Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.
An experimental animal model for the demyelinating disease of GUILLAINE-BARRE SYNDROME. In the most frequently used protocol, animals are injected with a peripheral nerve tissue protein homogenate. After approximately 2 weeks the animals develop a neuropathy secondary to a T cell-mediated autoimmune response directed towards the MYELIN P2 PROTEIN in peripheral nerves. Pathologic findings include a perivascular accumulation of macrophages and T lymphocytes in the peripheral nervous system, similar to that seen in the Guillaine-Barre syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1314; J Neuroimmunol 1998 Apr 1;84(1):40-52)
Idiopathic inflammation of the VESTIBULAR NERVE, characterized clinically by the acute or subacute onset of VERTIGO; NAUSEA; and imbalance. The COCHLEAR NERVE is typically spared and HEARING LOSS and TINNITUS do not usually occur. Symptoms usually resolve over a period of days to weeks. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p304)
A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)
A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Elicitation of a rotatory nystagmus by stimulating the semicircular canals with water or air which is above or below body temperature. In warm caloric stimulation a rotatory nystagmus is developed toward the side of the stimulated ear; in cold, away from the stimulated side. Absence of nystagmus indicates the labyrinth is not functioning.
A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.
A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.
Aquaporin 4 is the major water-selective channel in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM of mammals.
Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.
Type of vision test used to determine COLOR VISION DEFECTS.
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.
Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).
Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation.
Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.
Inflammation of a transverse portion of the spinal cord characterized by acute or subacute segmental demyelination or necrosis. The condition may occur sporadically, follow an infection or vaccination, or present as a paraneoplastic syndrome (see also ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED). Clinical manifestations include motor weakness, sensory loss, and incontinence. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1242-6)
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.
'Rats, Inbred Lew' is a strain of laboratory rat that is widely used in biomedical research, known for its consistent genetic background and susceptibility to certain diseases, which makes it an ideal model for studying the genetic basis of complex traits and disease processes.
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)
The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.
An experimental animal model for central nervous system demyelinating disease. Inoculation with a white matter emulsion combined with FREUND'S ADJUVANT, myelin basic protein, or purified central myelin triggers a T cell-mediated immune response directed towards central myelin. The pathologic features are similar to MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, including perivascular and periventricular foci of inflammation and demyelination. Subpial demyelination underlying meningeal infiltrations also occurs, which is also a feature of ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED. Passive immunization with T-cells from an afflicted animal to a normal animal also induces this condition. (From Immunol Res 1998;17(1-2):217-27; Raine CS, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p604-5)
Constriction of the pupil in response to light stimulation of the retina. It refers also to any reflex involving the iris, with resultant alteration of the diameter of the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The vestibular part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The vestibular nerve fibers arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project peripherally to vestibular hair cells and centrally to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM. These fibers mediate the sense of balance and head position.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
MYELIN-specific proteins that play a structural or regulatory role in the genesis and maintenance of the lamellar MYELIN SHEATH structure.
The lipid-rich sheath surrounding AXONS in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.
Involuntary movements of the eye that are divided into two types, jerk and pendular. Jerk nystagmus has a slow phase in one direction followed by a corrective fast phase in the opposite direction, and is usually caused by central or peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Pendular nystagmus features oscillations that are of equal velocity in both directions and this condition is often associated with visual loss early in life. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p272)
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.
Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; SPINAL CORD; and ischemia (see also SPINAL CORD VASCULAR DISEASES). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction.
A transmembrane protein present in the MYELIN SHEATH of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is one of the main autoantigens implicated in the pathogenesis of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.
A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases.
A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system.
Mental processing of chromatic signals (COLOR VISION) from the eye by the VISUAL CORTEX where they are converted into symbolic representations. Color perception involves numerous neurons, and is influenced not only by the distribution of wavelengths from the viewed object, but also by its background color and brightness contrast at its boundary.
A positively charged protein found in peripheral nervous system MYELIN. Sensitive immunological techniques have demonstrated that P2 is expressed in small amounts of central nervous system myelin sheaths of some species. It is an antigen for experimental allergic neuritis (NEURITIS, EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC), the peripheral nervous system counterpart of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. (From Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry, 5th ed, p133)
STILBENES with AMIDINES attached.
Method of measuring and mapping the scope of vision, from central to peripheral of each eye.
A plant genus of the family CHENOPODIACEAE. The extract may be called lochein. Tumbleweed may occasionally refer to AMARANTHUS.
A number of tests used to determine if the brain or balance portion of the inner ear are causing dizziness.
Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)
Function of the human eye that is used in bright illumination or in daylight (at photopic intensities). Photopic vision is performed by the three types of RETINAL CONE PHOTORECEPTORS with varied peak absorption wavelengths in the color spectrum (from violet to red, 400 - 700 nm).
Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.
Nerve cells of the RETINA in the pathway of transmitting light signals to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They include the outer layer of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS, the intermediate layer of RETINAL BIPOLAR CELLS and AMACRINE CELLS, and the internal layer of RETINAL GANGLION CELLS.
A series of tests used to assess various functions of the eyes.
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.

Expression of alpha2-adrenergic receptors in rat primary afferent neurones after peripheral nerve injury or inflammation. (1/142)

1. Immunocytochemistry with polyclonal antibodies directed against specific fragments of intracellular loops of alpha2A- and alpha2C-adrenergic receptors (alpha2A-AR, alpha2C-AR) was used to explore the possibility that expression of these receptors in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones of rat alters as a result of peripheral nerve injury or localized inflammation. 2. Small numbers of neurones with positive alpha2A-AR immunoreactivity (alpha2A-AR-IR) were detected in DRG from normal animals or contralateral to nerve lesions. In contrast, after complete or partial sciatic nerve transection the numbers of ipsilateral L4 and L5 DRG somata expressing alpha2A-AR-IR sharply increased (>5-fold). There was no discernible change in the number of DRG neurones exhibiting alpha2A-AR-IR innervating a region in association with localized chemically induced inflammation. 3. After nerve injury, double labelling with Fluoro-Gold, a marker of retrograde transport from transected fibres, or by immunoreactivity for c-jun protein, an indicator of injury and regeneration, suggested that many of the neurones expressing alpha2A-AR-IR were uninjured by the sciatic lesions. 4. In general the largest proportionate increase in numbers of neurones labelled by alpha2A-AR-IR after nerve lesions appeared in the medium-large diameter range (31-40 microm), a group principally composed of cell bodies of low threshold mechanoreceptors. The number of small diameter DRG neurones labelled by alpha2A-AR-IR, a category likely to include somata of nociceptors, also increased but proportionately less. 5. Relatively few DRG neurones exhibited alpha2C-AR-IR; this population did not appear to change after either nerve lesions or inflammation. 6. These observations are considered in relation to effects of nerve injury on excitation of primary afferent neurones by sympathetic activity or adrenergic agents, sympathetically related neuropathy and reports of sprouting of sympathetic fibres in DRG.  (+info)

Primary afferent fibers that contribute to increased substance P receptor internalization in the spinal cord after injury. (2/142)

Upon noxious stimulation, substance P (SP) is released from primary afferent fibers into the spinal cord where it interacts with the SP receptor (SPR). The SPR is located throughout the dorsal horn and undergoes endocytosis after agonist binding, which provides a spatial image of SPR-containing neurons that undergo agonist interaction. Under normal conditions, SPR internalization occurs only in SPR+ cell bodies and dendrites in the superficial dorsal horn after noxious stimulation. After nerve transection and inflammation, SPR immunoreactivity increases, and both noxious as well as nonnoxious stimulation produces SPR internalization in the superficial and deep dorsal horn. We investigated the primary afferent fibers that contribute to enhanced SPR internalization in the spinal cord after nerve transection and inflammation. Internalization evoked by electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve was examined in untreated animals, at 14 days after sciatic nerve transection or sham surgery and at 3 days after hindpaw inflammation. Electrical stimulation was delivered at intensities to excite Abeta fibers only, Abeta and Adelta fibers or A and C fibers as determined by the compound action potential recorded from the tibial nerve. Electrical stimuli were delivered at a constant rate of 10 Hz for a duration of 5 min. Transection of the sciatic nerve and inflammation produced a 33.7 and 32.5% increase in SPR and immunoreactivity in lamina I, respectively. Under normal conditions, stimulation of Adelta or C fibers evoked internalization that was confined to the superficial dorsal horn. After transection or inflammation, there was a 20-24% increase in the proportion of SPR+ lamina I neurons that exhibited internalization evoked by stimulation of Adelta fibers. The proportion of lamina I SPR+ neurons that exhibited internalization after stimulation of C-fibers was not altered by transection or inflammation because this was nearly maximal under normal conditions. Moreover, electrical stimulation sufficient to excite C fibers evoked SPR internalization in 22% of SPR+ lamina III neurons after nerve transection and in 32-36% of SPR+ neurons in lamina III and IV after inflammation. Stimulation of Abeta fibers alone never evoked internalization in the superficial or deep dorsal horn. These results indicate that activation of small-caliber afferent fibers contributes to the enhanced SPR internalization in the spinal cord after nerve transection and inflammation and suggest that recruitment of neurons that possess the SPR contributes to hyperalgesia.  (+info)

Correlation between electromyographic reflex and MR imaging examinations of the trigeminal nerve. (3/142)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous studies have shown that clinical localization of trigeminal nerve lesions is inaccurate as compared with MR imaging findings. The purpose of our study was to ascertain the added value of electromyographic (EMG) investigation of the trigeminal nerve reflexes for the improvement of lesion localization and for the preselection of patients for MR imaging. METHODS: We reviewed the EMG studies of the trigeminal reflexes and the MR imaging studies of 20 patients with unilateral symptoms and signs related to the trigeminal nerve (40 trigeminal nerves examined). The results of the two studies were compared to assess the value of EMG in predicting MR imaging outcome. Lesion localization as demonstrated by EMG was compared with localization at MR imaging. MR imaging was used as the standard of reference. RESULTS: Eight (40%) of 20 patients had MR imaging findings related to presenting trigeminal symptoms, including five brain stem lesions and three peripheral lesions. Fourteen (70%) of 20 patients had EMG abnormalities related to presenting symptoms and signs. For brain stem lesions, lesion localization as shown by EMG corresponded well with MR imaging findings. EMG yielded a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 81%, a positive predictive value of 57%, and a negative predictive value of 100% in predicting MR imaging results. Interobserver agreement was good for both the EMG reflex and MR imaging examinations. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that EMG recordings of the trigeminal reflexes can be used to exclude structural lesions in patients with symptoms related to the trigeminal nerve. When a lesion is localized in the brain stem with EMG, a tailored MR imaging examination of this region may be sufficient.  (+info)

Local effects of recombinant rat interleukin-6 on the peripheral nervous system. (4/142)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine with a broad range of activities and can affect a variety of target cells or systems in multiple ways. However, there is currently no consensus on how IL-6 directly affects the peripheral nervous tissue. We performed histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses to investigate the direct effects of recombinant rat IL-6 (rrIL-6) following its intraneural injection into the sciatic nerve of adult Lewis rats. One day after injection, a large number of macrophages, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II positive cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells appeared within the perineurium and endoneurium. From day 4 to day 7 after injection, we observed a gradual increase of inflammation and demyelination. On day 7, demyelination affected more than 80% of nerve fibres. In contrast, in the sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-injected control group, lower inflammation and fewer demyelinating nerve fibres were observed on days 4 and 7. Thus, intraneural injection of rrIL-6 into the sciatic nerve induces high inflammation and severe demyelination. This study improves our understanding of the effector mechanisms underlying inflammation and demyelination and identifies IL-6 as an essential mediator of inflammation and demyelination in the peripheral nervous system after local administration.  (+info)

Membrane potential oscillations in dorsal root ganglion neurons: role in normal electrogenesis and neuropathic pain. (5/142)

Abnormal afferent discharge originating at ectopic sites in injured primary sensory neurons is thought to be an important generator of paraesthesias, dysaesthesias, and chronic neuropathic pain. We report here that the ability of these neurons to sustain repetitive discharge depends on intrinsic resonant properties of the cell membrane and that the prevalence of this characteristic increases after nerve injury. Recording from primary sensory neurons in excised rat dorsal root ganglia, we found that some cells show subthreshold oscillations in their membrane potential. The amplitude, frequency, and coherence of these oscillations were voltage sensitive. Oscillations gave rise to action potentials when they reached threshold. Indeed, the presence of oscillations proved to be a necessary condition for sustained spiking both at resting membrane potential and on depolarization; neurons without them were incapable of sustained discharge even on deep depolarization. Previous nerve injury increased the proportion of neurons sampled that had subthreshold oscillations, and hence the proportion that generated ectopic spike discharge. Oscillatory behavior and ectopic spiking were eliminated by [Na(+)](o) substitution or bath application of lidocaine or tetrodotoxin (TTX), under conditions that preserved axonal spike propagation. This suggests that a TTX-sensitive Na(+) conductance contributes to the oscillations. Selective pharmacological suppression of subthreshold oscillations may offer a means of controlling neuropathic paraesthesias and pain without blocking afferent nerve conduction.  (+info)

Antibodies against the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and the myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases: a comparative study. (6/142)

In experimental animal models of multiple sclerosis demyelinating antibody responses are directed against the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). We have investigated whether a similar antibody response is also present in multiple sclerosis patients. Using the recombinant human extracellular immunoglobulin domain of MOG (MOG-Ig) we have screened the sera and CSFs of 130 multiple sclerosis patients, 32 patients with other inflammatory neurological diseases (OIND), 30 patients with other non-inflammatory neurological diseases (ONND) and 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We report that 38% of multiple sclerosis patients are seropositive for IgG antibodies to MOG-Ig compared with 28% seropositive for anti-myelin basic protein (MBP). In contrast, OIND are characterized by similar frequencies of serum IgG antibody responses to MOG-Ig (53%) and MBP (47%), whereas serum IgG responses to MOG-Ig are rare in ONND (3%) and rheumatoid arthritis (10%). Anti-MBP IgG antibodies, however, are a frequent finding in ONND (23%) and rheumatoid arthritis (60%). Our results provide clear evidence that anti-MOG-Ig antibodies are common in CNS inflammation. However, in OIND these antibody responses are transient, whereas they persist in multiple sclerosis. We demonstrate that the serum anti-MOG-Ig response is already established in early multiple sclerosis (multiple sclerosis-R0; 36%). In later multiple sclerosis stages frequencies and titres are comparable with early multiple sclerosis. In contrast, the frequency of anti-MBP antibodies is low in multiple sclerosis-R0 (12%) and increases during disease progression in relapsing-remitting (32%) and chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (40%), thus suggesting that anti-MBP responses accumulate over time. Finally we provide evidence for intrathecal synthesis of IgG antibodies to MOG-Ig in multiple sclerosis.  (+info)

Acute axonal injury in multiple sclerosis. Correlation with demyelination and inflammation. (7/142)

Damage to axons is taken as a key factor of disability in multiple sclerosis, but its pathogenesis is largely unknown. Axonal injury is believed to occur as a consequence of demyelination and was recently shown to be a feature even of the early disease stages. The present study was aimed at characterizing the association of axonal injury and histopathological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis such as demyelination, cellular infiltration and expression of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, axon reduction and signs of acute axonal damage were quantified in early lesion development of chronic multiple sclerosis and correlated with demyelinating activity and inflammation. Patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis revealed the most pronounced axonal injury, whereas primary progressive multiple sclerosis patients surprisingly showed relatively little acute axonal injury. Acute axonal damage, as defined by the accumulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), was found to occur not only in active demyelinating but also in remyelinating and inactive demyelinated lesions with a large inter-individual variability. Only few remyelinating lesions were adjacent to areas of active demyelination. In this minority of lesions, axonal damage may have originated from the neighbourhood. APP expression in damaged axons correlated with the number of macrophages and CD8-positive T lymphocytes within the lesions, but not with the expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Axonal injury is therefore, at least in part, independent of demyelinating activity, and its pathogenesis may be different from demyelination. This has major implications for therapeutic strategies, which aim at preventing both demyelination and axonal loss.  (+info)

The diagnosis of leprosy among patients with symptoms of peripheral neuropathy without cutaneous lesions: a follow-up study. (8/142)

Forty-four patients with neuritic leprosy were individually followed for periods ranging from 4 months to almost 4 years for the purpose of ascertaining the presence and/ or absence of leprosy. The neural symptoms presented were sensory impairment (41), parasthesia (28), nerve enlargement (22), nerve tenderness (20), paresia (20), amyotrophy (8). Leprosy was diagnosed in ten out of the total number of patients studied. Leprosy was confirmed by the appearance of reactional neuritis (4), reversal reaction (2), biopsy of the hypoesthesic area (3) and the appearance of non-reactional cutaneous lesion. We reported an experience in the diagnosis of neuritic leprosy and its most frequent clinical presentation with which clinicians have to be acquainted. We can also state that the clinical follow-up was an effective strategy for the diagnosis of the disease when diagnostic facilities are not available or have not confirmed the diagnosis.  (+info)

Optic neuritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition can result in various symptoms such as vision loss, pain with eye movement, color vision disturbances, and pupillary abnormalities. Optic neuritis may occur in isolation or be associated with other underlying medical conditions, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and autoimmune disorders. The diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, dilated funduscopic examination, and possibly imaging studies like MRI to evaluate the optic nerve and brain. Treatment options may include corticosteroids or other immunomodulatory therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the optic nerve.

Neuritis is a general term that refers to inflammation of a nerve or nerves, often causing pain, loss of function, and/or sensory changes. It can affect any part of the nervous system, including the peripheral nerves (those outside the brain and spinal cord) or the cranial nerves (those that serve the head and neck). Neuritis may result from various causes, such as infections, autoimmune disorders, trauma, toxins, or metabolic conditions. The specific symptoms and treatment depend on the underlying cause and the affected nerve(s).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Autoimmune Experimental Neuritis" is not a widely recognized medical term or diagnosis. It seems that this term might be referring to a specific experimental model used in research to study autoimmune neuritis.

Neuritis generally refers to inflammation of a nerve or nerves, which can cause symptoms such as pain, tingling, numbness, or weakness. Autoimmune neuritis is a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves, leading to these symptoms.

In research settings, an "experimental" model refers to a controlled study in a laboratory setting, often using animals, to investigate a particular medical condition or test new treatments. Therefore, "Autoimmune Experimental Neuritis" might refer to a specific animal model used to study the mechanisms and potential treatments of autoimmune neuritis.

However, without more context, it's difficult to provide a precise definition. If you have more information about where you encountered this term or its intended meaning, I would be happy to help further!

Vestibular neuronitis, also known as vestibular neuritis, is a medical condition that affects the inner ear's vestibular system. It is characterized by sudden and severe vertigo (a spinning sensation), nausea, vomiting, and unsteadiness, typically lasting for several days to weeks.

The condition results from an inflammation of the vestibular nerve, which carries information about balance and motion from the inner ear to the brain. The exact cause of the inflammation is not always clear, but it is thought to be due to a viral infection or an autoimmune response.

Vestibular neuronitis is differentiated from labyrinthitis, another inner ear disorder, by the absence of hearing loss in vestibular neuronitis. In labyrinthitis, there may be hearing loss as well as vertigo and balance problems. Treatment for vestibular neuronitis typically involves medication to manage symptoms such as nausea and vertigo, along with physical therapy exercises to help retrain the brain to maintain balance.

Brachial plexus neuritis, also known as Parsonage-Turner syndrome or neuralgic amyotrophy, is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the brachial plexus. The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck and travels down the arm, controlling movement and sensation in the shoulder, arm, and hand.

In Brachial plexus neuritis, the insulating covering of the nerves (myelin sheath) is damaged or destroyed, leading to impaired nerve function. The exact cause of this condition is not fully understood, but it can be associated with viral infections, trauma, surgery, or immunological disorders.

Symptoms of Brachial plexus neuritis may include sudden onset of severe pain in the shoulder and arm, followed by weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles. There may also be numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation in the affected areas. In some cases, recovery can occur spontaneously within a few months, while others may experience persistent weakness or disability. Treatment typically involves pain management, physical therapy, and in some cases, corticosteroids or other medications to reduce inflammation.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), also known as Devic's disease, is an autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS). It primarily causes inflammation and damage to the optic nerves (which transmit visual signals from the eye to the brain) and the spinal cord. This results in optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve, causing vision loss) and myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord, leading to motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction).

A key feature of NMO is the presence of autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG), a water channel protein found in astrocytes (a type of glial cell) in the CNS. These antibodies play a crucial role in the development of the disease, as they target and damage the AQP4 proteins, leading to inflammation, demyelination (loss of the protective myelin sheath around nerve fibers), and subsequent neurological dysfunction.

NMO is distinct from multiple sclerosis (MS), another autoimmune disorder affecting the CNS, as it has different clinical features, radiological findings, and treatment responses. However, NMO can sometimes be misdiagnosed as MS due to overlapping symptoms in some cases. Accurate diagnosis of NMO is essential for appropriate management and treatment, which often includes immunosuppressive therapies to control the autoimmune response and prevent further damage to the nervous system.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers, called myelin, leading to damage and scarring (sclerosis). This results in disrupted communication between the brain and the rest of the body, causing a variety of neurological symptoms that can vary widely from person to person.

The term "multiple" refers to the numerous areas of scarring that occur throughout the CNS in this condition. The progression, severity, and specific symptoms of MS are unpredictable and may include vision problems, muscle weakness, numbness or tingling, difficulty with balance and coordination, cognitive impairment, and mood changes. There is currently no cure for MS, but various treatments can help manage symptoms, modify the course of the disease, and improve quality of life for those affected.

The optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, is the nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. It is composed of approximately one million nerve fibers that carry signals related to vision, such as light intensity and color, from the eye's photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) to the visual cortex in the brain. The optic nerve is responsible for carrying this visual information so that it can be processed and interpreted by the brain, allowing us to see and perceive our surroundings. Damage to the optic nerve can result in vision loss or impairment.

Evoked potentials, visual, also known as visually evoked potentials (VEPs), are electrical responses recorded from the brain following the presentation of a visual stimulus. These responses are typically measured using electroencephalography (EEG) and can provide information about the functioning of the visual pathways in the brain.

There are several types of VEPs, including pattern-reversal VEPs and flash VEPs. Pattern-reversal VEPs are elicited by presenting alternating checkerboard patterns, while flash VEPs are elicited by flashing a light. The responses are typically analyzed in terms of their latency (the time it takes for the response to occur) and amplitude (the size of the response).

VEPs are often used in clinical settings to help diagnose and monitor conditions that affect the visual system, such as multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis, and brainstem tumors. They can also be used in research to study the neural mechanisms underlying visual perception.

Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.

Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.

It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.

Caloric tests are a type of diagnostic test used in otology and neurotology to evaluate the function of the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and eye movements. The tests involve stimulating the vestibular system with warm or cool air or water, and then observing and measuring the resulting eye movements.

During the test, the patient sits in a chair with their head tilted back at a 30-degree angle. A special goggles device is placed over their eyes to measure and record eye movements. Then, warm or cool air or water is introduced into each ear canal, alternately, for about 20-30 seconds.

The stimulation of the inner ear with warm or cold temperatures creates a difference in temperature between the inner ear and the brain, which activates the vestibular system and causes eye movements called nystagmus. The direction and intensity of the nystagmus are then analyzed to determine if there is any damage or dysfunction in the vestibular system.

Caloric tests can help identify lesions in the vestibular system, such as vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis, and can also help differentiate between peripheral and central vestibular disorders.

A scotoma is a blind spot or area of reduced vision within the visual field. It's often surrounded by an area of less distinct vision and can be caused by various conditions such as eye diseases, neurological disorders, or brain injuries. A scotoma may be temporary or permanent, depending on its underlying cause.

There are different types of scotomas, including:

1. Central scotoma - a blind spot in the center of the visual field, often associated with conditions like age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy.
2. Paracentral scotoma - a blind spot located slightly away from the center of the visual field, which can be caused by optic neuritis or other optic nerve disorders.
3. Peripheral scotoma - a blind spot in the peripheral vision, often associated with retinal diseases like retinitis pigmentosa.
4. Absolute scotoma - a complete loss of vision in a specific area of the visual field.
5. Relative scotoma - a partial loss of vision in which some details can still be perceived, but not as clearly or vividly as in normal vision.

It is essential to consult an eye care professional if you experience any changes in your vision or notice a scotoma, as early detection and treatment can help prevent further vision loss.

Methylprednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug, which is a class of hormones that naturally occur in the body and are produced by the adrenal gland. It is often used to treat various medical conditions such as inflammation, allergies, and autoimmune disorders. Methylprednisolone works by reducing the activity of the immune system, which helps to reduce symptoms such as swelling, pain, and redness.

Methylprednisolone is available in several forms, including tablets, oral suspension, and injectable solutions. It may be used for short-term or long-term treatment, depending on the condition being treated. Common side effects of methylprednisolone include increased appetite, weight gain, insomnia, mood changes, and increased susceptibility to infections. Long-term use of methylprednisolone can lead to more serious side effects such as osteoporosis, cataracts, and adrenal suppression.

It is important to note that methylprednisolone should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can cause serious side effects if not used properly. The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on various factors such as the patient's age, weight, medical history, and the condition being treated.

Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a water channel protein that is primarily found in the membranes of astrocytes, which are a type of glial cell in the central nervous system. AQP4 plays a crucial role in the regulation of water homeostasis and the clearance of excess fluid from the brain and spinal cord. It also facilitates the rapid movement of water across the blood-brain barrier and between astrocytes, which is important for maintaining proper neuronal function and protecting the brain from edema or swelling.

Mutations in the AQP4 gene can lead to various neurological disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), a severe autoimmune condition that affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. In NMOSD, the immune system mistakenly attacks AQP4 proteins, causing inflammation, demyelination, and damage to the nervous tissue.

Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) are a type of neuron located in the innermost layer of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. These cells receive visual information from photoreceptors (rods and cones) via intermediate cells called bipolar cells. RGCs then send this visual information through their long axons to form the optic nerve, which transmits the signals to the brain for processing and interpretation as vision.

There are several types of RGCs, each with distinct morphological and functional characteristics. Some RGCs are specialized in detecting specific features of the visual scene, such as motion, contrast, color, or brightness. The diversity of RGCs allows for a rich and complex representation of the visual world in the brain.

Damage to RGCs can lead to various visual impairments, including loss of vision, reduced visual acuity, and altered visual fields. Conditions associated with RGC damage or degeneration include glaucoma, optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, and some inherited retinal diseases.

Color perception tests are a type of examination used to evaluate an individual's ability to perceive and distinguish different colors. These tests typically consist of a series of plates or images that contain various patterns or shapes displayed in different colors. The person being tested is then asked to identify or match the colors based on specific instructions.

There are several types of color perception tests, including:

1. Ishihara Test: This is a commonly used test for red-green color deficiency. It consists of a series of plates with circles made up of dots in different sizes and colors. Within these circles, there may be a number or symbol visible only to those with normal color vision or to those with specific types of color blindness.
2. Farnsworth D-15 Test: This test measures an individual's ability to arrange colored caps in a specific order based on their hue. It is often used to diagnose and monitor the progression of color vision deficiencies.
3. Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR) Test: This is another type of color arrangement test that measures an individual's ability to distinguish between different colors based on their hue, saturation, and brightness.
4. Color Discrimination Tests: These tests measure an individual's ability to distinguish between two similar colors that are presented side by side or in close proximity.
5. Anomaloscope Test: This is a more sophisticated test that measures the degree of color vision deficiency by asking the person to match the brightness and hue of two lights.

Color perception tests are often used in occupational settings, such as aviation, military, and manufacturing, where color discrimination is critical for safety and performance. They may also be used in educational and clinical settings to diagnose and monitor color vision deficiencies.

Demyelinating diseases are a group of disorders that are characterized by damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering surrounding nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. Myelin is essential for the rapid transmission of nerve impulses, and its damage results in disrupted communication between the brain and other parts of the body.

The most common demyelinating disease is multiple sclerosis (MS), where the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath. Other demyelinating diseases include:

1. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): An autoimmune disorder that typically follows a viral infection or vaccination, causing widespread inflammation and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord.
2. Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) or Devic's Disease: A rare autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord, leading to severe vision loss and motor disability.
3. Transverse Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord causing damage to both sides of one level (segment) of the spinal cord, resulting in various neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, depending on which part of the spinal cord is affected.
4. Guillain-Barré Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that causes rapid-onset muscle weakness, often beginning in the legs and spreading to the upper body, including the face and breathing muscles. It occurs when the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves' myelin sheath.
5. Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM): A rare neurological disorder caused by rapid shifts in sodium levels in the blood, leading to damage to the myelin sheath in a specific area of the brainstem called the pons.

These diseases can result in various symptoms, such as muscle weakness, numbness, vision loss, difficulty with balance and coordination, and cognitive impairment, depending on the location and extent of the demyelination. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms, modifying the immune system's response, and promoting nerve regeneration and remyelination when possible.

Vision disorders refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the visual system and result in various symptoms, such as blurry vision, double vision, distorted vision, impaired depth perception, and difficulty with visual tracking or focusing. These disorders can be categorized into several types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, resulting in blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Strabismus: Also known as crossed eyes or walleye, strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes where they point in different directions, which can lead to double vision or loss of depth perception.
3. Amblyopia: Often called lazy eye, amblyopia is a condition where one eye has reduced vision due to lack of proper visual development during childhood. It may be caused by strabismus, refractive errors, or other factors that interfere with normal visual development.
4. Accommodative disorders: These involve problems with the focusing ability of the eyes, such as convergence insufficiency (difficulty focusing on close objects) and accommodative dysfunction (inability to maintain clear vision at different distances).
5. Binocular vision disorders: These affect how the eyes work together as a team, leading to issues like poor depth perception, eye strain, and headaches. Examples include convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and suppression.
6. Ocular motility disorders: These involve problems with eye movement, such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), strabismus, or restricted extraocular muscle function.
7. Visual processing disorders: These affect the brain's ability to interpret and make sense of visual information, even when the eyes themselves are healthy. Symptoms may include difficulty with reading, recognizing shapes and objects, and understanding spatial relationships.
8. Low vision: This term refers to significant visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with glasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery. It includes conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts.
9. Blindness: Complete loss of sight in both eyes, which can be caused by various factors such as injury, disease, or genetic conditions.

Facial nerve diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the function of the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve. This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression, and it also carries sensory information from the taste buds in the front two-thirds of the tongue, and regulates saliva flow and tear production.

Facial nerve diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific location and extent of the nerve damage. Common symptoms include:

* Facial weakness or paralysis on one or both sides of the face
* Drooping of the eyelid and corner of the mouth
* Difficulty closing the eye or keeping it closed
* Changes in taste sensation or dryness of the mouth and eyes
* Abnormal sensitivity to sound (hyperacusis)
* Twitching or spasms of the facial muscles

Facial nerve diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Infections such as Bell's palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and Lyme disease
* Trauma or injury to the face or skull
* Tumors that compress or invade the facial nerve
* Neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barre syndrome
* Genetic disorders such as Moebius syndrome or hemifacial microsomia

Treatment for facial nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms. In some cases, medication, physical therapy, or surgery may be necessary to restore function and relieve symptoms.

Color vision defects, also known as color blindness, are conditions in which a person has difficulty distinguishing between certain colors. The most common types of color vision defects involve the inability to distinguish between red and green or blue and yellow. These deficiencies result from an alteration or absence of one or more of the three types of cone cells in the retina that are responsible for normal color vision.

In red-green color vision defects, there is a problem with either the red or green cones, or both. This results in difficulty distinguishing between these two colors and their shades. Protanopia is a type of red-green color vision defect where there is an absence of red cone cells, making it difficult to distinguish between red and green as well as between red and black or green and black. Deuteranopia is another type of red-green color vision defect where there is an absence of green cone cells, resulting in similar difficulties distinguishing between red and green, as well as between blue and yellow.

Blue-yellow color vision defects are less common than red-green color vision defects. Tritanopia is a type of blue-yellow color vision defect where there is an absence of blue cone cells, making it difficult to distinguish between blue and yellow, as well as between blue and purple or yellow and pink.

Color vision defects are usually inherited and present from birth, but they can also result from eye diseases, chemical exposure, aging, or medication side effects. They affect both men and women, although red-green color vision defects are more common in men than in women. People with color vision defects may have difficulty with tasks that require color discrimination, such as matching clothes, selecting ripe fruit, reading colored maps, or identifying warning signals. However, most people with mild to moderate color vision defects can adapt and function well in daily life.

Transverse Myelitis is a neurological disorder that involves inflammation of the spinal cord, leading to damage in both sides of the cord. This results in varying degrees of motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction, typically defined by the level of the spine that's affected. Symptoms may include a sudden onset of lower back pain, muscle weakness, paraesthesia or loss of sensation, and bowel/bladder dysfunction. The exact cause is often unknown but can be associated with infections, autoimmune disorders, or other underlying conditions.

Vestibular diseases are a group of disorders that affect the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. The vestibular system includes the inner ear and parts of the brain that process sensory information related to movement and position.

These diseases can cause symptoms such as vertigo (a spinning sensation), dizziness, imbalance, nausea, and visual disturbances. Examples of vestibular diseases include:

1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV): a condition in which small crystals in the inner ear become dislodged and cause brief episodes of vertigo triggered by changes in head position.
2. Labyrinthitis: an inner ear infection that can cause sudden onset of vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
3. Vestibular neuronitis: inflammation of the vestibular nerve that causes severe vertigo, nausea, and imbalance but typically spares hearing.
4. Meniere's disease: a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear.
5. Vestibular migraine: a type of migraine that includes vestibular symptoms such as dizziness, imbalance, and disorientation.
6. Superior canal dehiscence syndrome: a condition in which there is a thinning or absence of bone over the superior semicircular canal in the inner ear, leading to vertigo, sound- or pressure-induced dizziness, and hearing loss.
7. Bilateral vestibular hypofunction: reduced function of both vestibular systems, causing chronic imbalance, unsteadiness, and visual disturbances.

Treatment for vestibular diseases varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

I'm happy to help! "Rats, Inbred Lew" is a specific strain of laboratory rats that have been inbred for research purposes. The "Lew" part of the name refers to the location where they were first developed, the Lewis Institute in Lake Bluff, Illinois, USA.

Inbreeding is a process of mating closely related individuals over many generations to create a genetically homogeneous population. This results in a high degree of genetic similarity among members of the strain, making them ideal for use as experimental models because any differences observed between individuals are more likely to be due to the experimental manipulation rather than genetic variation.

Inbred Lew rats have been widely used in biomedical research, particularly in studies related to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. They exhibit a number of unique characteristics that make them useful for these types of studies, including their susceptibility to developing high blood pressure when fed a high-salt diet or given certain drugs.

It's important to note that while inbred strains like Lew rats can be very useful tools for researchers, they are not perfect models for human disease. Because they have been bred in a controlled environment and selected for specific traits, they may not respond to experimental manipulations in the same way that humans or other animals would. Therefore, it's important to interpret findings from these studies with caution and consider multiple lines of evidence before drawing any firm conclusions.

Papilledema is a medical term that refers to swelling of the optic nerve head, also known as the disc, which is the point where the optic nerve enters the back of the eye (the retina). This swelling can be caused by increased pressure within the skull, such as from brain tumors, meningitis, or idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Papilledema is usually detected through a routine eye examination and may be accompanied by symptoms such as headaches, visual disturbances, and nausea. If left untreated, papilledema can lead to permanent vision loss.

Visual fields refer to the total area in which objects can be seen while keeping the eyes focused on a central point. It is the entire area that can be observed using peripheral (side) vision while the eye gazes at a fixed point. A visual field test is used to detect blind spots or gaps (scotomas) in a person's vision, which could indicate various medical conditions such as glaucoma, retinal damage, optic nerve disease, brain tumors, or strokes. The test measures both the central and peripheral vision and maps the entire area that can be seen when focusing on a single point.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses low-coherence light to capture high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissues, particularly the retina and other ocular structures. OCT works by measuring the echo time delay of light scattered back from different depths within the tissue, creating a detailed map of the tissue's structure. This technique is widely used in ophthalmology to diagnose and monitor various eye conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.

Autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a model of inflammatory demyelinating disease used in medical research to study the mechanisms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and develop new therapies. It is experimentally induced in laboratory animals, typically mice or rats, through immunization with myelin antigens or T-cell transfer. The resulting immune response leads to inflammation, demyelination, and neurological dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking certain aspects of MS.

EAE is a valuable tool for understanding the pathogenesis of MS and testing potential treatments. However, it is essential to recognize that EAE is an experimental model and may not fully recapitulate all features of human autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

A pupillary reflex is a type of reflex that involves the constriction or dilation of the pupils in response to changes in light or near vision. It is mediated by the optic and oculomotor nerves. The pupillary reflex helps regulate the amount of light that enters the eye, improving visual acuity and protecting the retina from excessive light exposure.

In a clinical setting, the pupillary reflex is often assessed as part of a neurological examination. A normal pupillary reflex consists of both direct and consensual responses. The direct response occurs when light is shone into one eye and the pupil of that same eye constricts. The consensual response occurs when light is shone into one eye, causing the pupil of the other eye to also constrict.

Abnormalities in the pupillary reflex can indicate various neurological conditions, such as brainstem injuries or diseases affecting the optic or oculomotor nerves.

The vestibular nerve, also known as the vestibulocochlear nerve or cranial nerve VIII, is a pair of nerves that transmit sensory information from the balance-sensing structures in the inner ear (the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals) to the brain. This information helps the brain maintain balance and orientation of the head in space. The vestibular nerve also plays a role in hearing by transmitting sound signals from the cochlea to the brain.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Myelin proteins are proteins that are found in the myelin sheath, which is a fatty (lipid-rich) substance that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers (axons) in the nervous system. The myelin sheath enables the rapid transmission of electrical signals (nerve impulses) along the axons, allowing for efficient communication between different parts of the nervous system.

There are several types of myelin proteins, including:

1. Proteolipid protein (PLP): This is the most abundant protein in the myelin sheath and plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of the myelin sheath.
2. Myelin basic protein (MBP): This protein is also found in the myelin sheath and helps to stabilize the compact structure of the myelin sheath.
3. Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG): This protein is involved in the adhesion of the myelin sheath to the axon and helps to maintain the integrity of the myelin sheath.
4. 2'3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphodiesterase (CNP): This protein is found in oligodendrocytes, which are the cells that produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. CNP plays a role in maintaining the structure and function of the oligodendrocytes.

Damage to myelin proteins can lead to demyelination, which is a characteristic feature of several neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Guillain-Barré syndrome, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

The myelin sheath is a multilayered, fatty substance that surrounds and insulates many nerve fibers in the nervous system. It is essential for the rapid transmission of electrical signals, or nerve impulses, along these nerve fibers, allowing for efficient communication between different parts of the body. The myelin sheath is produced by specialized cells called oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Damage to the myelin sheath, as seen in conditions like multiple sclerosis, can significantly impair nerve function and result in various neurological symptoms.

Pathological nystagmus is an abnormal, involuntary movement of the eyes that can occur in various directions (horizontal, vertical, or rotatory) and can be rhythmical or arrhythmic. It is typically a result of a disturbance in the vestibular system, central nervous system, or ocular motor pathways. Pathological nystagmus can cause visual symptoms such as blurred vision, difficulty with fixation, and oscillopsia (the sensation that one's surroundings are moving). The type, direction, and intensity of the nystagmus may vary depending on the underlying cause, which can include conditions such as brainstem or cerebellar lesions, multiple sclerosis, drug toxicity, inner ear disorders, and congenital abnormalities.

The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Nerve fibers are specialized structures that constitute the long, slender processes (axons) of neurons (nerve cells). They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the cell body and transmitting them to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles and glands. Nerve fibers are often surrounded by supportive cells called glial cells and are grouped together to form nerve bundles or nerves. These fibers can be myelinated (covered with a fatty insulating sheath called myelin) or unmyelinated, which influences the speed of impulse transmission.

Optic atrophy is a medical term that refers to the degeneration and shrinkage (atrophy) of the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition can result in various vision abnormalities, including loss of visual acuity, color vision deficiencies, and peripheral vision loss.

Optic atrophy can occur due to a variety of causes, such as:

* Traumatic injuries to the eye or optic nerve
* Glaucoma
* Optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve)
* Ischemic optic neuropathy (reduced blood flow to the optic nerve)
* Compression or swelling of the optic nerve
* Hereditary or congenital conditions affecting the optic nerve
* Toxins and certain medications that can damage the optic nerve.

The diagnosis of optic atrophy typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, refraction assessment, slit-lamp examination, and dilated funduscopic examination to evaluate the health of the optic nerve. In some cases, additional diagnostic tests such as visual field testing, optical coherence tomography (OCT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis and determine the underlying cause.

There is no specific treatment for optic atrophy, but addressing the underlying cause can help prevent further damage to the optic nerve. In some cases, vision rehabilitation may be recommended to help patients adapt to their visual impairment.

Myelitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the spinal cord. This inflammation can cause damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering of nerve fibers in the spinal cord. As a result, the transmission of nerve impulses along the spinal cord may be disrupted, leading to various neurological symptoms.

Myelitis can affect any part of the spinal cord and can have many different causes, including infections (such as viral or bacterial infections), autoimmune disorders (such as multiple sclerosis), and other conditions (such as spinal cord injuries or tumors). The specific symptoms of myelitis depend on the location and severity of the inflammation. They may include muscle weakness, numbness or tingling sensations, pain, bladder or bowel dysfunction, and difficulty with coordination and balance.

Myelitis can be a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention and treatment. Treatment typically focuses on addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation, as well as managing symptoms and supporting recovery.

Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) is a protein found exclusively on the outermost layer of myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS). The myelin sheath is a fatty substance that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers, allowing for efficient and rapid transmission of electrical signals. MOG plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and structure of the myelin sheath. It is involved in the adhesion of oligodendrocytes to the surface of neuronal axons and contributes to the stability of the compact myelin structure. Autoimmune reactions against MOG have been implicated in certain inflammatory demyelinating diseases, such as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).

Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and disorders of the eye and visual system. It is a surgical specialty, and ophthalmologists are medical doctors who complete additional years of training to become experts in eye care. They are qualified to perform eye exams, diagnose and treat eye diseases, prescribe glasses and contact lenses, and perform eye surgery. Some subspecialties within ophthalmology include cornea and external disease, glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, retina and vitreous, and oculoplastics.

Neurology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of diseases and disorders of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, muscles, and autonomic nervous system. Neurologists are medical doctors who specialize in this field, diagnosing and treating conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and various types of headaches and pain disorders. They use a variety of diagnostic tests, including imaging studies like MRI and CT scans, electrophysiological tests like EEG and EMG, and laboratory tests to evaluate nerve function and identify any underlying conditions or abnormalities. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, rehabilitation, or lifestyle modifications.

Color perception refers to the ability to detect, recognize, and differentiate various colors and color patterns in the visual field. This complex process involves the functioning of both the eyes and the brain.

The eye's retina contains two types of photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. Rods are more sensitive to light and dark changes and help us see in low-light conditions, but they do not contribute much to color vision. Cones, on the other hand, are responsible for color perception and function best in well-lit conditions.

There are three types of cone cells, each sensitive to a particular range of wavelengths corresponding to blue, green, and red colors. The combination of signals from these three types of cones allows us to perceive a wide spectrum of colors.

The brain then interprets these signals and translates them into the perception of different colors and hues. It is important to note that color perception can be influenced by various factors, including cultural background, personal experiences, and even language. Some individuals may also have deficiencies in color perception due to genetic or acquired conditions, such as color blindness or cataracts.

Myelin P2 protein, also known as proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1), is a major structural component of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. The myelin sheath is a protective and insulating layer that surrounds nerve cell fibers (axons), allowing for efficient and rapid transmission of electrical signals.

The P2 protein is a transmembrane protein, with four transmembrane domains, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability and integrity of the myelin sheath. Mutations in the gene that encodes for this protein (PLP1) have been associated with several demyelinating diseases, including Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD), a rare X-linked recessive disorder characterized by abnormalities in the development and maintenance of the myelin sheath.

The P2 protein is also involved in various cellular processes, such as signal transduction, ion transport, and immune response regulation. However, the precise mechanisms through which these functions are carried out remain to be fully elucidated.

Stilbamidines are a class of chemical compounds that are primarily used as veterinary medicines, specifically as parasiticides for the treatment and prevention of ectoparasites such as ticks and lice in livestock animals. Stilbamidines belong to the family of chemicals known as formamidines, which are known to have insecticidal and acaricidal properties.

The most common stilbamidine compound is chlorphentermine, which has been used as an appetite suppressant in human medicine. However, its use as a weight loss drug was discontinued due to its addictive properties and potential for serious side effects.

It's important to note that Stilbamidines are not approved for use in humans and should only be used under the supervision of a veterinarian for the intended purpose of treating and preventing ectoparasites in animals.

A visual field test is a method used to measure an individual's entire scope of vision, which includes what can be seen straight ahead and in peripheral (or side) vision. During the test, the person being tested is asked to focus on a central point while gradually identifying the appearance of objects moving into their peripheral vision. The visual field test helps detect blind spots (scotomas) or gaps in the visual field, which can be caused by various conditions such as glaucoma, brain injury, optic nerve damage, or retinal disorders. It's an essential tool for diagnosing and monitoring eye-related diseases and conditions.

"Salsola" is a term that refers to a genus of plants, rather than a medical concept. The plants in this genus are commonly known as Russell or Prickly Pear cactuses, and they are native to Asia, Africa, and Europe. They are not typically associated with medical definitions or conditions. If you have any questions about a specific medical term or condition, I would be happy to help you with that instead!

Vestibular function tests are a series of diagnostic assessments used to determine the functionality and health of the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. These tests typically include:

1. **Caloric Testing:** This test evaluates the response of each ear to stimulation with warm and cold water or air. The resulting responses are recorded and analyzed to assess the function of the horizontal semicircular canals and the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR).

2. **Rotary Chair Testing:** This test measures how well the vestibular system adapts to different speeds of rotation. The patient sits in a chair that moves in a controlled, consistent manner while their eye movements are recorded.

3. **Videonystagmography (VNG):** This test uses video goggles to record eye movements in response to various stimuli, such as changes in head position, temperature, and visual environment.

4. **Electronystagmography (ENG):** Similar to VNG, this test records eye movements but uses electrodes placed near the eyes instead of video goggles.

5. **Dix-Hallpike Test:** This is a clinical maneuver used to diagnose benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). It involves rapidly moving the patient's head from an upright position to a position where their head is hanging off the end of the examination table.

6. **Head Shaking Test:** This test involves shaking the head back and forth for 15-20 seconds and then observing the patient's eye movements for nystagmus (involuntary eye movement).

These tests help diagnose various vestibular disorders, including benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, labyrinthitis, vestibular neuritis, Meniere's disease, and other balance disorders.

Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) is a medical condition that refers to the damage or death of the optic nerve due to insufficient blood supply. The optic nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain.

In ION, the blood vessels that supply the optic nerve become blocked or narrowed, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the nerve fibers. This results in inflammation, swelling, and ultimately, damage to the optic nerve. The damage can cause sudden, painless vision loss, often noticed upon waking up in the morning.

There are two types of ION: anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION). AION affects the front part of the optic nerve, while PION affects the back part of the nerve. AION is further classified into arteritic and non-arteritic types, depending on whether it is caused by giant cell arteritis or not.

Risk factors for ION include age (most commonly occurring in people over 50), hypertension, diabetes, smoking, sleep apnea, and other cardiovascular diseases. Treatment options depend on the type and cause of ION and may include controlling underlying medical conditions, administering corticosteroids, or undergoing surgical procedures to improve blood flow.

Color vision is the ability to perceive and differentiate colors, which is a result of the way that our eyes and brain process different wavelengths of light. In the eye, there are two types of photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. While rods are more sensitive to low levels of light and help us see in dim conditions, cones are responsible for color vision.

There are three types of cone cells in the human eye, each containing a different type of pigment that is sensitive to specific wavelengths of light. One type of cone cell is most sensitive to short wavelengths (blue light), another is most sensitive to medium wavelengths (green light), and the third is most sensitive to long wavelengths (red light). When light enters the eye, it is absorbed by these pigments in the cones, which then send signals to the brain. The brain interprets these signals and translates them into the perception of color.

People with normal color vision can distinguish between millions of different colors based on the specific combinations of wavelengths that are present in a given scene. However, some people have deficiencies or abnormalities in their color vision, which can make it difficult or impossible to distinguish between certain colors. These conditions are known as color vision deficiencies or color blindness.

Polyradiculopathy is a medical term that refers to a condition affecting multiple nerve roots. It's a type of neurological disorder where there is damage or injury to the nerve roots, which are the beginning portions of nerves as they exit the spinal cord. This damage can result in various symptoms such as weakness, numbness, tingling, and pain in the affected areas of the body, depending on the specific nerves involved.

Polyradiculopathy can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, infection, inflammation, compression, or degenerative changes in the spine. Some common causes include spinal cord tumors, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and autoimmune disorders such as Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Diagnosing polyradiculopathy typically involves a thorough neurological examination, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and sometimes nerve conduction studies or electromyography (EMG) to assess the function of the affected nerves. Treatment for polyradiculopathy depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Retinal neurons are the specialized nerve cells located in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue that lines the inner surface of the eye. The retina converts incoming light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain and interpreted as visual images. There are several types of retinal neurons, including:

1. Photoreceptors (rods and cones): These are the primary sensory cells that convert light into electrical signals. Rods are responsible for low-light vision, while cones are responsible for color vision and fine detail.
2. Bipolar cells: These neurons receive input from photoreceptors and transmit signals to ganglion cells. They can be either ON or OFF bipolar cells, depending on whether they respond to an increase or decrease in light intensity.
3. Ganglion cells: These are the output neurons of the retina that send visual information to the brain via the optic nerve. There are several types of ganglion cells, including parasol, midget, and small bistratified cells, which have different functions in processing visual information.
4. Horizontal cells: These interneurons connect photoreceptors to each other and help regulate the sensitivity of the retina to light.
5. Amacrine cells: These interneurons connect bipolar cells to ganglion cells and play a role in modulating the signals that are transmitted to the brain.

Overall, retinal neurons work together to process visual information and transmit it to the brain for further analysis and interpretation.

Vision tests are a series of procedures used to assess various aspects of the visual system, including visual acuity, accommodation, convergence, divergence, stereopsis, color vision, and peripheral vision. These tests help healthcare professionals diagnose and manage vision disorders, such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, amblyopia, strabismus, and eye diseases like glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration. Common vision tests include:

1. Visual acuity test (Snellen chart or letter chart): Measures the sharpness of a person's vision at different distances.
2. Refraction test: Determines the correct lens prescription for glasses or contact lenses by assessing how light is bent as it passes through the eye.
3. Color vision test: Evaluates the ability to distinguish between different colors and color combinations, often using pseudoisochromatic plates or Ishihara tests.
4. Stereopsis test: Assesses depth perception and binocular vision by presenting separate images to each eye that, when combined, create a three-dimensional effect.
5. Cover test: Examines eye alignment and the presence of strabismus (crossed eyes or turned eyes) by covering and uncovering each eye while observing eye movements.
6. Ocular motility test: Assesses the ability to move the eyes in various directions and coordinate both eyes during tracking and convergence/divergence movements.
7. Accommodation test: Evaluates the ability to focus on objects at different distances by using lenses, prisms, or dynamic retinoscopy.
8. Pupillary response test: Examines the size and reaction of the pupils to light and near objects.
9. Visual field test: Measures the peripheral (side) vision using automated perimetry or manual confrontation techniques.
10. Slit-lamp examination: Inspects the structures of the front part of the eye, such as the cornea, iris, lens, and anterior chamber, using a specialized microscope.

These tests are typically performed by optometrists, ophthalmologists, or other vision care professionals during routine eye examinations or when visual symptoms are present.

Optic nerve diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as vision loss, decreased visual acuity, changes in color vision, and visual field defects. Examples of optic nerve diseases include optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), glaucoma (damage to the optic nerve due to high eye pressure), optic nerve damage from trauma or injury, ischemic optic neuropathy (lack of blood flow to the optic nerve), and optic nerve tumors. Treatment for optic nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

"neuritis" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary Pau D, Al Zubidi N, Yalamanchili S, Plant GT, Lee AG (July 2011). "Optic neuritis". ... Some of the bacterial agents most associated with neuritis are leprosy, lyme disease, and diphtheria. Viral causes of neuritis ... and neuritis in a motor nerve may cause paresis (weakness), fasiculation, paralysis, or muscle wasting. Treatment of neuritis ... Neuritis is often conflated with neuropathy, a broad term describing any disease process which affects the peripheral nervous ...
... may refer to: Whiplash injury, or post-traumatic neck extension injuries Occipital neuralgia This ... disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Occipital neuritis. If an internal link led you here, you may wish ...
However, for optic neuritis that is not MS-associated (or atypical optic neuritis) the evidence is less clear and therefore the ... Up to 50% of patients with MS will develop an episode of optic neuritis, and 20-30% of the time optic neuritis is the ... and retrobulbar neuritis (when the posterior part of the nerve is involved). Prelaminar optic neuritis describes involvement of ... frequently there is no abnormal appearance of the nerve head in optic neuritis (in cases of retrobulbar optic neuritis), though ...
Osborne, G (March 1970). "Compression neuritis of the ulnar nerve at the elbow". The Hand. 2 (1): 10-3. doi:10.1016/0072-968x( ... Osborne, Geoffrey (1957). "The surgical treatment of tardy ulnar neuritis: Proceedings and reports of councils and associations ... Osborne, G (July 1959). "Ulnar neuritis". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 35 (405): 392-6. doi:10.1136/pgmj.35.405.392. PMC ...
Vestibular neuritis rehabilitation is an effective and safe management to improve symptoms. The vestibular neuritis ... Vestibular neuritis is inflammation of the vestibular nerve (the nerve in the inner ear that sends messages related to motion ... The most common symptom for vestibular neuritis is the onset of vertigo that has formed from an ongoing infection or trauma. ... Some cases of vestibular neuritis are thought to be caused by an infection of the vestibular ganglion by the herpes simplex ...
In vestibular neuritis the onset of vertigo is sudden, and the nystagmus occurs even when the person has not been moving. In ... Individuals with vestibular neuritis do not typically have auditory symptoms, but may experience a sensation of aural fullness ... Vestibular neuritis presents with severe vertigo with associated nausea, vomiting, and generalized imbalance and is believed to ... Goddard, JC; Fayad, JN (2011). "Vestibular Neuritis". Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 44 (2): 361-365. doi:10.1016/j. ...
Collier, James (October 1932). "Peripheral Neuritis. The Morison Lectures, 1932, Delivered before the Royal College of ... Collier, James (November 1932). "Peripheral Neuritis. The Morison Lectures, 1932, Delivered before the Royal College of ... Collier, James (December 1932). "Peripheral Neuritis. The Morison Lectures, 1932, Delivered before the Royal College of ...
Patients with defined SLE that go on to develop optic neuritis should be better identified as lupus optic neuritis. AON was ... Unlike typical optic neuritis, there is no association with multiple sclerosis, but the visual prognosis for AON is worse than ... SLE-associated optic neuritis is rarely the presenting sign of the disease. The molecular pathogenesis is hypothesized, based ... AON is more than the presence of any optic neuritis in a patient with an autoimmune process, as it describes a relatively ...
Acute optic neuritis (AON) is a disease which involves damage within the nerve fibers and loss of myelin within the optic nerve ... Clinical trial number NCT01721161 for "BIIB033 In Acute Optic Neuritis (AON) (RENEW)" at ClinicalTrials.gov "Anti-LINGO-1". ... Shams PN, Plant GT (Sep 2009). "Optic neuritis: a review". International MS Journal. 16 (3): 82-9. PMID 19878630. ... As about half of patients with optic neuritis will later develop multiple sclerosis, BIIB033 antibody treatment is also being ...
Bury, J. S. (9 October 1909). "Note on alcohol in relation to multiple neuritis". Br Med J. 2 (2545): 1025-1026. doi:10.1136/ ... Bury, J. S. (8 December 1900). "Remarks on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Arsenical Neuritis". Br Med J. 2 (2084): 1629-1631. ... In 1893 Bury published A Treatise on Peripheral Neuritis, in large part consisting of observations by James Ross (1837-1892). ... Correction in: Br Med J. 1943 Apr 10; 1(4292): 466) with James Ross: On Peripheral Neuritis. London: Charles Griffin & Co. 1893 ...
Crow RS (1956). "Peripheral neuritis in myelomatosis". Br Med J. 2 (4996): 802-4. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4996.802. PMC 2035359. PMID ...
... superinduced by neuritis." His wife had died the month prior. The Wessons are buried in Oak Grove Cemetery in Springfield. ...
Intractable vomiting, severe optic neuritis, or bilateral optic neuritis raises suspicion for neuromyelitis optica spectrum ... The long-term benefit is unclear in optic neuritis as of 2020. The consequences of severe attacks that do not respond to ... Petzold A, Braithwaite T, van Oosten BW (January 2020). "Case for a new corticosteroid treatment trial in optic neuritis: ... Charles Dickens, a keen observer, described possible bilateral optic neuritis with reduced contrast vision and Uhthoff ...
Harris W.: Neuritis and Neuralgia. p. 307-12. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1926. Bickerstaff E (1959). "The periodic ...
Grossniklaus, Hans E.; Frank, K. Ellen; Tomsak, Robert L. (December 1987). "Cytomegalovirus Retinitis and Optic Neuritis in ... Ramdial, Pratistadevi K.; Dlova, Ncoza Cordelia; Sydney, Clive (August 2002). "Cytomegalovirus neuritis in perineal ulcers". ...
"Herb Pennock Has Neuritis Again". The Pittsburgh Press. May 3, 1930. p. 11. Retrieved September 12, 2013. "1930 American League ... He suffered from bouts of neuritis in 1929 and 1930. Pennock won his 200th career game during the 1929 season, becoming the ...
Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial: This study assessed the efficacy of oral prednisone alone or intravenous methylprednisolone ... Optic nerve diseases, like optic neuropathy and optic neuritis, can damage the connection between the eye and the visual ... Newman, Nancy J. (2020-04-01). "The Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial". Ophthalmology. 127 (4): S172-S173. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha. ... recovered their vision faster than those who received oral prednisone and had a much lower risk of experiencing optic neuritis ...
CPA has been associated rarely with retinal vascular disorder, retinal vein thrombosis, and optic neuritis. A case report of ... 60-. ISBN 978-1-4939-2456-1. Ní Mhéalóid Á, Cunniffe G (August 2017). "Optic neuritis secondary to antiandrogen therapy". Ir J ...
... (also known as Wartenberg's migrant sensory neuritis) is a condition affecting the ... Matthews WB, Esiri M (1983). "The migrant sensory neuritis of Wartenberg". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 46 ...
Thomsen NJ (January 1963). "[Optic neuritis after treatment with Catran]". Ugeskrift for Laeger. 125: 138-9. PMID 13981222. v t ... Pheniprazine has been largely discontinued due to toxicity concerns such as jaundice, amblyopia, and optic neuritis. Hydrazine ...
Optic neuritis Optic neuropathy Kidd D, Burton B, Plant GT, Graham EM (February 2003). "Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic ... CRION has been included as a subtype in a 2022 international consensus classification of optic neuritis. Treatment consists of ... Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION) is a form of recurrent optic neuritis that is steroid responsive and ... Five diagnostic criteria had been proposed in 2014: History of optic neuritis with one relapse Objectively measured visual loss ...
I have posterior ischemic optic neuritis. The color drained from my right eye as the optic nerve died ... Understanding light ...
development of optic neuritis and atrophy. atrial fibrillation, cerebral infarction, acute myocardial infarction, Fisher's ... through a central action of apamin on the spinal cord and a peripheral action in the form of median and ulnar neuritis, causing ...
It is also common in retrobulbar optic neuritis due to multiple sclerosis but unreliable in bilateral optic neuritis. A total ... A Marcus Gunn pupil is seen, among other conditions, in unilateral optic neuritis. ... "Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis". The Lancet Neurology. 21 (12): 1120-1134. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00200-9. ...
Wartenberg, Robert (1958). Neuritis, sensory neuritis, neuralgia: a clinical study with review of the literature. Oxford ... Wartenberg, R. (1932). "Cheiralgia paraesthetica.(Isolierte neuritis des Ramus superficialis nervi radialis.)" (PDF). ...
Wartenberg, R. (1932). "Cheiralgia paraesthetica.(Isolierte neuritis des Ramus superficialis nervi radialis.)" (PDF). ...
"Optic neuritis: Pathophysiology, clinical features, and diagnosis". www.uptodate.com. "Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy". NORD ... Generalized depression is seen in cataract Central visual field loss is seen in Optic neuritis, Leber hereditary optic ...
Strasburg was later moved to the injured list and ultimately shut down for the season with carpal tunnel neuritis in his ... Reddington, Patrick (August 22, 2020). "Stephen Strasburg gets second opinion on hand; carpal tunnel neuritis confirmed, next ...
In brachial plexus neuritis, conservative management may be more appropriate. Spontaneous recovery has been reported, but is ... "Isolated neuritis of the anterior interosseous nerve." British Medical Journal 1, no. 4763 (April 19, 1952): 850-1. PMC 2023229 ... Although there is still controversy among upper extremity surgeons, AIN syndrome is now regarded as a neuritis (inflammation of ... "Kiloh-Nevin syndrome: a compression neuropathy or brachial plexus neuritis?." Acta Orthopaedica Belgica 73, no. 3 (June 2007): ...
Wallet neuritis is an extra-spinal tunnel neuropathy of sciatic nerve, occurring mostly in men. Sitting down on a thick wallet ... Siddiq, Md Abu Bakar; Jahan, Israt; Masihuzzaman, SAM (December 2018). "Wallet Neuritis - An Example of Peripheral ...
"neuritis" at Dorlands Medical Dictionary Pau D, Al Zubidi N, Yalamanchili S, Plant GT, Lee AG (July 2011). "Optic neuritis". ... Some of the bacterial agents most associated with neuritis are leprosy, lyme disease, and diphtheria. Viral causes of neuritis ... and neuritis in a motor nerve may cause paresis (weakness), fasiculation, paralysis, or muscle wasting. Treatment of neuritis ... Neuritis is often conflated with neuropathy, a broad term describing any disease process which affects the peripheral nervous ...
In children, most cases of optic neuritis are due to an immune-mediated process. ... Optic neuritis implies an inflammatory process involving the optic nerve. ... Childhood optic neuritis is marked by heterogeneity. It may occur as a monophasic illness, recurrent isolated optic neuritis, ... encoded search term (Childhood Optic Neuritis) and Childhood Optic Neuritis What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Brachial neuritis (BN), also known as neuralgic amyotrophy, is a rare syndrome of unknown etiology affecting mainly the lower ... Symptoms of brachial neuritis. The onset of pain in brachial neuritis (BN) is often abrupt and may follow recent illness, ... In the United Kingdom, the incidence of brachial neuritis is approximately 3 per 100,000 person-years. [24] Brachial neuritis ... encoded search term (Brachial Neuritis) and Brachial Neuritis What to Read Next on Medscape ...
... or TENs is often the first line of treatment for brachial neuritis. Physical therapy and surgery may also be recommended by a ... Pain Management for Brachial Neuritis. The sharp, searing, and/or shooting pains of brachial neuritis can be intense and ... With brachial neuritis, it commonly takes somewhere between a few days and a couple weeks before the pain has subsided enough ... A couple of the more common surgical options for brachial neuritis include:. *Nerve graft. Part of a healthy nerve is taken ...
Retrobulbar Neuritis - an easy to understand guide covering causes, diagnosis, symptoms, treatment and prevention plus ... What is Retrobulbar Neuritis?. Retrobulbar neuritis is a form of optic neuritis in which the optic nerve, which is at the back ... Retrobulbar neuritis may return, and many people with retrobulbar neuritis eventually develop multiple sclerosis. If an MRI ... Optic neuritis usually affects only one eye, but both eyes may be affected. Common symptoms include:. *Blurred or dimmed vision ...
i,Purpose,/i,. To demonstrate the relation between optic neuritis (ON) and systemic inflammation markers as neutrophil ... Optic Neuritis Study Group, "The clinical profile of optic neuritis. Experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial," ... The Optic Neuritis Study Group, "Multiple sclerosis risk after optic neuritis: final optic neuritis treatment trial follow-up ... Optic Neuritis Study Group, "Visual function 5 years after optic neuritis," Archives of Ophthalmology, vol. 115, pp. 1545-1552 ...
... Clin Exp Neuroimmunol. 2022 May;13(2):72-74. doi: 10.1111/cen3.12682. Epub ... Here we report the case of a previously healthy 19-year-old woman who developed optic neuritis 1 week after single dose of Ad26 ...
Learn how to identify and manage optic neuritis. ... Although optic neuritis is more common earlier in the course of ... How should this evaluation change if the optic neuritis is recurrent?. Optic neuritis can be recurrent, and potential causes ... What are the typical clinical features of optic neuritis?. Optic neuritis (ON) is a common manifestation of multiple sclerosis ... Treatment of acute optic neuritis: a summary of findings from the optic neuritis treatment trial. Archives of ophthalmology ( ...
Optic neuritis is caused by inflammation of the optic nerve, which is located between the back of the eye and the brain. ... What is optic neuritis. Optic neuritis is caused by inflammation of the optic nerve, which is located between the back of the ... Reoccurrence of optic neuritis is not uncommon. In the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT), which followed a group of ... Optic neuritis can occur as an isolated disease or can be associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Not everyone with MS will ...
... there has been remarkable development in the area of optic neuritis. The di ... Optic Neuritis Study Group Visual function 15 years after optic neuritis:A final follow-up report from the Optic Neuritis ... Optic Neuritis Study Group The clinical profile of optic neuritis Experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial Arch ... Optic Neuritis Study Group Multiple sclerosis risk after optic neuritis:Final optic neuritis treatment trial follow-up Arch ...
Optic neuritis and MS. Optic neuritis can be one of the earliest signs of MS, emerging before a patient even receives an MS ... Other causes of optic neuritis. Moss has also applied this approach to better understand rare variants of optic neuritis. In ... Heather Moss, MD, PhD, aims to better identify and understand neurologic diseases such as multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis ... "Optic neuritis is a condition that causes vision loss in one or both eyes, which is understandably alarming to people and ...
... a new study found that machine learning models may one day be instrumental in evaluating patients with suspected optic neuritis ... MS-Related Optic Neuritis: Is This a New Diagnostic Era?. -The results of a new study found that machine learning models may ... Initial studies in the diagnosis of optic neuritis related to MS have also been promising, but these studies, such as one in ... Of these, the GCIPL inter-eye difference was the single best discriminator of history of optic neuritis in PwMS, providing a ...
Vestibular neuritis was first reported in 1952 by Dix and Hallpike, and 30% of patients reporting a flu-like symptom before ... Vestibular neuritis was first reported in 1952 by Dix and Hallpike with an incidence of 3.5 per 100,000 persons. Many terms ... Vestibular neuritis was first reported in 1952 by Dix and Hallpike, and 30% of patients reporting a flu-like symptom before ... Acute vestibular neuritis in a middle-age healthy and physically fit male pilot with no medical history (except for receiving ...
Category: vestibular neuritis. Oops, Post Not Found!. Uh Oh. Something is missing. Try double checking things. ...
Neuritis and Neuromas of the Foot and Ankle. Edited by Eric Malicky MD ...
Neuritis is usually accompanied by neuralgia (nerve pain). ...
OPTIC NEURITIS AND STEM CELL THERAPY What is optic neuritis? Optic neuritis is an inflammatory condition in which the myelin ... OPTIC NEURITIS AND STEM CELL THERAPY. by Danny Davis , Jan 15, 2018 , Stem Cells ...
Isolated Demyelinating Optic Neuritis in Neurotuberculosis casereports pediatric oncall. ... Isolated Demyelinating Optic Neuritis in Neurotuberculosis. Souvik Mitra, Moumita Samanta, Mihir Sarkar, Sukanta Chatterjee.. ... Isolated Demyelinating Optic Neuritis in Neurotuberculosis 01/09/2014 00:00:00 Souvik Mitra, Moumita Samanta, Mihir Sarkar, ... Isolated demyelinating optic neuritis is a rare presenting feature of neurotuberculosis in the pediatric population. Most of ...
Bedside differentiation of vestibular neuritis from central "vestibular pseudoneuritis". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & ...
Optic neuritis (ON) is a demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve that typically first occurs in young adulthood (see the ... Optic Neuritis Study Group. The clinical profile of optic neuritis. Experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Optic ... Optic Neuritis Study Group. Long-term brain magnetic resonance imaging changes after optic neuritis in patients without ... Visual function more than 10 years after optic neuritis: experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial. Am J Ophthalmol. ...
... retrobulbar neuritis) or the intrabulbar (papillitis) portion of the optic nerve, or both. Idiopathic ON, the most common form ... Optic neuritis (ON) may involve the retrobulbar (retrobulbar neuritis) or the intrabulbar (papillitis) portion of the optic ... The clinical profile of optic neuritis: experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991 Dec;109(12): ... Optic neuritis (ON) represents inflammation of the optic nerve. By far the most common form is idiopathic ON, which is a ...
Upregulated Retinal Neurofilament Expression in Experimental Optic Neuritis. *Mark. Weissert, Robert ; Hugosson, Therése LU and ... axonal degeneration, neurofilament protein, Optic neuritis, retina, tissue. in Neuro-Ophthalmology. volume. 46. issue. 4. pages ... In optic neuritis (ON), transient thickening of the macular retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) can be observed. This optical ... In optic neuritis (ON), transient thickening of the macular retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) can be observed. This optical ...
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Get answers to all your questions about Optic Neuritis from verified Eye Doctor on JustAnswer ... Have questions about Optic Neuritis? Get answers to all your questions about Optic Neuritis from verified Eye Doctor on ...
... we assumed that the child had COVID-19-induced vestibular neuritis, which, in consideration of the spontaneous improvement of ...
acute optic neuritis; CIS=. clinically isolated syndrome; CLIMB=. Comprehensive Longitudinal Investigation of Multiple ... Factors associated with recovery from acute optic neuritis in patients with multiple sclerosis. Muhammad Taimur Malik, Brian C ... Objective: To identify clinical and demographic features associated with the severity and recovery from acute optic neuritis ( ... Factors associated with recovery from acute optic neuritis in patients with multiple sclerosis ...
Eighty-six patients with monosymptomatic optic neuritis of unknown cause were followed prospectively for a median period of ... Eighty-six patients with monosymptomatic optic neuritis of unknown cause were followed prospectively for a median period of ... article{6618945a-67c4-47a3-aec2-867c505bf4a3, abstract = {{Eighty-six patients with monosymptomatic optic neuritis of unknown ... A long-term prospective study of optic neuritis: evaluation of risk factors. *Mark ...
Neuritis optica met speciale aandacht voor NMO-SD en MOG neuritis. Presented at: Lesmiddag Neuro-ophthalmologie 5 oktober, ... optic neuritis, neurology, clinical. UCL classification:. UCL. UCL , Provost and Vice Provost Offices , School of Life and ...
I had optic neuritis in left eye it had nearly gone now starting in right eye. Should I get it checked? Neuro appoint in 4weeks ... Hopefully, you did not have macular edema and that optic neuritis has reversed, or you maybe had a pseudo-relapse.. Created for ... If i had optic neuritis, would i feel pain? can an OD find it in an eye exam in which they dilate the pupil? what other ways ... What is a good treatment for someone who has optic neuritis in 1 eye due to ms? Is MS treatment meds enough or is it best to ...
... for the Treatment of Chronic Visual Loss Related to Optic Neuritis in Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- ... Branger P, Derache N, Kassis N, Maillart E, Assouad R, Defer G. neuritis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group. N Engl J Med. ... Branger P, Derache N, Kassis N, Maillart E, Assouad R, Defer G. neuritis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group. N Engl J Med. ... A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group ...
  • It has also been associated with Bell's palsy, and vestibular neuritis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vestibular neuritis was first reported in 1952 by Dix and Hallpike, and 30% of patients reporting a flu-like symptom before acquiring the disorder. (springer.com)
  • Here we presented a rare case of acute vestibular neuritis after the adenoviral vector-based COVID-19 vaccination. (springer.com)
  • According to the clinical, imaging, and laboratory findings, he was admitted to the neurology ward and received treatment for vestibular neuritis. (springer.com)
  • Several cases of vestibular neuritis have been reported in the COVID-19 patients and after the COVID-19 vaccination. (springer.com)
  • This is the first case report of acute vestibular neuritis after the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination in a healthy pilot without past medical history. (springer.com)
  • Vestibular neuritis was first reported in 1952 by Dix and Hallpike with an incidence of 3.5 per 100,000 persons. (springer.com)
  • Vestibular neuritis most commonly affects the superior labyrinth and is a diagnosis of exclusion. (springer.com)
  • Vestibular Neuritis is a rare inflammation of the vestibular nerve within the inner ear. (idmorgan.com)
  • In November of 2019 I was suddenly stricken with Vestibular Neuritis , a rare condition in which the vestibular nerve within the inner ear becomes inflamed. (idmorgan.com)
  • I'm not a doctor, just an unlucky dude that contracted Vestibular Neuritis. (idmorgan.com)
  • However, with Vestibular Neuritis, they are needless torture. (idmorgan.com)
  • To clarify, Vestibular Neuritis is not the same as BPPV. (idmorgan.com)
  • Vertigo is a symptom of Vestibular Neuritis, not the diagnosis. (idmorgan.com)
  • That's not the case with Vestibular Neuritis. (idmorgan.com)
  • An infection causes vestibular neuritis , which is inflammation of the vestibular nerve. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Vestibular neuritis causes vertigo that may accompany blurred vision, severe nausea, or a feeling of being off-balance. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Between 20% and 40% of the 25,000 people who develop optic neuritis in the United States each year will develop multiple sclerosis within 5 years. (drugs.com)
  • Optic neuritis can occur as an isolated disease or can be associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) . Not everyone with MS will develop optic neuritis. (chop.edu)
  • Not all patients with MS develop optic neuritis, and some of those who have visual disturbances do not show the same clinical signs of optic neuritis as others. (stanford.edu)
  • About 50% of people who have MS will develop optic neuritis. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • Isolated acute optic neuritis is often the first sign of MS, and many individuals with MS develop optic neuritis during the course of their disease. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • Women are three times as likely as men to develop optic neuritis. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • Brachial neuritis (BN), also known as neuralgic amyotrophy or Parsonage-Turner syndrome, is a rare syndrome of unknown etiology affecting mainly the motor branches/fascicles of certain characteristic peripheral nerves in the arm. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 , 3 ] Brachial neuritis usually is characterized by the acute onset of excruciating unilateral shoulder pain, followed by flaccid paralysis of shoulder and parascapular muscles several days later. (medscape.com)
  • Physical therapy for patients with brachial neuritis should be focused on the maintenance of full range of motion (ROM) in the shoulder and other affected joints. (medscape.com)
  • Laboratory studies are indicated in brachial neuritis only if systemic disease is suspected on clinical grounds. (medscape.com)
  • [ 7 ] Functional conditioning of the upper extremity may be helpful in patients with brachial neuritis. (medscape.com)
  • Brachial neuritis (BN) exists in an inherited and an idiopathic form. (medscape.com)
  • While there is currently no treatment for the underlying causes of brachial neuritis, the condition usually heals on its own within a few months or a couple years. (spine-health.com)
  • Treatments for brachial neuritis typically focus on pain management in the shoulder and/or arm. (spine-health.com)
  • Treatment plans for brachial neuritis can vary greatly, depending on the specific location, severity, and duration of symptoms. (spine-health.com)
  • The sharp, searing, and/or shooting pains of brachial neuritis can be intense and disabling, especially for the first few hours or days. (spine-health.com)
  • NSAIDs may provide temporary relief from brachial neuritis. (spine-health.com)
  • This is not a complete list of pain treatments for brachial neuritis. (spine-health.com)
  • Physical therapy is recommended for brachial neuritis to help regain strength and flexibility. (spine-health.com)
  • With brachial neuritis, it commonly takes somewhere between a few days and a couple weeks before the pain has subsided enough to start physical therapy. (spine-health.com)
  • While most cases of brachial neuritis slowly get better with time, some cases do not. (spine-health.com)
  • Typically, surgery for brachial neuritis is performed to help regain the ability to lift the arm upward. (spine-health.com)
  • This condition, along with tendonitis and brachial neuritis, can also cause weakness in the arm and aching at night. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Brachial neuritis is defined as dysfunction limited to the upper extremity nerve plexus (i.e., its trunks, division, or cords) without involvement of other peripheral (e.g., nerve roots or a single peripheral nerve) or central (e.g., spinal cord) nervous system structures. (cdc.gov)
  • It may occur as a monophasic illness, recurrent isolated optic neuritis, and recurrent optic neuritis in the context of multifocal inflammatory CNS disease. (medscape.com)
  • Imaging modalities used in the diagnosis of optic neuritis include orbital MRI and optical coherence tomography (OCT). These tools can be particularly helpful if the clinical history or physical examination findings are atypical for ON. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • What is the neurologic differential diagnosis of optic neuritis? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Initial studies in the diagnosis of optic neuritis related to MS have also been promising, but these studies, such as one in which machine learning was employed to identify MS on the basis of optic nerve fiber thickness, 4 have been small. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Children with brain MRI abnormalities at the time of the diagnosis of optic neuritis have an increased risk of multiple sclerosis. (qxmd.com)
  • A physical exam, symptoms, and medical history form the basis of a diagnosis of Optic Neuritis. (synergyeye.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Assessment of Pediatric Optic Neuritis Visual Acuity Outcomes at 6 Months. (duke.edu)
  • Heather Moss, MD, PhD, aims to better identify and understand neurologic diseases such as multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis to provide better treatments for patients. (stanford.edu)
  • Histocompatibility types and measles antibodies in multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis. (uchicago.edu)
  • What is Retrobulbar Neuritis? (drugs.com)
  • Retrobulbar neuritis is a form of optic neuritis in which the optic nerve, which is at the back of the eye, becomes inflamed. (drugs.com)
  • Retrobulbar neuritis often is an early sign that someone has multiple sclerosis. (drugs.com)
  • In the early stages of retrobulbar neuritis, the optic disk appears normal. (drugs.com)
  • In retrobulbar neuritis, this response often is reduced in the affected eye. (drugs.com)
  • The doctor will test your side (peripheral) vision because, in many cases of retrobulbar neuritis, a scotoma, a blind or dark spot in the visual field, may be detected. (drugs.com)
  • Because the underlying cause of most cases of retrobulbar neuritis is unknown, there is usually no way to prevent it. (drugs.com)
  • Sometimes, a corticosteroid medication, such as intravenous methylprednisolone , is used to treat retrobulbar neuritis. (drugs.com)
  • Retrobulbar neuritis may return, and many people with retrobulbar neuritis eventually develop multiple sclerosis. (drugs.com)
  • If an MRI image of the brain is abnormal in a manner typical of multiple sclerosis at the time of retrobulbar neuritis, clinically obvious multiple sclerosis is much more likely than if the MRI is normal. (drugs.com)
  • Optic neuritis (ON) may involve the retrobulbar (retrobulbar neuritis) or the intrabulbar (papillitis) portion of the optic nerve, or both. (bmj.com)
  • Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis). (uchicago.edu)
  • The clinical features, MRI findings, and outcome of optic neuritis in children. (medscape.com)
  • Optic neuritis is diagnosed by clinical presentation as well as visualization of the optic disc using an ophthalmoscope. (chop.edu)
  • What are the typical clinical features of optic neuritis? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Antiaquaporin4 antibodies and antimyelin oligodendrocytes antibodies are now considered as distinct entities of optic neuritis with their specific clinical presentation, neuroimaging characteristics, treatment options, and course of the disease. (lww.com)
  • The clinical profile of optic neuritis: experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. (bmj.com)
  • To identify clinical and demographic features associated with the severity and recovery from acute optic neuritis (AON) episodes in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). (neurology.org)
  • Clinical phenotype, radiological features, and treatment of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG) optic neuritis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Optic neuritis: Clinical considerations and the relationship to multiple sclerosis. (medscape.com)
  • If not, then let Axel Petzold, MD, and specialist in neuro-ophthalmology, guide you through five simple slides that update you on clinical presentation and how to diagnose and classify optic neuritis. (bpno.dk)
  • A case of acute optic neuritis. (medscape.com)
  • acute optic neuritis (AON) or slowly progressive optic neuropathy (PON). (deepdyve.com)
  • Although intravenous (IV) corticosteroid is standard therapy for acute optic neuritis (ON), it was unclear whether a bioequivalent dose of oral corticosteroid would be as effective. (medscape.com)
  • neuromyelitis optica is another disease that shares with MS the dual features of optic neuritis and myelitis (the medical name for inflammation of the spinal cord). (houstonmethodist.org)
  • But in people with certain brain changes seen on MRI, IV (intravenous) steroids may help prevent future episodes of optic neuritis. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • MS or neuromyelitis optic patients may have recurring episodes of optic neuritis. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • However, the rate of conversion to MS after optic neuritis in children based upon brain MRI findings is unknown. (qxmd.com)
  • This review article tends to provide an update on the approach and management of optic neuritis. (lww.com)
  • The comprehensive management of optic neuritis from diagnosis through treatment may engage a wide range of medical specialties, each of which is available at Houston Methodist. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • Jacksonville, FL area patients suffering from optic neuritis have numerous options for treatment regarding this common eye condition. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • Patients suffering from Optic Neuritis complain of pain in the eyes, impaired eye movement and even vision loss (which is usually temporary). (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • Funduscopic examination can appear normal acutely, but disc edema can be present in approximately one-third of patients (particularly those with anterior optic neuritis).1, 2 Optic disc pallor is generally seen weeks to months following onset of typical optic neuritis. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Rapid identification of an infectious cause of neuritis dictates treatment approach and often has a much more positive long term prognosis than other etiologies. (wikipedia.org)
  • The development of new immunosuppressant drugs and monoclonal antibodies has reduced the relapses and improved the prognosis of optic neuritis as well as an associated systemic disease. (lww.com)
  • We want to figure out upfront what type of optic neuritis or eye disease people have, so that we can treat them appropriately, and also understand their long-term disease potential and prognosis," Moss said. (stanford.edu)
  • Larger collaborative studies are needed to further define the prognosis for childhood optic neuritis. (qxmd.com)
  • Spontaneous visual recovery is a nearly universal feature of acute demyelinating optic neuritis, and the visual prognosis for patients is usually excellent, regardless of treatment. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • In the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT), which followed a group of patients with acute unilateral optic neuritis, 28 percent of patients experienced a recurrence of optic neuritis within five years and 35 percent within 10 years. (chop.edu)
  • Three risk factors were identified: low age and abnormal CSF at onset, and early recurrence of optic neuritis. (lu.se)
  • For reasons that are not understood, the lower doses of steroids that are often used to reduce inflammation actually increase the risk of optic neuritis recurrence. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • Yes, especially if Optic Neuritis is associated with a disease called Multiple Sclerosis (MS), there is a possibility of recurrence of Optic Neuritis. (synergyeye.com)
  • We searched PubMed and Medline for studies published during the last 10 years with the general term "optic neuritis" and specific terms like "typical optic neuritis," "atypical optic neuritis," "multiple sclerosis," "neuromyelitis optic neuritis," and "myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody. (lww.com)
  • Childhood optic neuritis is marked by heterogeneity. (medscape.com)
  • Risk factors for developing multiple sclerosis after childhood optic neuritis. (medscape.com)
  • How do I know this is not an onset of optic neuritis. (healthtap.com)
  • Optic neuritis as onset manifestation of multiple sclerosis: a nationwide, long-term survey. (medscape.com)
  • Optic neuritis (ON) is a common manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS), and refers to inflammation of the optic nerve. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Optic neuritis is often the presenting manifestation of multiple sclerosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Neuritis (/njʊəˈraɪtɪs/) is inflammation of a nerve or the general inflammation of the peripheral nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nature of symptoms depends on the specific nerves involved, neuritis in a sensory nerve may cause pain, paresthesia (pins-and-needles), hypoesthesia (numbness), and anesthesia, and neuritis in a motor nerve may cause paresis (weakness), fasiculation, paralysis, or muscle wasting. (wikipedia.org)
  • Optic neuritis (ON) is an acute demyelinating inflammatory disease of the optic nerve and primarily influences young females [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Optic neuritis is caused by inflammation of the optic nerve, which is located between the back of the eye and the brain. (chop.edu)
  • VEPs evaluate optic nerve function by calculating P100 latency and amplitude, which are generally abnormal in the setting of acute and remote optic neuritis. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • the goal was to identify thresholds of optic nerve fiber thickness in patients with optic neuritis that would distinguish MS-related pathology from other causes. (medpagetoday.com)
  • In North America and Northern Europe, MS is the most common cause of optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), and MS patients often experience visual disturbances since our eyes are connected to the brain via the optic nerve. (stanford.edu)
  • Neuritis is usually accompanied by neuralgia (nerve pain). (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Optic neuritis is an inflammatory condition in which the myelin sheath of the optic nerve is removed. (checkbiotech.org)
  • Optic neuritis (ON) is a demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve that often occurs in association with multiple sclerosis (MS) and, much less commonly, neuromyelitis optica (NMO). (medscape.com)
  • In optic neuritis (ON), transient thickening of the macular retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) can be observed. (lu.se)
  • Optic neuritis (ON) represents inflammation of the optic nerve. (bmj.com)
  • General references Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Pharmacologic therapy in optic neuritis (ON) is directed at ameliorating the acute symptoms of pain and decreased vision caused by demyelinating inflammation of the nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Optic neuritis is an inflammation of this nerve that can cause serious problems, including intense headaches and loss of vision. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • What are the Signs and Symptoms of Ulnar Nerve Neuritis? (tru-ortho.com)
  • In general, signs and symptoms of ulnar nerve neuritis arise gradually, progressing to the point where the patient seeks medical attention. (tru-ortho.com)
  • Left untreated, ulnar nerve neuritis can lead to permanent nerve damage in the hand. (tru-ortho.com)
  • What are the Causes of Ulnar Nerve Neuritis? (tru-ortho.com)
  • Optic neuritis involves inflammation of the optic nerve, which is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • When the optic nerve becomes inflamed, this is known as optic neuritis. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • Optic neuritis is an inflammation of the eye's optic nerve. (southbayophthalmology.com)
  • When the optic nerve, which is responsible for sending impulses from the eye to the brain, is damaged due to swelling or inflammation, the condition is called Optic Neuritis. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • Although it can also occur later, Optic Neuritis is one of the early indications of MS (Multiple Sclerosis) which causes nerve damage that affects the optic nerve. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • Optic Neuritis can otherwise be caused by immune diseases like Lupus or Neuromyelitis Optica that cause inflammation as well as swellings in both, the spine and the optic nerve. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • It is difficult to pin point the exact cause of Optic Neuritis but it occurs when swellings or inflammations that cause damage to the optic nerve. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve , which lies at the back of the eye. (gvortho.com)
  • Optic neuritis (ON) involves an attack of inflammation (swelling) in your optic nerve, which sends information from your eye to your brain about what you are seeing. (childrenshospital.org)
  • The optic nerve is the cable that connects the eye to the brain, and it is this connecting structure that is often damaged in MS, giving rise to the well-recognized syndrome optic neuritis. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • The word neuritis means inflammation of a nerve. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • In an attack of optic neuritis, the optic nerve is affected. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • He was diagnosed with demyelinating optic neuritis with evidence of neurotuberculosis and was managed successfully with anti-tubercular drug therapy and corticosteroids. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • For some patients, a medication called corticosteroids may be used to treat optic neuritis. (southbayophthalmology.com)
  • 18 years) presenting with optic neuritis between 1993 and 2004 at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. (qxmd.com)
  • Optic neuritis can be unilateral (affecting only one eye) or bilateral (affecting both eyes). (chop.edu)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging detected bilateral discrete white matter lesions, similar to those in MS, in 11 of 25 patients, 7 to 18 years after the isolated attack of optic neuritis. (lu.se)
  • Monteiro ML, Borges WI, do Val Ferreira Ramos C, Lucato LT, Leite CC. Bilateral optic neuritis in wegener granulomatosis. (medscape.com)
  • Siddiqui J, Rouleau J, Lee AG, Sato Y, Voigt MD. Bilateral optic neuritis in acute hepatitis C. J Neuroophthalmol . (medscape.com)
  • Tuberculoid leprosy, seen in cases where host immunity is high, is not commonly associated with neuritis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Loss of vision in optic neuritis commonly reaches its maximum effect within a few days and starts improving within 4 to 12 weeks. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Serepositive Demyelinating disease (MOG IgG+) is a recently discovered cause of optic neuritis. (medscape.com)
  • Multiple sclerosis has also been shown to be a risk factor for developing optic neuritis since MS involves the immune system attacking the myelin sheath of the spinal cord and brain. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • Illness' like MS (Multiple Sclerosis), Neuromyelitis Optica, MOG (Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein) antibody disorder and Lupus are more likely to cause Optic Neuritis. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • The main symptom of optic neuritis is vision loss, frequently maximal within several days and varying from a small central or paracentral scotoma to complete blindness. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Pediatric Optic Neuritis. (medscape.com)
  • Pediatric optic neuritis and risk of multiple sclerosis: Meta-analysis of observational studies. (medscape.com)
  • Pediatric Optic Neuritis: What Is New. (medscape.com)
  • Pediatric Optic Neuritis Prospective Outcomes Study. (medscape.com)
  • Isolated demyelinating optic neuritis is a rare presenting feature of neurotuberculosis in the pediatric population. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Most of the optic neuritis cases that are reported in pediatric tuberculosis are usually associated with other focal neurodeficits or follow anti-tubercular therapy, especially ethambutol . (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Being an endemic country, neurotuberculosis should be considered as a potential cause of demyelinating optic neuritis in the pediatric population. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Pediatric optic neuritis: brain MRI abnormalities and risk of multiple sclerosis. (qxmd.com)
  • We identified 29 consecutive children with idiopathic optic neuritis. (qxmd.com)
  • Patient presentation for optic neuritis has been found to have a bimodal distribution with younger patients less than 9 years of age exhibiting MOG-IgG in association with ADEM and older children with clinically isolated optic neuritis or NMO-SD phenotype. (medscape.com)
  • The results of a new study found that machine learning models may one day be instrumental in evaluating patients with suspected optic neuritis related to multiple sclerosis. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer inter-eye difference was the single best discriminator of history of optic neuritis in patients with MS. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Functional loss in the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways in patients with optic neuritis. (uchicago.edu)
  • Eighteen patients were followed for more than 24 months, and 3 of the 18 (17%) developed MS. All 3 patients had an abnormal brain MRI scan at their initial presentation of optic neuritis. (qxmd.com)
  • For some patients, an episode of optic neuritis is the first indication that a patient could be suffering from MS. Optic neuritis usually results in eye pain and changes or loss of vision. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • The exact reason for patients developing optic neuritis is unknown. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • Most patients can expect normal vision, or close to it, in about 12 months after experiencing optic neuritis. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • After 1 episode of optic neuritis, patients have about a 50% chance of developing MS in their lifetime. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • We treat patients with Optic Neuritis effectively without steroids and without giving them harmful side effects. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • Less than 20 years ago, neurologists had to decide whether or not they should reveal their suspicion of possible MS to optic neuritis patients. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • Nigéria, en décembre 2022 et publie depuis lors des rapports mensuels. (who.int)
  • Since there may be a delay between the optic neuritis and the myelitis, and since the treatment will be different, suspicion for neuromyelitis optica should prompt laboratory study for NMO (neuromyelitis optica) antibody. (medscape.com)
  • For example, if an MRI shows abnormalities suggestive of multiple sclerosis in the brain or spinal cord, treatment with interferon or glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone ) may lessen the likelihood of repeated attacks of neuritis and may also lessen the chances of progression to definite multiple sclerosis. (drugs.com)
  • Similarly, there has been a substantial change in the treatment of optic neuritis which was earlier limited to steroids and interferons. (lww.com)
  • What is a good treatment for someone who has optic neuritis in 1 eye due to ms? (healthtap.com)
  • Emerging concepts in the treatment of optic neuritis: mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. (uchicago.edu)
  • Optic neuritis is often the initial presentation of multiple sclerosis (MS). As established by the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial, an abnormal baseline brain MRI is a strong predictor of MS after isolated optic neuritis in adults. (qxmd.com)
  • In some cases, you may not need any treatment for optic neuritis. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • You may also need treatment for another health condition if it's considered the source of your optic neuritis. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • Kountakis SE, Maillard AA, Stiernberg CM. Optic neuritis secondary to sphenoethmoiditis: surgical treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Southeastern Retina Specialists, Dr. John Sullivan and Dr. Shawn Agee, will thoroughly diagnose the progression of optic neuritis so that treatment management can be customized for the patient. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • Usually, optic neuritis resolves itself and requires no treatment. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • We have a better understanding of the characteristics of optic neuritis from a major study called the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT), conducted by the Optic Neuritis Study Group. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • Just because you have severe symptoms doesn't necessarily mean that optic neuritis will never go away. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • Optic neuritis presents with mild to severe visual loss associated with painful eye movements (92 percent) and impaired color vision. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • Some of the bacterial agents most associated with neuritis are leprosy, lyme disease, and diphtheria. (wikipedia.org)
  • The present study suggests that GCIPL thinning in both eyes, a large inter-eye difference in GCIPL, and abnormal LCLA are all associated with an increased likelihood of MS-related optic neuritis, but none of these factors individually appear to offer sufficient specificity or sensitivity to be clinically valuable by themselves. (medpagetoday.com)
  • How can we diagnose Optic Neuritis? (synergyeye.com)
  • Do you know what optic neuritis is and, more importantly, how you diagnose it? (bpno.dk)
  • The landscape of optic neuritis (ON) is rapidly changing with the discovery of new antibodies, advent of latest investigations, and revised diagnostic criteria. (lww.com)
  • Association of parainfluenza antibodies and histocompatibility types in MS and optic neuritis. (uchicago.edu)
  • Many people with multiple sclerosis (MS), an immune system disease, have optic neuritis at some point. (gvortho.com)