Nerve growth factors. Medical search

NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.

Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.

Cell surface receptors that bind NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; (NGF) and a NGF-related family of neurotrophic factors that includes neurotrophins, BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR and CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR.

A low affinity receptor that binds NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; and neurotrophin 4.

A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; neurotrophin 4, neurotrophin 5. It plays a crucial role in pain sensation and thermoregulation in humans. Gene mutations that cause loss of receptor function are associated with CONGENITAL INSENSITIVITY TO PAIN WITH ANHIDROSIS, while gene rearrangements that activate the protein-tyrosine kinase function are associated with tumorigenesis.

A CELL LINE derived from a PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA of the rat ADRENAL MEDULLA. PC12 cells stop dividing and undergo terminal differentiation when treated with NERVE GROWTH FACTOR, making the line a useful model system for NERVE CELL differentiation.

A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.

A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)

A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.

A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF-related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; AMPHIREGULIN; and HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell.

A single-chain polypeptide growth factor that plays a significant role in the process of WOUND HEALING and is a potent inducer of PHYSIOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS. Several different forms of the human protein exist ranging from 18-24 kDa in size due to the use of alternative start sites within the fgf-2 gene. It has a 55 percent amino acid residue identity to FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 1 and has potent heparin-binding activity. The growth factor is an extremely potent inducer of DNA synthesis in a variety of cell types from mesoderm and neuroectoderm lineages. It was originally named basic fibroblast growth factor based upon its chemical properties and to distinguish it from acidic fibroblast growth factor (FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 1).

In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.

The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as "tumor angiogenesis factor" and "vascular permeability factor". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.

A neurotrophic factor involved in regulating the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons. It is closely homologous to nerve growth factor beta and BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR.

The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Tumors or cancer of the ADRENAL GLANDS.

A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family.

Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alpha-granules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Signal molecules that are involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation.

A member of the nerve growth factor family of trophic factors. In the brain BDNF has a trophic action on retinal, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons, and in the peripheral nervous system it acts on both motor and sensory neurons. (From Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)

A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.

Hormonally active polypeptides that can induce the transformed phenotype when added to normal, non-transformed cells. They have been found in culture fluids from retrovirally transformed cells and in tumor-derived cells as well as in non-neoplastic sources. Their transforming activities are due to the simultaneous action of two otherwise unrelated factors, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA and TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.

The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Multifunctional growth factor which regulates both cell growth and cell motility. It exerts a strong mitogenic effect on hepatocytes and primary epithelial cells. Its receptor is PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-MET.

These growth factors are soluble mitogens secreted by a variety of organs. The factors are a mixture of two single chain polypeptides which have affinity to heparin. Their molecular weight are organ and species dependent. They have mitogenic and chemotactic effects and can stimulate endothelial cells to grow and synthesize DNA. The factors are related to both the basic and acidic FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS but have different amino acid sequences.

An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.

A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A family of angiogenic proteins that are closely-related to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A. They play an important role in the growth and differentiation of vascular as well as lymphatic endothelial cells.

Group of alkaloids containing a benzylpyrrole group (derived from TRYPTOPHAN)

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.

Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.

Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

Cell surface receptors that bind growth or trophic factors with high affinity, triggering intracellular responses which influence the growth, differentiation, or survival of cells.

One of two salivary glands in the neck, located in the space bound by the two bellies of the digastric muscle and the angle of the mandible. It discharges through the submandibular duct. The secretory units are predominantly serous although a few mucous alveoli, some with serous demilunes, occur. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A well-characterized neutral peptide believed to be secreted by the LIVER and to circulate in the BLOOD. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like and mitogenic activities. The growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on SOMATOTROPIN. It is believed to be a major fetal growth factor in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I, which is a major growth factor in adults.

Specific molecular sites or structures on cell membranes that react with FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS (both the basic and acidic forms), their analogs, or their antagonists to elicit or to inhibit the specific response of the cell to these factors. These receptors frequently possess tyrosine kinase activity.

A subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta1 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. Defects in the gene that encodes TGF-beta1 are the cause of CAMURATI-ENGELMANN SYNDROME.

Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.

Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.

The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The largest and uppermost of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.

Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.

A 17-kDa single-chain polypeptide growth factor that plays a significant role in the process of WOUND HEALING and is a potent inducer of PHYSIOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS. It binds to HEPARIN, which potentiates its biological activity and protects it from proteolysis. The growth factor is an extremely potent inducer of DNA synthesis in a variety of cell types from mesoderm and neuroectoderm lineages, and also has chemotactic and mitogenic activities. It was originally named acidic fibroblast growth factor based upon its chemical properties and to distinguish it from basic fibroblast growth factor (FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2).

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for NEUROTROPHIN 3. It is widely expressed in nervous tissue and may play a role in mediating the effects of NEUROTROPHIN 3 on the proliferation and differentiation of NEURONS.

A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Specific receptors on cell membranes that react with PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR, its analogs, or antagonists. The alpha PDGF receptor (RECEPTOR, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA) and the beta PDGF receptor (RECEPTOR, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR BETA) are the two principle types of PDGF receptors. Activation of the protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the receptors occurs by ligand-induced dimerization or heterodimerization of PDGF receptor types.

A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand.

The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.

Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm.

A fibroblast growth factor that is a specific mitogen for EPITHELIAL CELLS. It binds a complex of HEPARAN SULFATE and FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2B.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

A family of closely related RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES that bind vascular endothelial growth factors. They share a cluster of seven extracellular Ig-like domains which are important for ligand binding. They are highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells and are critical for the physiological and pathological growth, development and maintenance of blood and lymphatic vessels.

Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

A 200-230-kDa tyrosine kinase receptor for vascular endothelial growth factors found primarily in endothelial and hematopoietic cells and their precursors. VEGFR-2 is important for vascular and hematopoietic development, and mediates almost all endothelial cell responses to VEGF.

A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

A fibroblast growth factor receptor that is found in two isoforms. One receptor isoform is found in the MESENCHYME and is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2. A second isoform of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 is found mainly in EPITHELIAL CELLS and is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 7 and FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 10. Mutation of the gene for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 can result in craniosynostotic syndromes (e.g., APERT SYNDROME; and CROUZON SYNDROME).

Cell surface receptors for CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR. They are heterotrimeric proteins formed by the association of the CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT with the LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT and the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130. Although the receptor regulates neuronal development, it is structurally similar to the cytokine receptor for INTERLEUKIN-6; (RECEPTORS, INTERLEUKIN-6).

A fibroblast growth factor receptor with specificity for FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS; HEPARAN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCAN; and NEURONAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES. Several variants of the receptor exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 is a tyrosine kinase that transmits signals through the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM.

A CCN protein family member that regulates a variety of extracellular functions including CELL ADHESION; CELL MIGRATION; and EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX synthesis. It is found in hypertrophic CHONDROCYTES where it may play a role in CHONDROGENESIS and endochondral ossification.

Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A nervous tissue specific protein which is highly expressed in NEURONS during development and NERVE REGENERATION. It has been implicated in neurite outgrowth, long-term potentiation, SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, and NEUROTRANSMITTER release. (From Neurotoxicology 1994;15(1):41-7) It is also a substrate of PROTEIN KINASE C.

A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the LATERAL VENTRICLES of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the CORPUS CALLOSUM and the body and columns of the FORNIX (BRAIN).

A sensory branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The ophthalmic nerve carries general afferents from the superficial division of the face including the eyeball, conjunctiva, upper eyelid, upper nose, nasal mucosa, and scalp.

The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

A syndrome characterized by indifference to PAIN despite the ability to distinguish noxious from non-noxious stimuli. Absent corneal reflexes and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may be associated. Familial forms with autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant patterns of inheritance have been described. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)

Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.

A 180-kDa VEGF receptor found primarily in endothelial cells that is essential for vasculogenesis and vascular maintenance. It is also known as Flt-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-1). A soluble, alternatively spliced isoform of the receptor may serve as a binding protein that regulates the availability of various ligands for VEGF receptor binding and signal transduction.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Benzo-indoles similar to CARBOLINES which are pyrido-indoles. In plants, carbazoles are derived from indole and form some of the INDOLE ALKALOIDS.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Cell-surface proteins that bind transforming growth factor beta and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. Two types of transforming growth factor receptors have been recognized. They differ in affinity for different members of the transforming growth factor beta family and in cellular mechanisms of action.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.

A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; neurotrophin 4 and neurotrophin 5. It is widely expressed in nervous tissue and plays a role in mediating the effects of neurotrophins on growth and differentiation of neuronal cells.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from one or more of the twelve cranial nerves.

A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A fibroblast growth factor that is a mitogen for KERATINOCYTES. It activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2B and is involved in LUNG and limb development.

An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

Differentiated tissue of the central nervous system composed of NERVE CELLS, fibers, DENDRITES, and specialized supporting cells.

The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.

A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans the fibers of the radial nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C5 to T1), travel via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and supply motor innervation to extensor muscles of the arm and cutaneous sensory fibers to extensor regions of the arm and hand.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)

A PDGF receptor that binds specifically to the PDGF-B chain. It contains a protein-tyrosine kinase activity that is involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The development of new BLOOD VESSELS during the restoration of BLOOD CIRCULATION during the healing process.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Insulin-like polypeptides made by the liver and some fibroblasts and released into the blood when stimulated by SOMATOTROPIN. They cause sulfate incorporation into collagen, RNA, and DNA synthesis, which are prerequisites to cell division and growth of the organism.

Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.

The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. It subdivides to form DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 27th ed)

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.

The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)

A family of soluble proteins that bind insulin-like growth factors and modulate their biological actions at the cellular level. (Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1992;39(1):3-9)

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Neuroglial cells of the peripheral nervous system which form the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons.

Type III intermediate filament proteins that assemble into neurofilaments, the major cytoskeletal element in nerve axons and dendrites. They consist of three distinct polypeptides, the neurofilament triplet. Types I, II, and IV intermediate filament proteins form other cytoskeletal elements such as keratins and lamins. It appears that the metabolism of neurofilaments is disturbed in Alzheimer's disease, as indicated by the presence of neurofilament epitopes in the neurofibrillary tangles, as well as by the severe reduction of the expression of the gene for the light neurofilament subunit of the neurofilament triplet in brains of Alzheimer's patients. (Can J Neurol Sci 1990 Aug;17(3):302)

Nerve fibers liberating catecholamines at a synapse after an impulse.

A pathologic process consisting of the proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.

The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

CULTURE MEDIA free of serum proteins but including the minimal essential substances required for cell growth. This type of medium avoids the presence of extraneous substances that may affect cell proliferation or unwanted activation of cells.

A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is closely related in structure to the INSULIN RECEPTOR. Although commonly referred to as the IGF-I receptor, it binds both IGF-I and IGF-II with high affinity. It is comprised of a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are derived from cleavage of a single precursor protein. The beta subunit contains an intrinsic tyrosine kinase domain.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.

Cellular proteins encoded by the H-ras, K-ras and N-ras genes. The proteins have GTPase activity and are involved in signal transduction as monomeric GTP-binding proteins. Elevated levels of p21 c-ras have been associated with neoplasia. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Substances that stimulate mitosis and lymphocyte transformation. They include not only substances associated with LECTINS, but also substances from streptococci (associated with streptolysin S) and from strains of alpha-toxin-producing staphylococci. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Bulbous enlargement of the growing tip of nerve axons and dendrites. They are crucial to neuronal development because of their pathfinding ability and their role in synaptogenesis.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Culture media containing biologically active components obtained from previously cultured cells or tissues that have released into the media substances affecting certain cell functions (e.g., growth, lysis).

Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.

The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

Expression of the naturally occurring truncated trkB neurotrophin receptor induces outgrowth of filopodia and processes in neuroblastoma cells. (1/4749)

We have investigated the effects of the truncated trkB receptor isoform T1 (trkB.T1) by transient transfection into mouse N2a neuroblastoma cells. We observed that expression of trkB.T1 leads to a striking change in cell morphology characterized by outgrowth of filopodia and processes. A similar morphological response was also observed in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and NIH3T3 fibroblasts transfected with trkB.T1. N2a cells lack endogenous expression of trkB isoforms, but express barely detectable amounts of its ligands, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4). The morphological change was ligand-independent, since addition of exogenous BDNF or NT-4 or blockade of endogenous trkB ligands did not influence this response. Filopodia and process outgrowth was significantly suppressed when full-length trkB.TK+ was cotransfected together with trkB.T1 and this inhibitory effect was blocked by tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a. Transfection of trkB.T1 deletion mutants showed that the morphological response is dependent on the extracellular, but not the intracellular domain of the receptor. Our results suggest a novel ligand-independent role for truncated trkB in the regulation of cellular morphology. (+info)

Ral-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity opposes other Ras effectors in PC12 cells by inhibiting neurite outgrowth. (2/4749)

Ras proteins can activate at least three classes of downstream target proteins: Raf kinases, phosphatidylinositol-3 phosphate (PI3) kinase, and Ral-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Ral-GEFs). In NIH 3T3 cells, activated Ral-GEFs contribute to Ras-induced cell proliferation and oncogenic transformation by complementing the activities of Raf and PI3 kinases. In PC12 cells, activated Raf and PI3 kinases mediate Ras-induced cell cycle arrest and differentiation into a neuronal phenotype. Here, we show that in PC12 cells, Ral-GEF activity acts opposite to other Ras effectors. Elevation of Ral-GEF activity induced by transfection of a mutant Ras protein that preferentially activates Ral-GEFs, or by transfection of the catalytic domain of the Ral-GEF Rgr, suppressed cell cycle arrest and neurite outgrowth induced by nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment. In addition, Rgr reduced neurite outgrowth induced by a mutant Ras protein that preferentially activates Raf kinases. Furthermore, inhibition of Ral-GEF activity by expression of a dominant negative Ral mutant accelerated cell cycle arrest and enhanced neurite outgrowth in response to NGF treatment. Ral-GEF activity may function, at least in part, through inhibition of the Rho family GTPases, CDC42 and Rac. In contrast to Ras, which was activated for hours by NGF treatment, Ral was activated for only approximately 20 min. These findings suggest that one function of Ral-GEF signaling induced by NGF is to delay the onset of cell cycle arrest and neurite outgrowth induced by other Ras effectors. They also demonstrate that Ras has the potential to promote both antidifferentiation and prodifferentiation signaling pathways through activation of distinct effector proteins. Thus, in some cell types the ratio of activities among Ras effectors and their temporal regulation may be important determinants for cell fate decisions between proliferation and differentiation. (+info)

Neu differentiation factor stimulates phosphorylation and activation of the Sp1 transcription factor. (3/4749)

Neu differentiation factors (NDFs), or neuregulins, are epidermal growth factor-like growth factors which bind to two tyrosine kinase receptors, ErbB-3 and ErbB-4. The transcription of several genes is regulated by neuregulins, including genes encoding specific subunits of the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction. Here, we have examined the promoter of the acetylcholine receptor epsilon subunit and delineated a minimal CA-rich sequence which mediates transcriptional activation by NDF (NDF-response element [NRE]). Using gel mobility shift analysis with an NRE oligonucleotide, we detected two complexes that are induced by treatment with neuregulin and other growth factors and identified Sp1, a constitutively expressed zinc finger phosphoprotein, as a component of one of these complexes. Phosphatase treatment, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and an in-gel kinase assay indicated that Sp1 is phosphorylated by a 60-kDa kinase in response to NDF-induced signals. Moreover, Sp1 seems to act downstream of all members of the ErbB family and thus may funnel the signaling of the ErbB network into the nucleus. (+info)

Regulation of neurotrophin-3 expression by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions: the role of Wnt factors. (4/4749)

Neurotrophins regulate survival, axonal growth, and target innervation of sensory and other neurons. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is expressed specifically in cells adjacent to extending axons of dorsal root ganglia neurons, and its absence results in loss of most of these neurons before their axons reach their targets. However, axons are not required for NT-3 expression in limbs; instead, local signals from ectoderm induce NT-3 expression in adjacent mesenchyme. Wnt factors expressed in limb ectoderm induce NT-3 in the underlying mesenchyme. Thus, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions mediated by Wnt factors control NT-3 expression and may regulate axonal growth and guidance. (+info)

Activated macrophages and microglia induce dopaminergic sprouting in the injured striatum and express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. (5/4749)

Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons undergo sprouting around the margins of a striatal wound. The mechanism of this periwound sprouting has been unclear. In this study, we have examined the role played by the macrophage and microglial response that follows striatal injury. Macrophages and activated microglia quickly accumulate after injury and reach their greatest numbers in the first week. Subsequently, the number of both cell types declines rapidly in the first month and thereafter more slowly. Macrophage numbers eventually cease to decline, and a sizable group of these cells remains at the wound site and forms a long-term, highly activated resident population. This population of macrophages expresses increasing amounts of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA with time. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA is also expressed in and around the wound site. Production of this factor is by both activated microglia and, to a lesser extent, macrophages. The production of these potent dopaminergic neurotrophic factors occurs in a similar spatial distribution to sprouting dopaminergic fibers. Moreover, dopamine transporter-positive dopaminergic neurites can be seen growing toward and embracing hemosiderin-filled wound macrophages. The dopaminergic sprouting that accompanies striatal injury thus appears to result from neurotrophic factor secretion by activated macrophages and microglia at the wound site. (+info)

Isolation and characterization of nerve growth factor from the venom of Naja naja atra. (6/4749)

Nerve growth factor was isolated from the venom of Naja naja atra by ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography and was found to be homogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight was estimated to be approximately 20,000 by gel filtration and 22,000 by ultracentrifugation. This protein, which showed an isoelectric point of pH 7.02, probably consists of two subunits of equal molecular weight which are held together or interact with each other noncovalently. The biological activity survives treatment by a number of proteolytic enzymes, such as trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4], chymotrypsin [EC 3.4.21.1], and pepsin [EC 3.4.23.1]. (+info)

Prior exposure to neurotrophins blocks inhibition of axonal regeneration by MAG and myelin via a cAMP-dependent mechanism. (7/4749)

MAG is a potent inhibitor of axonal regeneration. Here, inhibition by MAG, and myelin in general, is blocked if neurons are exposed to neurotrophins before encountering the inhibitor; priming cerebellar neurons with BDNF or GDNF, but not NGF, or priming DRG neurons with any of these neurotrophins blocks inhibition by MAG/myelin. Dibutyryl cAMP also overcomes inhibition by MAG/myelin, and cAMP is elevated by neurotrophins. A PKA inhibitor present during priming abrogates the block of inhibition. Finally, if neurons are exposed to MAG/myelin and neurotrophins simultaneously, but with the Gi protein inhibitor, inhibition is blocked. We suggest that priming neurons with particular neurotrophins elevates cAMP and activates PKA, which blocks subsequent inhibition of regeneration and that priming is required because MAG/myelin activates a Gi protein, which blocks increases in cAMP. This is important for encouraging axons to regrow in vivo. (+info)

Characterization of elementary Ca2+ release signals in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons. (8/4749)

Elementary Ca2+ release signals in nerve growth factor- (NGF-) differentiated PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons, functionally analogous to the "Ca2+ sparks" and "Ca2+ puffs" identified in other cell types, were characterized by confocal microscopy. They either occurred spontaneously or could be activated by caffeine and metabotropic agonists. The release events were dissimilar to the sparks and puffs described so far, as many arose from clusters of both ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP3Rs). Increasing either the stimulus strength or loading of the intracellular stores enhanced the frequency of and coupling between elementary release sites and evoked global Ca2+ signals. In the PC12 cells, the elementary Ca2+ release preferentially occurred around the branch points. Spatio-temporal recruitment of such elementary release events may regulate neuronal activities. (+info)

Nerve growth factor[edit]. Main article: Nerve growth factor. Nerve growth factor (NGF), the prototypical growth factor, is a ... nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4).[6] The ... nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin 4 (NT-4)' (April 4 ... Main article: Nerve growth factor receptor. There are two classes of receptors for neurotrophins: p75 and the "Trk" family of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophy

Nerve growth factor (NGF), the prototypical growth factor, is a protein secreted by a neuron's target cell. NGF is critical for ... nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4). The term ... nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin 4 (NT-4)' (April 4 ... Koyama J, Inoue S, Ikeda K, Hayashi K (December 1992). "Purification and amino-acid sequence of a nerve growth factor from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin

"Down-regulation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors by Nerve Growth Factor in PC12 Cells Is p140trk-, Ras-, and Src-dependent ... "Transcriptional Down-regulation of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Receptors by Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in PC12 Cells". Journal ... "Transcriptional Down-regulation of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Receptors by Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in PC12 Cells". Journal ... "Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Angiogenesis: 1. Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay". Neurotrophic Factors. Methods in Molecular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Lazarovici

Nam JW, Chung JW, Kho HS, Chung SC, Kim YK (March 2007). "Nerve growth factor concentration in human saliva". Oral Dis. 13 (2 ... which will inhibit bacterial growth. Saliva contains growth factors such as epidermal growth factor, VEGF, TGF-β1, leptin, IGF- ... Li AK, Koroly MJ, Schattenkerk ME, Malt RA, Young M (July 1980). "Nerve growth factor: acceleration of the rate of wound ... Kawamoto K, Matsuda H (2004). "Nerve growth factor and wound healing". NGF and Related Molecules in Health and Disease. Prog. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound_licking

... which increases the degradation of Nerve Growth Factor and reduces its production. This double failure of Nerve Growth Factor ... Nerve growth factor protects cholinergic neurons. The small non-toxic molecule urea has no neuroprotective effect on ... If the supply of Nerve Growth Factor is interrupted, cholinergic atrophy could begin to occur in these neurons and change their ... A pathway exists for both the maturation and degradation of Nerve Growth Factor, which causes cholinergic neurons to become ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinergic_neuron

B]: 12 toxin families, including CRiSPs and nerve growth factors. [C]: 2 toxin families, including PLA2 Type III. [D]: 13 toxin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_snake_venom

Sofroniew MV, Howe CL, Mobley WC (2001). "Nerve growth factor signaling, neuroprotection, and neural repair". Annu. Rev. ... Transcription factor ATF2, and microtubule dynamics regulator stathmin have been shown to be the substrates of this kinase. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK13

... isolating nerve growth factor (NGF) from observations of certain cancerous tissues that cause extremely rapid growth of nerve ... The two earned their Nobel Prizes for their research in to the nerve growth factor (NGF), the protein that causes cell growth ... Aloe, L. (1999). "Rita Levi-Montalcini: A brief biographic view of past and present studies on nerve growth factor". Microscopy ... Cowan, W. M. (2001). "Viktor Hamburger Andrita Levi-Montalcini: The Path to the Discovery of Nerve Growth Factor". Annual ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini

Zakharyan, Roksana; Atshemyan, Sofi; Gevorgyan, Anaida; Boyajyan, Anna (2014). "Nerve growth factor and its receptor in ... Again, thalamic input from layer V is a crucial factor in the functionality of the human brain. It allows the two sides to ... Various neurotrophic factors dysregulate in schizophrenia and other mental illnesses, namely BDNF; expression of which is ... Green, M. J.; Matheson, S. L.; Shepherd, A; Weickert, C. S.; Carr, V. J. (2011). "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_hypothesis_of_schizophrenia

Wu C, Lai CF, Mobley WC (August 2001). "Nerve growth factor activates persistent Rap1 signaling in endosomes". The Journal of ... Upon stimulation by growth hormone, insulin, epidermal growth factor (EFG), etc., the GAB2 protein can be recruited from the ... Hibi M, Hirano T (April 2000). "Gab-family adapter molecules in signal transduction of cytokine and growth factor receptors, ... "Gab-family adapter proteins act downstream of cytokine and growth factor receptors and T- and B-cell antigen receptors". Blood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAB2

... is a monoclonal antibody against nerve growth factor. It was designed for the treatment of pain. Johnson & Johnson ... List of investigational analgesics Monoclonal Antibodies Targeted Against Nerve Growth Factor For the Treatment of Chronic Pain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulranumab

Its behavior can be altered by nerve growth factor. A significant nvlDBB neuronal loss is seen in Lewy body dementia. This ... Huh CY, Danik M, Manseau F, Trudeau LE, Williams S (February 2008). "Chronic exposure to nerve growth factor increases ... This is a cholinergic bundle of nerve fibers posterior to the anterior perforated substance. It interconnects the subcallosal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_band_of_Broca

Wu C, Lai CF, Mobley WC (August 2001). "Nerve growth factor activates persistent Rap1 signaling in endosomes". The Journal of ... "Signaling of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF) to the small GTPase Rap1 via the large docking protein Gab1 and the ... "c-Cbl is involved in Met signaling in B cells and mediates hepatocyte growth factor-induced receptor ubiquitination". Journal ... van Dijk TB, van Den Akker E, Amelsvoort MP, Mano H, Löwenberg B, von Lindern M (November 2000). "Stem cell factor induces ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRKL

When added to retinal nerve cells in a petri dish with no other growth factors present, oncomodulin has been shown to promote ... www.naturaleyecare.com/blog/optic-glioma-may-respond-to-nerve-growth-factor-eye-drops/ Yin, Yuqin; Henzl, Michael T.; Lorber, ... Optic Glioma/ Optic Nerve & Growth Factor Eye Drops. Natural Eye Care. Accessed from http:// ... In vivo, oncomodulin promotes regeneration of the optic nerve in rats. It has also been found in different types of human and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncomodulin

Campenot concluded that neuron survival and growth depend on local nerve growth factors. The Campenot chamber is made up of ... This separation, typically done with a fluid impermeable barrier, can be used to study nerve growth factors (NGF). Neurons are ... Campenot RB (October 1977). "Local control of neurite development by nerve growth factor". Proceedings of the National Academy ... Campenot RB (October 1977). "Local control of neurite development by nerve growth factor". Proceedings of the National Academy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campenot_chamber

SCG cells were used to study nerve growth factor (NGF) and its ability to direct growth of neurons. Results showed that NGF did ... Campenot, RB (1977). "Local control of neurite development by nerve growth factor". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 74 (10): 4516-9. ... Schwartz, JP; Breakefield, XO (February 1980). "Altered nerve growth factor in fibroblasts from patients with familial ... These nerves enter the SCG through the cervical sympathetic nerve. A mature preganglionic axon can innervate anywhere from 50- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_cervical_ganglion

... nerve growth factor and other neurotrophic factors "The good fight". UCI News. 2006-05-19. Retrieved 2020-02-25. "Brewster, ... nerve growth factor and other neurotrophic factors". Trends in Neurosciences. 17 (8): 321-325. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(94)90169-4 ... Brewster, Wendy Rosamond (2000). Multiple primary malignancies : an examination of factors that influence the risk of ovarian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Brewster

NGFRAP is a nerve growth factor receptor associated protein. This gene is believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCDC116

Wu C, Lai CF, Mobley WC (Aug 2001). "Nerve growth factor activates persistent Rap1 signaling in endosomes". The Journal of ... "Signaling of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF) to the small GTPase Rap1 via the large docking protein Gab1 and the ... "Identification of Tyr-762 in the platelet-derived growth factor alpha-receptor as the binding site for Crk proteins". Oncogene ... Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAPGEF1 gene. The protein encoded by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAPGEF1

The drug functions by selectively targeting and inhibiting Nerve Growth Factors (NGF) in the body. By blocking NGF in the body ... Therapy targeting nerve growth factor in pain pathogenesis". Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology. 34 (1): 111-116 ... As most causes of NC involve increased pressure or damage to the nerves in the lower spine, damage and pressure on the nerves ... The drug produces myelin to cover and protect nerves from damage, preventing pain induced from damaged nerve roots, as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenic_claudication

NTRK1 is a receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF). This protein induces outgrowth of axons and dendrites and promotes the ... Skin biopsies show a lack of innervation of the eccrine glands and nerve biopsies show a lack of small myelinated and ... CIPA is caused by a genetic mutation which prevents the formation of nerve cells which are responsible for transmitting signals ... and results of nerve conduction studies". Am. J. Med. Genet. 92 (5): 353-60. doi:10.1002/1096-8628(20000619)92:5. 3.0.CO;2-C. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_insensitivity_to_pain_with_anhidrosis

Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986 for the isolation of nerve growth factor and the discovery of epidermal growth factor. ... Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986 for the isolation of nerve growth factor and the discovery of epidermal growth factor ... which was renamed epidermal growth factor. He continued research on cellular growth factors after joining the faculty of ... Working with Rita Levi-Montalcini, he isolated nerve growth factor. He later isolated a protein that could accelerate incisor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)

TF-0356 which has nerve growth factor-like neurotrophic activity. It was under investigation by Taisho Pharmaceutical in Japan ... discovery of low molecular weight compounds that stimulate neurite outgrowth and substitute for nerve growth factor". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anicequol

They are potent proteasome inhibitor that stimulates nerve growth factor synthesis in vitro. It strongly inhibits the growth of ... "Stimulation of nerve growth factor synthesis and secretion by fellutamide A in vitro". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and ... "Proteasome inhibition by fellutamide B induces nerve growth factor synthesis". Chemistry & Biology. 15 (5): 501-12. doi:10.1016 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellutamide

McGeary JE, Gurel V, Knopik VS, Spaulding J, McMichael J (October 2011). "Effects of nerve growth factor (NGF), fluoxetine, and ... May 2013). "Epigenetic down regulation of nerve growth factor during alcohol withdrawal". Addiction Biology. 18 (3): 508-10. ... It is a powerful upregulator of certain neural growth factors, in particular NGF and BDNF, epigenetic downregulation of which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomorphine

The rat counterpart of this gene was reported to be regulated by the nerve growth factor, which suggested the function of this ... Sharma E, Lombroso PJ (1995). "A neuronal protein tyrosine phosphatase induced by nerve growth factor". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1 ... PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, ... gene in neuronal growth and differentiation. PTPRR has been shown to interact with MAPK7. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPRR

Other diterpenoids were shown to stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF). Yet another agent, an alpha-pyrone, was shown to inhibit ... novel diterpenoids showing stimulating activity of nerve growth factor-synthesis, from the mushroom Sarcodon scabrosus". ... lettuce seedling growth. Larsson; Svantesson; Miscevic; Kõljalg; Larsson (2019). "Reassessment of the generic limits for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnellum_scabrosum

NGF: Nerve Growth Factor. *NOL9: Nucleolar protein 9. *NRAS (1p13). *NOTCH2 (1p12) ... C1orf103: encoding protein Ligand-dependent nuclear receptor-interacting factor 1 (LRIF1). *C1orf109: chromosome 1 open reading ... HES3: Hes family bHLH transcription factor 3. *HMGCL: 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A lyase ( ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_1

Emanuele, E; Politi, P; Bianchi, M; Minoretti, P; Bertona, M; Geroldi, D (April 2006). "Raised plasma nerve growth factor ... Other research has implicated nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin that is fundamental in the neuron survival and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroanatomy_of_intimacy

Among these were the discovery of the receptors (TRK) of certain nerve growth factors. (Klein et al., Cell 1991a,b) the proof ... guide the growth direction of nerve cell axons via repulsion. (Henkemeyer et al., Cell 1996; Orioli et al., EMBO Journal 1996; ... Rüdiger Klein's scientific research is focused on the molecular mechanisms which allow nerve cells to communicate. Rüdiger ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rüdiger_Klein

... from growth factors to hormones that modulate and influence the growth and development of functional connections between ... "A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve". J. Physiol. 117 (4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_neuroscientist

While some of these factors are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, other factors are not, such as increasing age ... and population growth". Diabetes Care. 35 (12): 2515-20. doi:10.2337/dc12-0669. PMC 3507562. PMID 23173134. Archived from the ... Lifestyle factors are important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including obesity and being overweight (defined by a ... Dietary factors also influence the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks in excess is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes_mellitus

Other factors. There are also reasons why a placebo treatment group may outperform a "no-treatment" group in a test which are ... Spinal manipulation aims to treat "vertebral subluxations" which are claimed to put pressure on nerves. Chiropractic was ... One of the few growth industries in contemporary Britain is alternative medicine. An apparently endless stream of books, ... Social factors. Authors have speculated on the socio-cultural and psychological reasons for the appeal of alternative medicines ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative_medicine

Falcini F, Cerinic MM, Ermini M, Generini S, Lombardi A, Pignone A, Leoncini G, Tirassa P, Aloe L., Nerve growth factor ...

https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_haigus

... and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of critical secreted growth factors which are necessary to maintain muscle ... Neurogenic atrophy, which has a similar effect, is muscle atrophy resulting from damage to the nerve which stimulates the ... Another factor that contributes to the sustaining of muscle strength in hibernating bears is the occurrence of periodic ... The equivalent nitrogen content (in gram) of urea (in mmol) can be estimated by the conversion factor 0.028 g/mmol. Furthermore ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_atrophy

... when their growth is limited by the available light.[16] Other factors include the need to balance water loss at high ... 2 major basal nerves besides the midrib. Diagrams of venation patternsEdit. ... Once sugar has been synthesized, it needs to be transported to areas of active growth such as the plant shoots and roots. ... Other plant parts like stems or roots have non-determinate growth, and will usually continue to grow as long as they have the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauline

In children, the two main symptoms are obesity and decreased linear growth.[7] ... many factors such as the size of nostril, the size of the lesion, and the preferences of the surgeon cause the selection of one ... These tumors can compress the nerves that carry information from the eyes, causing a decrease in peripheral vision.[citation ... Hypopituitarism specifically growth hormone deficiency has been reported as the only most common late morbidity of this ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing's_disease

Maternal factors and. complications of pregnancy,. labour and delivery. placenta:. *Placenta praevia ... and fetal growth. *Small for gestational age/Large for gestational age. *Preterm birth/Postmature birth ... Optic nerve. Optic disc. *Optic neuritis *optic papillitis. *Papilledema *Foster Kennedy syndrome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_conjunctivitis

Koon HW, Zhao D, Na X, Moyer MP, Pothoulakis C (Oct 2004). "Metalloproteinases and transforming growth factor-alpha mediate ... with an amidation at the C-terminus.[4] Substance P is released from the terminals of specific sensory nerves. It is found in ... and epidermal growth factor. Because these regions are related to complexed signal transduction pathways mediated by cytokines ... "Neurotrophic and anhidrotic keratopathy treated with substance P and insulinlike growth factor 1". Archives of Ophthalmology. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P

... and lastly axonal growth, synapse formation and outer segment growth. ... No photoreceptors are found at the blind spot, the area where ganglion cell fibers are collected into the optic nerve and leave ... If any of the previously mentioned factors' functions are ablated, the default photoreceptor is a S cone. These events take ... The axons of ganglion cells form the two optic nerves. Photoreceptor cells are typically arranged in an irregular but ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell

Risk factors. Neurofibromatosis, exposure to vinyl chloride, Epstein-Barr virus, ionizing radiation[1][2][3]. ... uncontrolled mitosis (growth by division beyond the normal limits). *anaplasia: the cells in the neoplasm have an obviously ... Optic nerve sheath meningioma, Pediatric ependymoma, Pilocytic astrocytoma, Pinealoblastoma, Pineocytoma, Pleomorphic ... The cause of most brain tumors is unknown.[2] Uncommon risk factors include inherited neurofibromatosis, exposure to vinyl ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumors

... and the survival of nerve cells. The protein RSK2 which is encoded by the RPS6KA3 gene is a kinase which phosphorylates some ... disorder that is X-linked dominant and which causes severe mental problems sometimes associated with abnormalities of growth, ... Guanine nucleotide exchange factor. *Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome. *Aarskog-Scott syndrome. *Juvenile primary lateral sclerosis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin–Lowry_syndrome

The use of musical interaction has been proven as a key factor in many countries for the improvement of older adults overall ... After 1800 books on music therapy often drew on the Brunonian system of medicine, arguing that the stimulation of the nerves ... The songs were sung by the group which appeared to result in the facilitation and growth of connectedness within the group. ... By calming premature babies, it allows for them to preserve their energy, which creates a stable environment for growth. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologic_music_therapy

CRH and vasopressin are released from neurosecretory nerve terminals at the median eminence. CRH is transported to the anterior ... Whereas maternal care improves cardiac response, sleep/wake rhythm, and growth hormone secretion in the neonate, it also ... It comprises corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), released by the hypothalamus; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), released ... the person's response to the stressor and other factors. Stressors that are uncontrollable, threaten physical integrity, or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal_axis

In myelin, it envelopes and insulates nerves, helping greatly to conduct nerve impulses. ... The cleaved SREBP then migrates to the nucleus and acts as a transcription factor to bind to the SRE (sterol regulatory element ... then atheroma growth rates are usually low, even negative, for any given total cholesterol concentration.[තහවුරු කරන්න] ... under which conditions atheroma growth rates would still be high. In contrast, however, if LDL particle number is low (mostly ...

https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/කොලෙස්ටරෝල්

It has been hypothesized that vascular endothelial growth factor may cause the vascular permeability at the root of HACE.[16] ... Cranial nerve palsies occur in some unusual cases.[6] ... These factors cause the brain to swell with fluid, resulting in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema

Zinc ensure the body has healthy growth by influencing cell division and cell growth. Development of chronic disease has become ... Assists in functionality of muscle construction and nerve impulses - Calcium regulates the transmutation of nerve impulses for ... study suggesting that good nutrition as a child decreases lung damage as an adult as well as having a large influencing factor ... Acts as a barrier to bacteria and infection - Vitamin A assists in the maintenance and promotion of healthy growth of skin and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_and_vegetables_for_kids

"for their discoveries of growth factors"[۶۹] ریتا لوی مونتالچینی[۱] Italy ... "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[۴۴] ۱۹۴۴ جوزف ارلنگر[۱] United States "for their ... "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth""[۱۳۹] ۱۹۹۰ هری مارکوویتز[۱] United States "for their pioneering work in ... "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/فهرست_یهودیان_برنده_جایزه_نوبل

... and studies have shown electrophysiological findings in the nerves and muscles of the pharynx indicating local nerve lesions. ... Risk factorsEdit. Old age is often accompanied by muscular and neurological loss of muscle tone of the upper airway. Decreased ... Poor growth occurs for two reasons: the work of breathing is intense enough that calories are burned at high rates even at rest ... Lifestyle factors such as smoking may also increase the chances of developing OSA as the chemical irritants in smoke tend to ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea

BDNF is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are related to the canonical nerve growth factor. ... nerve development. • nerve growth factor signaling pathway. • regulation of neuron differentiation. • neuron projection ... "Molecular cloning of a human gene that is a member of the nerve growth factor family". Proceedings of the National Academy of ... for low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor, also known as p75).[26] It may also modulate the activity of various ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF

The surgeon cuts the shaft of the elongated phallus and sews the glans and preserved nerves back onto the stump. In a less ... Other factors that will affect the technique selected are age, other existing medical conditions, and obesity. Other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoridectomy

These include dendritic protein microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) [137,138], brain-derived nerve growth factor (BDNF) [ ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkers

Risk factors for skeletal effects include older age, greater dosage and longer course of treatment. Most bone changes cause no ... Isotretinoin may stop long bone growth in young people who are still growing.[7] Premature epiphyseal closure can occur in ... It is also used for treatment of neuroblastoma, a form of nerve cancer. ... While excessive bone growth has been raised a possible side effect, a 2006 review found little evidence for this.[84] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotretinoin

Factors that add to risk of heart disease include obesity and smoking, both of which are more prevalent in lesbians. Studies ... With second wave feminism and the growth of scholarship in women's history and sexuality in the 20th century, the definition of ... or speak to me there is not a nerve of fibre in my body that does not respond with a thrill of delight?"[76] ... The risk factors for developing ovarian cancer rates are higher in lesbians than heterosexual women, perhaps because many ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbians

The developmental morphogenesis of the canal was sensitive to the inhibition of lymphangiogenic growth factors, and in adults, ... Nerve fiber layer. *Ganglion cell layer. *Inner plexiform layer. *Inner nuclear layer ... the administration of the lymphangiogenic growth factor VEGFC enlarged the Schlemm's canal, which was associated with a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_of_Schlemm

... with high or low cell surface expression of low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75). ... Axonal growth is guided by the glial composition and cytoarchitecture of the olfactory bulb in addition to the presence of OECs ... The growth and regeneration of olfactory axons can be attributable to OECs, as they form the fascicles through which axons grow ... Olfactory axons invade the basal lamina of the glia limitans and the olfactory bulb to create the olfactory nerve and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_ensheathing_cells

Key factors that affect seasonal reproduction include the length of the wet season, subsequent food availability, and the ... fetal growth rates are generally slower in strepsirrhines, which results in newborn offspring that are as little as one-third ... The upper lip is constrained by this connection and has fewer nerves to control movement, which leaves it less mobile than the ... depending on factors such as temperature and predation.[125] Many extant strepsirrhines are well adapted for nocturnal activity ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini

... received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF).[233] ... Rapport, Richard L. Nerve Endings: The Discovery of the Synapse. New York: W.W. Norton, 2005. Print. ... The dominant individual takes many forms in different cultures, but always has the common factor of immense power. [...] If ... Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818-1896): German physician and physiologist, the discoverer of nerve action potential, and the father ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_atheists_

growth factor). RTK. *ROR2 (Robinow syndrome). *FGFR1 (Pfeiffer syndrome, KAL2 Kallmann syndrome) ... Any problems with the development of the olfactory nerve fibres will prevent the progression of the GnRH releasing neurons ... Comparing height to standard growth charts.. *Determining the Tanner stage of sexual development. (Males with KS/CHH are ... Standard hormone replacement therapy will not normally induce fertility in either males or females, with no testicular growth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallmann_syndrome

... growth factors, neurotrophic factors, anti-inflammatory drugs, antioxidants, anti-apoptotic drugs, and drugs to improve ... "Muscle & Nerve. 44 (1): 20-24. doi:10.1002/mus.22114. PMC 4441750. PMID 21607987. Lay summary - Massachusetts General Hospital ... genetic factors and environmental factors are thought to be of roughly equal importance.[13] The genetic factors are better ... Environmental factors[edit]. Where no family history of the disease is present - around 90% of cases - no cause is known. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gehrig's_disease

"Human CD4+ T cell clones produce and release nerve growth factor and express high-affinity nerve growth factor receptors". The ... nerve growth factor receptor binding. • growth factor activity. • signaling receptor binding. Cellular component. • endosome. • ... Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide primarily involved in the regulation of growth, maintenance ... "Glucocorticoids Differently Increase Nerve Growth Factor and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in the Rat Brain" (PDF). The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor

If too much of the nerve-growth factor is present, growth of sympathetic nerve fibres is extensive and aberrant. If the nerve- ... growth: Internal factors: A protein called nerve-growth factor is important for the growth of some parts of the mammalian ... growth factor is eliminated from the body-by injection of an… ... Other articles where Nerve-growth factor is discussed: ... In growth: Internal factors. A protein called nerve-growth factor is important for the growth of some parts of the mammalian ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/nerve-growth-factor

Source for information on Nerve Growth Factor: The Gale Encyclopedia of Science dictionary. ... Nerve Growth Factor Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a polypeptide, a molecule composed of several amino acid units that has a ... Nerve Growth Factor. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a polypeptide, a molecule composed of several amino acid units that has a ... Nerve Growth Factor The Gale Encyclopedia of Science COPYRIGHT 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nerve-growth-factor-0

... Ed Purcell epurcell at UOMHS.edu Fri Nov 11 14:38:53 EST 1994 *Previous message: Nerve Growth Factor ... Mechanisms of lymphocyte activation by nerve growth factor. Ann NY Acad Sci 594:78-83 (1990). *Previous message: Nerve Growth ... As I am re-reading the literature on neurotrophic factors I have come to ,understand that NGF also has action on the mast cells ...

http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/immuno/1994-November/002394.html

Nerve growth factor-like (IPR020408)*Nerve growth factor, beta subunit (IPR020425)*Venom nerve growth factor (IPR020433) ...

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/A6MFL6

beta-nerve growth factor. Names. nerve growth factor (beta polypeptide). nerve growth factor, beta subunit. pro-nerve growth ... NGF nerve growth factor [Homo sapiens] NGF nerve growth factor [Homo sapiens]. Gene ID:4803 ... 011539820.1 beta-nerve growth factor isoform X1. Conserved Domains (1) summary. pfam00243. Location:183 → 291. NGF; Nerve ... nerve growth factorprovided by HGNC. Primary source. HGNC:HGNC:7808 See related. Ensembl:ENSG00000134259 MIM:162030 Gene type. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=4803

... has been indeed demonstrated to be an essential protagonist in the growth and development of the sympathetic... ... the nerve growth factor (NGF) has been indeed demonstrated to be an essential protagonist in the growth and development of the ... Nerve Growth Factor Tryptic Peptide Cyanogen Bromide Iodoacetic Acid Complete Amino Acid Sequence These keywords were added by ... Angeletti R.H., Frazier W.A., Bradshaw R.A. (1972) Structural Studies of 2.5 S Mouse Submaxillary Gland Nerve Growth Factor. In ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-6979-0_10

... , beta polypeptide PDB rendering based on 1bet. Available structures: 1bet, 1btg, 1sg1, ... Growth factors. Epidermal growth factor - Fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) - Nerve growth factor - Platelet-derived growth ... Nerve growth factor (NGF), is a small secreted protein which induces the differentiation and survival of particular target ... The other NGF receptor, the LNGFR, (for Low affinity nerve growth factor receptor, commonly known as "p75", plays a less clear ...

https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Nerve_growth_factor.html

Rats with erectile dysfunction that were injected with a gene therapy vector containing either of two nerve growth factors were ... Neurturin also is a nerve growth factor closely related to GDNF. Control mice received only the virus without the GDNF or ... Gene therapy delivery of nerve growth factors reverses erectile dysfunction in animal model. University of Pittsburgh Schools ... Gene therapy delivery of nerve growth factors reverses erectile dysfunction in animal model ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-06/uops-gtd052907.php

Nerve growth factor and its low-affinity receptor promote Schwann cell migration. E S Anton, G Weskamp, L F Reichardt, and W D ... Nerve growth factor and its low-affinity receptor promote Schwann cell migration ... Nerve growth factor and its low-affinity receptor promote Schwann cell migration ... Nerve growth factor and its low-affinity receptor promote Schwann cell migration ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/91/7/2795?ijkey=082f8b922e596a3379bca8b77536e0e2a401dd91&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Death of injured neurons caused by the precursor of nerve growth factor. Y.-A. Barde. * Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, ... Death of injured neurons caused by the precursor of nerve growth factor ... Death of injured neurons caused by the precursor of nerve growth factor ... Death of injured neurons caused by the precursor of nerve growth factor ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/101/16/5703

The trk proto-oncogene encodes a receptor for nerve growth factor.. Klein R1, Jing SQ, Nanduri V, ORourke E, Barbacid M. ... Two classes of receptors with distinct affinities for nerve growth factor (NGF) have been identified. The low affinity receptor ... functional NGF receptor that mediates at least some of the signal transduction processes initiated by this neurotrophic factor. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1849459?dopt=Abstract

Mutant neurotrophic factors having altered receptor binding specificities are described. Sp ... A method of altering the receptor binding properties and the stability of neurotrophic factors is set forth. ... 1. Mutant nerve growth factor having essentially the same biological activity as wild-type nerve growth factor, wherein at ... Ebendal, T. (1989). Use of collagen gels to bioassay nerve growth factor activity. In Nerve Growth Factors, R. A. Rush, eds. ( ...

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5349055.html

Exogenous NGF can reverse some of the pathological changes in diabetic nerves and NGF excess leads to hyperalgesia. We have ... In animal models, NGF is depleted in diabetic nerves and NGF deprivation produces hypoalgesia. ... Nerve growth factor (NGF) is trophic to sensory and sympathetic fibers. ... Nerve growth factor (NGF) is trophic to sensory and sympathetic fibers. In animal models, NGF is depleted in diabetic nerves ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8640566/?dopt=Abstract

... nerve growth factors include Measuring the Strength of Mice, Organotypic Culture of Adult Rabbit Retina. ... Nerve Growth Factors: Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells. Measuring the ...

https://www.jove.com/keyword/nerve+growth+factors

Regressing tumor cells express high levels of the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors TRKA and p75NTR and are dependent on NGF ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/65988/figure/6

... though microsurgical techniques have vastly increased the success rate of surgery to repair the injured nerve. ... Complete regeneration is usually very difficult following peripheral nerve damage, ... Sciatic nerve regeneration using a nerve growth factor-containing fibrin glue membrane. Neural Regen Res. 2013;8(36):3416-3422. ... Nerve growth factor (NGF) was the first neurotrophic factor identified in a class of molecules responsible for neuronal ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-03/nrr-pnr031214.php

Two classes of receptors with distinct affinities for nerve growth factor (NGF) have been identified. The low affinity receptor ... The trk proto-oncogene encodes a receptor for nerve growth factor Cell. 1991 Apr 5;65(1):189-97. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91) ... Two classes of receptors with distinct affinities for nerve growth factor (NGF) have been identified. The low affinity receptor ... functional NGF receptor that mediates at least some of the signal transduction processes initiated by this neurotrophic factor ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1849459/?dopt=Abstract

Regeneration in Spinal Neurons: Proteosynthesis Following Nerve Growth Factor Administration. By Donald Scott Jr., Ernest ... Regeneration in Spinal Neurons: Proteosynthesis Following Nerve Growth Factor Administration. By Donald Scott Jr., Ernest ... Regeneration in Spinal Neurons: Proteosynthesis Following Nerve Growth Factor Administration Message Subject. (Your Name) has ... of dorsal roots did not increase the H3-leucine uptake of these cells except in animals which had received nerve growth factor ...

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/152/3723/787

Nerve growth factor (NGF) inhibitors are a class of compounds that inhibit the action of the neurotrophin nerve growth factor ... Cao Z, Zhou J, Long Z, Li Y, Sun J, Luo Y, Wang W (December 2020). "Targeting nerve growth factor, a new option for treatment ... Schmelz M, Mantyh P, Malfait AM, Farrar J, Yaksh T, Tive L, Viktrup L (October 2019). "Nerve growth factor antibody for the ... Chang DS, Hsu E, Hottinger DG, Cohen SP (2016-06-08). "Anti-nerve growth factor in pain management: current evidence". Journal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor_inhibitor

A Phase II clinical study of Ceregenes CERE-110, a gene therapy product designed to deliver nerve growth factor (NGF) to the ... placebo-controlled trial and employs gene therapy to deliver nerve growth factor (NGF) directly into the brain. The rationale ...

http://www.adcs.org/nerve-growth-factor/

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is over-expressed in patients with lung inflammatory diseases including airway virus infections. ... Nerve growth factor (NGF) is over-expressed in patients with lung inflammatory diseases including airway virus infections. ... Nerve growth factor reduces amiloride-sensitive Na+ transport in human airway epithelial cells.. ... Nerve-function; Nerve-tissue; Nerves; Lung; Lung-disease; Lung-disorders; Viral-diseases; Diseases; Humans; Men; Women ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20042864.html

Keywords: Nerve regeneration, growth factors, neurotrophins, glial cell-lined derived neurotrophic factors, neuropoeitic ... Studies and reviews on the use of growth factors for nerve regeneration were compiled over the course of the review. According ... Different surgical treatments have been suggested for nerve repair. Tissue engineering related to growth factors has arisen as ... it may be concluded that growth factors from different sources present promising treatment related to nerve regeneration ...

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ddt/10/6/10_2016.01058/_article

Nerve growth factor. Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is a protein that is necessary for the growth and health of nerve cells. Without ... Nerve growth factor has been able to be applied now for the treatment of such diseases as Alzheimers disease and spinal cord ... Nerve growth factor can also benefit and accelerate the rate of wound healing. It plays a role in treating skin disorders and ... Their discovery of Nerve Growth Factor was eventually awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986, when it was ...

http://www.ihealthdirectory.com/nerve-growth-factor/

Nerve growth factor (NGF), a naturally occurring molecule in our body is essential for the maintenanceand development of nerves ... Osteoarthritic knees are more sensitive to the painful actions of nerve growth factor. Ashraf S, Mapp PI, Burston J, Bennett AJ ... Augmented pain behaviour responses to intra-articular injection of nerve growth factor in two animal models of osteoarthritis. ... Osteoarthritic knees are more sensitive to the painful actions of nerve growth factor ...

http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/paincentre/ppi/research-publications/osteoarthritic-knees-are-more-sensitive-to-the-painful-actions-of-nerve-growth-factor.aspx

Growth Control of Nerve Cells by a Protein Factor and Its Antiserum ... Growth Control of Nerve Cells by a Protein Factor and Its Antiserum ... Growth Control of Nerve Cells by a Protein Factor and Its Antiserum ... Growth Control of Nerve Cells by a Protein Factor and Its Antiserum ...

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/143/3602/105

In this review, we present the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in pain generation, relationship between NGF and OA pain, and ... Keywords: osteoarthritis, pain, nerve growth factor, TRPV1, TrkA ... Mechanism and therapeutic effectiveness of nerve growth factor ... pathogenic factors (interleukin-1β, transforming growth factor-β1, mechanical loading, and adipokines) involved in OA ... Keywords: osteoarthritis, pain, nerve growth factor, TRPV1, TrkA. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press ...

https://www.dovepress.com/mechanism-and-therapeutic-effectiveness-of-nerve-growth-factor-in-oste-peer-reviewed-article-TCRM

Antibodies for proteins involved in nerve growth factor binding pathways, according to their Panther/Gene Ontology ... Antibodies for proteins involved in nerve growth factor binding pathways; according to their Panther/Gene Ontology ...

https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/primary/panther/nerve%20growth%20factor%20binding

... are a heterogeneous cell population that may be enriched by positive selection with antibodies against the low-affinity nerve ... growth factor receptor (LNGFR or CD271), yielding a selective cell universe with higher proliferation and differentiation ... Different cell surface receptors, such as the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (CD271), have been used as targets for ... Age-Related Yield of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Bearing the Low-Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor. ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/sci/2013/372164/

Survival occurs when recruited cytoplasmic adaptor proteins facilitate signal transduction through tumor necrosis factor receptor members such as TRAF6 , which results in the release of nuclear factor κB ( NF-κB ) transcription activator. (wikipedia.org)
Results showed that at 3 weeks after intranasal administration of nerve growth factor, the contents of nerve growth factor and its receptor in the spinal cord were increased, and the deficits in locomotor behaviors were improved. (eurekalert.org)
The other NGF receptor, the LNGFR , (for Low affinity nerve growth factor receptor , commonly known as "p75", plays a less clear role. (bionity.com)
Migrating Schwann cells in developing or regenerating peripheral nerves are known to express dramatically increased levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and the low-affinity NGF receptor (LNGFR). (pnas.org)
The trk proto-oncogene encodes a receptor for nerve growth factor. (nih.gov)
These results indicate that gp140trk is a functional NGF receptor that mediates at least some of the signal transduction processes initiated by this neurotrophic factor. (nih.gov)
A method of altering the receptor binding properties and the stability of neurotrophic factors is set forth. (freepatentsonline.com)
Mutant neurotrophic factors having altered receptor binding specificities are described. (freepatentsonline.com)
Specific embodiments include neurotrophic factors that bind trk receptors but do not bind to the low affinity NGF receptor. (freepatentsonline.com)
The present invention provides mutant neurotrophic factors of the nerve growth factor family which have modified receptor binding affinity and biological specificity. (freepatentsonline.com)
1990). The other three neurotrophins of the nerve growth factor family can also bind to the low-affinity NGF receptor (Rodriguez-Tebar et al. (freepatentsonline.com)
Moreover, NGF overexpression increased stem cell factor (the c-kit receptor ligand) expression, which translated in higher myocardial abundance of c-kit(pos) progenitor cells in NGF-engineered hearts. (biomedsearch.com)
It has been found that NGF can bind to a p75 cell surface receptor which has helped design a drug to help people now with diseases involving the nerves and nervous system. (ihealthdirectory.com)
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are a heterogeneous cell population that may be enriched by positive selection with antibodies against the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR or CD271), yielding a selective cell universe with higher proliferation and differentiation potential. (hindawi.com)
Different cell surface receptors, such as the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (CD271), have been used as targets for ADSCs antibody based isolation. (hindawi.com)
Ret is not an unknown factor for the Martinsried-based neurobiologists: "We already succeeded in demonstrating a few years ago in mice that neurons without the Ret receptor die prematurely and in greater numbers with increasing age," says Klein. (healthcanal.com)
The Ret receptor is the cells' docking site for the growth factor GDNF, which is produced by the body. (healthcanal.com)
Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptor A (TrkA) are involved in neural development and survival and growth of central and peripheral nerves. (ovid.com)
Perineural invasion in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: role of immunohistochemistry, anatomical site, and the high-affinity nerve growth factor receptor TrkA. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Perineural invasion (PNI) has been recently added to the American Joint Committee on Cancer cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) staging criteria as a high-risk tumor characteristic and is purportedly more common in cSCCs of the head and neck (H&N). Expression of the high-affinity nerve growth factor receptor TrkA has been shown to be associated with PNI in noncutaneous neoplasms. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Because of the limited therapeutic applications of nerve growth factor (NGF), there has been increasing focus on the development of pharmacological tools to bypass the requirement of NGF for the activation of the TrkA tyrosine kinase receptor neuronal survival pathway. (aspetjournals.org)
now provide evidence that shows that a protein called nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) is one such protein. (elifesciences.org)
This prototypical neurotrophic factor stimulates neurons through two distinct classes of membrane receptors: the TrkA tyrosine kinase receptor, and the tumor necrosis factor receptor family member p75NTR, also known as the common neurotrophin receptor. (eurekaselect.com)
Response to: 'Role of nerve growth factor (NGF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. (bmj.com)
We observed that GLP-1 and exendin-4 induced neurite outgrowth in a manner similar to nerve growth factor (NGF), which was reversed by coincubation with the selective GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin (9-39). (aspetjournals.org)
Allendoerfer KL, Shelton DL, Shooter EM, Shatz CJ (1990) Nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity is transiently associated with the subplate neurons of the mammalian cerebral cortex. (springer.com)
Batchelor PE, Armstrong DM, Blaker SM, Gage FH (1989) Nerve growth factor receptor and choline acetyltransferase colocalization in neurons within the rat forebrain: response to fimbria-fornix transection. (springer.com)
Buck CR, Martinez HJ, Black IB, Chao MV (1987) Developmentally regulated expression of the nerve growth factor receptor gene in the periphery and brain. (springer.com)
Byers MR, Schatteman GC, Bothwell M (1990) Multiple functions of nerve growth factor receptor in developing, aging and injured rat teeth. (springer.com)
Chesa PG, Wolfgang JR, Thomson TM, Old LJ, Melamed MR (1988) Immunohistochemical analysis of nerve growth factor receptor expression in normal and malignant human tissues. (springer.com)
Dal Toso R, De Bernardi MA, Brooker G, Costa E, Mocchetti I (1988) Beta adrenergic and prostaglandin receptor activation increases nerve growth factor mRNA content in C6-2B rat astrocytoma cells. (springer.com)
3) NGF suppressed apoptosis of rat peritoneal mast cells through the trkA receptor and inhibited transforming growth factor beta1-induced apoptosis. (nii.ac.jp)
Nerve growth factor prevents apoptosis of ret peritoneal mast cells through the HK proto-oncogene receptor' Blood. (nii.ac.jp)
Functional Ser205Leu polymorphism of the nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) gene is associated with vagal autonomic dysregulation in humans. (ebscohost.com)
The Ser205/Ser205 genotype of the functional polymorphism (Ser205Leu) of the nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR), also. (ebscohost.com)
Trypanosoma cruzi Coaxes Cardiac Fibroblasts into Preventing Cardiomyocyte Death by Activating Nerve Growth Factor Receptor TrkA. (ebscohost.com)
Rationale: Cardiomyocytes express neurotrophin receptor TrkA that promotes survival following nerve growth factor (NGF) ligation. (ebscohost.com)
TrkA, like other growth factor receptors, is a tyrosine kinase that is activated upon ligand binding and receptor dimerization ( 37 , 39 ). (asm.org)
With this approach, I have identified specific PP2A holoenzymes that modulate nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling pathways by positively regulating TrkA receptor tyrosine kinase activity. (uiowa.edu)

Nerve growth factor ( NGF ) is a neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide primarily involved in the regulation of growth, maintenance, proliferation, and survival of certain target neurons . (wikipedia.org)
As its name suggests, NGF is involved primarily in the growth, as well as the maintenance, proliferation, and survival of nerve cells (neurons). (wikipedia.org)
Study results indicate that superior cervical ganglia neurons that express both p75NTR and TrkA die when treated with proNGF, [6] while NGF treatment of these same neurons results in survival and axonal growth. (wikipedia.org)
The infused NGF seemed to prevent brain nerve cell death, and to stimulate the development of damaged neurons, which secrete acetylcholine, a brain chemical associated with memory. (encyclopedia.com)
This protein has nerve growth stimulating activity and the complex is involved in the regulation of growth and the differentiation of sympathetic and certain sensory neurons. (nih.gov)
Identification of amino acid residues of nerve growth factor important for neurite outgrowth in human dorsal root ganglion neurons. (nih.gov)
Dr. Luigi Aloe, Cellular Biology and Neurobiology Institute, National Research Council, Italy and his team performed a study to investigate whether, by intranasal administration, the nerve growth factor bypasses the blood-brain barrier and turns over the spinal cord neurons. (eurekalert.org)
These findings indicate that intranasal nerve growth factor can bypass blood-brain barrier and affect spinal cord neurons in spinal cord injury. (eurekalert.org)
Aloe L, Bianchi P, De Bellis A, Soligo M, Rocco ML. Intranasal nerve growth factor bypasses the blood-brain barrier and affects spinal cord neurons in spinal cord injury. (eurekalert.org)
Nerve growth factor ( NGF ), is a small secreted protein which induces the differentiation and survival of particular target neurons (nerve cells). (bionity.com)
As their names suggest, neurotrophins are best known for their "trophic" roles on neurons, typically including the promotion of nerve growth and the prevention of the death of embryonic neurons. (pnas.org)
Nerve growth factor plays an action in survival and growth of peripheral, sympathetic and sensory neurons along on numerous amounts of brain neurons. (benthamscience.com)
These neurons depend on nerve growth factor (NGF) from their target areas for survival. (bioportfolio.com)
NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. (bioportfolio.com)
Comparative effects of nerve growth factor and ganglionic nonneuronal cells on purified mouse ganglionic neurons in culture. (semanticscholar.org)
The survival, differentiation, and maintenance of responsive neurons are regulated by nerve growth factor (NGF), which is secreted by the target and interacts with receptors on the axon tip. (jneurosci.org)
The neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) is a well-known regulator of differentiation, plasticity, and phenotype of sensory and sympathetic neurons during the entire lifespan ( 1 ). (jimmunol.org)
Nerve Growth Factor was the 1st protein found from the family of neurotrophic factors that influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. (prospecbio.com)
Nerve growth or neurotrophic factors are small proteins that support neurons and encourage their growth and survival during development. (cureparkinsons.org.uk)
Because nerve growth factor is important in the development and maintenance of sympathetic and sensory neurons and their outgrowths, it is proposed that recombinant human nerve growth factor may provide a specific restorative treatment for HIV-associated painful sensory neuropathy. (clinicaltrials.gov)
A newly developed biodegradable microcapsule that delivers nerve growth factor guides the development of hippocampal neurons in in-vitro experiments. (neurosciencenews.com)
Many neurodegenerative conditions that can lead to severe disorders are associated with depleted levels of growth factors in the brain - neuropeptides that help neurons grow, proliferate and survive. (neurosciencenews.com)
Some clinical studies of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases have shown that delivering these growth factors to specific degenerating neurons can have a therapeutic effect. (neurosciencenews.com)
Nerve growth factor (NGF), a member of the neurotrophin family, is important for the survival, differentiation and maturation of neurons. (unboundmedicine.com)
To evaluate bioactive protein delivery in vivo, we used nerve growth factor (NGF) and measured the size of mouse forebrain cholinergic neurons, which respond to NGF with cellular hypertrophy. (wingsforlife.com)
1 A polypeptide consisting in its active form of two identical chains of 120 amino acids, which is produced normally by neurons, Schwann cells, glial cells, and various types of epithelial and connective tissue cells, and promotes the growth of (especially sensory and sympathetic) neurons and neurites, and also has certain modulatory effects on the immune system (abbreviated NGF). (oxforddictionaries.com)
2 Any of various other polypeptides that promote the growth and maintenance of neurons. (oxforddictionaries.com)
The incorporation of nerve growth factor (NGF) as a co-dopant in the electrochemical deposition of conductive polymers is evaluated for its ability to elicit specific biological interactions with neurons. (umich.edu)
The pioneering investigations of Levi-Montalcini and coworkers established that nerve growth factor (NGF) is an important physiological regulator of neurons of the peripheral nervous system. (springer.com)
A functional model which proposed that NGF was produced by targets of sensory and sympathetic innervation, regulating the specificity of axon growth to the target and the survival of neurons which found the correct target, became dogmatically accepted. (springer.com)
Ayer-LeLievre C, Olson L, Ebendal T, Seiger A, Persson H (1988b) Expression of the beta-nerve growth factor gene in hippocampal neurons. (springer.com)
Beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) is a protein necessary for the survival and maintenance of sympathetic and sensory neurons that appears to be produced by the target tissues of these neurons in vivo. (rupress.org)
The neurotrophins are a family of secreted peptide growth factors that regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of neurons and their precursors ( 44 ). (asm.org)
3. Axonal growth potential of lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons in an organ culture system: response of nerve growth factor-sensitive neurons to neuronal injury and an inflammatory cytokine. (neuromics.com)
Role of nerve growth factor in the development of rat sympathetic neurons in vitro. (caltech.edu)
The effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the development of cholinergic sympathetic neurons was studied in cultures grown either on monolayers of dissociated rat heart cells or in medium conditioned by them. (caltech.edu)
Thus, NGF is as necessary for survival, growth, and differentiation of sympathetic neurons when the neurons express cholinergic functions as when the neurons express adrenergic functions. (caltech.edu)
Moreover, before the growth rate of neurites shows a peak, the level of grains of neurons labeled by 3H-uridine in a group of NGF is obviously increased. (cnki.com.cn)

Methods Nerve growth factor and TrkA were investigated by Northern blot analysis, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical staining in the pancreases of 24 patients with CP, and the findings were correlated with clinical parameters. (ovid.com)
Nerve Growth Factor Improves Survival and Function of Transplanted Islets Via TrkA-mediated β Cell Proliferation and Revascularization. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) and p75 in the ovaries of the wild ground squirrels during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. (ebscohost.com)
Analogous treatment of high TrkA/p75 ratio cells results only in phosphorylation of TrkA even though nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling is not inactive and can be initiated by other ligands. (aspetjournals.org)

The chemical substance that directs the movement of the axons seems to react with receptors on the membrane of cells and causes a chain of metabolic events that stimulates the growth of the axons in a certain direction. (encyclopedia.com)
Two classes of receptors with distinct affinities for nerve growth factor (NGF) have been identified. (nih.gov)
The control of cell growth and differentiation requires specific factors which exert their effects via interaction with receptors on the surface of responsive cells. (freepatentsonline.com)
Despite the increasing number of growth and differentiation factors that have been discovered and characterized, the precise structures involved in binding and biological activity and the sequential and causal molecular events underlying the activation of multiple receptors are largely unknown. (freepatentsonline.com)
Nerve growth factor (NGF) inhibitors are a class of compounds that inhibit the action of the neurotrophin nerve growth factor by targeting NGF molecules or NGF receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Characterization of receptors for ciliary neurotrophic factor on rat hippocampal astrocytes. (biomedsearch.com)
To investigate the distribution of nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors on peripheral and central axons, [125I]NGF was injected into the sciatic nerve or spinal cord of adult rats. (jneurosci.org)
http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/medical/2004/may26/nerve.html Researchers' discovery could pave way for development of drugs that alter nerve growth By MITZI BAKER Cells communicate through an intricate system of locks and keys -- receptors on cell surfaces and ligand molecules -- that allow the transmission of very specific information across their membranes. (extropy.org)
Laurent Dolle, Eric Adriaenssens, Ikram El Yazidi-Belkoura, Xuefen Le Bourhis, Victor Nurcombe and Hubert Hondermarck, " Nerve Growth Factor Receptors and Signaling in Breast Cancer", Current Cancer Drug Targets (2004) 4: 463. (eurekaselect.com)
Bernd P (1985) Appearance of nerve growth factor receptors on cultured neural crest cells. (springer.com)
Bernd P, Represa J (1989) Characterization and localization of nerve growth factor receptors in the embryonic otic vesicle and cochleovestibular ganglion. (springer.com)

In this study, which was led by Joseph C. Glorioso, III, Ph.D., chair of the department of biochemistry and molecular genetics, and Joel Nelson, M.D., chair of the department of urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, researchers inserted either the gene for the glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) or the GDNF family ligand (neurturin) into a genetically engineered herpes simplex virus (HSV). (eurekalert.org)
These two properties were used to purify NGF and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), respectively (for review, see ref. 4 ). (pnas.org)
2. The mutant neurotrophic factor of claim 1 wherein Lys95 is replaced. (freepatentsonline.com)
NGF belongs to a family of structurally and functionally related molecules, collectively known as neurotrophins of the nerve growth factor family, which includes at least three other members, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Barde et al. (freepatentsonline.com)
In February 2019, the results of the Phase II Bristol study investigating the use of a neurotrophic factor called Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (or GDNF) in people with Parkinson's were published in the research journals Brain and the Journal of Parkinson's Disease . (cureparkinsons.org.uk)
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF-beta) is a neurotrophic factor related to BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4. (cellsciences.com)
Monosialoganglioside GM1 is a known neurotrophic factor. (unboundmedicine.com)
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)/Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and osteocalcin share common effects regulating energy, bone mass, reproduction and neuronal functions. (frontiersin.org)
Conditions that provided for slow diffusion-based release of b-NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin-3 were tested in an assay of neurite extension from dorsal root ganglia to det. (epfl.ch)
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is one of the representative members of the neurotrophin family, which includes brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5). (medsci.org)
The classic neurotrophins Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Neurotrophins NT-3 and NT-4 are well known to regulate various aspects of neuronal differentiation, survival and growth. (ebscohost.com)
Interestingly, NGF also induces the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), another integral neurotrophin involved in myelination. (eurekaselect.com)

GDNF is an important nerve growth promoter and has been shown in other studies to contribute to survival and regeneration of penile nerves. (eurekalert.org)
Tissue engineering related to growth factors has arisen as an alternative approach for triggering and improving nerve regeneration. (go.jp)
Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis related to growth factors as tools for optimizing the regeneration process. (go.jp)
Studies and reviews on the use of growth factors for nerve regeneration were compiled over the course of the review. (go.jp)
According to literature review, it may be concluded that growth factors from different sources present promising treatment related to nerve regeneration involved in neuronal differentiation, greater myelination and axonal growth and proliferation of specific cells for nerve repair. (go.jp)
These medications can help relieve certain medical conditions, depression, obesity, pain and disorders in nerve regeneration as well as memory and learning capabilities. (ihealthdirectory.com)
This may be a future therapeutic target for post-keratoplasty corneal nerve regeneration. (ovid.com)
To determine the relationship between changes in the content of nerve growth factor (NGF) in tear fluid and corneal subepithelial nerve regeneration in patients after keratoplasty. (ovid.com)
The NFG content in tear fluid increases with the increasing ratio of small nerve buds indicating corneal nerve regeneration. (ovid.com)
NFG promotes subepithelial nerve regeneration in patients after keratoplasty. (ovid.com)
A gene on chromosome 7q31.1 that encodes an IFN-gamma-related protein, which may function as a transcriptional co-activator/repressor that controls the growth and differentiation of specific cell types during embryonic development and tissue regeneration. (thefreedictionary.com)
The goal of this work was to develop a growth factor delivery system for use in nerve regeneration that would provide localized release of beta-nerve growth factor (b-NGF) and other members of the neurotrophin family in a controlled manner. (epfl.ch)
The results suggest that these matrixes could serve as therapeutic materials to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration through nerve guide tubes and may have more general usefulness in tissue engineering for the delivery of non-heparin-binding growth factors. (epfl.ch)
Studies on cardiovascular diseases have proved the impact of neurotrophins on heart formation, angiogenesis and regeneration of cardiac sympathetic nerves [ 1 - 3 ]. (medsci.org)

nerve growth factor) that is essential for the survival of the neuron synapsing with it. (britannica.com)
RATIONALE: Nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes angiogenesis and cardiomyocyte survival, which are both desirable for postinfarction myocardial healing. (biomedsearch.com)
This is because of the regulatory functions that it possesses on survival, growth and differentiation of nerve cells in both of the central and peripheral nervous systems. (benthamscience.com)
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is essential for the development, maintenance and survival of certain populations of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. (springer.com)
NGF-beta is also involved in the growth, differentiation and survival of B lymphocytes. (cellsciences.com)
Inversely, NGFR ablation activates p53, consequently inducing apoptosis, attenuating survival, and reducing clonogenic capability of cancer cells, as well as sensitizing human cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents that induce p53 and suppressing mouse xenograft tumor growth. (elifesciences.org)
Nerve growth factor (NGF) has long been known for its effects on neuronal cell survival and differentiation. (eurekaselect.com)
The diverse biological role of nerve growth factor (NGF) as a necessary modulator of neuroectodermal cell survival, proliferation and differentiation has been previously well described in both normal and neoplastic cell lines. (aacrjournals.org)
In conclusion, nerve growth factor cDNA gene transfer into wild type SK-N-BE(2)C neuroblastoma results in decreased activation of the p-42/44 survival pathway and concomitant up-regulation of the p-38 apoptotic pathway, leading to a overall decreased rate of proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
Carmignoto G, Maffei L, Candeo P, Canella R, Comelli C (1989) Effect of NGF on the survival of rat retinal ganglion cells following optic nerve section. (springer.com)
Nerve growth factor enhonus Survival and cytotoxic activity of human eosinophils' Brit.J.Haematol.93. (nii.ac.jp)
The pro-survival mechanism of p75 NTR has been mediated by the activation of nuclear factor κB gene by a corresponding down-regulation of inhibitory κB gene. (biochemj.org)
Increased expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) has been found in the myocardium suffered from ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). The pro-survival activity of NGF on ischemic heart has been supposed to be mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway. (medsci.org)

These results suggest that one function of the elevated levels of NGF known to be present in embryonic and regenerating peripheral nerves is to promote the migration of Schwann cells. (pnas.org)
The present invention is relevant to human medicine, and, in particular, to the use of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) in a pharmaceutical composition, said composition is administered through infiltration at the periphery of nerve trunks and/or ganglia, for the morphofunctional restoration of peripheral nerves in painful, sensory-motor neuropathy, as well as ischemic neuritis. (freepatentsonline.com)
It is also relevant to an EGF containing composition, where this molecule can be formulated together with anesthetic or analgesic drugs, or encapsulated in microspheres, and their use for the morphofunctional restoration of peripheral nerves in painful, sensory-motor neuropathy, as well as in ischemic neuritis. (freepatentsonline.com)
The invention also includes a composition containing EGF which can be formulated together with anaesthetics or analgesics or encapsulated in microspheres and to the use thereof for the morphofunctional restoration of peripheral nerves in painful sensitive-motor-type diabetic neuropathy and the manifestations of ischemic neuritis. (google.com)

PC12 cells express juvenile microtubule-associated proteins during nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth. (springer.com)
Immunophilin ligands have been discovered to enhance neurite outgrowth in neuronal cell systems by increasing sensitivity to neurotrophic factors. (google.com)

Topical Recombinant Human Nerve Growth Factor (Cenegermin) for Neurotrophic Keratopathy: A Multicenter Randomized Vehicle-Controlled Pivotal Trial. (bioportfolio.com)
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical cenegermin (recombinant human nerve growth factor) in patients with neurotrophic keratopathy. (bioportfolio.com)
To assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of recombinant human nerve growth factor ( rhNGF ) in the treatment of HIV-associated sensory neuropathy. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The aim of this study is to evaluate safety and efficacy of recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF) eye drops in patients with DED. (bmj.com)

Like many other secreted growth factors, neurotrophins are synthesized as prepro-proteins. (pnas.org)
As far as neuropathic factors are concerned, NGF is the first discovered member of a family collectively indicated as neurotrophins. (benthamscience.com)
The nerve growth factor (NGF), a member of the neurotrophins family, plays an important role not only in the nervous but also in other non-nervous systems such as the reproductive system. (springer.com)
The neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) was the first growth factor to be identified and has served as a model for studying the mechanisms of action of neurotrophins and growth factors. (asm.org)
Nerve growth factor (NGF), the first identified and most well-known member of the family of neurotrophins, plays a crucial role in modulating function of central and peripheral nervous systems, endocrine, immune and visual system. (bmj.com)
Henceforth, recent treatment strategies have focused on neurotrophins, such as nerve growth factor (NGF) for myelin repair. (eurekaselect.com)

The activated transcription factor c-Jun regulates nuclear transcription via AP-1 to increase pro-apoptotic gene transcription. (wikipedia.org)
SEATTLE, June 2 - Rats with erectile dysfunction, or ED, that were injected with a gene therapy vector containing either of two nerve growth factors were able to regain normal function after four weeks, according to a study conducted by University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine researchers. (eurekalert.org)
A Phase II clinical study of Ceregene's CERE-110, a gene therapy product designed to deliver nerve growth factor (NGF) to the brain for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently underway. (adcs.org)
This Phase II study is a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial and employs gene therapy to deliver nerve growth factor (NGF) directly into the brain. (adcs.org)
Nerve growth factor activates Thy-1 and neurofilament gene transcription in rat PC12 cells. (springer.com)
An important function of this kinase cascade is to induce the phosphorylation and activation of transcription factors in the nucleus to initiate new programs of gene expression ( 31 ). (asm.org)
Transcriptional regulation of the neuropeptide Y gene by nerve growth factor: antagonism by glucocorticoids and potentiation by adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and phorbol ester. (curehunter.com)

Diffusion of Epidermal Growth Factor in Rat Brain Extracellular Space Measured by Integrative Optical Imaging", J. Neurophysiology, 92(6):3471-3481(2004). (freepatentsonline.com)
Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor induce rapid transient changes in proto-oncogene transcription in PC12 cells. (springer.com)

The global Mouse Nerve Growth Factor market is valued at xx million US$ in 2020 is expected to reach xx million US$ by the end of 2026, growing at a CAGR of xx% during 2021-2026. (reportsnreports.com)
This report focuses on Mouse Nerve Growth Factor volume and value at the global level, regional level and company level. (reportsnreports.com)
From a global perspective, this report represents overall Mouse Nerve Growth Factor market size by analysing historical data and future prospect. (reportsnreports.com)
The Mouse Nerve Growth Factor market is analysed and market size information is provided by regions (countries). (reportsnreports.com)

In addition, altered expression of cytokines, chemokines, and angiogenic and apoptotic related factors has been identified in the vitreous of patients with DME and PDR [ 23 - 27 ]. (hindawi.com)
Because nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a cardinal role in inflammation and pain, and because it interacts with multiple proinflammatory cytokines, we hypothesized that NGF acts as a key endogenous molecule involved in the orchestration of cancer-related inflammation. (aacrjournals.org)
Plasma nerve growth factor (NGF) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and MCP-1) in young and adult subjects with Down syndrome: an interesting pathway. (nel.edu)
Corsi A, Dogliotti I, Pedroni R, Palazzi L, Magni A, Chiappelli A, Licastro E, Plasma nerve growth factor (NGF) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and MCP-1) in young and adult subjects with Down syndrome: an interesting pathway. (nel.edu)
The CD4 + T cells continue to liberate inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), which activates macrophages and antibodies responsible for the phagocytosis of myelin. (eurekaselect.com)
4. Proinflammatory cytokines stimulate the expression of nerve growth factor by human intervertebral disc cells. (neuromics.com)

Transplanting extra legs onto the backs of tadpoles has been found to cause the outgrowth of nerve fibers from the central nervous system to the leg. (encyclopedia.com)
Nerve growth factor (NGF) can promote the outgrowth of neurites of the target ganglia. (cnki.com.cn)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) has the functions of cell protection, anti‑apoptosis and immune regulation, and may have potential application in diabetic periodontitis. (spandidos-publications.com)
Clegg DO, Large TH, Bodary SC, Reichardt LF (1989) Regulation of nerve growth factor mRNA levels in developing rat heart ventricle is not altered by sympathectomy. (springer.com)
5. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors modulate nerve growth factor-mediated regulation of amyloid precursor protein expression in PC12 cells. (neuromics.com)
Nerve Growth factor regulation of cyclin D1 in PC12 cells through a p2" by Francesco Marampon, Mathew C Casimiro et al. (jefferson.edu)
Nerve Growth factor regulation of cyclin D1 in PC12 cells through a p21RAS extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway requires cooperative interactions between Sp1 and nuclear factor-kappaB. (jefferson.edu)

Pharmacology of nerve growth factor and discovery of tanezumab, an anti-nerve growth factor antibody and pain therapeutic. (bioportfolio.com)
Li Y, Wang S, Xiao Y, Liu B and Pang J: Nerve growth factor enhances the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells on diabetic periodontitis. (spandidos-publications.com)

A study in this issue of PNAS ( 2 ) reveals that cutting the axons of a neuronal population involved in movement control leads to a progressive and dramatic increase of pro-nerve growth factor (NGF) in brain fluids. (pnas.org)
Our previous studies have demonstrated that diabetes-induced oxidative stress alters homeostasis of retinal nerve growth factor (NGF) resulting in accumulation of its precursor, proNGF, at the expense of NGF which plays a critical role in preserving neuronal and retinal function. (hindawi.com)
The study uncovers how cholinergic neuronal circuits, which help the cerebral cortex process information more efficiently, rely on neurotrophin-3, a chemical that stimulates nerve growth. (medicalxpress.com)
2 We share his interest in possible non-neuronal effects of nerve growth factor (NGF). (bmj.com)

The pharmacology of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and the discovery and development of tanezumab, a monoclonal anti-NGF antibody for the treatment of pain illustrate the complex and unpredictable nature o. (bioportfolio.com)

People with psychiatric disorders like depression, dementia, autism, schizophrenia, Rett syndrome, bulimia and anorexia nervosa have been shown to have reduced levels of nerve growth factor. (ihealthdirectory.com)
Clinical studies have also shown that when people first fall in love they will have increased levels of nerve growth factor for up to a year. (ihealthdirectory.com)
It is now thought that high levels of nerve growth factor can enable people to live a longer and healthier life. (ihealthdirectory.com)

The microcapsules deliver nerve growth factor, a peptide necessary for neuron growth. (neurosciencenews.com)
The heparin-binding peptide contained a factor XIIIa substrate and was covalently cross-linked to fibrin matrixes during polymn. (epfl.ch)
This cross-linked heparin-binding peptide served to immobilize heparin within the matrix, and this immobilized heparin interacted with the neurotrophin and slowed the passive release of the growth factor from the matrix. (epfl.ch)

Wei K, Liu L, Xie F, Hao X, Luo J, Min S. Nerve Growth Factor Protects the Ischemic Heart via Attenuation of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induced Apoptosis by Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase. (medsci.org)
Growth factors, including nerve growth factor (NGF), have been hypothesized to play a role in resistance to chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis. (aspetjournals.org)

Aloe L (1988) The effect of nerve growth factor and its antibody on mast cells in vivo. (springer.com)
Chandler CE, Parsons LM, Hosang M, Shooter EM (1984) A monoclonal antibody modulates the interaction of nerve growth factor with PC12 cells. (springer.com)

Augmented pain behaviour responses to intra-articular injection of nerve growth factor in two animal models of osteoarthritis. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Nerve growth factor (NGF) contributes to pain in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients. (bioportfolio.com)
Objectives Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a promising analgesic target, particularly in osteoarthritis (OA) where existing therapies are inadequate. (bmj.com)
Might nerve growth factor be the link interwinding obesity and osteoarthritis? (bmj.com)

Human Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in Vitro: Phenotypic Analysis and Differential Response to Growth Factors", GLIA, 44(2):153-165(2003). (freepatentsonline.com)
We conclude that NGF is one of the growth factors released by the AM in vitro. (arvojournals.org)
Winczyk K, Fuss-Chmielewska J, Lawnicka H, Pawlikowski M, Karasek M. Luzindole but not 4-phenyl-2- propionamidotetralin (4P-PDOT) diminishes the inhibitory effect of melatonin on murine Colon 38 cancer growth in vitro. (nel.edu)

In animal models, NGF is depleted in diabetic nerves and NGF deprivation produces hypoalgesia. (nih.gov)
Exogenous NGF can reverse some of the pathological changes in diabetic nerves and NGF excess leads to hyperalgesia. (nih.gov)
Endothelial cell death and acellular capillary formation further impair the retinal blood supply leading to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) which is characterized by growth of fragile, leaky blood vessels and loss of vision [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Changes in level of nerve growth factor (NGF) have been previously assessed in diabetic patients in relation to diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy [ 28 - 30 ]. (hindawi.com)
The purpose of this study is to investigate whether corneal nerve is altered in diabetic mice and examine whether the topical application of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (rhIGF-I) normalized these alterations. (arvojournals.org)
In addition, the subbasal density of the corneal nerves was measured in all groups, including rhIGF-1-treated diabetic mice. (arvojournals.org)
0.00001) was observed, whereas the corneal subbasal nerve density significantly increased in the rhIGF-1-treated diabetic group. (arvojournals.org)

A protein called nerve-growth factor is important for the growth of some parts of the mammalian nervous system. (britannica.com)
NGF increases the growth of nerve cells, especially those in the peripheral nervous system , and directs the growth and orientation of nerve cell axons (processes which carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to adjoining dendrites). (encyclopedia.com)
During the more than twenty years since its discovery (11), the nerve growth factor (NGF) has been indeed demonstrated to be an essential protagonist in the growth and development of the sympathetic nervous system (12). (springer.com)
They have discovered that NGF and other neurotrophin family members are responsible for the growth of the nervous system and can control it. (ihealthdirectory.com)
Nerve growth factor, or NGF, is one of the most important molecules in the nervous system, said Chris Garcia, PhD, assistant professor of microbiology and immunology and of structural biology. (extropy.org)
Sustained local delivery of bioactive nerve growth factor in the central nervous system via tunable diblock copolypeptide hydrogel depots. (wingsforlife.com)
Ayer-Le Lievre C, Ebendal T, Olson L, Seiger A (1983) Localization of nerve growth factor-like immunoreactivity in rat nervous tissue. (springer.com)

The expression and role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in pulmonary hypertension]. (nih.gov)
In this review, we present the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in pain generation, relationship between NGF and OA pain, and pathogenic factors (interleukin-1β, transforming growth factor-β1, mechanical loading, and adipokines) involved in OA development. (dovepress.com)

Mechanisms of lymphocyte activation by nerve growth factor. (bio.net)

1990) Nerve Growth Factor Induces Increased Expression of a Laminin-Binding Integrin in Rat Pheochromocytoma PC12 Cells. (scirp.org)
One candidate "organizing" molecule enriched in perinatal dLGN was FGF22, a secreted cue that induces the formation of excitatory nerve terminals in muscle, hippocampus, and cerebellum. (frontiersin.org)

The term nerve growth factor usually refers to the 2.5S, 26-kDa beta subunit of the protein, the only component of the 7S NGF complex that is biologically active (i.e. acting as signaling molecules). (wikipedia.org)
The beta subunit is accountable for its growth stimulating activity. (prospecbio.com)

NGF is one of many growth factors found to be essential in cell division (mitosis), and has been isolated from a variety of cells such as mouse salivary glands and developing nerve tissue. (encyclopedia.com)
Injection of NGF into young mice or chickens causes the nerve cell bodies in sympathetic and sensory ganglia to enlarge, and seems to be essential for cell division (mitosis) in sympathetic nerve cells. (encyclopedia.com)
Fluorescent protein studies also showed that the delivered genes had been effectively incorporated into the target nerve cells. (eurekalert.org)
Results show that Schwann cells migrate more rapidly on denervated than on normal sciatic nerve. (pnas.org)
Incorporation of H 3 -leucine into dorsal root ganglion cells in rats was markedly increased over that of controls following section of sciatic and femoral nerves. (sciencemag.org)
Crush lesion of dorsal roots did not increase the H 3 -leucine uptake of these cells except in animals which had received nerve growth factor after the operation. (sciencemag.org)
Nerve growth factor reduces amiloride-sensitive Na+ transport in human airway epithelial cells. (cdc.gov)
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is a protein that is necessary for the growth and health of nerve cells. (ihealthdirectory.com)
Without Nerve Growth Factor the nerve cells would not grow properly and can being to branch out or elongate. (ihealthdirectory.com)
NFG eye drops have been shown to protect retinal and optic nerve cells and may even be able to reverse loss of eyesight in patients with glaucoma. (ihealthdirectory.com)
Mechanisms whereby nerve growth factor increases diacylglycerol levels in differentiating PC12 cells. (biomedsearch.com)
We previously showed indirectly that the increase in diacylglycerol (DAG) levels caused by exposing differentiating PC12 cells to nerve growth factor (NGF) must derive mainly from de novo synthesis and, to a lesser and transient extent, from the hydrolysis of [3H]phosphatidylinositol (PI). (biomedsearch.com)
CERE-110 is an experimental drug that is designed to help nerve cells i. (bioportfolio.com)
We have identified two nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced polypeptides (M r 80,000 and 90,000) in PC12 cells that are heat stable and not sulfated. (springer.com)
Nerve growth factor (NGF), which plays important roles in promoting growth and differentiation of nerve cells, has recently been reported as a regulator in pancreatic β cells in terms of insulin releasing function. (sigmaaldrich.com)
We found that supplementation of cultured islets with NGF improved the viability of islet cells and induced the production of insulin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and cellular proliferative markers. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Histological analysis revealed higher expression of insulin and vascular endothelial growth factor, an increase in proliferative β cells, and revascularization in NGF-pretreated islet grafts without activation of any inflammatory cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The scientists have determined the circuits need this chemical in order to recognize and reach their target nerve cells in the brain. (medicalxpress.com)
In experiments with mice, without neurotrophin-3 to direct growth, the developing cholinergic nerve fibers appeared to not recognize their normal target cells in the brain. (medicalxpress.com)
Because of this, the axon nerve fibers aided by these circuits grew irregularly and missed their specific target neural cells. (medicalxpress.com)
These findings show that depots of DCH injected into CNS can provide sustained delivery within the blood-brain barrier of a bioactive protein growth factor that exerts a predicted, quantifiable effect on local cells over a prolonged subacute time. (wingsforlife.com)
In addition, although NGF is produced by breast cancer cells, it is not in normal breast epithelial cells, giving rise to an autocrine stimulation of tumor growth. (eurekaselect.com)
Mast cells are the primary initiating cells of immediate hypersensitivity reactions and also function as an effector cell in the process of inflammatory reaction and tissue remodeling : In the present research project, we investigated activation of mast cells by nerve growth factor (NGF) which has broader biologic activities on immunocompetent cells. (nii.ac.jp)
Many of the IEGs encode transcription factors whose expression is required for the activation of a class of delayed-response genes, which encode proteins that may contribute to the differentiation of NGF-treated PC12 cells ( 31 , 43 ). (asm.org)
2. Tumor suppressor proteins are differentially affected in human ependymoblastoma and medulloblastoma cells exposed to nerve growth factor. (neuromics.com)

Antibodies to NGF or to LNGFR strongly, but incompletely, inhibit enhanced migration on denervated nerves. (pnas.org)
6. Biological roles of anti-GM1 antibodies in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome for nerve growth factor signaling. (neuromics.com)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a polypeptide, a molecule composed of several amino acid units that has a protein-like behavior, but is not as complex as a protein in structure. (encyclopedia.com)
Mouse nerve growthfactor beta produced in Submaxillary gland of grown mouse is a homodimer, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 2 identical 120 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 13,471 Dalton each. (creativebiomart.net)

Nerve growth factor has been able to be applied now for the treatment of such diseases as Alzheimer's disease and spinal cord injuries. (ihealthdirectory.com)
Genetic factors associated with the predisposition to late onset Alzheimer's disease. (bioportfolio.com)
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for developing chronic neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD). (bioportfolio.com)
This study shows that a neurotrophin-3 therapy may be able to induce nerve fibers to regrow in the cerebral cortex, which would be beneficial to people with Alzheimer's. (medicalxpress.com)
In further studies on this subject, supported by a recently awarded three-year grant from the Alzheimer's Association, Robertson and his colleagues are testing the respective roles of nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 in a laboratory model of Alzheimer's disease. (medicalxpress.com)

Postoperatively, at day 30, small nerve buds were observed in the periphery of the corneal graft in 13 eyes (43.3% of cases) but not in 17 eyes (56.7% of cases), which showed a significant correlation with the NFG content of tear fluid (coefficient = −3.370, P = 0.010). (ovid.com)
By postoperative day 90, small nerve buds were observed in the periphery of the corneal graft in 24 eyes (80.0% of cases) and showed a significant correlation with the NFG content of tear fluid (coefficient = −2.750, P = 0.006). (ovid.com)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) was found to activate multiple signaling pathways that mediate the phosphorylation of CREB at the critical regulatory site, serine 133 (Ser-133). (asm.org)
These findings indicate that NGF activates two distinct MAPK pathways, both of which contribute to the phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB and the activation of immediate-early genes. (asm.org)

Scientists have found a molecule that guides the growth of nerve cell axons in the visual retina of chick embryos. (encyclopedia.com)
b) selecting those factors that demonstrate essentially the same biological activity as wild-type nerve growth molecule. (freepatentsonline.com)
Nerve growth factor (NGF), a naturally occurring molecule in our body is essential for the maintenanceand development of nerves. (nottingham.ac.uk)

Transforming growth factor-β stimulates nerve growth factor production in osteoarthritic synovium. (bioportfolio.com)
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) stimulates NGF expression in chondrocytes from KOA patients. (bioportfolio.com)

Of the 50 to 100 IEGs that are activated by NGF and other growth factors, the c- fos proto-oncogene has been most extensively studied. (asm.org)

Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Protects Oligodendrocytes from Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Injury", Endocrinology, 140(7):3063-3072(1999). (freepatentsonline.com)
In the other half of cancers p53 itself is normal, but is often disabled by proteins that promote tumor growth. (elifesciences.org)

Objective To study the mechanisms that are involved in nerve growth and contribute to pain generation in chronic pancreatitis (CP). (ovid.com)
The mechanisms that influence nerve growth are not known. (ovid.com)
The mechanisms by which growth factor-induced signals are propagated to the nucleus, leading to the activation of the transcription factor CREB, have been characterized. (asm.org)

To test this possibility, we examined the effects of NGF on Schwann cell migration on cryostat sections of biologically relevant NGF-poor and NGF-rich substrates--normal or denervated peripheral (sciatic) nerve, untreated or pretreated with NGF. (pnas.org)

Levi-Montalcini further showed that the tumour caused similar cell growth in a nerve-tissue culture kept alive in the laboratory, and Stanley Cohen, who by then had joined her at Washington University, was able to isolate the NGF from the tumour. (britannica.com)
It is perhaps the prototypical growth factor , in that it is one of the first to be described - that work by Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen was rewarded with a Nobel Prize. (bionity.com)
Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini won the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of NGF and other growth factors. (bionity.com)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is trophic to sensory and sympathetic fibers. (nih.gov)
nerve growth factor, sympathetic fibers, and right ventricle pressure overload. (neuromics.com)

The precursor for nerve growth factor (proNGF) is not a serum or biopsy-rinse biomarker for thyroid cancer diagnosis. (nih.gov)
The Precursor for Nerve Growth Factor (proNGF) in Thyroid Cancer Lymph Node Metastases: Correlation with Primary Tumour and Pathological Variables. (nih.gov)

Anatomy59

Organisms8

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs114

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Phenomena and Processes35

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Expression of the naturally occurring truncated trkB neurotrophin receptor induces outgrowth of filopodia and processes in neuroblastoma cells. (1/4749)

Ral-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity opposes other Ras effectors in PC12 cells by inhibiting neurite outgrowth. (2/4749)

Neu differentiation factor stimulates phosphorylation and activation of the Sp1 transcription factor. (3/4749)

Regulation of neurotrophin-3 expression by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions: the role of Wnt factors. (4/4749)

Activated macrophages and microglia induce dopaminergic sprouting in the injured striatum and express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. (5/4749)

Isolation and characterization of nerve growth factor from the venom of Naja naja atra. (6/4749)

Prior exposure to neurotrophins blocks inhibition of axonal regeneration by MAG and myelin via a cAMP-dependent mechanism. (7/4749)

Characterization of elementary Ca2+ release signals in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons. (8/4749)

Nerve Growth Factor

Nerve Growth Factors

Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor

Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor

Receptor, trkA

PC12 Cells

Epidermal Growth Factor

Pheochromocytoma

Sciatic Nerve

Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor

Fibroblast Growth Factor 2

Neurites

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

Neurotrophin 3

Peripheral Nerves

Transforming Growth Factor beta

Cells, Cultured

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms

Fibroblast Growth Factors

Nerve Fibers

Nerve Regeneration

Ganglia, Spinal

RNA, Messenger

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

Signal Transduction

Neurons

Growth Substances

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

Insulin-Like Growth Factor I

Transforming Growth Factors

Optic Nerve

Hepatocyte Growth Factor

Endothelial Growth Factors

Transforming Growth Factor alpha

Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Cell Differentiation

Cell Line

Cell Division

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors

Indole Alkaloids

Phosphorylation

Choline O-Acetyltransferase

Ganglia, Sympathetic

Nerve Tissue Proteins

Nerve Crush

Ganglia, Autonomic

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Immunohistochemistry

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

Molecular Sequence Data

Axons

Receptors, Cell Surface

Receptors, Growth Factor

Submandibular Gland

Cell Survival

Gene Expression Regulation

Insulin-Like Growth Factor II

Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor

Transforming Growth Factor beta1

Nerve Endings

Peripheral Nerve Injuries

Trigeminal Nerve

Neurons, Afferent

Transfection

Sympathetic Nervous System

Chick Embryo

Gene Expression

Superior Cervical Ganglion

Nerve Block

Fibroblast Growth Factor 1

Kinetics

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Receptor, trkC

Sural Nerve

Recombinant Proteins

Enzyme Activation

Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

Median Nerve

Facial Nerve

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug