu)
  • While neurologists may treat general neurologic conditions, some neurologists go on to receive additional training focusing on a particular subspecialty in the field of neurology. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the United Kingdom and Ireland, neurology is a subspecialty of general (internal) medicine. (wikipedia.org)
  • In Germany, a compulsory year of psychiatry must be done to complete a residency of neurology. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main neurologic journal at that time was the AMA Archives of Psychiatry and Neurology . (uab.edu)
  • Graduates of this residency are eligible for American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) and American Board of Pediatrics (ABP) board certification. (bcm.edu)
  • He subsequently spent 4 years as the director of inpatient neurology and the medical director of neuro-oncology at the Lahey Hospital and Medical Center in Burlington, MA. (stanford.edu)
  • When it comes to neurological conditions -from Alzheimer's disease and autism to headache, epilepsy and sleep-wake disorder the Neurology Department at Montefiore is a pioneer in the field. (montefiore.org)
  • He is a graduate of the Tufts Neurology Residency program in Boston. (stanford.edu)
  • Additionally, I have unparalleled access to some of the best minds in basic, translational, and clinical research in neurology and neurobiology. (stanford.edu)
  • All articles accepted and published in Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology are fully Open Access: immediately freely available to read, download and share. (wiley.com)
  • Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology is an Open Access journal: authors of accepted articles pay an article publication charge, and their articles are published under a Creative Commons license . (wiley.com)
  • Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology accepts advertisements that are relevant to the journal's subject community, promote high quality products and services, and are provided by reputable organizations who display a true commitment to science and medicine. (wiley.com)
  • Dr. Sherman is an associate professor at Harvard Medical School in the department of neurology. (massgeneral.org)
  • Frontiers in Neurology is member of the Committee on Publication Ethics. (frontiersin.org)
  • The Handbook of Clinical Neurology (HCN) was originally conceived and edited by Pierre Vinken and George Bruyn as a prestigious, multivolume reference work that would cover all the disorders encountered by clinicians and researchers engaged in neurology and allied fields. (elsevier.com)
  • Now, more than 180 volumes after it began, the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series has an unparalleled reputation for providing the latest information on fundamental research on the operation of the nervous system in health and disease, comprehensive clinical information on neurological and related disorders, and up-to-date treatment protocols. (elsevier.com)
  • Neurology is a branch of medical science that is concerned with disorders and diseases of the nervous system. (news-medical.net)
  • A group of life-threatening neurological conditions affecting children have been linked to an antibody which points to potential treatment, according to an observational multicentre study involving 535 children with central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disorders and encephalitis, published in The Lancet Neurology journal. (eurekalert.org)
  • She then attended the University of Rochester for medical school where she also completed her neurology residency and movement disorders fellowship. (rochester.edu)
  • She is the Director of the UR Medicine Spanish Language Neurology Clinic where she sees movement disorders and general neurology patients. (rochester.edu)
  • He suffered a myocardial infarct about 1960, which greatly reduced his energy for general neurology, but he maintained an international reputation in EEG. (uab.edu)
  • Ford remained in full-time private practice of general neurology, subsequently specializing in headache, in part because he, himself, suffered severe migraine. (uab.edu)
  • There were then several "neuropsychiatrists" who shouldered some of the general neurology load and performed many cases of electroshock therapy. (uab.edu)
  • Men Continue to Outnumber Women in Academic Neurology Men hold approximately 7 in 10 of all academic neurology positions at top-ranked programs overall, and the discrepancy increases with advancing rank, results of a cross-sectional study reveal. (medscape.com)
  • Minutes matter when a patient may have had a stroke, but being far from a physician with advanced training in neurology no longer needs to be a barrier to rapid diagnosis and intervention. (news-medical.net)
  • Neurology (from Greek: νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the nervous system, which comprises the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • Students spend 15 weeks placed within the neurology department of Sheffield Teaching Hospitals. (sheffield.ac.uk)
  • The Department of Neurology ascribes to the values of the University and Medical Center. (rochester.edu)
  • To provide strategic vision and leadership, the Department of Neurology has instituted a Diversity Council that meets quarterly to work on initiatives aimed at addressing issues related to diversity and inclusion in the field of Neurology, ensuring equitable treatment of all people, and creating a culture that intentionally includes all voices. (rochester.edu)
  • Dr. Blanca Valdovinos is the Associate Chair of Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Justice in the Department of Neurology . (rochester.edu)
  • The Neurology Diversity Council has overseen a number of working groups to improve diversity, equity and inclusion in the department. (rochester.edu)
  • It is composed of two years of general pediatrics residency training followed by three years of neurology training. (bcm.edu)
  • Group practice--a matrix for neurology. (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, either a research project (Route A) or a Clinical Neurology Experiential Learning Module - CNELM (Route B) worth 60 credits is completed in the summer term. (sheffield.ac.uk)
  • A central component of the training program is the completion of a closely mentored, but independently conducted research project in clinical neurology. (brown.edu)
  • Michelle Monje is a Professor of Neurology and Neurological Sciences at Stanford University and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. (stanford.edu)
  • Prior to about 1933 neurology was done by general practitioners and by superintendents of Bryce Psychiatric Hospital. (uab.edu)
  • Lewis became the first in-house Chief of Neurology at the Birmingham VA Hospital. (uab.edu)
  • Clinical neurology is underpinned by knowledge of the neuroanatomy of the central and peripheral nervous system. (sheffield.ac.uk)
  • In those days, The Medical College of Alabama was the leader of institutions graduating the most doctors specializing in neurology. (uab.edu)
  • Rapid access neurology services provide urgent assessment for people with acute neurological issues. (vch.ca)
  • In the United States and Canada, neurologists are physicians who have completed a postgraduate training period known as residency specializing in neurology after graduation from medical school. (wikipedia.org)