The biochemical and electrophysiological interactions between the NERVOUS SYSTEM and IMMUNE SYSTEM.
The use of fragrances and essences from plants to affect or alter a person's mood or behavior and to facilitate physical, mental, and emotional well-being. The chemicals comprising essential oils in plants has a host of therapeutic properties and has been used historically in Africa, Asia, and India. Its greatest application is in the field of alternative medicine. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; from Dr. Atiba Vheir, Dove Center, Washington, D.C.)
Oils which evaporate readily. The volatile oils occur in aromatic plants, to which they give odor and other characteristics. Most volatile oils consist of a mixture of two or more TERPENES or of a mixture of an eleoptene (the more volatile constituent of a volatile oil) with a stearopten (the more solid constituent). The synonym essential oils refers to the essence of a plant, as its perfume or scent, and not to its indispensability.
The systematic and methodical manipulations of body tissues best performed with the hands for the purpose of affecting the nervous and muscular systems and the general circulation.
Oils derived from plants or plant products.
A state of increased receptivity to suggestion and direction, initially induced by the influence of another person.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (OILS, VOLATILE). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically.
A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.
Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.
A thymus-dependent nonapeptide found in normal blood. Stimulates the formation of E rosettes and is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation.
Specific proteins found in or on cells of progesterone target tissues that specifically combine with progesterone. The cytosol progesterone-receptor complex then associates with the nucleic acids to initiate protein synthesis. There are two kinds of progesterone receptors, A and B. Both are induced by estrogen and have short half-lives.
The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.
A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.
The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

Interleukin-1beta in immune cells of the abdominal vagus nerve: a link between the immune and nervous systems? (1/341)

Intraperitoneal administration of the cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) induces brain-mediated sickness symptoms that can be blocked by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Intraperitoneal IL-1beta also induces expression of the activation marker c-fos in vagal primary afferent neurons, suggesting that IL-1beta is a key component of vagally mediated immune-to-brain communication. The cellular sources of IL-1beta activating the vagus are unknown, but may reside in either blood or in the vagus nerve itself. We assayed IL-1beta protein after intraperitoneal endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] injection in abdominal vagus nerve, using both an ELISA and immunohistochemistry, and in blood plasma using ELISA. IL-1beta levels in abdominal vagus nerve increased by 45 min after LPS administration and were robust by 60 min. Plasma IL-1beta levels increased by 60 min, whereas little IL-1beta was detected in cervical vagus or sciatic nerve. IL-1beta-immunoreactivity (IR) was expressed in dendritic cells and macrophages within connective tissues associated with the abdominal vagus by 45 min after intraperitoneal LPS injection. By 60 min, some immune cells located within the nerve and vagal paraganglia also expressed IL-1beta-IR. Thus, intraperitoneal LPS induced IL-1beta protein within the vagus in a time-frame consistent with signaling of immune activation. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which IL-1beta may serve as a molecular link between the immune system and vagus nerve, and thus the CNS.  (+info)

Sleep as a behavioral model of neuro-immune interactions. (2/341)

The central nervous system, by a variety of mechanisms engages in constant surveillance of the peripheral immune system. Alterations in the status of the peripheral immune system induced by an invading pathogen for example, are quickly detected by the central nervous system, which then responds by altering physiological processes and behavior in an attempt to support the immune system in its efforts to eliminate the pathogen. Sleep is one of several behaviors that are dramatically altered in response to infection. Immune-active substances such as the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor, either directly or indirectly via interactions with neurotransmitters or neurohormones are involved in the regulation of sleep. Because these cytokines increase during infection, they are likely candidates for mediating the profound alterations in sleep that occur during infection. Since regulation of behavior is the function of the central nervous system, infection-induced alterations in behavior provide a unique model for the study of neuro-immune interactions.  (+info)

alpha-MSH and its receptors in regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by human monocyte/macrophages. (3/341)

The hypothesis that macrophages contain an autocrine circuit based on melanocortin [ACTH and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)] peptides has major implications for neuroimmunomodulation research and inflammation therapy. To test this hypothesis, cells of the THP-1 human monocyte/macrophage line were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence and absence of alpha-MSH. The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was inhibited in relation to alpha-MSH concentration. Similar inhibitory effects on TNF-alpha were observed with ACTH peptides that contain the alpha-MSH amino acid sequence and act on melanocortin receptors. Nuclease protection assays indicated that expression of the human melanocortin-1 receptor subtype (hMC-1R) occurs in THP-1 cells; Southern blots of RT-PCR product revealed that additional subtypes, hMC-3R and hMC-5R, also occur. Incubation of resting macrophages with antibody to hMC-1R increased TNF-alpha concentration; the antibody also markedly reduced the inhibitory influence of alpha-MSH on TNF-alpha in macrophages treated with LPS. These results in cells known to produce alpha-MSH at rest and to increase secretion of the peptide when challenged are consistent with an endogenous regulatory circuit based on melanocortin peptides and their receptors. Targeting of this neuroimmunomodulatory circuit in inflammatory diseases in which myelomonocytic cells are prominent should be beneficial.  (+info)

Exacerbation of facial motoneuron loss after facial nerve transection in severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice. (4/341)

The immune system functions to protect an organism against microbial infections and may be involved in the reparative response to nerve injury. The goal of this study was to determine whether the immune system plays a role in regulating motoneuron survival after a peripheral nerve injury. After a right facial nerve axotomy, facial motoneuron (FMN) survival in C.B-17 (+/+) wild-type mice was found to be 87 +/- 3.0% of the unaxotomized left side control. In contrast, facial nerve axotomy in C.B-17 (-/-) severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice, lacking functional T and B lymphocytes, resulted in an average FMN survival of 55 +/- 3.5% relative to the unaxotomized left side control. This represented an approximately 40% decrease in FMN survival compared with wild-type controls. The reconstitution of scid mice with wild-type splenocytes containing T and B lymphocytes restored FMN survival in these mice to the level of the wild-type controls. These results suggest that immune cells associated with acquired immunity play a role in regulating motoneuron survival after a peripheral nerve injury.  (+info)

Immunomodulating effects of methionine enkephalin. (5/341)

Methionine enkephalin (Met-Enk), the endogenous neuropeptide, is suggested to be involved in the regulatory loop between immune and neuroendocrine systems. Our studies showed that Met-Enk over a wide range of concentrations increased interleukin-1 (IL-1) production from mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and naloxone did not block the enhancing effect. Met-Enk promoted the proliferation of mouse splenocyte and the production of IL-2 and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. The up-regulating effects of IL-2 and IL-6 not only augmented their mRNA transcription but also increased their stability. Thus Met-Enk appears to be an important immunomodulatory signaling molecule to exert regulatory actions concerned with the expressing of pre-inflammatory cytokines.  (+info)

Inflammatory cytokines IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha impart neuroprotection to an excitotoxin through distinct pathways. (6/341)

The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha are produced within the CNS, and, similar to the periphery, they have pleotrophic and overlapping functions. We have shown previously that TNF-alpha increases neuronal survival to a toxic influx of calcium mediated through neuronal N-methyl-d -aspartic acid (NMDA) glutamate-gated ion channels. This process, termed excitotoxicity, is a major contributor to neuronal death following ischemia or stroke. Neuroprotection by this cytokine requires both activation of the p55/TNF receptor type I and the release of TNF-alpha from neurons, and it is inhibited by the plant alkaloid nicotine. Here, we report that other inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6) are also neuroprotective to excessive NMDA challenge in our system. Neuroprotection provided by IL-1 is distinct from TNF-alpha because it is inhibited by IL-1 receptor antagonist; it is not antagonized by nicotine, but it is inhibited by a neutralizing Ab to nerve growth factor (NGF). Similar to IL-1, IL-6-mediated neuroprotection is also antagonized by pretreatment with IL-1 receptor antagonist and it is not affected by nicotine. However, neutralizing anti-NGF only partially blocks IL-6-mediated protection. These studies support an important role for distinct but overlapping neuroprotective cytokine effects in the CNS.  (+info)

Neuroimmunotoxicology: humoral assessment of neurotoxicity and autoimmune mechanisms. (7/341)

The interactions between the nervous and immune systems have been recognized in the development of neurodegenerative disease. This can be exploited through detection of the immune response to autoantigens in assessing the neurotoxicity of environmental chemicals. To test this hypothesis, the following questions were addressed. a) Are autoantibodies to nervous system (NS) antigens detected in populations exposed to environmental or occupational chemicals? In sera of male workers exposed to lead or mercury, autoantibodies, primarily IgG, to neuronal cytoskeletal proteins, neurofilaments (NFs), and myelin basic protein (MBP) were prevalent. These findings were confirmed in mice and rats exposed to either metal. b) Do autoantibodies to NS antigens relate to indices of exposure? In humans exposed to either metal, and similarly in exposed rats, titers of IgG against NFs and MBP significantly correlated with blood lead or urinary mercury, the typical indices of exposure. c) Do autoantibodies correlate with sensorimotor deficits? In workers exposed to lead or mercury, a significant correlation was observed between IgG titers and subclinical deficits. Doses of metals used in rat exposures were subclinical, suggesting that autoantibodies may be predictive of neurotoxicity. d) Is the detection indicative of nervous system pathology? In rats exposed to metals, histopathology indicated central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) damage. In addition there was evidence of astrogliosis, which is indicative of neuronal damage in the CNS, and the presence of IgG concentrated along the blood-brain barrier, as indicated by immunostaining for antibodies. e) Are immune responses to NS antigens pathogenic? Immunoglobulin fractions from rat and human sera interfered with neuromuscular function. These studies suggest that the detection of autoantibodies to NS-specific antigens may be used to monitor the development of neurotoxicity to environmental chemicals and that immune mechanisms may be involved in the progression of neurodegeneration.  (+info)

Nutrient tasting and signaling mechanisms in the gut. II. The intestine as a sensory organ: neural, endocrine, and immune responses. (8/341)

The lining of the gastrointestinal tract is the largest vulnerable surface that faces the external environment. Just as the other large external surface, the skin, is regarded as a sensory organ, so should the intestinal mucosa. In fact, the mucosa has three types of detectors: neurons, endocrine cells, and immune cells. The mucosa is in immediate contact with the intestinal contents so that nutrients can be efficiently absorbed, and, at the same time, it protects against the intrusion of harmful entities, such as toxins and bacteria, that may enter the digestive system with food. Signals are sent locally to control motility, secretion, tissue defense, and vascular perfusion; to other digestive organs, for example, to the stomach, gallbladder, and pancreas; and to the central nervous system, for example to influence feeding behavior. The three detecting systems in the intestine are more extensive than those of any other organ: the enteric nervous system contains on the order of 10(8) neurons, the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system uses more than 20 identified hormones, and the gut immune system has 70- 80% of the body's immune cells. The gastrointestinal tract has an integrated response to changes in its luminal contents. When this response is maladjusted or is overwhelmed, the consequences can be severe, as in cholera intoxication, or debilitating, as in irritable bowel syndrome. Thus it is essential to obtain a full understanding of the sensory functions of the intestine, of how the body reacts to the information, and of how neural, hormonal, and immune signals interact.  (+info)

Neuroimmunomodulation is a complex process that refers to the interaction and communication between the nervous system (including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves) and the immune system. This interaction can have modulatory effects on both systems, influencing their functions and responses.

In simpler terms, neuroimmunomodulation describes how the nervous system and the immune system can affect each other's activities, leading to changes in behavior, inflammation, and immune response. For example, stress or depression can influence the immune system's ability to fight off infections, while an overactive immune response can lead to neurological symptoms such as fatigue, confusion, or mood changes.

Neuroimmunomodulation plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and health in the body, and its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and mental health conditions. Understanding this complex interplay is essential for developing effective treatments and therapies for these conditions.

Aromatherapy is defined as the use of essential oils from plants for therapeutic purposes. The essential oils are typically extracted through steam distillation or cold pressing, and they can be used in a variety of ways, including inhalation, topical application, or oral consumption. Aromatherapy is believed to promote physical and psychological well-being by engaging the smell receptors in the nose, which then send messages to the limbic system in the brain, which is responsible for emotions and memories. Some people use aromatherapy to help manage stress, improve sleep, or alleviate symptoms of various health conditions. However, it's important to note that while some studies suggest that aromatherapy may have certain health benefits, more research is needed to fully understand its effects and safety.

Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are a type of organic compound that are naturally produced in plants. They are called "volatile" because they evaporate quickly at room temperature due to their high vapor pressure. These oils are composed of complex mixtures of various compounds, including terpenes, terpenoids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and alcohols. They are responsible for the characteristic aroma and flavor of many plants and are often used in perfumes, flavors, and aromatherapy. In a medical context, volatile oils may have therapeutic properties and be used in certain medications or treatments, but it's important to note that they can also cause adverse reactions if not used properly.

Medical Definition of Massage:

Massage is defined as the manual manipulation of soft body tissues (such as muscle, connective tissue, tendons, and ligaments) to enhance health and well-being. It involves various techniques that include kneading, rubbing, pressing, and stretching the muscles and fascia (the connective tissue that covers the muscles).

The goal of massage is to increase circulation, relieve tension, reduce muscle stiffness and pain, promote relaxation, and improve range of motion and overall flexibility. Massage therapy may be used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including anxiety, headaches, insomnia, joint pain, soft tissue injuries, and sports-related injuries.

It is important to note that massage should be performed by a trained and licensed professional to ensure safety and effectiveness. Additionally, individuals with certain health conditions, such as deep vein thrombosis, fractures, or infectious diseases, should avoid massage or consult their healthcare provider before receiving treatment.

Medical definitions generally do not include plant oils as a specific term. However, in a biological or biochemical context, plant oils, also known as vegetable oils, are defined as lipid extracts derived from various parts of plants such as seeds, fruits, and leaves. They mainly consist of triglycerides, which are esters of glycerol and three fatty acids. The composition of fatty acids can vary between different plant sources, leading to a range of physical and chemical properties that make plant oils useful for various applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Some common examples of plant oils include olive oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, and jojoba oil.

Hypnosis is a state of highly focused attention or concentration, often associated with relaxation, and heightened suggestibility. In a clinical context, hypnosis is often used as a tool in hypnotherapy, to help individuals explore unconscious thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, or to make positive changes to their thoughts, behavior, and physical well-being. It's important to note that hypnosis is not a state of unconsciousness or sleep, but rather a state of altered consciousness characterized by increased suggestibility and focused attention.

It's also worth noting that the definition of hypnosis can vary between different fields and perspectives. Some definitions emphasize the role of suggestion in shaping experience during hypnosis, while others focus on the importance of expectancy and belief. Additionally, there is ongoing debate about the precise mechanisms underlying hypnotic phenomena, with some researchers emphasizing social and psychological factors, while others highlight neurological and physiological changes associated with hypnosis.

Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the breast tissue that can be benign or malignant. Benign breast neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors or growths, while malignant breast neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Breast neoplasms can arise from different types of cells in the breast, including milk ducts, milk sacs (lobules), or connective tissue. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which starts in the milk ducts and can spread to other parts of the breast and nearby structures.

Breast neoplasms are usually detected through screening methods such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI, or through self-examination or clinical examination. Treatment options for breast neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type and stage of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy.

Ginger, in a medical context, refers to the root of the plant Zingiber officinale. It has been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years to treat various ailments such as nausea, vomiting, and inflammation. The active components of ginger are called gingerols and shogaols, which have been found to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antiemetic properties.

However, it's important to note that while ginger has many potential health benefits, it can also interact with certain medications and may not be suitable for everyone. As with any treatment, it's always best to consult with a healthcare provider before starting to use ginger or any other natural remedy.

The thymus gland is an essential organ of the immune system, located in the upper chest, behind the sternum and surrounding the heart. It's primarily active until puberty and begins to shrink in size and activity thereafter. The main function of the thymus gland is the production and maturation of T-lymphocytes (T-cells), which are crucial for cell-mediated immunity, helping to protect the body from infection and cancer.

The thymus gland provides a protected environment where immune cells called pre-T cells develop into mature T cells. During this process, they learn to recognize and respond appropriately to foreign substances while remaining tolerant to self-tissues, which is crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases.

Additionally, the thymus gland produces hormones like thymosin that regulate immune cell activities and contribute to the overall immune response.

Epithelial cells are types of cells that cover the outer surfaces of the body, line the inner surfaces of organs and glands, and form the lining of blood vessels and body cavities. They provide a protective barrier against the external environment, regulate the movement of materials between the internal and external environments, and are involved in the sense of touch, temperature, and pain. Epithelial cells can be squamous (flat and thin), cuboidal (square-shaped and of equal height), or columnar (tall and narrow) in shape and are classified based on their location and function.

I am not a doctor, but I can provide you with some information about "thymic factor, circulating" that I found in scientific and medical sources. However, please consult medical literature or healthcare professionals for more detailed and accurate information.

The thymus is an essential primary lymphoid organ of the immune system where T cells (T lymphocytes) mature. Thymic factors are hormones secreted by the thymus that play a crucial role in the development, differentiation, and functioning of T cells. One such thymic factor is thymosin, which has several subtypes, including thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1) and thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4).

Circulating thymic factors refer to these hormones that can be found in the bloodstream. They help regulate immune responses by promoting T cell maturation and differentiation, enhancing their functions, and maintaining immune homeostasis. Thymosin alpha-1 is a well-studied thymic factor with potential therapeutic applications due to its immunomodulatory properties.

Keep in mind that this explanation might not be comprehensive or fully up-to-date, so I encourage you to consult medical literature and professionals for more detailed information.

Progesterone receptors (PRs) are a type of nuclear receptor proteins that are expressed in the nucleus of certain cells and play a crucial role in the regulation of various physiological processes, including the menstrual cycle, embryo implantation, and maintenance of pregnancy. These receptors bind to the steroid hormone progesterone, which is produced primarily in the ovaries during the second half of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy.

Once progesterone binds to the PRs, it triggers a series of molecular events that lead to changes in gene expression, ultimately resulting in the modulation of various cellular functions. Progesterone receptors exist in two main isoforms, PR-A and PR-B, which differ in their size, structure, and transcriptional activity. Both isoforms are expressed in a variety of tissues, including the female reproductive tract, breast, brain, and bone.

Abnormalities in progesterone receptor expression or function have been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as uterine fibroids, endometriosis, breast cancer, and osteoporosis. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying PR signaling is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat these disorders.

Estradiol is a type of estrogen, which is a female sex hormone. It is the most potent and dominant form of estrogen in humans. Estradiol plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics in women, such as breast development and regulation of the menstrual cycle. It also helps maintain bone density, protect the lining of the uterus, and is involved in cognition and mood regulation.

Estradiol is produced primarily by the ovaries, but it can also be synthesized in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands and fat cells. In men, estradiol is produced from testosterone through a process called aromatization. Abnormal levels of estradiol can contribute to various health issues, such as hormonal imbalances, infertility, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer.

Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid that is used in the medical termination of pregnancy (also known as medication abortion or RU-486). It works by blocking the action of progesterone, a hormone necessary for maintaining pregnancy. Mifepristone is often used in combination with misoprostol to cause uterine contractions and expel the products of conception from the uterus.

It's also known as an antiprogestin or progesterone receptor modulator, which means it can bind to progesterone receptors in the body and block their activity. In addition to its use in pregnancy termination, mifepristone has been studied for its potential therapeutic uses in conditions such as Cushing's syndrome, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and hormone-dependent cancers.

It is important to note that Mifepristone should be administered under the supervision of a licensed healthcare professional and it is not available over the counter. Also, it has some contraindications and potential side effects, so it's essential to have a consultation with a doctor before taking this medication.

Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is primarily produced in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy. It plays an essential role in preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. Progesterone works to thicken the lining of the uterus, creating a nurturing environment for the developing embryo.

During the menstrual cycle, progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum, a temporary structure formed in the ovary after an egg has been released from a follicle during ovulation. If pregnancy does not occur, the levels of progesterone will decrease, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining and menstruation.

In addition to its reproductive functions, progesterone also has various other effects on the body, such as helping to regulate the immune system, supporting bone health, and potentially influencing mood and cognition. Progesterone can be administered medically in the form of oral pills, intramuscular injections, or vaginal suppositories for various purposes, including hormone replacement therapy, contraception, and managing certain gynecological conditions.

Tatro JB (1997). "Receptor biology of the melanocortins, a family of neuroimmunomodulatory peptides". Neuroimmunomodulation. 3 ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 10 (3): 134-41. doi:10.1159/000067176. PMID 12481153. S2CID 2764121. Ash-Bernal R, Wall C, Komaroff AL, ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 6 (4): 293-9. doi:10.1159/000026387. PMID 10393515. S2CID 21043220. Anatomy photo:40:10-0101 at the SUNY ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 5 (3-4): 184-92. doi:10.1159/000026336. PMID 9730685. S2CID 19529677. Haughey NJ, Holden CP, Nath A, ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 15 (4-6): 323-330. doi:10.1159/000156474. ISSN 1021-7401. PMC 2704383. PMID 19047808. Meraz-Ríos MA, ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 4 (2): 62-9. doi:10.1159/000097322. PMID 9483196. Dardenne M, Saade N, Safieh-Garabedian B (2006). "Role ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 4 (4): 188-94. doi:10.1159/000097337. PMID 9524963. Pekary, AE; Stevens, SA; Sattin, A (2007). " ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 5 (3-4): 184-92. doi:10.1159/000026336. PMID 9730685. S2CID 19529677. Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA ( ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 5 (3-4): 184-92. doi:10.1159/000026336. PMID 9730685. S2CID 19529677. Pawelczyk T, Matecki A (Oct 1998 ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 17 (2): 120-5. doi:10.1159/000258695. PMC 3701887. PMID 19923857. Rosnoblet C, Vandamme J, Völkel P, ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 5 (3-4): 184-92. doi:10.1159/000026336. PMID 9730685. S2CID 19529677. Laxminarayana D, Khan IU, Mishra N ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 17 (3): 205-208. doi:10.1159/000258725. ISSN 1021-7401. PMC 2917732. PMID 20134204. S2CID 6776904. Bali ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 5 (3-4): 184-92. doi:10.1159/000026336. PMID 9730685. S2CID 19529677. Bai RY, Dieter P, Peschel C, ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 5 (3-4): 184-92. doi:10.1159/000026336. PMID 9730685. S2CID 19529677. Haughey NJ, Holden CP, Nath A, ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 3 (5): 289-303. doi:10.1159/000097283. PMID 9218250. Walsh LJ, Trinchieri G, Waldorf HA, Whitaker D, ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 5 (3-4): 184-92. doi:10.1159/000026336. PMID 9730685. S2CID 19529677. Sanger Centre, The; Washington ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 21 (5): 221-225. doi:10.1159/000356522. PMID 24603611. S2CID 207652468. Ma Y, Liu H, Tu-Rapp H, Thiesen ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 14 (6): 317-25. doi:10.1159/000125048. PMID 18401194. S2CID 23020760. Lim, HD; Smits, RA; Bakker, RA; ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 13 (1): 8-12. doi:10.1159/000092108. PMID 16612132. S2CID 21581127. Meador, K. J.; Loring, D. W.; Ray, P ... Neuroimmunomodulation. 7 (2): 106-114. doi:10.1159/000026428. PMID 10686521. S2CID 44539812. Exton, M. S.; Bull, D. F.; King, M ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 1 (2): 110-115. doi:10.1159/000097143. PMID 7489320. Wong, M.-L.; Rettori, V.; al-Shekhlee, A.; ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 5 (3-4): 184-92. doi:10.1159/000026336. PMID 9730685. S2CID 19529677. Haughey NJ, Holden CP, Nath A, ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 24 (6): 293-299. doi:10.1159/000487141. PMID 29597198. S2CID 4470777. Farris, Samantha G; Thomas, J ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 5 (3-4): 184-92. doi:10.1159/000026336. PMID 9730685. S2CID 19529677. Bodnar RJ, Xi X, Li Z, et al. ( ...
Elenkov IJ (2005). "Cytokine dysregulation, inflammation and well-being". Neuroimmunomodulation. 12 (5): 255-69. doi:10.1159/ ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 26 (1): 7-18. doi:10.1159/000494802. PMID 30703767. S2CID 73429620. Fu, Qiang; Sun, Zhenye; Yang, Fan; ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 20 (2): 72-78. doi:10.1159/000345043. PMC 3695399. PMID 23207416. Dhanasekharan Muralikrishnan; Supriti ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 5 (3-4): 184-92. doi:10.1159/000026336. PMID 9730685. S2CID 19529677. Haughey NJ, Holden CP, Nath A, ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 5 (3-4): 184-92. doi:10.1159/000026336. PMID 9730685. S2CID 19529677. Haughey NJ, Holden CP, Nath A, ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 16 (2): 122-33. doi:10.1159/000180267. PMID 19212132. S2CID 7382051. Nilamadhab Karl; Baikunthanath ...
Neuroimmunomodulation. 16 (5): 353-62. doi:10.1159/000216193. PMID 19571596. S2CID 35006163. Archived from the original on 18 ...
Neuroimmunomodulation in Health and Disease: 9th Congress of the International Society for Neuroimmunomodulation. Thursday, ... Special Issue: Neuroimmunomodulation in Health and Disease. Edited by Adriana del Rey (Philipps University of Marburg) ...
Objective: Sexual arousal and orgasm induce an increase in sympathetic activity as well as in catecholamine and prolactin plasma concentrations. However, the effects of sexual arousal and orgasm on immune functions in man are unknown. Thus, this study investigated the effects of masturbation-induced orgasm on lymphocyte circulation and cytokine production in healthy young males. Methods: In a crossover design, 11 volunteers completed an experimental condition in which they were asked to masturbate until orgasm and to participate in a control condition without sexual activity. Blood was drawn continuously for determination of endocrine parameters. In addition, leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets were analyzed via flow cytometry, and the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha was measured before and then 5 and 45 min after the orgasm. Results: The results confirmed transient increases in adrenaline and prolactin plasma concentrations. Sexual arousal and ...
... Shop Role Of Melatonin And Pineal Peptides In ... This shop Role of Melatonin and Pineal Peptides in Neuroimmunomodulation blocker will turn to send ideas. In Measure to be out ... airboxx.info Berman has shop Role of Melatonin and Pineal Peptides in Neuroimmunomodulation 1991 author chapter-by-chapter at ...
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  • In this article, Professor Pierpaoli proved to revolutionary extent of the implications of his research work to the scientific community, contributing to the birth of a new interdisciplinary science of which he was one of the pioneers, called Neuroimmunomodulation (NIM),now known as Psychoneuroendocrine Immunology (PNEI), a supplementary medical discipline that thousands of researchers now dedicate themselves to. (culturapierpaoli.ch)
  • Congress Report: International Congress of Neuroimmunomodulation, ISNIM-99. (nel.edu)