AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
Neural PathwaysTrimecaineAllylglycineEfferent PathwaysNeuronal Tract-TracersVagus NerveVagotomySodium LactateNervous System Physiological ProcessesHexamethoniumReflexAfferent PathwaysNervous System Physiological PhenomenaWheat Germ AgglutininsNeuronsPreoptic AreaSeptal NucleiBrainVisual PathwaysBrain StemHypogastric PlexusProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosNeurons, EfferentHypothalamusEscape ReactionSpinal CordOlfactory PathwaysRats, Sprague-DawleyElectric StimulationCapsaicinGastrointestinal MotilityAmygdalaPeristalsisVocalization, AnimalAnorexiaMotor NeuronsLimbic SystemAtropineDuodenumHabituation, PsychophysiologicMedulla OblongataFunctional LateralityBrain MappingBody Temperature RegulationSexual Behavior, AnimalBehavior, AnimalSympathetic Nervous SystemPhotic StimulationNeurons, AfferentMyenteric PlexusModels, NeurologicalChemoreceptor CellsReaction TimeThalamusSpinal Cord InjuriesAutonomic Nervous SystemElectromyographyConditioning (Psychology)SerotoninNeuronal PlasticityParasympathetic Nervous SystemRats, Long-EvansCatsAction PotentialsNerve FibersNeuropeptidesMuscle, SmoothAnalysis of VariancePhysical StimulationLearningEatingNerve NetFeeding BehaviorInjections, IntraventricularNeurotransmitter AgentsLocomotionMuscle ContractionTetrodotoxinAcoustic StimulationTime FactorsMovementMagnetic Resonance ImagingTracheaNeural InhibitionInterneuronsIleumDopamineSynaptic TransmissionGuinea PigsLeptinVisual PerceptionImmunohistochemistryRats, WistarCerebral CortexHeart RateMuscle, SkeletalElectrophysiologyBlood PressureSignal TransductionDose-Response Relationship, DrugMice, KnockoutMice, Inbred C57BLDisease Models, Animal
Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.Trimecaine: Acetanilide derivative used as a local anesthetic.Allylglycine: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and an antagonist of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals.Efferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.Neuronal Tract-Tracers: Substances used to identify the location and to characterize the types of NEURAL PATHWAYS.Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).Vagotomy: The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes.Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.Nervous System Physiological Processes: Biological actions and events that constitute the functions of the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.Afferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.Nervous System Physiological Phenomena: Characteristic properties and processes of the NERVOUS SYSTEM as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Wheat Germ Agglutinins: Lectins purified from the germinating seeds of common wheat (Triticum vulgare); these bind to certain carbohydrate moieties on cell surface glycoproteins and are used to identify certain cell populations and inhibit or promote some immunological or physiological activities. There are at least two isoforms of this lectin.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Preoptic Area: Region of hypothalamus between the ANTERIOR COMMISSURE and OPTIC CHIASM.Septal Nuclei: Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of FOREBRAIN and BRAIN STEM areas including the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS, the tegmentum, and the AMYGDALA. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Visual Pathways: Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA; OPTIC NERVE; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract.Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.Hypogastric Plexus: A complex network of nerve fibers in the pelvic region. The hypogastric plexus distributes sympathetic fibers from the lumbar paravertebral ganglia and the aortic plexus, parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve, and visceral afferents. The bilateral pelvic plexus is in its lateral extent.Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos: Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.Neurons, Efferent: Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.Escape Reaction: Innate response elicited by sensory stimuli associated with a threatening situation, or actual confrontation with an enemy.Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.Olfactory Pathways: Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. It includes the OLFACTORY NERVE; OLFACTORY BULB; OLFACTORY TRACT; OLFACTORY TUBERCLE; ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE; and OLFACTORY CORTEX.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Capsaicin: An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.Gastrointestinal Motility: The motor activity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.Peristalsis: A movement, caused by sequential muscle contraction, that pushes the contents of the intestines or other tubular organs in one direction.Vocalization, Animal: Sounds used in animal communication.Anorexia: The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the AMYGDALA; EPITHALAMUS; GYRUS CINGULI; hippocampal formation (see HIPPOCAMPUS); HYPOTHALAMUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; SEPTAL NUCLEI; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)).Atropine: An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.Duodenum: The shortest and widest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE adjacent to the PYLORUS of the STOMACH. It is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers.Habituation, Psychophysiologic: The disappearance of responsiveness to a repeated stimulation. It does not include drug habituation.Medulla Oblongata: The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.Functional Laterality: Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.Brain Mapping: Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.Body Temperature Regulation: The processes of heating and cooling that an organism uses to control its temperature.Sexual Behavior, Animal: Sexual activities of animals.Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.Photic Stimulation: Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.Neurons, Afferent: Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Myenteric Plexus: One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut. Its neurons project to the circular muscle, to other myenteric ganglia, to submucosal ganglia, or directly to the epithelium, and play an important role in regulating and patterning gut motility. (From FASEB J 1989;3:127-38)Models, Neurological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Chemoreceptor Cells: Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptor cells may monitor external stimuli, as in TASTE and OLFACTION, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE in the blood.Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).Autonomic Nervous System: The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.Conditioning (Psychology): A general term referring to the learning of some particular response.Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.Neuronal Plasticity: The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.Parasympathetic Nervous System: The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.Rats, Long-Evans: An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Neuropeptides: Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.Muscle, Smooth: Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Physical Stimulation: Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.Eating: The consumption of edible substances.Nerve Net: A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.Feeding Behavior: Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.Injections, Intraventricular: Injections into the cerebral ventricles.Neurotransmitter Agents: Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.Acoustic Stimulation: Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Movement: The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi.Neural Inhibition: The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.Interneurons: Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.Ileum: The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.Dopamine: One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.Visual Perception: The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.Heart Rate: The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Blood Pressure: PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Mice, Inbred C57BLDisease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A genetic approach to visualization of multisynaptic neural pathways using plant lectin transgene. (1/7484)

The wiring patterns among various types of neurons via specific synaptic connections are the basis of functional logic employed by the brain for information processing. This study introduces a powerful method of analyzing the neuronal connectivity patterns by delivering a tracer selectively to specific types of neurons while simultaneously transsynaptically labeling their target neurons. We developed a novel genetic approach introducing cDNA for a plant lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), as a transgene under the control of specific promoter elements. Using this method, we demonstrate three examples of visualization of specific transsynaptic neural pathways: the mouse cerebellar efferent pathways, the mouse olfactory pathways, and the Drosophila visual pathways. This strategy should greatly facilitate studies on the anatomical and functional organization of the developing and mature nervous system.  (+info)

even-skipped determines the dorsal growth of motor axons in Drosophila. (2/7484)

Axon pathfinding and target choice are governed by cell type-specific responses to external cues. Here, we show that in the Drosophila embryo, motorneurons with targets in the dorsal muscle field express the homeobox gene even-skipped and that this expression is necessary and sufficient to direct motor axons into the dorsal muscle field. Previously, it was shown that motorneurons projecting to ventral targets express the LIM homeobox gene islet, which is sufficient to direct axons to the ventral muscle field. Thus, even-skipped complements the function of islet, and together these two genes constitute a bimodal switch regulating axonal growth and directing motor axons to ventral or to dorsal regions of the muscle field.  (+info)

Actions of a pair of identified cerebral-buccal interneurons (CBI-8/9) in Aplysia that contain the peptide myomodulin. (3/7484)

A combination of biocytin back-fills of the cerebral-buccal connectives and immunocytochemistry of the cerebral ganglion demonstrated that of the 13 bilateral pairs of cerebral-buccal interneurons in the cerebral ganglion, a subpopulation of 3 are immunopositive for the peptide myomodulin. The present paper describes the properties of two of these cells, which we have termed CBI-8 and CBI-9. CBI-8 and CBI-9 were found to be dye coupled and electrically coupled. The cells have virtually identical properties, and consequently we consider them to be "twin" pairs and refer to them as CBI-8/9. CBI-8/9 were identified by electrophysiological criteria and then labeled with dye. Labeled cells were found to be immunopositive for myomodulin, and, using high pressure liquid chromatography, the cells were shown to contain authentic myomodulin. CBI-8/9 were found to receive synaptic input after mechanical stimulation of the tentacles. They also received excitatory input from C-PR, a neuron involved in neck lengthening, and received a slow inhibitory input from CC5, a cell involved in neck shortening, suggesting that CBI-8/9 may be active during forward movements of the head or buccal mass. Firing of CBI-8 or CBI-9 resulted in the activation of a relatively small number of buccal neurons as evidenced by extracellular recordings from buccal nerves. Firing also produced local movements of the buccal mass, in particular a strong contraction of the I7 muscle, which mediates radula opening. CBI-8/9 were found to produce a slow depolarization and rhythmic activity of B48, the motor neuron for the I7 muscle. The data provide continuing evidence that the small population of cerebral buccal interneurons is composed of neurons that are highly diverse in their functional roles. CBI-8/9 may function as a type of premotor neuron, or perhaps as a peptidergic modulatory neuron, the functions of which are dependent on the coactivity of other neurons.  (+info)

C-PR neuron of Aplysia has differential effects on "Feeding" cerebral interneurons, including myomodulin-positive CBI-12. (4/7484)

Head lifting and other aspects of the appetitive central motive state that precedes consummatory feeding movements in Aplysia is promoted by excitation of the C-PR neuron. Food stimuli activate C-PR as well as a small population of cerebral-buccal interneurons (CBIs). We wished to determine if firing of C-PR produced differential effects on the various CBIs or perhaps affected all the CBIs uniformly as might be expected for a neuron involved in producing a broad undifferentiated arousal state. We found that when C-PR was fired, it produced a wide variety of effects on various CBIs. Firing of C-PR evoked excitatory input to a newly identified CBI (CBI-12) the soma of which is located in the M cluster near the previously identified CBI-2. CBI-12 shares certain properties with CBI-2, including a similar morphology and a capacity to drive rhythmic activity of the buccal-ganglion. Unlike CBI-2, CBI-12 exhibits myomodulin immunoreactivity. Furthermore when C-PR is fired, CBI-12 receives a polysynaptic voltage-dependent slow excitation, whereas, CBI-2 receives relatively little input. C-PR also polysynaptically excites other CBIs including CBI-1 and CBI-8/9 but produces inhibition in CBI-3. In addition, firing of C-PR inhibits plateau potentials in CBI-5/6. The data suggest that activity of C-PR may promote the activity of one subset of cerebral-buccal interneurons, perhaps those involved in ingestive behaviors that occur during the head-up posture. C-PR also inhibits some cerebral-buccal interneurons that may be involved in behaviors in which C-PR activity is not required or may even interfere with other feeding behaviors such as rejection or grazing, that occur with the head down.  (+info)

Central pattern generator for escape swimming in the notaspid sea slug Pleurobranchaea californica. (5/7484)

Escape swimming in the notaspid opisthobranch Pleurobranchaea is an episode of alternating dorsal and ventral body flexions that overrides all other behaviors. We have explored the structure of the central pattern generator (CPG) in the cerebropleural ganglion as part of a study of neural network interactions underlying decision making in normal behavior. The CPG comprises at least eight bilaterally paired interneurons, each of which contributes and is phase-locked to the swim rhythm. Dorsal flexion is mediated by hemiganglion ensembles of four serotonin-immunoreactive neurons, the As1, As2, As3, and As4, and an electrically coupled pair, the A1 and A10 cells. When stimulated, A10 commands fictive swimming in the isolated CNS and actual swimming behavior in whole animals. As1-4 provide prolonged, neuromodulatory excitation enhancing dorsal flexion bursts and swim cycle number. Ventral flexion is mediated by the A3 cell and a ventral swim interneuron, IVS, the soma of which is yet unlocated. Initiation of a swim episode begins with persistent firing in A10, followed by recruitment of As1-4 and A1 into dorsal flexion. Recurrent excitation within the As1-4 ensemble and with A1/A10 may reinforce coactivity. Synchrony among swim interneuron partners and bilateral coordination is promoted by electrical coupling among the A1/A10 and As4 pairs, and among unilateral As2-4, and reciprocal chemical excitation between contralateral As1-4 groups. The switch from dorsal to ventral flexion coincides with delayed recruitment of A3, which is coupled electrically to A1, and with recurrent inhibition from A3/IVS to A1/A10. The alternating phase relation may be reinforced by reciprocal inhibition between As1-4 and IVS. Pleurobranchaea's swim resembles that of the nudibranch Tritonia; we find that the CPGs are similar in many details, suggesting that the behavior and network are primitive characters derived from a common pleurobranchid ancestor.  (+info)

Disrupted temporal lobe connections in semantic dementia. (6/7484)

Semantic dementia refers to the variant of frontotemporal dementia in which there is progressive semantic deterioration and anomia in the face of relative preservation of other language and cognitive functions. Structural imaging and SPECT studies of such patients have suggested that the site of damage, and by inference the region critical to semantic processing, is the anterolateral temporal lobe, especially on the left. Recent functional imaging studies of normal participants have revealed a network of areas involved in semantic tasks. The present study used PET to examine the consequences of focal damage to the anterolateral temporal cortex for the operation of this semantic network. We measured PET activation associated with a semantic decision task relative to a visual decision task in four patients with semantic dementia compared with six age-matched normal controls. Normals activated a network of regions consistent with previous studies. The patients activated some areas consistently with the normals, including some regions of significant atrophy, but showed substantially reduced activity particularly in the left posterior inferior temporal gyrus (iTG) (Brodmann area 37/19). Voxel-based morphometry, used to identify the regions of structural deficit, revealed significant anterolateral temporal atrophy (especially on the left), but no significant structural damage to the posterior inferior temporal lobe. Other evidence suggests that the left posterior iTG is critically involved in lexical-phonological retrieval: the lack of activation here is consistent with the observation that these patients are all anomic. We conclude that changes in activity in regions distant from the patients' structural damage support the argument that their prominent anomia is due to disrupted temporal lobe connections.  (+info)

Specification of distinct dopaminergic neural pathways: roles of the Eph family receptor EphB1 and ligand ephrin-B2. (7/7484)

Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area project to the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens/olfactory tubercle, respectively, constituting mesostriatal and mesolimbic pathways. The molecular signals that confer target specificity of different dopaminergic neurons are not known. We now report that EphB1 and ephrin-B2, a receptor and ligand of the Eph family, are candidate guidance molecules for the development of these distinct pathways. EphB1 and ephrin-B2 are expressed in complementary patterns in the midbrain dopaminergic neurons and their targets, and the ligand specifically inhibits the growth of neurites and induces the cell loss of substantia nigra, but not ventral tegmental, dopaminergic neurons. These studies suggest that the ligand-receptor pair may contribute to the establishment of distinct neural pathways by selectively inhibiting the neurite outgrowth and cell survival of mistargeted neurons. In addition, we show that ephrin-B2 expression is upregulated by cocaine and amphetamine in adult mice, suggesting that ephrin-B2/EphB1 interaction may play a role in drug-induced plasticity in adults as well.  (+info)

Structural maturation of neural pathways in children and adolescents: in vivo study. (8/7484)

Structural maturation of fiber tracts in the human brain, including an increase in the diameter and myelination of axons, may play a role in cognitive development during childhood and adolescence. A computational analysis of structural magnetic resonance images obtained in 111 children and adolescents revealed age-related increases in white matter density in fiber tracts constituting putative corticospinal and frontotemporal pathways. The maturation of the corticospinal tract was bilateral, whereas that of the frontotemporal pathway was found predominantly in the left (speech-dominant) hemisphere. These findings provide evidence for a gradual maturation, during late childhood and adolescence, of fiber pathways presumably supporting motor and speech functions.  (+info)

Interconnect - definition of interconnect by The Free DictionaryInterconnect - definition of interconnect by The Free Dictionary
Define interconnect. interconnect synonyms, interconnect pronunciation, interconnect translation, English dictionary definition of interconnect. v. in·ter·con·nect·ed , in·ter·con·nect·ing , in·ter·con·nects v. intr. To be connected with each other: The two buildings interconnect. v. tr.
Dynamic functional connectivity - WikipediaDynamic functional connectivity - Wikipedia
Dynamic functional connectivity (DFC) refers to the observed phenomenon that functional connectivity changes over a short time. Dynamic functional connectivity is a recent expansion on traditional functional connectivity analysis which typically assumes that functional networks are static in time. DFC is related to a variety of different neurological disorders, and has been suggested to be a more accurate representation of functional brain networks. The primary tool for analyzing DFC is fMRI, but DFC has also been observed with several other mediums. DFC is a recent development within the field of functional neuroimaging whose discovery was motivated by the observation of temporal variability in the rising field of steady state connectivity research Functional connectivity refers to the functionally integrated relationship between spatially separated brain regions. Unlike structural connectivity which looks for physical connections in the brain, functional connectivity is related to similar ...
Patent US8479139 - Automatic routing system with variable width interconnect - Google PatentsuchePatent US8479139 - Automatic routing system with variable width interconnect - Google Patentsuche
A system automatically routes interconnect of an integrated circuit design using variable width interconnect lines. For example, a first automatically routed interconnect may have a different width from a second automatically routed interconnect. The system will vary the width of the interconnect lines based on certain factors or criteria. These factors include current or power handling, reliability, electromigration, voltage drops, self-heating, optical proximity effects, or other factors, or combinations of these factors. The system may use a gridded or a gridless (or shape-based) approach.
Guiding functional connectivity estimation by structural connectivity in MEG: an application to discrimination of conditions of...Guiding functional connectivity estimation by structural connectivity in MEG: an application to discrimination of conditions of...
Whole brain resting state connectivity is a promising biomarker that might help to obtain an early diagnosis in many neurological diseases, such as dementia. Inferring resting-state connectivity is often based on correlations, which are sensitive to indirect connections, leading to an inaccurate representation of the real backbone of the network. The precision matrix is a better representation for whole brain connectivity, as it considers only direct connections. The network structure can be estimated using the graphical lasso (GL), which achieves sparsity through l1-regularization on the precision matrix. In this paper, we propose a structural connectivity adaptive version of the GL, where weaker anatomical connections are represented as stronger penalties on the corresponding functional connections. We applied beamformer source reconstruction to the resting state MEG recordings of 81 subjects, where 29 were healthy controls, 22 were single-domain amnestic Mild Cognitive Impaired (MCI), and 30 were
Guiding functional connectivity estimation by structural connectivity in MEG: an application to discrimination of conditions of...Guiding functional connectivity estimation by structural connectivity in MEG: an application to discrimination of conditions of...
Whole brain resting state connectivity is a promising biomarker that might help to obtain an early diagnosis in many neurological diseases, such as dementia. Inferring resting-state connectivity is often based on correlations, which are sensitive to indirect connections, leading to an inaccurate representation of the real backbone of the network. The precision matrix is a better representation for whole brain connectivity, as it considers only direct connections. The network structure can be estimated using the graphical lasso (GL), which achieves sparsity through l1-regularization on the precision matrix. In this paper, we propose a structural connectivity adaptive version of the GL, where weaker anatomical connections are represented as stronger penalties on the corresponding functional connections. We applied beamformer source reconstruction to the resting state MEG recordings of 81 subjects, where 29 were healthy controls, 22 were single-domain amnestic Mild Cognitive Impaired (MCI), and 30 were
Neutral Interconnect | Article about Neutral Interconnect by The Free DictionaryNeutral Interconnect | Article about Neutral Interconnect by The Free Dictionary
Looking for Neutral Interconnect? Find out information about Neutral Interconnect. Network infrastructure where network service providers can freely exchange traffic without policy restrictions. Examples are the GIX at MAE-East , and the... Explanation of Neutral Interconnect
Patent US4376249 - Variable axis electron beam projection system - Google PatentsPatent US4376249 - Variable axis electron beam projection system - Google Patents
An electron beam projection system having a projection lens arranged so that upon pre-deflection of the electron beam the electron optical axis of the lens shifts to be coincident with the deflected beam. The projection system includes means for producing an electron beam, means for deflecting the beam, a magnetic projection lens having rotational symmetry for focusing the deflected beam and a pair of magnetic compensation yokes positioned within the bore of the projection lens means. The pair of correction yokes has coil dimensions such that, in combination, they produce a magnetic compensation field proportional to the first derivative of the axial magnetic field strength distribution curve of the projection lens. Upon application of current to the pair of compensation yokes the electron optical axis of the projection lens shifts to the position of the deflected beam so that the electron beam remains coincident with the shifted electron optical axis and lands perpendicular to a target.
Patent US5019946 - High density interconnect with high volumetric efficiency - Google PatentsPatent US5019946 - High density interconnect with high volumetric efficiency - Google Patents
Interconnected integrated circuits (16) packaged at a very high density are fabricated beginning with a plurality of substrates (50 or 400 or 500) where each substrate has metal edge contact sites (12 or 507). Several substrates are joined together in a stack (82 or 402 or 512) held together tightly by bolts (62) or by a thermoplastic adhesive (510). An interconnect pattern (250 or 423) electrically connects integrated circuits (16) on different substrates. Defective substrates are removable from the stack for repair by removing the bolts or by heating the adhesive to soften it sufficiently to allow removal of the individual substrate. The interconnect pattern, which is removed whenever a substrate is replaced, is reapplied after the removed substrate has been replaced.
US6482656B1 - Method of electrochemical formation of high Tc superconducting damascene interconnect for integrated circuit ...US6482656B1 - Method of electrochemical formation of high Tc superconducting damascene interconnect for integrated circuit ...
A semiconductor device including a damascene superconducting interconnect, formed of a Ba-Cu-Ca-O superconducting material. A method of forming a superconducting damascene interconnect structure, and the structure made thereby, the method including forming a cavity in an interlevel dielectric; forming a barrier layer in the cavity; forming a seed layer in the cavity over the barrier layer; forming a Cu-Ba alloy layer; filling the cavity by depositing a Cu-Ca-O film; and annealing in oxygen flow to form a Ba-Cu-Ca-O superconductor on the barrier layer. In an alternate embodiment, no barrier layer is formed.
Brevet US5384284 - Method to form a low resistant bond pad interconnect - Google BrevetsBrevet US5384284 - Method to form a low resistant bond pad interconnect - Google Brevets
The present invention develops a bond pad interconnect in an integrated circuit device, by forming an aluminum pad; bonding a metal layer (such as copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), tungsten (W), gold (Au), silver (Ag) or platinum (Pt)) or a metal alloy (such as titanium nitride) to the aluminum bond pad by chemical vapor deposition or by electroless deposition; and adhering a conductive epoxy film to the metal layer, thereby forming a low resistive bond pad interconnect.
Three-Dimensional Transient Electro-Thermal Interconnect Simulation for Stress and Electromigration AnalysisThree-Dimensional Transient Electro-Thermal Interconnect Simulation for Stress and Electromigration Analysis
We introduce the combination of three-dimensional transient electro-thermal interconnect simulations for intrinsic thermo-mechanical stress problems. In order to study the development of thermal stresses we use a finite element simulator for the investigation on stresses of complex layered interconnect structures at different operating conditions. Together with the potential distribution we obtain the complete input data for accurate electromigration analysis.
In situ study on low-k interconnect time-dependent-dielectric-breakdown mechanisms (Journal Article) | SciTech ConnectIn situ study on low-k interconnect time-dependent-dielectric-breakdown mechanisms (Journal Article) | SciTech Connect
An in situ transmission-electron-microscopy methodology is developed to observe time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) in an advanced Cu/ultra-low-k interconnect stack. A test structure, namely a "tip-to-tip" structure, was designed to localize the TDDB degradation in small dielectrics regions. A constant voltage is applied at 25 °C to the "tip-to-tip" structure, while structural changes are observed at nanoscale. Cu nanoparticle formation, agglomeration, and migration processes are observed after dielectric breakdown. The Cu nanoparticles are positively charged, since they move in opposite direction to the electron flow. Measurements of ionic current, using the Triangular-Voltage-Stress method, suggest that Cu migration is not possible before dielectric breakdown, unless the Cu/ultra-low-k interconnect stacks are heated to 200 °C and above. ...
Misalignment sensitivity analysis of planar optical interconnect systems | (1994) | Zaleta | Publications | SpieMisalignment sensitivity analysis of planar optical interconnect systems | (1994) | Zaleta | Publications | Spie
In order to fabricate practical free-space optical interconnect systems, a thorough understanding of the effect of optical misalignment on the power throughput of an optical link is required. Further, not only assembly tolerances (resulting in misalignment) but also component manufacturing tolerances that also introduce vignetting into the optical system need to be studied. We present a study of a wide variety of assembly and component manufacturing errors and their effect on the integrated power falling onto the detector for planar space variant optical systems. We also discuss the trends of the different misalignment sensitivities as the interconnect distance increases ...
Functional connectivity of insular efferences<...Functional connectivity of insular efferences<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Functional connectivity of insular efferences. AU - Almashaikhi, Talal. AU - Rheims, Sylvain. AU - Jung, Julien. AU - Ostrowsky-Coste, Karine. AU - Montavont, Alexandra. AU - De Bellescize, Julitta. AU - Arzimanoglou, Alexis. AU - Kosal, Pascale Keo. AU - Guénot, Marc. AU - Bertrand, Olivier. AU - Ryvlin, Philippe. PY - 2014. Y1 - 2014. N2 - Objectives: The aim of our study was to explore the functional connectivity between the insula and other cortical regions, in human, using cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) Experimental design: We performed intra-cerebral electrical stimulation in eleven patients with refractory epilepsy investigated with depth electrodes, including 39 targeting the insula. Electrical stimulation consisted of two series of 20 pulses of 1-ms duration, 0.2-Hz frequency, and 1-mA intensity delivered at each of the 39 insular bipoles. Rates of connectivity were reported whenever a noninsular cortical region was tested by at least ten ...
Segregated fronto-cerebellar circuits revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity. - PubMed - NCBISegregated fronto-cerebellar circuits revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity. - PubMed - NCBI
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
Brevet US8237914 - Process, apparatus, and device for determining intra-field correction to ... - Google BrevetsBrevet US8237914 - Process, apparatus, and device for determining intra-field correction to ... - Google Brevets
A lithographic apparatus includes an illumination system configured to condition a radiation beam, a support for a patterning device, a substrate table for a substrate, a projection system, and a control system. The patterning device is capable of imparting the radiation beam with a pattern in its cross-section to form a patterned radiation beam. The projection system is configured to project the patterned radiation beam as an image onto a target portion of the substrate along a scan path. The scan path is defined by a trajectory in a scanning direction of an exposure field of the lithographic apparatus. The control system is coupled to the support, the substrate table and the projection system for controlling an action of the support, the substrate table and the projection system, respectively. The control system is configured to correct a local distortion of the image in a region along the scan path by a temporal adjustment of the image in that region, hereby reducing the intra-field overlay errors.
Ebook 978-0792373148 Boundary-Scan Interconnect Diagnosis (Frontiers in Electronic Testing)Ebook 978-0792373148 Boundary-Scan Interconnect Diagnosis (Frontiers in Electronic Testing)
This is Digital Version of (Ebook) 978-0792373148 Boundary-Scan Interconnect Diagnosis (Frontiers in Electronic Testing) Product Will Be Delivered Via
Imaging Beyond the Pinhole Camera by A. Torii, A. Sugimoto, T. Sakai, A. Imiya (auth.), Kostas - Stowarzyszenie LibraryImaging Beyond the Pinhole Camera by A. Torii, A. Sugimoto, T. Sakai, A. Imiya (auth.), Kostas - Stowarzyszenie Library
Vision systems satisfying the single viewpoint constraint are called central projection systems. The perspective camera is an example of a central projection system. The mapping of points in the scene into points in the image is linear in homogeneous coordinates, and can be described by a 3 × 4 projection matrix P (pin-hole model). Perspective projection can be modeled by intersecting a plane with a pencil of lines going through the scene points and the projection center O. There are central projection systems whose geometry can not be described using the conventional pin-hole model. Mt is composed of two lines m and l lying on the projective plane ℘2 . In this case the conic is said to be degenerate, the 3 ×3 symmetric matrix Ω is rank 2, and Equation (15) becomes ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0 0 0 0 ⎢0 2 0 0 0 0⎥ ⎥ ⎢ ⎢0 0 1 0 0 0⎥ t t ⎥. Γ(m, l) ⎢ Ω = ml + lm −→ ω = ⎢ (16) ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 2 0 0⎥ ⎣0 0 0 0 2 0⎦ 0 0 0 0 0 1 e D In a similar way a conic locus can be composed of a ...
Development of structural connectivity and network char | Open-iDevelopment of structural connectivity and network char | Open-i
Development of structural connectivity and network characteristics (longitudinal analysis). Of 7 neonates, longitudinal assessment of brain development was poss
PubZone - Corrigendum to Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject...PubZone - Corrigendum to "Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject...
log in you can tag this publication with additional keywords A publication can refer to another publication (outgoing references) or it can be referred to by other publications (incoming references).. ...
Significantly reduced functional connectivity in depres | Open-iSignificantly reduced functional connectivity in depres | Open-i
Significantly reduced functional connectivity in depressed patients between cerebellar executive and default-mode seed regions (shown in the lower row) with cer
9780443066849: Grays Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, Expert Consult - Online and Print, 40e - IberLibro -...9780443066849: Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, Expert Consult - Online and Print, 40e - IberLibro -...
Grays Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, Expert Consult - Online and Print, 40e de Susan Standring PhD DSc en Iberlibro.com - ISBN 10: 0443066841 - ISBN 13: 9780443066849 - Churchill Livingstone - 2008 - Tapa dura
Sports Vice SolutionsSports Vice Solutions
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AW: ma-ont RDF latest version from H ffernig, Martin on 2010-10-28 (public-media-annotation@w3.org from October 2010)AW: ma-ont RDF latest version from H ffernig, Martin on 2010-10-28 ([email protected] from October 2010)
Dear Jean-Pierre, Chris and all, just a few comments regarding the current ontology spec: Since TargetAudienceAuthority is no longer a sub class of Contributor the object property targetAudienceAuthorityIs shouldnt be a sub property of contributorIs as well. Leaving this sub property relation would infer that the domain of property targetAudienceAuthorityIs is Contributor, since Contributor is domain of property contributorIs. As Chris wrote there is no direct connection between a MediaResource and the value of TargetAudienceAuthority, the same problem/pattern exists between a MediaResource and a given rating value. Since a rating value is directly related to a RatingProvider (via data property ratingValue), it is not expressible that the same RatingProvider rates different MediaResources (or MediaFragments) including different rating values. I propose to directly connect a rating value to a MediaResource and annotate this rating value with additional information (RatingProvider, etc.). A new ...
Strep-Tactin® cartridges - Äkta column | IBA LifesciencesStrep-Tactin® cartridges - Äkta column | IBA Lifesciences
Strep-Tactin® Superflow® cartridges. Prepacked cartridges for direct connection to automated purification systems such as Äkta, peristaltic pumps or other FPLC/HPLC systems are availble for the different resin supports. More information here.
Miami HeatMiami Heat
A Redditor found a direct connection between James Hardens play in away games and the citys quality of strip clubs. The better the strippers, the worse he plays. Hardens worst outings come against the Heat
libc.a referencelibc.a reference
This is a direct connection to the MS-DOS read function call, int 0x21, %ah = 0x3f. No conversion is done on the data; it is read as raw binary data. This function can be hooked by the See section File System Extensions. If you dont want this, you should use See section _dos_read. ...
Partners and Suppliers | BaxterPartners and Suppliers | Baxter
The automation of business transactions can help enable savings, efficiencies and accuracy across the revenue cycle. We support both Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), for direct connection between provider and supplier, and Internet-commerce, which connects buyers and sellers via a common technology platform to place orders and receive invoices online. We are also part of the Global Healthcare Exchange (GHX), the first Internet (supplier) exchange for the healthcare industry.. ...
Hybrid Nuclear/X-ray Projection System for Mouse Imaging - UC DavisHybrid Nuclear/X-ray Projection System for Mouse Imaging - UC Davis
DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The mouse has become the mainstay of genetic and cancer research, and mouse imaging has allowed scientists to monitor tumor development or remission serially. The combination of mu/PET, which provides functional biological information (e.g. tumor uptake, gene expression, etc.) with mu/CT techniques, which provides the anatomical context for the functional information, has proved to be a very important tool for this. However, the radiation dose associated with these procedures can be high, and this limits their frequent use. While the radiation does not harm the animal, it may affect immune response mechanisms and change the experimental outcome. We hypothesize that 2D images may be sufficient in some scientific applications to provide the biological information necessary, in lieu of 3D image data sets that mu/CT and mu/PET provide. In this application, we propose the development of a hybrid two-dimensional imaging system for the mouse and other small animals. ...
Interconnect System DesignInterconnect System Design
Sanmina designed the 78 connector ATM cable inter-connect system and helped the customer accelerate time to market by reducing the system design cycle from 14 months to 5.. ...
Connectivity Is Dead: Long Live (Intelligent, Infinite, Cloud) Connectivity | Light ReadingConnectivity Is Dead: Long Live (Intelligent, Infinite, Cloud) Connectivity | Light Reading
Connectivity is no longer an interesting topic. Or is it? As the 5G era dawns, the potential use cases and impact of wireless/mobile connectivity have been attracting attention. Importantly, discussions focus not only on the value but also on the
NITRC: CONN : functional connectivity toolbox: Clarification on contrasts in CONN 2nd-level multivariate analysisNITRC: CONN : functional connectivity toolbox: Clarification on contrasts in CONN 2nd-level multivariate analysis
For context, the analysis is based on the 2 x 2 x 2 mixed ANOVA example on page 26 of the CONN manual. There are pre- and post-treatment scans and so each subject has a set of components for the pre and a set for the post. Based on this I was assuming that CONN was running some sort of omnibus test across components, so the contrasts would be something like (using 3 components as an example ...
Data Center Connectivity - Fujitsu CanadaData Center Connectivity - Fujitsu Canada
Packet Optical Networking Platforms with Connection-Oriented Ethernet provide worry-free connectivity between business locations and data centers to assure business continuity and enterprise information flow. Fujitsu data center connectivity solutions meet diverse customer business needs and provide the highest levels of network performance.
Re: high gc busy bufferRe: high 'gc busy buffer'
How can you have no more than 300 rows if you have 1800 inserts and no deletes ? Before asking for a solution, make sure you are describing the problem properly. No indexes - means every select/update will have to do a full tablescan, which means you must constantly be moving all the table blocks across the interconnect. If you cant isolate the activity to just one node you need to spread the contention as much as possible. If the table really is small and is going to stay small you could try implementing a single table hash cluster with one key per block, so two nodes will only compete for a block if they both want the same row at the same time. (With a single table hash cluster you can also avoid having to maintain an index and still get high precision access ...
Free Health, Safety, And Nutrition For The Young Child, 7Th EditionFree Health, Safety, And Nutrition For The Young Child, 7Th Edition
This is Otherwise interconnect for actual reformist participants, which also lost prior three pharmacokinetics per free Health, Safety, and Nutrition for. This Business had Strictly longer than for inst st, who at the government Thus were closer to six expectations of multiplex source each assay. Throughout the giant course and into the likely Imaging.
25G Plugfest a Success; 25G Spec Published | Light Reading25G Plugfest a Success; 25G Spec Published | Light Reading
A variety of 25G and 50G devices, switches, cables, interconnect and testers proved largely interoperable. Other companies looking to build 25G/50G product have a stable spec now available.
P5GD1 PRO | Emaplaadid | ASUS EestiP5GD1 PRO | Emaplaadid | ASUS Eesti
PCI Express is the latest I/O interconnect technology that will replace the existing PCI. With a bus bandwidth 4 times higher than that of AGP 8X interface, PCI Express x16 bus performs much better than AGP 8X in applications such as 3D gaming. PCI Express x1 also outperforms PCI interface with its exceptional high bandwidth up to 500MB/s. The high speed PCI Express interface creates new usages on desktop PCs e.g., Gigabit LAN, 1394b, and high-speed RAID systems ...
Patente US20110101489 - SiCOH DIELECTRIC MATERIAL WITH IMPROVED TOUGHNESS AND IMPROVED Si-C BONDING ... - Google PatentesPatente US20110101489 - SiCOH DIELECTRIC MATERIAL WITH IMPROVED TOUGHNESS AND IMPROVED Si-C BONDING ... - Google Patentes
A low-k dielectric material with increased cohesive strength for use in electronic structures including interconnect and sensing structures is provided that includes atoms of Si, C, O, and H in which a fraction of the C atoms are bonded as Si-CH3 functional groups, and another fraction of the C atoms are bonded as Si-R-Si, wherein R is phenyl, -[CH2]n- where n is greater than or equal to 1, HC═CH, C═CH2, C≡C or a [S]n linkage, where n is a defined above.
11:00 am11:00 am
This article explores and explains key issues related to modeling and simulation in this interconnect scheme, but its lessons apply to other designs as well
Troubleshoot and Solve {0} Problems - SearchNetworkingTroubleshoot and Solve {0} Problems - SearchNetworking
The data center interconnect market is poised for significant growth, thanks to a number of factors altering the IT landscape -- including the growing use of cloud services, the massive proliferation of data, the increasing adoption of ...Continue Reading ...
Wire Pins | Axon Nanotec | Products | Axon CableWire Pins | Axon' Nanotec | Products | Axon' Cable
As an expert in interconnect components, Axon Nanotec has designed and manufactured standard and custom-designed contacts for automotive and industry. The company has a strong technological advantage: the electrostriction technology. ...
Dillahunty vs. Slick and A.I.Dillahunty vs. Slick and A.I.
(15-10-2016 05:20 AM)unknowndevil666 Wrote: (14-10-2016 09:28 PM)Peebothuhul Wrote: Also of note is exactly how disparagingly simplified hes being when you read Mathildas comments about interconnect
José Julio Rodríguez Arellano | Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for ScienceJosé Julio Rodríguez Arellano | Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science
José Julio Rodríguez Arellano, Researching on the neuroanatomy and functional connectivity of neural circuits in the context of memory-related plasticity under normal and pathological conditions, investigated by in vivo and in vitro approaches.
COM port connectivity testCOM port connectivity test
I want to test one peripheral which connects to a COM port. Can anybody teach me on how to use simple VB coding to test the connectivity?
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Causal effect of disconnection lesions on interhemispheric functional connectivity in rhesus monkeys. - Oxford NeuroscienceCausal effect of disconnection lesions on interhemispheric functional connectivity in rhesus monkeys. - Oxford Neuroscience
In the absence of external stimuli or task demands, correlations in spontaneous brain activity (functional connectivity) reflect patterns of anatomical connectivity. Hence, resting-state functional connectivity has been used as a proxy measure for structural connectivity and as a biomarker for brain changes in disease. To relate changes in functional connectivity to physiological changes in the brain, it is important to understand how correlations in functional connectivity depend on the physical integrity of brain tissue. The causal nature of this relationship has been called into question by patient data suggesting that decreased structural connectivity does not necessarily lead to decreased functional connectivity. Here we provide evidence for a causal but complex relationship between structural connectivity and functional connectivity: we tested interhemispheric functional connectivity before and after corpus callosum section in rhesus monkeys. We found that forebrain commissurotomy severely reduced
Within-patient correspondence of amyloid-β and intrinsic network connectivity in Alzheimers disease. - Wellcome Centre for...Within-patient correspondence of amyloid-β and intrinsic network connectivity in Alzheimer's disease. - Wellcome Centre for...
There is striking overlap between the spatial distribution of amyloid-β pathology in patients with Alzheimers disease and the spatial distribution of high intrinsic functional connectivity in healthy persons. This overlap suggests a mechanistic link between amyloid-β and intrinsic connectivity, and indeed there is evidence in patients for the detrimental effects of amyloid-β plaque accumulation on intrinsic connectivity in areas of high connectivity in heteromodal hubs, and particularly in the default mode network. However, the observed spatial extent of amyloid-β exceeds these tightly circumscribed areas, suggesting that previous studies may have underestimated the negative impact of amyloid-β on intrinsic connectivity. We hypothesized that the known positive baseline correlation between patterns of amyloid-β and intrinsic connectivity may mask the larger extent of the negative effects of amyloid-β on connectivity. Crucially, a test of this hypothesis requires the within-patient comparison of
Connection patterns distinguish 3 regions of human parietal cortex. - PSYConnection patterns distinguish 3 regions of human parietal cortex. - PSY
Three regions of the macaque inferior parietal lobule and adjacent lateral intraparietal sulcus (IPS) are distinguished by the relative strengths of their connections with the superior colliculus, parahippocampal gyrus, and ventral premotor cortex. It was hypothesized that connectivity information could therefore be used to identify similar areas in the human parietal cortex using diffusion-weighted imaging and probabilistic tractography. Unusually, the subcortical routes of the 3 projections have been reported in the macaque, so it was possible to compare not only the terminations of connections but also their course. The medial IPS had the highest probability of connection with the superior colliculus. The projection pathway resembled that connecting parietal cortex and superior colliculus in the macaque. The posterior angular gyrus and the adjacent superior occipital gyrus had a high probability of connection with the parahippocampal gyrus. The projection pathway resembled the macaque inferior
US5147210A - Polymer film interconnect - Google PatentsUS5147210A - Polymer film interconnect - Google Patents
A polymer film interconnect forms an electrical interconnect between a first pattern of electrical conductors on a first electrical component and a second pattern of electrical conductors on a second electrical component. The polymer film interconnect includes a thin, flexible, self-supporting dielectric polymeric film having a pattern of spaced apart thru-holes containing separate quantities of an electrically conductive bonding material capable of heat bonding to the first electrical conductors adjacent the first surface of the film and to the second conductors adjacent the second surface of the film. This provides a plurality of discrete electrically isolated conductive paths from the first pattern of electrical conductors through the film to the second pattern of electrical conductors on the opposite side of the film. The polymer film interconnect can be used for forming interconnects between a number of electrical components, including connections between an IC chip and a leadframe or
Patent US20060001152 - Direct connection multi-chip semiconductor element structure - Google PatentsPatent US20060001152 - Direct connection multi-chip semiconductor element structure - Google Patents
A direct connection multi-chip semiconductor element structure is proposed. A plurality of semiconductor chips are mounted and supported on a metal heat sink, such that heat generated by the chips during operation can be dissipated via the heat sink. A circuit structure is extended from the chips to provide direct electrical extension for the chips and improve the electrical performances. And exposed electrical connection terminals can be formed in the circuit structure extended from the chips to be directly electrically connected to an external electronic device.
Strategy-based reasoning training modulates cortical thickness and resting-state functional connectivity in adults with chronic...Strategy-based reasoning training modulates cortical thickness and resting-state functional connectivity in adults with chronic...
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Strategy-based reasoning training modulates cortical thickness and resting-state functional connectivity in adults with chronic traumatic brain injury. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
FUEL CELL SYSTEM WITH INTERCONNECT - Energy Innovation PortalFUEL CELL SYSTEM WITH INTERCONNECT - Energy Innovation Portal
The present invention includes a fuel cell system having a plurality of adjacent electrochemical cells formed of an anode layer, a cathode layer spaced apart from the anode layer, and an electrolyte layer disposed between the anode layer and the cathode layer. The fuel cell system also includes at least one interconnect, the interconnect being structured to conduct free electrons between adjacent electrochemical cells. Each interconnect includes a primary conductor embedded within the electrolyte layer and structured to conduct the free electrons.
Frontiers | Alzheimer Classification Using a Minimum Spanning Tree of High-Order Functional Network on fMRI Dataset |...Frontiers | Alzheimer Classification Using a Minimum Spanning Tree of High-Order Functional Network on fMRI Dataset |...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the most useful methods to generate functional connectivity networks of the brain. However, conventional network generation methods ignore dynamic changes of functional connectivity between brain regions. Previous studies proposed constructing high-order functional connectivity networks that consider the time-varying characteristics of functional connectivity, and a clustering method was performed to decrease computational cost. However, random selection of the initial clustering centers and the number of clusters negatively affected classification accuracy, and the network lost neurological interpretability. Here we propose a novel method that introduces the minimum spanning tree method to high-order functional connectivity networks. As an unbiased method, the minimum spanning tree simplifies high-order network structure while preserving its core framework. The dynamic characteristics of time series are not lost with this approach, and the
Patent US9443797 - Semiconductor device having wire studs as vertical interconnect in FO-WLP - Google PatentsPatent US9443797 - Semiconductor device having wire studs as vertical interconnect in FO-WLP - Google Patents
A semiconductor device has a substrate and semiconductor die disposed over a first surface of the substrate. A wire stud is attached to the first surface of the substrate. The wire stud includes a base portion and stem portion. A bonding pad is formed over a second surface of the substrate. An encapsulant is deposited over the substrate, semiconductor die, and wire stud. A portion of the encapsulant is removed by LDA to expose the wire stud. A portion of the encapsulant is removed by LDA to expose the substrate. An interconnect structure is formed over the encapsulant and electrically connected to the wire stud and semiconductor die. A bump is formed over the interconnect structure. A semiconductor package is disposed over the encapsulant and electrically connected to the substrate. A discrete semiconductor device is disposed over the encapsulant and electrically connected to the substrate.
Search Articles | University of Toronto LibrariesSearch Articles | University of Toronto Libraries
The number of resting state functional connectivity MRI studies continues to expand at a rapid rate along with the options for data processing. Of the ...
PUBLIKATIONEN: Institut für Neuro- und BioinformatikPUBLIKATIONEN: Institut für Neuro- und Bioinformatik
article{MaScClMo07, author = {J{o}rg Mayer and Heinz Georg Schuster and Jens Christian Claussen and Matthias M{o}lle}, title = {Corticothalamic projections control synchronization in locally coupled bistable thalamic oscillators}, journal = {Physical Review Letters}, pages = {068102}, volume = {99}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Thalamic circuits are able to generate state-dependent oscillations of different frequencies and degrees of synchronization. However, little is known about how synchronous oscillations, such as spindle oscillations in the thalamus, are organized in the intact brain. Experimental findings suggest that the simultaneous occurrence of spindle oscillations over widespread territories of the thalamus is due to the corticothalamic projections, as the synchrony is lost in the decorticated thalamus. In this Letter we study the influence of corticothalamic projections on the synchrony in a thalamic network, and uncover the underlying control mechanism, leading to a control method ...
Brain function differs in obese children and mindfulness may help. | peakmemoryBrain function differs in obese children and mindfulness may help. | peakmemory
A paper in the journal Heliyon titled: Imbalance in resting state functional connectivity is associated with eating behaviors and adiposity in children. The authors write: We hypothesized that unhealthy eating habits and adiposity among children are associated with functional connectivity between brain regions associated with impulsivity, response inhibition, and reward. You can find a good summary…
Get PDF - Organization of thalamic projections to frontal motor areas m1, PMd, SMA and pre-SMA in relation to pallidothalamic...Get PDF - Organization of thalamic projections to frontal motor areas m1, PMd, SMA and pre-SMA in relation to pallidothalamic...
Liu, J.; Wannier, T.; Rouiller, E.M.; Jeanmonod, D.; Morel, A., 2000: Organization of thalamic projections to frontal motor areas m1, PMd, SMA and pre-SMA in relation to pallidothalamic pathways a multiple tracer study in monkey
Oral history interview with Beatrice Wood, 1992 March 2 | Archives of American ArtOral history interview with Beatrice Wood, 1992 March 2 | Archives of American Art
In other words. . . . I always speak of the duality which exists everywhere. We put it towards technology-educationally, let us say-rather than towards humanity. And slowly I think many people are beginning to realize the importance of human beings. And a starving human being is a very important person, whether we know them or not. And I feel this greatly towards people.. PK: Well this. . . . Youre talking right now about a world view and a philosophy and I would like very much to wrap up later with that.. BW: Oh.. PK: Really what right now I was asking was about you specifically and the work itself and its connection to you; and basically I was trying to confirm what I think we were saying earlier-or what you were saying-that there is a direct connection, very direct connection between these things that you make. . . .. BW: Oh, yeah.. PK: . . . and your own life and experience.. BW: But definitely so. Because I feel we are what our life has been, and. . . .. PK: But we dont necessarily have ...
Are all Nerve-cells in Direct Connection with Blood-Vessels? [Stehen alle Ganglienzellen mit den Blutgefässen in directer...Are all Nerve-cells in Direct Connection with Blood-Vessels? [Stehen alle Ganglienzellen mit den Blutgefässen in directer...
Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about The British Journal of Psychiatry.. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.. ...
LightCONEX28 LC 100G active optical interconnect | Reflex PhotonicsLightCONEX28 LC 100G active optical interconnect | Reflex Photonics
The LightCONEX active blind mate optical interconnect for VPX systems includes a fixed plug-in module connector and a floating backplane connector.
Reliability computer-aided design tool for full-chip electromigration analysis and comparison with different interconnect...Reliability computer-aided design tool for full-chip electromigration analysis and comparison with different interconnect...
Reliability computer-aided design tool for full-chip electromigration analysis and comparison with different interconnect metallizations ...
Design Notes: The Plaza | interconnect/itDesign Notes: The Plaza | interconnect/it
We try to fit in one charity project a year at interconnect/it and this year it was the turn of the Plaza community cinema in Waterloo. Read on for the design…
Pure Solid Silver USB Interconnect cable 1m by Lavricables | Digital | AudiogonPure Solid Silver USB Interconnect cable 1m by Lavricables | Digital | Audiogon
Pure Solid Silver USB Interconnect cable 1m for sale. Reviews could be found on lavricables FB page and here on Audiogon. • New Pure silver 1m (3.3ft) long USB A-B shielded cable. • Gold plated USB A & B plugs & pins, perfect length for PC &am...
Studying white matter tractography reproducibility through connectivity matrices - InriaStudying white matter tractography reproducibility through connectivity matrices - Inria
Diffusion-weighted imaging is often used as a starting point for in vivo white matter (wm) connectivity to reconstruct potential wm pathways between brain areas. In this study, we investigate the reproducibility of the connectivity matrix, resulting from different tractography parameters. We vary the number of streamlines used to construct the matrix in cortical to cortical connectivity and analyze its effects. We also compare the effect of probabilistic and deterministic local streamline tractography algorithms, seeding both from the wm and from wm-grey matter interface.
Differing Brain Connections May Cause Autisms Social Impairment | MedNewsDiffering Brain Connections May Cause Autism's Social Impairment | MedNews
The brains of adults with autism may be wired differently from people without the disorder, and this abnormal pattern of connectivity may be
Brain Connections May Explain Why Girls Mature Faster - Neuroscience NewsBrain Connections May Explain Why Girls Mature Faster - Neuroscience News
Explaining the work which is being published in Cerebral Cortex, Dr Kaiser, Reader in Neuroinformatics at Newcastle University, says: "Long-distance connections are difficult to establish and maintain but are crucial for fast and efficient processing. If you think about a social network, nearby friends might give you very similar information - you might hear the same news from different people. People from different cities or countries are more likely to give you novel information. In the same way, some information flow within a brain module might be redundant whereas information from other modules, say integrating the optical information about a face with the acoustic information of a voice is vital in making sense of the outside world.". Brain "pruned". The researchers at Newcastle, Glasgow and Seoul Universities evaluated the scans of 121 healthy participants between the ages of 4 and 40 years as this is where the major connectivity changes can be seen during this period of maturation and ...
Patent US5613077 - Method and circuit for communication between a module and a bus controller ... - Google PatentsPatent US5613077 - Method and circuit for communication between a module and a bus controller ... - Google Patents
A fault-tolerant, high-speed wafer scale system comprises a plurality of functional modules, a parallel hierarchical bus which is fault-tolerant to defects in an interconnect network, and one or more bus masters. This bus includes a plurality of bus lines segmented into sections and linked together by programmable bus switches and bus transceivers or repeaters in an interconnect network. By: 1) use of small block size (512K bit) for the memory modules; 2) use of programmable identification register to facilitate dynamic address mapping and relatively easy incorporation of global redundancy; 3) Use of a grid structure for the bus to provide global redundancy for the interconnect network; 4) Use of a relatively narrow bus consisting of 13 signal lines to keep the total area occupied by the bus small; 5) Use of segmented bus lines connected by programmable switches and of bus defects; 6) use of special circuit for bus transceivers and asynchronous handshakes to facilitate dynamic bus configuration; 7) use
Plus itPlus it
Our results identify a novel set of regions in the rostral and dorsal striatum that concurrently exhibit structural and functional connectivity to orbitofrontal, lateral prefrontal, and posterior parietal regions of cortex. The location of these convergence zones is anatomically consistent with previous reports of parietal (Selemon and Goldman-Rakic, 1985, 1988; Cavada and Goldman-Rakic, 1991) and frontal (Haber et al., 1995; Averbeck et al., 2014) white matter projections, based on ex vivo nonhuman primate histology. Although the distribution of cortical regions associated with the striatal convergence zones differed to some degree between structural and functional connectivity measures, reflecting methodological limitations of each approach, a majority of cortical areas structurally connected to the convergence zones also showed strong functional connectivity. This supports the notion that these corticostriatal projections form an integrative functional circuit.. The current findings support a ...
METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND COMPUTER-READABLE MEDIA FOR MODEL ORDER REDUCTION IN ELECTROMAGNETIC SIMULATION AND MODELING - Patent...METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND COMPUTER-READABLE MEDIA FOR MODEL ORDER REDUCTION IN ELECTROMAGNETIC SIMULATION AND MODELING - Patent...
0025] In FIG. 2A, interconnect transitional component 210 may include a microstrip line 212, a via 214, and a strip line 216. Microstrip line 212 may include a portion of the interconnect transitional component 210 that is disposed on an outer surface of a conductive plane, such as conductive plane 202, but electrically insulated from the conductive plane by non-conductive material (not shown). In some embodiments, microstrip line 212 may be disposed at least partially on a top or bottom surface of the electronic packaging structure 200. Microstrip line 212 may be used to connect the electronic packaging structure 200 with external signal sources/destinations and/or other electronic units. Via 214 may be a portion of the interconnect transitional component 210 that passes through one or more conductive planes, such as plane 202 of FIG. 2A, but electronically insulated from the conductive plane(s) being passed through by non-conductive material. For example, via 214 may pass conductive plane 202 ...
Identification of Optimal Structural Connectivity Using Functional Connectivity and Neural Modeling | Journal of NeuroscienceIdentification of Optimal Structural Connectivity Using Functional Connectivity and Neural Modeling | Journal of Neuroscience
The enhancement of the original SC matrix is based on the addition of new links for pairs of nodes according to the corresponding FC between those nodes. The algorithm starts by first normalizing the maximal value of the empirical FC matrix (FCe) to 1. Then, the initial tolerance level is set to 1 and, starting with the original empirical SC matrix at the corresponding bifurcation (instability of the spontaneous state), the simulated FC matrix (FCs) is created. In doing this, the global scaling parameter G is adjusted such that the system works at the edge of the bifurcation where the spontaneous state loses stability (as shown by Deco et al., 2013, at that particular point the system optimally fits the FC and maximally reflects the underlying SC). Then, the tolerance is reduced (in our case by steps of 0.025, i.e., T = T − 0.025) and the simulated and empirical FC is checked for all connections. For all connections where ,FCeij − FCsij, , T, the identified SC links are redefined to be equal ...
Too Many Brain Connections May Be At the Root of Autism - Neuroscience NewsToo Many Brain Connections May Be At the Root of Autism - Neuroscience News
Researchers report too many connections form between neurons in the cerebellum and learning difficulties are expressed in mice who lack the RNF8 gene.
Thomas Bolton. Novel ways to probe brain function: beyond stationary functional connectivityThomas Bolton. Novel ways to probe brain function: beyond stationary functional connectivity
What: Novel ways to probe brain function: beyond stationary functional connectivity measurements Where: BCBL auditorium Who: Thomas Bolton. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland When: 12 PM
Interconnect Technologies - Extreme Networks | Dell Costa RicaInterconnect Technologies - Extreme Networks | Dell Costa Rica
Extreme Networks designs, builds and implements sophisticated Ethernet solutions for the toughest challenges in network connectivity and IP-based communications.
ANIMA - Archive of Neuroimaging Meta-analysesANIMA - Archive of Neuroimaging Meta-analyses
ABSTRACT: Although the amygdala complex is a brain area critical for human behavior, knowledge of its subspecialization is primarily derived from experiments in animals. We here employed methods for large-scale data mining to perform a connectivity-derived parcellation of the human amygdala based on whole-brain coactivation patterns computed for each seed voxel. Voxels within the histologically defined human amygdala were clustered into distinct groups based on their brain-wide coactivation maps. Using this approach, connectivity-based parcellation divided the amygdala into three distinct clusters that are highly consistent with earlier microstructural distinctions. Meta-analytic connectivity modelling then revealed the derived clusters brain-wide connectivity patterns, while meta-data profiling allowed their functional characterization. These analyses revealed that the amygdalas laterobasal nuclei group was associated with coordinating high-level sensory input, whereas its centromedial nuclei ...
Abstracts NTCS97: New Trends in Cognitive ScienceAbstracts NTCS97: New Trends in Cognitive Science
Ken Mogi1) & Yoshi Tamori2) In this paper, we discuss two fundamental aspects of cortical information processing. The first aspect concerns the principles of neural coding. We argue that unlike todays digital computer, the elementary coding units in the brain should be a cluster of bits connected via synaptic interaction (interaction-connected bits) rather than a set of bits which may not be interaction-connected. Specifically, it is not the mapping between patterns of neural firings and some concepts or objects but the internal relation between the neural activities that characterise the neural code. In other words, the code should be embedded in the dynamics of the system, rather than in an abstract "lookup" table. In order to establish this point, we review recent research directions in brain science, especially as regards cortical information representation, with an emphasis on the non-local character of the neural code. The second aspect concerns more systematic features of cortical ...
FoxP2: Evolving Human IntelligenceFoxP2: Evolving Human Intelligence
To understand the importance of this improvement, we need to make a short excursion into network theory. This field of study maps various objects and the relationships among them into "nodes" and "edges" respectively: the nodes are points on a graph, the edges are lines connecting them. The resulting network can then be analyzed without reference to how those objects relate, considering only which objects relate (are connected by an edge) to which, how many relationships (edges) each object has, looking at averages, loops, path lengths between nodes without direct connections, and so on. Obviously, creating a bunch of new "edges", connecting previously unconnected nodes, will change the characteristics of the network. It will be more "tightly" connected, and potentially modules that were only distantly connected will now be cross-talking ...
Cutaneous Ectopic Brain: Background, Pathophysiology, EtiologyCutaneous Ectopic Brain: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Extracranial brain tissue without a direct connection to the brain itself may be an isolated cutaneous embryonic defect, usually on occipital or parietal areas of the scalp. It is also known as heterotopic brain tissue or cutaneous ectopic brain (CEB).
View all posts in AlgorithmsView all posts in Algorithms
Biological and social networks are composed of heterogeneous nodes that contribute differentially to network structure and function. A number of algorithms have been developed to measure this variation. These algorithms have proven useful for applications that require assigning scores to individual nodes-from ranking websites to determining critical species in ecosystems-yet the mechanistic basis for why they produce good rankings remains poorly understood. We show that a unifying property of these algorithms is that they quantify consensus in the network about a nodes state or capacity to perform a function. The algorithms capture consensus by either taking into account the number of a target nodes direct connections, and, when the edges are weighted, the uniformity of its weighted in-degree distribution (breadth), or by measuring net flow into a target node (depth). Using data from communication, social, and biological networks we find that that how an algorithm measures consensus-through ...
STRESS & THE BREATH | THE BREATHING ROOMSTRESS & THE BREATH | THE BREATHING ROOM
Helps in making sound decisions by directing your attention more clearly. STRESS AND THE BRAIN. The Central Nervous System is made up of the brain and the spinal cord so how we think has a direct connection to the way we feel and vice- versa.. PARASYMPATHETIC AND SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. Our brains are wired so that we are either in the relaxation, rest and digest or flight or fight mode. When our brain perceives a threat, our core brain instantly shifts into survival mode sending stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol into the blood stream.. Our nervous system hasnt quite caught up with the modern world, so this natural flash response to danger that once helped us run from wild animals, is now reacting in the same way to email alerts, phones ringing, and deadlines etc. Keeping up with the demands of todays 24/7 technology can be very challenging and can often feel very stressful. Many of those in the business world of today, are operating in the fight or flight mode whilst ...
Medical Data Analysis - Graphisch-Interaktive Systeme - Technische Universität DarmstadtMedical Data Analysis - Graphisch-Interaktive Systeme - Technische Universität Darmstadt
In joint projects with Fraunhofer IGD (IVA), GRIS explicitly conducts research into the analysis of medical data since 2012. Together with various experts from the medical domain, GRIS has, e.g., gained expertise in the longitudinal forecast of diseases, in the exploration of cause-effect scenarios regarding clinical treatment, in the visualization of large collections of patient histories as well as in the interactive definition of meaningful patient cohorts (stratification). Driving fields of research that contributed to the competence in medical data analysis are Information Visualization as well as Visual Analytics, both of which have an emphasis on Medical Visualization.. A second branch of medical expertise comes with the expertise in Machine Learning and Deep Learning capability in particular. At GRIS, we draw a direct connection between baseline research in Machine Learning and the medical domain. The meaningful segmentation of organs or automatic guidance for surgery or Motion Planning ...
Cathay Pacific and Lufthansa Cargo enter joint business agreementCathay Pacific and Lufthansa Cargo enter joint business agreement
12 May 2016. Numerous benefits to customers from joint network between Hong Kong and Europe. More direct connections, greater flexibility and time savings combined with service enhancements - these are just some of the benefits customers will enjoy in the future thanks to the cooperation between the cargo division of Cathay Pacific Airways, the leading air cargo carrier in Asia, and Lufthansa Cargo, Europes largest air cargo carrier.. Simon Large, Director Cargo at Cathay Pacific, and Peter Gerber, CEO and Chairman of the Executive Board of Lufthansa Cargo, signed an agreement for a highly integrated bilateral cooperation in Frankfurt. With respect to the cooperation routes between Hong Kong and Europe, both airlines will in the future work closely together on network planning, as well as sales, IT and ground-handling. This will bring Hong Kong, the worlds busiest air cargo hub, closer to Europe, strengthening one of the worlds great trade lanes.. "Our joint network will cover more than 140 ...
EnglishEnglish
The 9DBL0641 device is a 3.3V member of IDTs Full-Featured PCIe family. The 9DBL0641 supports PCIe Gen1-4 Common Clocked (CC) and PCIe Separate Reference Independent Spread (SRIS) systems. It offers an integrated output termination providing direct connection to 100Ω transmission lines. The 9DBL06P1 can be factory programmed with a user-defined power up default SMBus configuration ...
Setting Proxy in Java CodeSetting Proxy in Java Code
The java.net package contains classes that deal with connections across the network. If there is a direct connection to the Internet via a modem, various classes like the HttpConnection or the ...
Gas Chromatography - Data Acquisition and Processing | The Scaling Ampifier | Page 47 :: Chromatography OnlineGas Chromatography - Data Acquisition and Processing | The Scaling Ampifier | Page 47 :: Chromatography Online
Originally, analytical results were calculated from measurements made directly on the chromatogram provided by the chart recorder. This is still true for many chromatographs in use today, but analyses obtained from contemporary instruments commonly process the results using a computer. The output from the detector (which is only rarely the direct output from the detector sensor) is usually in millivolts and is suitable for direct connection to a potentiometric recorder. This output represents a voltage that is linearly related to solute concentration being measured by the detector sensor and as the sensor response is often nonlinear, the signal usually requires nonlinear processing to provide the equired output. This is carried out by the detector electronics. The FID is an exception to this, as the ion current from the flame itself happens to be linearly related to the mass of carbon passing through it per unit time. A block diagram showing the essential elements of a data acquisition and ...
HF Scientific - AdvantEDGE Optical Dissolved Oxygen RDO® ElectrodeHF Scientific - AdvantEDGE Optical Dissolved Oxygen RDO® Electrode
Cost effective options: Choose models for use with the economical LD500 Local Display; providing 4-20mA outputs and various communications protocols; Choose models available with integral 4-20 mA, Modbus RS-485, and SDI-12 outputs for direct connection to SCADA or PLC; totally eliminating the need for a separate transmitter/controller ...
Stephen Hawking On Genetic Engineering vs. AI - SlashdotStephen Hawking On Genetic Engineering vs. AI - Slashdot
Pointing to this story on Ananova, bl968 writes: Stephen Hawking the noted physicist has suggested using genetic engineering and biomechanical interfaces to computers in order to make possible a direct connection between brain and computers, so that artificial brains contribute to human intelligen...
EnglishEnglish
The 9DBV0641 is a member of IDTs 1.8 V Very-Low-Power (VLP) PCIe family. It has integrated output terminations providing Zo=100 ohms for direct connection to 100 ohm transmission lines. The device has 6 output enables for clock management and 3 selectable SMBus addresses ...
Granule cellGranule cell
Pupillary light reflexPupillary light reflex
NeuromodulationNeuromodulation
EstrogenEstrogen
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Lip readingLip reading
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Neuroscience of sex differencesNeuroscience of sex differences
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factorBrain-derived neurotrophic factor
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Transformers: Robot MastersTransformers: Robot Masters
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Ronald A. DePinhoRonald A. DePinho
Coincidence detection in neurobiologyCoincidence detection in neurobiology
Social supportSocial support
Shelley E. TaylorShelley E. Taylor
Stem-cell therapyStem-cell therapy
FANCGFANCG
HypokinesiaHypokinesia
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Pioneer axonPioneer axon
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Quantitative trait locusQuantitative trait locus
SubitizingSubitizing
Listener fatigueListener fatigue
Substance PSubstance P
Photoreceptor cellPhotoreceptor cell
Internet of thingsInternet of things
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ادرار کردن - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزادادرار کردن - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
MoclobemideMoclobemide
TrichromacyTrichromacy
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axisHypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosisMycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
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Schizophrenia - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaSchizophrenia - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mutualism (biology)Mutualism (biology)
Superoxide dismutaseSuperoxide dismutase
Olfactory ensheathing cellsOlfactory ensheathing cells
StrepsirrhiniStrepsirrhini
Kallmann syndromeKallmann syndrome
ProteasomeProteasome
Innate immune systemInnate immune system
Beta-amiloide, a enciclopedia libreBeta-amiloide, a enciclopedia libre
Fiber-optic communicationFiber-optic communication
Epigenetics of neurodegenerative diseasesEpigenetics of neurodegenerative diseases
PRNPPRNP
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
Neural PathwaysTrimecaineAllylglycineEfferent PathwaysNeuronal Tract-TracersVagus NerveVagotomySodium LactateNervous System Physiological ProcessesHexamethoniumReflexAfferent PathwaysNervous System Physiological PhenomenaWheat Germ AgglutininsNeuronsPreoptic AreaSeptal NucleiBrainVisual PathwaysBrain StemHypogastric PlexusProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosNeurons, EfferentHypothalamusEscape ReactionSpinal CordOlfactory PathwaysRats, Sprague-DawleyElectric StimulationCapsaicinGastrointestinal MotilityAmygdalaPeristalsisVocalization, AnimalAnorexiaMotor NeuronsLimbic SystemAtropineDuodenumHabituation, PsychophysiologicMedulla OblongataFunctional LateralityBrain MappingBody Temperature RegulationSexual Behavior, AnimalBehavior, AnimalSympathetic Nervous SystemPhotic StimulationNeurons, AfferentMyenteric PlexusModels, NeurologicalChemoreceptor CellsReaction TimeThalamusSpinal Cord InjuriesAutonomic Nervous SystemElectromyographyConditioning (Psychology)SerotoninNeuronal PlasticityParasympathetic Nervous SystemRats, Long-EvansCatsAction PotentialsNerve FibersNeuropeptidesMuscle, SmoothAnalysis of VariancePhysical StimulationLearningEatingNerve NetFeeding BehaviorInjections, IntraventricularNeurotransmitter AgentsLocomotionMuscle ContractionTetrodotoxinAcoustic StimulationTime FactorsMovementMagnetic Resonance ImagingTracheaNeural InhibitionInterneuronsIleumDopamineSynaptic TransmissionGuinea PigsLeptinVisual PerceptionImmunohistochemistryRats, WistarCerebral CortexHeart RateMuscle, SkeletalElectrophysiologyBlood PressureSignal TransductionDose-Response Relationship, DrugMice, KnockoutMice, Inbred C57BLDisease Models, Animal
Dillahunty vs. Slick and A.I.Dillahunty vs. Slick and A.I.
Neural pathway - WikipediaNeural pathway - Wikipedia
PLOS ONE: Neural pathwaysPLOS ONE: Neural pathways
Appetite-regulating neural pathway identified | NIDDKAppetite-regulating neural pathway identified | NIDDK
Neural reflex pathways in intestinal inflammation: hypotheses to viable therapy. - PubMed - NCBINeural reflex pathways in intestinal inflammation: hypotheses to viable therapy. - PubMed - NCBI
Researchers Discover New Neural Pathway Controlling Skeletal Development - RedorbitResearchers Discover New Neural Pathway Controlling Skeletal Development - Redorbit
Splanchnic osmosensation and vasopressin: mechanisms and neural pathwaysSplanchnic osmosensation and vasopressin: mechanisms and neural pathways
Chopra, Tanzi Share How To Change Neural Pathways And Even Gene Expression Itself In New BookChopra, Tanzi Share How To Change Neural Pathways And Even Gene Expression Itself In New Book
Mapping the brain: Probes with tiny LEDs shed light on neural pathways | EurekAlert! Science NewsMapping the brain: Probes with tiny LEDs shed light on neural pathways | EurekAlert! Science News
Subthalamic Neurons Coordinate Basal Ganglia Function through Differential Neural Pathways | Journal of NeuroscienceSubthalamic Neurons Coordinate Basal Ganglia Function through Differential Neural Pathways | Journal of Neuroscience
Fly brains reveal the neural pathway by which outside stimuli become behaviorFly brains reveal the neural pathway by which outside stimuli become behavior
neural pathways Protocols and Video...'neural pathways' Protocols and Video...
Zika infection of neural progenitor cells perturbs transcription in neurodevelopmental pathwaysZika infection of neural progenitor cells perturbs transcription in neurodevelopmental pathways
SOX2-LIN28/let-7 pathway regulates proliferation and neurogenesis in neural precursors | PNASSOX2-LIN28/let-7 pathway regulates proliferation and neurogenesis in neural precursors | PNAS
Neural pathways of stress integration: relevance to alcohol abuse. - Free Online LibraryNeural pathways of stress integration: relevance to alcohol abuse. - Free Online Library
I Heart Guts - tagged neural pathways I Heart Guts - tagged "neural pathways"
Synaptic pathways in neural microcircuits - InfoscienceSynaptic pathways in neural microcircuits - Infoscience
Obesity: exploring neural pathophysiological pathways and improving diagnostic strategiesObesity: exploring neural pathophysiological pathways and improving diagnostic strategies
The Neural Pathways for the Hypothetic Nociceptive-Sympathetic Coupling of NBA for Pain SensationThe Neural Pathways for the Hypothetic Nociceptive-Sympathetic Coupling of NBA for Pain Sensation
Sensitivity Analysis of Transition Phases of Perturbed Gene Pathways with a Neural Network | CurrikiSensitivity Analysis of Transition Phases of Perturbed Gene Pathways with a Neural Network | Curriki
Neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) domains and intracellular signaling pathways involved in the inhibition of astrocyte...Neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) domains and intracellular signaling pathways involved in the inhibition of astrocyte...
Tag: neural pathway | Highlight HEALTHTag: neural pathway | Highlight HEALTH
Nrf2/ARE Pathway Involved in Oxidative Stress Induced by Paraquat in Human Neural Progenitor CellsNrf2/ARE Pathway Involved in Oxidative Stress Induced by Paraquat in Human Neural Progenitor Cells
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Life sciences/Organismal biology/Anatomy/Nervous system/Neural pathways | American Association for the Advancement of ScienceLife sciences/Organismal biology/Anatomy/Nervous system/Neural pathways | American Association for the Advancement of Science
Electroacupuncture reduces inflammation via specific neural pathways, study saysElectroacupuncture reduces inflammation via specific neural pathways, study says
FoxOs cooperatively regulate diverse pathways governing neural stem cell homeostasisFoxOs cooperatively regulate diverse pathways governing neural stem cell homeostasis
MECP2 Duplication Causes Aberrant GABA Pathways, Circuits and Behaviors in Transgenic Monkeys: Neural Mappings to Patients with...MECP2 Duplication Causes Aberrant GABA Pathways, Circuits and Behaviors in Transgenic Monkeys: Neural Mappings to Patients with...
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Integration of Multiple Signaling Pathways Determines Differences in the Osteogenic Potential and...IJMS | Free Full-Text | Integration of Multiple Signaling Pathways Determines Differences in the Osteogenic Potential and...
trigeminal neural pathway Research Articles - Neuroscience Newstrigeminal neural pathway Research Articles - Neuroscience News
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
Neural PathwaysTrimecaineAllylglycineEfferent PathwaysNeuronal Tract-TracersVagus NerveVagotomySodium LactateNervous System Physiological ProcessesHexamethoniumReflexAfferent PathwaysNervous System Physiological PhenomenaWheat Germ AgglutininsNeuronsPreoptic AreaSeptal NucleiBrainVisual PathwaysBrain StemHypogastric PlexusProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosNeurons, EfferentHypothalamusEscape ReactionSpinal CordOlfactory PathwaysRats, Sprague-DawleyElectric StimulationCapsaicinGastrointestinal MotilityAmygdalaPeristalsisVocalization, AnimalAnorexiaMotor NeuronsLimbic SystemAtropineDuodenumHabituation, PsychophysiologicMedulla OblongataFunctional LateralityBrain MappingBody Temperature RegulationSexual Behavior, AnimalBehavior, AnimalSympathetic Nervous SystemPhotic StimulationNeurons, AfferentMyenteric PlexusModels, NeurologicalChemoreceptor CellsReaction TimeThalamusSpinal Cord InjuriesAutonomic Nervous SystemElectromyographyConditioning (Psychology)SerotoninNeuronal PlasticityParasympathetic Nervous SystemRats, Long-EvansCatsAction PotentialsNerve FibersNeuropeptidesMuscle, SmoothAnalysis of VariancePhysical StimulationLearningEatingNerve NetFeeding BehaviorInjections, IntraventricularNeurotransmitter AgentsLocomotionMuscle ContractionTetrodotoxinAcoustic StimulationTime FactorsMovementMagnetic Resonance ImagingTracheaNeural InhibitionInterneuronsIleumDopamineSynaptic TransmissionGuinea PigsLeptinVisual PerceptionImmunohistochemistryRats, WistarCerebral CortexHeart RateMuscle, SkeletalElectrophysiologyBlood PressureSignal TransductionDose-Response Relationship, DrugMice, KnockoutMice, Inbred C57BLDisease Models, Animal
DifferentiationCircuitsIntracellular signalinFormation of Neural PathwaysTube defectsBrain pathwaysApoptosisMultiple neural pathwaysEmbryonic neuralProgenitor cellNeuronalSignal transducSeparable neuralBehaviorsReceptorsSignalingNervousBehaviorPrecursorsTractsNeurogenesisProliferationRole in neuralSympatheticCerebral cortexBrainsStem cellDifferent neuralDevelopmentalActivationOxidative stressInhibitionVentralCell migrationStimuliRelevanceContralateralRegulateMigratoryResearchersNerveCrest migrationModalitiesKinasePostnatalSpinalDopamineForgeImplicatesCorrelatesAdult neural
Differentiation9
Circuits7
  • Based on the con-temporary feedback neural circuits of pain transmission in spinal cord, it is summarized that the Aδ- and C-fibers relay the sensory noxious signals to the laminae I, II and V of dorsal spinal horn, and in turn activate the peria-queductal grey (PAG) in midbrain, which feedbacks via raphe to inhibit the nociceptive transmission of spinal cord. (scirp.org)
  • The dual-pathway model has been proposed to explain the heterogeneity in symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by two independent psychological pathways based on distinct brain circuits. (onmedica.com)
  • Time coding, may also be important for the flow of neural information through circuits that drive behavior ( Salinas and Sejnowski, 2001 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Forgetting over time and the acute forgetting of conflicting memory during reversal learning rely on separable neural circuits. (surfaceyourrealself.com)
  • Our results suggest that aromatization of testosterone into estrogen is important for the development and activation of neural circuits that control male territorial behaviors. (cshl.edu)
  • In this chapter, we describe some of the most commonly used rodent models of alcohol intake and seeking as well as the methods used to identify the neural structures and circuits involved in alcohol-mediated behavior. (intechopen.com)
  • Actual studies have been done on the brains of monks to show meditation's effect on neural circuits of the brain. (wordpress.com)
Intracellular signalin1
  • Our data demonstrate that nucleotides and EGF induce converging, but also differential, intracellular signaling pathways and suggest that they carry the potential to act synergistically in the control of cell proliferation and cell survival in adult neurogenesis. (biologists.org)
Formation of Neural Pathways1
Tube defects13
  • Disruption of the pathways controlling NPC biology has been implicated in various pathologies, including autism ( 3 ), Treacher Collins syndrome ( 4 ), and neural tube defects ( 5 ), emphasizing the importance of gaining a better understanding of the underlying molecular events and how they may be manipulated to treat and prevent such pathologies. (pnas.org)
  • Neural tube defects result from failure to completely close neural tubes during development. (sciencemag.org)
  • Maternal diabetes is a substantial risk factor for neural tube defects, and available evidence suggests that the mechanism that links hyperglycemia to neural tube defects involves oxidative stress and apoptosis. (sciencemag.org)
  • We demonstrated that maternal hyperglycemia correlated with activation of the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) in the developing neural tube, and Ask1 gene deletion was associated with reduced neuroepithelial cell apoptosis and development of neural tube defects. (sciencemag.org)
  • Hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis and the development of neural tube defects were reduced with genetic ablation of either FoxO3a or Casp8 or inhibition of ASK1 by thioredoxin. (sciencemag.org)
  • Examination of human neural tissues affected by neural tube defects revealed increased activation or abundance of ASK1, FoxO3a, TRADD, and caspase 8. (sciencemag.org)
  • Thus, activation of an ASK1-FoxO3a-TRADD-caspase 8 pathway participates in the development of neural tube defects, which could be prevented by inhibiting intermediates in this cascade. (sciencemag.org)
  • The failure of neurulation or neural tube closure results in neural tube defects (NTDs), with anencephaly and spina bifida being the two most common types in humans. (sciencemag.org)
  • For 20 years, scientists have known of a gene involved in neural tube defects (such as spina bifida), but until now it was not known exactly what causes this gene to malfunctions during diabetic pregnancies. (healthcanal.com)
  • Although it would appear that the way to prevent neural tube defects would be to stop Dnmt3b, Dr. Loeken cautions against such radical treatment. (healthcanal.com)
  • Neural tube defects happen in non-diabetic pregnancies as well, affecting about 1,500 births in the US every year and around 300,000 worldwide. (healthcanal.com)
  • Dr. Loeken's research has already caught the attention of other scientists working on neural tube defects. (healthcanal.com)
  • Mary R. Loeken, Ph.D., Investigator in the Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology at Joslin Diabetes Center and Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, has discovered a molecular pathway responsible for neural tube defects in diabetic pregnancies. (technologynetworks.com)
Brain pathways2
  • The latter so-called "psychogenic" response is anticipatory in nature and involves brain pathways responsible for innate defense programs or memory of aversive events (Herman et al. (thefreelibrary.com)
  • Know that transformation is always possible and that you can create new brain pathways whenever you're ready to make the shift. (wordpress.com)
Apoptosis4
Multiple neural pathways2
Embryonic neural3
Progenitor cell2
Neuronal6
  • Researchers at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem have discovered that a neuronal pathway -- part of the autonomic nervous system -- reaches the bones and participates in the control of bone development. (redorbit.com)
  • They further found that the newly discovered neuronal pathway, which includes interleukin-1 in the brain and the parasympathetic subsystem, also controls the heart rate. (redorbit.com)
  • The neural cell adhesion molecule L1 plays a key role in nervous system development including neuronal migration, neurite growth, and axonal fasciculation. (nih.gov)
  • Self-renewing, multipotent neural precursor cells (NPCs) are capable of terminally differentiating into neuronal and glial lineages during development and in the adult nervous system ( 1 , 2 ). (pnas.org)
  • Neural precursor cells (NPCs) have the ability to self-renew and to give rise to neuronal and glial lineages. (biologists.org)
  • As such, it seems to be susceptible to genetic changes also seen in a variety of other neuroectodermal and neuronal tumors, including activation of Sonic hedgehog and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt pathways. (aacrjournals.org)
Signal transduc3
Separable neural1
  • The authors sought to test whether the hypothesized cognitive and motivational pathways have separable neural correlates.In a longitudinal community-based cohort of 1,963 adolescents, the neuroanatomical correlates of ADHD were identified by a voxel-wise association analysis and then validated using an independent clinical sample (99 never-medicated patients with ADHD, 56 medicated patients with ADHD, and 267 healthy control subjects). (onmedica.com)
Behaviors4
Receptors2
  • We have previously shown that neural progenitor cells cultured as neurospheres from the adult mouse SVZ express functional P2Y 1 and P2Y 2 receptors and that the two respective receptor agonists, ADPβS and UTP, activate rapid intracellular Ca 2+ transients. (biologists.org)
  • These findings support the notion that spinal opioid receptors stimulate a neural pathway that uses nonopioid neurotransmitters to confer cardioprotection from ischemia reperfusion injury. (hku.hk)
Signaling16
  • Neural cell adhesion molecule L1: signaling pathways and growth cone motility. (nih.gov)
  • Signaling pathways stimulated by growth factors include activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. (pnas.org)
  • The PI3K-AKT-FoxO signaling pathway plays a central role in diverse physiological processes relevant to aging and cancer. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • Mammalian calvarial development and homeostasis are tightly regulated processes, dependent on the interplay of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and orchestrated by key, highly conserved, signaling pathways. (mdpi.com)
  • Much progress has been made in recent years in defining the multiple signaling pathways, which confer osteogenic potential and regenerative capacity on the embryologically disparate calvarial bones. (mdpi.com)
  • In this review we will explain how it has been possible to progress from a deeper understanding of the embryonic origin of the mammalian skull vault to rigorous in vivo and in vitro analysis of the differences in activity of key signaling pathways between the neural crest-derived frontal bones and the paraxial mesoderm-derived parietal bones. (mdpi.com)
  • A finite number of signaling pathways are repurposed during animal development to regulate an extraordinary array of cellular decisions. (sciencemag.org)
  • The MAPK signaling pathway is a three-component module with the MAPK kinase kinase (MAP3K) as the initiator, MAPK kinase (MAPKK), and MAPK. (sciencemag.org)
  • These findings may reveal broader and stage-specific physiological roles of Wnt signaling during neural development. (biologists.org)
  • It is therefore important to gain insight into the underlying downstream signaling pathways. (biologists.org)
  • Here, we investigated signaling pathways elicited by ADPβS, UTP and epidermal growth factor (EGF). (biologists.org)
  • the potential multiplicity of relevant intercellular signaling pathways and the fine tuning of epigenetic gene regulation is still largely undefined ( Hsieh and Gage, 2004 ). (biologists.org)
  • A bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway is implicated in dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus. (nih.gov)
  • Our data indicate that TRBP is a novel transcriptional coactivator of the Notch signaling pathway playing an important role in neural stem cell regulation during mammalian brain development. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Since then, human and mouse genetics, combined with cellular and developmental studies, have helped to unravel the role of this signaling pathway during development and adulthood. (inserm.fr)
  • Our data demonstrate the consistency of LPA effects across various sources of human NS/PCs, rendering hESCs and iPSCs valuable models for studying lysophospholipid signaling in human neural cells. (monash.edu)
Nervous7
  • A neural pathway connects one part of the nervous system to another using bundles of axons called tracts. (wikipedia.org)
  • As in the bone and the heart, the new pathway might have an important function as well in other organs controlled by the autonomic nervous system. (redorbit.com)
  • Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another. (jove.com)
  • Neurulation, a key process during embryogenesis, leads to formation of the neural tube, which eventually develops into the central nervous system. (sciencemag.org)
  • Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 8e (Martini) Chapter 15 Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous Multiple Choice Questions 1) S y s t e m The term general senses refers to sensitivity to all of the following, except A) temperature. (coursehero.com)
  • In this review, we will summarize the known functions of the EDN3/EDNRB pathway during neural crest development, with a specific focus on recent scientific advances, and the enteric nervous system in normal and pathological conditions. (inserm.fr)
  • The sensory nerves transfer the coded activity to the central nervous system, while the thalamus processes and then relays the neural responses. (brightkite.com)
Behavior6
  • We conclude that the STN coordinates motor behavior through differential neural pathways depending on the state of DA transmission. (jneurosci.org)
  • Though seemingly instantaneous, our responses to life's many sights and sounds are the result of neural pathways that select the information that ultimately determines our behavior. (princeton.edu)
  • Princeton University researchers tracked the neural activity of female fruit flies being courted by males to capture the process through which an outside stimulus causes a change in behavior. (princeton.edu)
  • These results provide a clear and relatively simpler diagram of the stimulus-to-behavior neural process frequently carried out by more complicated brains such as that in humans, explained Mala Murthy , a professor of molecular biology and the Princeton Neuroscience Institute . (princeton.edu)
  • A well-worn neural pathway equals a default to an unconscious behavior. (healthcentral.com)
  • The pathways present a challenge when you are ready to change a habit or behavior. (wordpress.com)
Precursors1
  • In the developing retina, ATP was found to be essential for the coordinate proliferation and migration of neural precursors ( Martins and Pearson, 2008 ). (biologists.org)
Tracts2
Neurogenesis2
Proliferation6
  • The discovery of SOX2-LIN28/let-7 pathway that maintains both NPC proliferation and neurogenic potential will enhance our understanding and therapeutic development relevant to neurodegeneration and brain tumors. (pnas.org)
  • In conclusion, we discovered the SOX2-LIN28/let-7 pathway as a unique molecular mechanism governing NPC proliferation and neurogenic potential. (pnas.org)
  • The neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) inhibits astrocyte proliferation in vitro and in vivo , and this effect is partially reversed by the glucocorticoid antagonist RU-486. (pnas.org)
  • Together, these findings indicate that homophilic N-CAM binding leads to inhibition of astrocyte proliferation via a pathway involving the glucocorticoid receptor and that the ability of N-CAM to influence astrocyte proliferation and neurite outgrowth involves different signal pathways. (pnas.org)
  • The Hippo pathway uses negative feedback through its transcriptional effector Yki for homeostatic control of proliferation. (sciencemag.org)
  • a ) a wide variety of neural markers, ( b ) members of the Sonic hedgehog pathway, ( c ) members of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt cell proliferation pathway, and ( d ) known therapeutic targets. (aacrjournals.org)
Role in neural1
  • Recent work performed in chicks, zebrafish and frogs has shown that the non-canonical Wnt-PCP (planar cell polarity) pathway plays a major role in neural crest migration. (biochemj.org)
Sympathetic2
  • The sympathetic pathway, on the other hand, generally works to promote maintenance of the body at rest. (redorbit.com)
  • In this re-view, it is attempted to newly delineate the underlying neural pathways for this post-sensory nociceptive-sympathetic coupling. (scirp.org)
Cerebral cortex4
Brains2
Stem cell2
Different neural1
  • A genetically modified mice model suggests that low-level electroacupuncture at hindlegs reduced inflammation not though the spleen, but a different neural pathway involving the vagus nerves and the adrenal glands. (integrativepractitioner.com)
Developmental1
  • Marianne Bronner-Fraser, Effects of different fragments of the fibronectin molecule on latex bead translocation along neural crest migratory pathways, Developmental Biology, Volume 108, Issue 1, 1985, Pages 131-145, ISSN 0012-1606, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(85)90015-6. (caltech.edu)
Activation5
  • Yavich and Tiihonen 2000) and activation of central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) pathways (Heilig and Koob 2007). (thefreelibrary.com)
  • The neural fate commitment of pluripotent stem cells requires the repression of extrinsic inhibitory signals and the activation of intrinsic positive transcription factors. (elifesciences.org)
  • Activation of neural pathways associated with sexual arousal in non-hu" by Craig F. Ferris, Charles T. Snowdon et al. (umassmed.edu)
  • The GM-CSF-activated cellular signal pathways were specifically inhibited by the pretreatment of GM-CSF receptor α antibody, suggesting the specificity of the signal activation. (elsevier.com)
  • The experiment using specific inhibitors (AG490) to the JAK/STAT pathway showed that JAK2/STAT5 cascade was well preserved and activated by GM-CSF in A172 cells, while STAT5 was activated by GM-CSF without JAK2 activation in SK-N-(EB)2 cells. (elsevier.com)
Oxidative stress2
Inhibition2
Ventral3
  • After microinjection into embryos at the time of neural crest migration, uncoated latex polystyrene beads were found to translocate to ventral sites and to settle in the vicinity of endogenous neural crest derivatives. (caltech.edu)
  • The results suggest that the cell-binding domain is primarily responsible for restriction of fibronectin beads from the ventral neural crest pathway. (caltech.edu)
  • In Xenopus laevis embryos, anti-tenascin stained the dorsal fin matrix and ECM along the ventral route of migration, but not the ECM found laterally between the ectoderm and somites where neural crest cells do not migrate. (elsevier.com)
Cell migration2
Stimuli2
  • This study tests whether flicker adaptation also reduces neural transmission speed for suprathreshold stimuli by measuring the response time to a suprathreshold disc. (arvojournals.org)
  • Overall, the results confirm that flicker adaptation reduces neural transmission speed for suprathreshold stimuli (consistent with working hypothesis #1), but also show that transmission speed for a stimulus presented to only one eye can be speeded up by adding adaptation in the fellow eye (contrary to #2). (arvojournals.org)
Relevance1
Contralateral1
  • The neural pathways were examined by recording locomotor activity, under a 13 h light to 13 h dark cycle, after the optic nerves were unilaterally severed and the contralateral optic stalk was partially destroyed near the lobula. (springer.com)
Regulate1
  • Researchers at the University at Buffalo have discovered a previously unknown neural pathway that can regulate changes made in the brain due to cocaine use, providing new insight into the molecular basis of cocaine addiction. (medicalxpress.com)
Migratory2
Researchers4
  • The newly discovered pathway has a key role in controlling bone density during adolescence, which in turn determines the skeletal resistance to fracture throughout one's entire life, say the researchers. (redorbit.com)
  • The researchers have built and tested in mice neural probes that hold what are believed to be the smallest implantable LEDs ever made. (eurekalert.org)
  • Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh have reported using a new imaging technique called High-Definition Fiber Tracking (HDFT) to identify the disrupted neural pathways (paths made up of brain cells that communicate with one another) in patients with traumatic brain injury. (highlighthealth.com)
  • Researchers have identified a pathway near the midbrain where neural messages for taste and pain converge, a new study reports. (neurosciencenews.com)
Nerve7
  • Although this method provides a fantastically detailed snapshot of the neural wiring pattern, the information about the dynamic transmission of nerve impulses in the living brain is lost. (mpg.de)
  • One of the neural markers, nerve growth factor receptor, represents a promising diagnostic tool for CCSK. (aacrjournals.org)
  • RIPC was induced by 3 cycles of 5 min left femoral artery occlusion interspersed with 5 min reperfusion before prolonged myocardial ischaemia with or without femoral vein occlusion (humoral pathway), femoral nerve resection and/or sciatic nerve resection (neural pathway). (ucl.ac.uk)
  • With serial sections we found neural branches and fibers extending from hyponeural part of radial nerve towards LMBW and circular muscles of body wall. (bioone.org)
  • Retina: The pupillary reflex pathway begins with the photosensitive retinal ganglion cells , which convey information via the optic nerve , the most peripheral, distal, portion of which is the optic disc . (wikipedia.org)
  • Neural networks are groups of nerve cells that work either independently or as a unit in a healthy brain. (karenkallie.com)
  • Neural pathways are like superhighways of nerve cells that transmit messages. (wordpress.com)
Crest migration1
Modalities2
  • Recent insights into modalities and regulatory pathways involved in brain endothelial cell death will be described. (springer.com)
  • In this proposal, we aim to develop genetic tools that will greatly contribute to our understanding by concurrently elucidating precise gustatory neural pathways within the same animal, and then use these tools to test our hypothesis that gustatory information for different taste modalities is transmitted via specific ascending neural pathways. (grantome.com)
Kinase2
  • These mutually exclusive cell fates are established by the Hippo pathway kinase warts and the growth regulator gene melted , which repress each other's expression. (sciencemag.org)
  • Additionally, two pathways activated in CCSK (Sonic hedgehog and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt) have also been implicated in other pediatric neural tumors. (aacrjournals.org)
Postnatal1
  • Our laboratory has demonstrated that this distinct embryonic origin of frontal and parietal bones confer differences in embryonic and postnatal osteogenic potential and skeletal regenerative capacity, with frontal neural crest derived osteoblasts benefitting from greater osteogenic potential. (mdpi.com)
Spinal2
  • A neural tube is the body's first step in assembling the spinal cord and the brain, which takes place within the first two to four weeks of gestation. (healthcanal.com)
  • Using a rodent model of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury with infarct size as the primary outcome, we tested the hypothesis that spinal opioids confer this beneficial effect via a neural pathway. (hku.hk)
Dopamine3
Forge2
Implicates2
Correlates2
  • Neural Correlates of the Dual-Pathway Model for ADHD in Adolescents. (onmedica.com)
  • The baseline gray matter volume of the posterior occipital cluster predicted the inattention symptoms in a 2-year follow-up and was associated with the genetic risk for ADHD.The dual-pathway model has both shared and separable neuroanatomical correlates, and the shared correlate in the occipital cortex has the potential to serve as an imaging trait marker of ADHD, especially the inattention symptom domain. (onmedica.com)
Adult neural1
Zika infection of neural progenitor cells perturbs transcription in neurodevelopmental pathways
Zika infection of neural progenitor cells perturbs transcription in neurodevelopmental pathways (journals.plos.org)
Thermoreception | Definition & Facts | Britannica.com
Thermoreception | Definition & Facts | Britannica.com (britannica.com)
Becomingconscious - Displaying items by tag: neural pathways
Becomingconscious - Displaying items by tag: neural pathways (becomingconscious.com.au)
Break the Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain Cycle - With Your Mind
Break the Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain Cycle - With Your Mind (healthcentral.com)
Granule cell - Wikipedia
Granule cell - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Vertebrate Eye Development | SpringerLink
Vertebrate Eye Development | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Kids' physical activity before age 5 matters so much because of the developing brain
Kids' physical activity before age 5 matters so much because of the developing brain (theconversation.com)
PLOS ONE: Neural pathways
PLOS ONE: Neural pathways (journals.plos.org)
Ideas about Psychology
Ideas about Psychology (ted.com)
Computational model of the brain shows what triggers Tourette 'tics'
Computational model of the brain shows what triggers Tourette 'tics' (medicalnewstoday.com)
Multitasking with perfection: Nerve cell works like 1400 individual cells | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Multitasking with perfection: Nerve cell works like 1400 individual cells | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (mpg.de)
Home - Holosync® Meditation Technology: Brain Wave Training for Relaxation, Prosperity, Love, Health & Success
Home - Holosync® Meditation Technology: Brain Wave Training for Relaxation, Prosperity, Love, Health & Success (centerpointe.com)
Expect the Unexpected • Midwifery Today
Expect the Unexpected • Midwifery Today (midwiferytoday.com)
Supplement to Dissecting neural pathways for forgetting in Drosophila olfactory aversive memory | PNAS
Supplement to Dissecting neural pathways for forgetting in Drosophila olfactory aversive memory | PNAS (pnas.org)
Mapping the brain: Probes with tiny LEDs shed light on neural pathways | EurekAlert! Science News
Mapping the brain: Probes with tiny LEDs shed light on neural pathways | EurekAlert! Science News (eurekalert.org)
Neural Pathways from Thalamus Associated with Regulation of Aggressive Behavior | Science
Neural Pathways from Thalamus Associated with Regulation of Aggressive Behavior | Science (science.sciencemag.org)
Subthalamic Neurons Coordinate Basal Ganglia Function through Differential Neural Pathways | Journal of Neuroscience
Subthalamic Neurons Coordinate Basal Ganglia Function through Differential Neural Pathways | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Neural Development | SpringerLink
Neural Development | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Cancer-Targeted Nanoparticles Become Temperature Intelligent
Cancer-Targeted Nanoparticles Become Temperature "Intelligent" (genengnews.com)
Pesticide Exposure Linked with Autism in Epidemiological Study
Pesticide Exposure Linked with Autism in Epidemiological Study (genengnews.com)
Assessing COVID-19's Impact on the Biotech Industry
Assessing COVID-19's Impact on the Biotech Industry (genengnews.com)
Compugen Advancing Cancer Immunotherapies to Clinical Trials
Compugen Advancing Cancer Immunotherapies to Clinical Trials (genengnews.com)
Octapharma Licenses Glycotope Platform, Takes Stake in Company
Octapharma Licenses Glycotope Platform, Takes Stake in Company (genengnews.com)
In Precambrian Park, Proteins Find a Way
In Precambrian Park, Proteins Find a Way (genengnews.com)
MilliporeSigma Awarded 2 U.S. Patents toward CRISPR-Cas9-Assisted Genome Editing
MilliporeSigma Awarded 2 U.S. Patents toward CRISPR-Cas9-Assisted Genome Editing (genengnews.com)
CNV Strategies Get a Rethink
CNV Strategies Get a Rethink (genengnews.com)
WuXi AppTec Acquires Crelux
WuXi AppTec Acquires Crelux (genengnews.com)
CBD as a Next-Gen Antibiotic
CBD as a Next-Gen Antibiotic (genengnews.com)
Flesh Eating Bacteria Vaccine Could Be Around the Corner
Flesh Eating Bacteria Vaccine Could Be Around the Corner (genengnews.com)
MicrofluidX Raises £1.4m in Seed Funding
MicrofluidX Raises £1.4m in Seed Funding (genengnews.com)
GEN Roundup on Exosomes
GEN Roundup on Exosomes (genengnews.com)
Scientists Create Touch-Powered, Paper Platform for Microfluidic POC Diagnostics
Scientists Create Touch-Powered, Paper Platform for Microfluidic POC Diagnostics (genengnews.com)
Building the Ideal Bioprocessing Strategy
Building the Ideal Bioprocessing Strategy (genengnews.com)
Beta Cell Growth Finding May Lead to Improved Therapies for Diabetics
Beta Cell Growth Finding May Lead to Improved Therapies for Diabetics (genengnews.com)