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Nerve EndingsSciatic NerveNerve FibersPeripheral NervesOptic NerveSynaptosomesPituitary Gland, PosteriorMechanoreceptorsNerve RegenerationNeurons, AfferentNeurosecretionTrigeminal NerveSensory Receptor CellsNerve BlockNeuromuscular JunctionSympathetic Nervous SystemElectric StimulationSural NerveMedian NerveFacial NerveNerve CrushPeripheral Nerve InjuriesTibial NerveUlnar NerveMotor NeuronsPhrenic NerveCatsAcetylcholineNeural ConductionMerkel CellsMuscle SpindlesFemoral NerveAxonsSpinal NervesMotor EndplateNorepinephrineCapsaicinMicroscopy, ElectronNerve Growth FactorsNerve Growth FactorSpinal Nerve RootsPacinian CorpusclesNeurons, EfferentLaryngeal MucosaRadial NerveSubstance PCranial NervesGuinea PigsDenervationAfferent PathwaysNerve TissueNeurotransmitter AgentsMandibular NerveCalcitonin Gene-Related PeptideNerve Compression SyndromesThermoreceptorsNerve Tissue ProteinsMolesSynaptic VesiclesRana pipiensOphthalmic NerveUbiquitin ThiolesteraseNociceptorsCochlear NerveAction PotentialsNerve DegenerationSynaptic TransmissionPresynaptic TerminalsOculomotor MusclesGuanethidineRats, Sprague-DawleyAbducens NerveCalciumNerve Fibers, MyelinatedOculomotor NerveSynapsinsSynaptophysinAtropineSplanchnic NervesAdrenergic FibersGlossopharyngeal NerveGanglia, Autonomicrab3A GTP-Binding ProteinReceptors, Histamine H3Muscle ContractionMusclesElectrophysiologyParasympathetic Nervous SystemNodose GanglionRats, WistarNerve Fibers, UnmyelinatedPhysical StimulationGanglia, SensoryNeurofilament ProteinsOptic Nerve Injuries2-ChloroadenosineOptic Nerve DiseasesChemoreceptor CellsGanglia, SpinalImmunohistochemistryHydroxydopaminesThoracic NervesVagus NerveSympathectomyReflexFasciculationAccessory NerveSkinCarotid BodyTachyphylaxisTetrodotoxinFacial Nerve InjuriesSynapsesAcetylcholinesteraseHistamine AgonistsCranial Nerve NeoplasmsFacial Nerve DiseasesMotor Neurons, GammaThiolester HydrolasesNictitating MembraneSynaptic MembranesRecurrent Laryngeal NerveRats, Inbred StrainsLingual NerveDogsOlfactory NerveMembrane PotentialsAxonal TransportAdenosineDesipramineDiaphragmReserpineHypoglossal NerveElectric OrganPhenoxybenzamineAnuraSerotoninBrainNordefrinCalbindin 1Receptors, Presynapticomega-ConotoxinsEvoked PotentialsExocytosisReceptors, Nerve Growth FactorHistocytochemistryTracheaPhentolamineTachykininsNoseAbducens Nerve DiseasesVestibular NerveAminobutyratesDopamineNeuronsNeuropeptidesPotassiumCholinesterasesMaxillary NerveJoint CapsuleHexamethonium CompoundsPressoreceptorsOculomotor Nerve DiseasesCalcium Channel BlockersNerve Sheath NeoplasmsBotulinum ToxinsPhysostigmineTRPV Cation ChannelsPeripheral Nervous System DiseasesMuscle, SmoothHeartDose-Response Relationship, DrugReceptors, PurinergicPargylinePeriodontal LigamentTendonsSpinal CordHemicholinium 3Pineal GlandGanglionic BlockersCold TemperatureSchwann CellsAutonomic Nervous SystemCatecholaminesSciatic NeuropathyHindlimbMicroscopy, ImmunoelectronSodiumCranial Nerve InjuriesReceptors, Adrenergic, alphaS100 Calcium Binding Protein GEpinephrineReceptors, AdrenergicCerebral CortexAmidinesNeurotoxinsChorda Tympani NerveRabbitsStimulation, ChemicalPainCalcium Channels
Nerve Endings: Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Synaptosomes: Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.Pituitary Gland, Posterior: Neural tissue of the pituitary gland, also known as the neurohypophysis. It consists of the distal AXONS of neurons that produce VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN in the SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS and the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS. These axons travel down through the MEDIAN EMINENCE, the hypothalamic infundibulum of the PITUITARY STALK, to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.Mechanoreceptors: Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptor cells include the INNER EAR hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.Nerve Regeneration: Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.Neurons, Afferent: Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Neurosecretion: The production and release of substances such as NEUROTRANSMITTERS or HORMONES from nerve cells.Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.Sensory Receptor Cells: Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.Nerve Block: Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Sural Nerve: A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot.Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand.Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.Nerve Crush: Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.Peripheral Nerve Injuries: Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.Ulnar Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm.Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.Phrenic Nerve: The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.Neural Conduction: The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.Merkel Cells: Modified epidermal cells located in the stratum basale. They are found mostly in areas where sensory perception is acute, such as the fingertips. Merkel cells are closely associated with an expanded terminal bulb of an afferent myelinated nerve fiber. Do not confuse with Merkel's corpuscle which is a combination of a neuron and an epidermal cell.Muscle Spindles: Skeletal muscle structures that function as the MECHANORECEPTORS responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex (REFLEX, STRETCH). They are composed of a bundle of encapsulated SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS, i.e., the intrafusal fibers (nuclear bag 1 fibers, nuclear bag 2 fibers, and nuclear chain fibers) innervated by SENSORY NEURONS.Femoral Nerve: A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.Motor Endplate: The specialized postsynaptic region of a muscle cell. The motor endplate is immediately across the synaptic cleft from the presynaptic axon terminal. Among its anatomical specializations are junctional folds which harbor a high density of cholinergic receptors.Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.Capsaicin: An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Nerve Growth Factors: Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.Nerve Growth Factor: NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.Spinal Nerve Roots: Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.Pacinian Corpuscles: Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors found in subcutaneous tissue beneath both hairy and glabrous skin. Pacinian corpuscles contain an afferent nerve fiber surrounded by a capsule with multiple concentric layers. They have large receptive fields and are most sensitive to high-frequency stimuli, such as vibration.Neurons, Efferent: Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.Laryngeal Mucosa: The mucous lining of the LARYNX, consisting of various types of epithelial cells ranging from stratified squamous EPITHELIUM in the upper larynx to ciliated columnar epithelium in the rest of the larynx, mucous GOBLET CELLS, and glands containing both mucous and serous cells.Radial Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans the fibers of the radial nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C5 to T1), travel via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and supply motor innervation to extensor muscles of the arm and cutaneous sensory fibers to extensor regions of the arm and hand.Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.Denervation: The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)Afferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.Nerve Tissue: Differentiated tissue of the central nervous system composed of NERVE CELLS, fibers, DENDRITES, and specialized supporting cells.Neurotransmitter Agents: Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.Mandibular Nerve: A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide: Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.Nerve Compression Syndromes: Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.Thermoreceptors: Cellular receptors which mediate the sense of temperature. Thermoreceptors in vertebrates are mostly located under the skin. In mammals there are separate types of thermoreceptors for cold and for warmth and NOCICEPTORS which detect cold or heat extreme enough to cause pain.Nerve Tissue ProteinsMoles: Any of numerous burrowing mammals found in temperate regions and having minute eyes often covered with skin.Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents.Rana pipiens: A highly variable species of the family Ranidae in Canada, the United States and Central America. It is the most widely used Anuran in biomedical research.Ophthalmic Nerve: A sensory branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The ophthalmic nerve carries general afferents from the superficial division of the face including the eyeball, conjunctiva, upper eyelid, upper nose, nasal mucosa, and scalp.Ubiquitin Thiolesterase: A thioester hydrolase which acts on esters formed between thiols such as DITHIOTHREITOL or GLUTATHIONE and the C-terminal glycine residue of UBIQUITIN.Nociceptors: Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM. They mediate the sense of hearing.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Nerve Degeneration: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.Oculomotor Muscles: The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Abducens Nerve: The 6th cranial nerve which originates in the ABDUCENS NUCLEUS of the PONS and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the EYE. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Nerve Fibers, Myelinated: A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.Oculomotor Nerve: The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain.Synapsins: A family of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins involved in the short-term regulation of NEUROTRANSMITTER release. Synapsin I, the predominant member of this family, links SYNAPTIC VESICLES to ACTIN FILAMENTS in the presynaptic nerve terminal. These interactions are modulated by the reversible PHOSPHORYLATION of synapsin I through various signal transduction pathways. The protein is also a substrate for cAMP- and CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. It is believed that these functional properties are also shared by synapsin II.Synaptophysin: A MARVEL domain-containing protein found in the presynaptic vesicles of NEURONS and NEUROENDOCRINE CELLS. It is commonly used as an immunocytochemical marker for neuroendocrine differentiation.Atropine: An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.Splanchnic Nerves: The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen. The greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses. The lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia.Adrenergic Fibers: Nerve fibers liberating catecholamines at a synapse after an impulse.Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS of the carotid sinus.Ganglia, Autonomic: Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.rab3A GTP-Binding Protein: The most abundant member of the RAB3 GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It is involved in calcium-dependent EXOCYTOSIS and is localized to neurons and neuroendocrine cells. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Receptors, Histamine H3: A class of histamine receptors discriminated by their pharmacology and mode of action. Histamine H3 receptors were first recognized as inhibitory autoreceptors on histamine-containing nerve terminals and have since been shown to regulate the release of several neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (From Biochem Soc Trans 1992 Feb;20(1):122-5)Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.Muscles: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Parasympathetic Nervous System: The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.Nodose Ganglion: The inferior (caudal) ganglion of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. The unipolar nodose ganglion cells are sensory cells with central projections to the medulla and peripheral processes traveling in various branches of the vagus nerve.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated: A class of nerve fibers as defined by their nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the unmyelinated nerve fibers are small in diameter and usually several are surrounded by a single MYELIN SHEATH. They conduct low-velocity impulses, and represent the majority of peripheral sensory and autonomic fibers, but are also found in the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.Physical Stimulation: Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.Ganglia, Sensory: Clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons. Sensory ganglia may also have intrinsic interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells.Neurofilament Proteins: Type III intermediate filament proteins that assemble into neurofilaments, the major cytoskeletal element in nerve axons and dendrites. They consist of three distinct polypeptides, the neurofilament triplet. Types I, II, and IV intermediate filament proteins form other cytoskeletal elements such as keratins and lamins. It appears that the metabolism of neurofilaments is disturbed in Alzheimer's disease, as indicated by the presence of neurofilament epitopes in the neurofibrillary tangles, as well as by the severe reduction of the expression of the gene for the light neurofilament subunit of the neurofilament triplet in brains of Alzheimer's patients. (Can J Neurol Sci 1990 Aug;17(3):302)Optic Nerve Injuries: Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. These may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. Clinical manifestations may include visual loss, PAPILLEDEMA, and an afferent pupillary defect.2-Chloroadenosine: 2-Chloroadenosine. A metabolically stable analog of adenosine which acts as an adenosine receptor agonist. The compound has a potent effect on the peripheral and central nervous system.Optic Nerve Diseases: Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.Chemoreceptor Cells: Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptor cells may monitor external stimuli, as in TASTE and OLFACTION, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE in the blood.Ganglia, Spinal: Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Hydroxydopamines: Dopamines with a hydroxy group substituted in one or more positions.Thoracic Nerves: The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven INTERCOSTAL NERVES and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls.Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).Sympathectomy: The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.Fasciculation: Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations can often by visualized and take the form of a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)Accessory Nerve: The 11th cranial nerve which originates from NEURONS in the MEDULLA and in the CERVICAL SPINAL CORD. It has a cranial root, which joins the VAGUS NERVE (10th cranial) and sends motor fibers to the muscles of the LARYNX, and a spinal root, which sends motor fibers to the TRAPEZIUS and the sternocleidomastoid muscles.Skin: The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.Carotid Body: A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control.Tachyphylaxis: Rapidly decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after administration of a few doses. In immunology, it is the rapid immunization against the effect of toxic doses of an extract or serum by previous injection of small doses. (Dorland, 28th ed)Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.Facial Nerve Injuries: Traumatic injuries to the facial nerve. This may result in FACIAL PARALYSIS, decreased lacrimation and salivation, and loss of taste sensation in the anterior tongue. The nerve may regenerate and reform its original pattern of innervation, or regenerate aberrantly, resulting in inappropriate lacrimation in response to gustatory stimuli (e.g., "crocodile tears") and other syndromes.Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.Histamine Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate histamine receptors. Although they have been suggested for a variety of clinical applications histamine agonists have so far been more widely used in research than therapeutically.Cranial Nerve Neoplasms: Benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from one or more of the twelve cranial nerves.Facial Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation.Motor Neurons, Gamma: Motor neurons which activate the contractile regions of intrafusal SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS, thus adjusting the sensitivity of the MUSCLE SPINDLES to stretch. Gamma motor neurons may be "static" or "dynamic" according to which aspect of responsiveness (or which fiber types) they regulate. The alpha and gamma motor neurons are often activated together (alpha gamma coactivation) which allows the spindles to contribute to the control of movement trajectories despite changes in muscle length.Thiolester HydrolasesNictitating Membrane: A fold of the mucous membrane of the CONJUNCTIVA in many animals. At rest, it is hidden in the medial canthus. It can extend to cover part or all of the cornea to help clean the CORNEA.Synaptic Membranes: Cell membranes associated with synapses. Both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are included along with their integral or tightly associated specializations for the release or reception of transmitters.Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve: Branches of the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerves originate more caudally than the superior laryngeal nerves and follow different paths on the right and left sides. They carry efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid and carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Lingual Nerve: A sensory branch of the MANDIBULAR NERVE, which is part of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The lingual nerve carries general afferent fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the mandibular gingivae.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Olfactory Nerve: The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB.Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Axonal Transport: The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the THORACIC CAVITY from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding INHALATION.Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.Hypoglossal Nerve: The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles.Electric Organ: In about 250 species of electric fishes, modified muscle fibers forming disklike multinucleate plates arranged in stacks like batteries in series and embedded in a gelatinous matrix. A large torpedo ray may have half a million plates. Muscles in different parts of the body may be modified, i.e., the trunk and tail in the electric eel, the hyobranchial apparatus in the electric ray, and extrinsic eye muscles in the stargazers. Powerful electric organs emit pulses in brief bursts several times a second. They serve to stun prey and ward off predators. A large torpedo ray can produce of shock of more than 200 volts, capable of stunning a human. (Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p672)Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.Anura: An order of the class Amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. They are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. The term "toad" is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family Bufonidae.Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Nordefrin: A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.Calbindin 1: A calcium-binding protein that mediates calcium HOMEOSTASIS in KIDNEYS, BRAIN, and other tissues. It is found in well-defined populations of NEURONS and is involved in CALCIUM SIGNALING and NEURONAL PLASTICITY. It is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.Receptors, Presynaptic: Neurotransmitter receptors located on or near presynaptic terminals or varicosities. Presynaptic receptors which bind transmitter molecules released by the terminal itself are termed AUTORECEPTORS.omega-Conotoxins: A family of structurally related neurotoxic peptides from mollusk venom that inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane. They selectively inhibit N-, P-, and Q-type calcium channels.Evoked Potentials: Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the CELL MEMBRANE.Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor: Cell surface receptors that bind NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; (NGF) and a NGF-related family of neurotrophic factors that includes neurotrophins, BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR and CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR.Histocytochemistry: Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi.Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.Tachykinins: A family of biologically active peptides sharing a common conserved C-terminal sequence, -Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2, where X is either an aromatic or a branched aliphatic amino acid. Members of this family have been found in mammals, amphibians, and mollusks. Tachykinins have diverse pharmacological actions in the central nervous system and the cardiovascular, genitourinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, as well as in glandular tissues. This diversity of activity is due to the existence of three or more subtypes of tachykinin receptors.Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.Abducens Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in the pons. The nerve may be injured along its course in the pons, intracranially as it travels along the base of the brain, in the cavernous sinus, or at the level of superior orbital fissure or orbit. Dysfunction of the nerve causes lateral rectus muscle weakness, resulting in horizontal diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is abducted and ESOTROPIA. Common conditions associated with nerve injury include INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ISCHEMIA; and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.Vestibular Nerve: The vestibular part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The vestibular nerve fibers arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project peripherally to vestibular hair cells and centrally to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM. These fibers mediate the sense of balance and head position.Aminobutyrates: Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the aliphatic structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure.Dopamine: One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Neuropeptides: Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.Potassium: An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.CholinesterasesMaxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura.Joint Capsule: The sac enclosing a joint. It is composed of an outer fibrous articular capsule and an inner SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.Hexamethonium Compounds: Compounds containing the hexamethylenebis(trimethylammonium) cation. Members of this group frequently act as antihypertensive agents and selective ganglionic blocking agents.Pressoreceptors: Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.Oculomotor Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the oculomotor nerve or nucleus that result in weakness or paralysis of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, or levator palpebrae muscles, or impaired parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. With a complete oculomotor palsy, the eyelid will be paralyzed, the eye will be in an abducted and inferior position, and the pupil will be markedly dilated. Commonly associated conditions include neoplasms, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, ischemia (especially in association with DIABETES MELLITUS), and aneurysmal compression. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p270)Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.Nerve Sheath Neoplasms: Neoplasms which arise from nerve sheaths formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM or by OLIGODENDROCYTES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, NEUROFIBROMA, and NEURILEMMOMA are relatively common tumors in this category.Botulinum Toxins: Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS.Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.TRPV Cation Channels: A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after vanilloid receptor. They are very sensitive to TEMPERATURE and hot spicy food and CAPSAICIN. They have the TRP domain and ANKYRIN repeats. Selectivity for CALCIUM over SODIUM ranges from 3 to 100 fold.Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.Muscle, Smooth: Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Heart: The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Receptors, Purinergic: Cell surface proteins that bind PURINES with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The best characterized classes of purinergic receptors in mammals are the P1 receptors, which prefer ADENOSINE, and the P2 receptors, which prefer ATP or ADP.Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.Periodontal Ligament: The fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE surrounding the TOOTH ROOT, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS).Tendons: Fibrous bands or cords of CONNECTIVE TISSUE at the ends of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that serve to attach the MUSCLES to bones and other structures.Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.Pineal Gland: A light-sensitive neuroendocrine organ attached to the roof of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain. The pineal gland secretes MELATONIN, other BIOGENIC AMINES and NEUROPEPTIDES.Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery.Cold Temperature: An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.Schwann Cells: Neuroglial cells of the peripheral nervous system which form the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons.Autonomic Nervous System: The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.Catecholamines: A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.Sciatic Neuropathy: Disease or damage involving the SCIATIC NERVE, which divides into the PERONEAL NERVE and TIBIAL NERVE (see also PERONEAL NEUROPATHIES and TIBIAL NEUROPATHY). Clinical manifestations may include SCIATICA or pain localized to the hip, PARESIS or PARALYSIS of posterior thigh muscles and muscles innervated by the peroneal and tibial nerves, and sensory loss involving the lateral and posterior thigh, posterior and lateral leg, and sole of the foot. The sciatic nerve may be affected by trauma; ISCHEMIA; COLLAGEN DISEASES; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1363)Hindlimb: Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)Microscopy, Immunoelectron: Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays.Sodium: A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.Cranial Nerve Injuries: Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha: One of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors that were originally defined by the relative potencies of various adrenergic compounds. The alpha receptors were initially described as excitatory receptors that post-junctionally stimulate SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction. However, further analysis has revealed a more complex picture involving several alpha receptor subtypes and their involvement in feedback regulation.S100 Calcium Binding Protein G: A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.Receptors, Adrenergic: Cell-surface proteins that bind epinephrine and/or norepinephrine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. The two major classes of adrenergic receptors, alpha and beta, were originally discriminated based on their cellular actions but now are distinguished by their relative affinity for characteristic synthetic ligands. Adrenergic receptors may also be classified according to the subtypes of G-proteins with which they bind; this scheme does not respect the alpha-beta distinction.Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.AmidinesNeurotoxins: Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.Chorda Tympani Nerve: A branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve which passes through the middle ear and continues through the petrotympanic fissure. The chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and conveys parasympathetic efferents to the salivary glands.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Stimulation, Chemical: The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.Pain: An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

Further evidence that prostaglandins inhibit the release of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerve terminals by restriction of availability of calcium. (1/1058)

1 Guinea-pig vasa deferentia were continuously superfused after labelling the transmitter stores with [3H](-)-noradrenaline. Release of [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline was induced by transmural nerve stimulation. 2 Prostglandin E2 (14 nM) drastically reduced the release of [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline, while tetraethylammonium (2 mM), rubidium (6 mM), phenoxybenzamine (3 muM) each in the presence or absence of Uptake 1 or 2 blockade, and prolonged pulse duration (from 0.5 to 2.0 ms) all significantly increased the release of [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline per nerve impulse. 3 The inhibitory effect of prostaglandin E2 on evoked release of [3H]-(-)-noradrenaline was significantly reduced by tetraethylammonium, rubidium and prolonged pulse duration, whilst it was actually enhanced by phenoxybenzamine. This indicates that increased release of noradrenaline per nerve impulse does not per se counteract the inhibitory effect of prostaglandin E2. 4 It is concluded that tetraethylammonium, rubidium and prolonged pulse duration counteracted the inhibitory effect of prostaglandin E2 on T3H]-(-)-noradrenaline release by promoting calcium influx during the nerve action potential. The results are consistent with, and add more weight to the view that prostaglandins inhibit the release of noradrenaline by restriction of calcium availability.  (+info)

Facilitatory beta2-adrenoceptors on cholinergic and adrenergic nerve endings of the guinea pig trachea. (2/1058)

Using electrical field stimulation of epithelium-denuded intact guinea pig tracheal tube preparations, we studied the presence and role of prejunctional beta2-adrenoceptors by measuring evoked endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) release directly. Analysis of ACh and NE was through two HPLC systems with electrochemical detection. Electrical field stimulation (150 mA, 0.8 ms, 16 Hz, 5 min, biphasic pulses) released 29.1 +/- 2.5 pmol ACh/g tissue and 70.2 +/- 6.2 pmol NE/g tissue. Preincubation for 15 min with the selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist fenoterol (1 microM) increased both ACh and NE overflow to 178 +/- 28 (P < 0.01) and 165 +/- 12% (P < 0.01), respectively, of control values, increases that were abolished completely by the selective beta2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI-118551 (1 microM). Further experiments with increasing fenoterol concentrations (0.1-100 microM) and different preincubation periods (1, 5, and 15 min) showed a strong and concentration-dependent facilitation of NE release, with maximum response levels decreasing (from nearly 5-fold to only 2.5-fold of control value) with increasing agonist contact time. In contrast, sensitivity of facilitatory beta2-adrenoceptors on cholinergic nerves to fenoterol gradually increased when the incubation period was prolonged; in addition, a bell-shaped concentration-response relationship was found at 15 min of preincubation. Fenoterol concentration-response relationships (15-min agonist preincubation) in the presence of atropine and yohimbine (1 microM each) were similar in the case of NE release, but in the case of ACh release, the bell shape was lost. The results indicate a differential capacity and response time profile of facilitatory prejunctional beta2-adrenoceptors on adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals in the guinea pig trachea and suggest that the receptors on adrenergic nerves are more susceptible to desensitization.  (+info)

Stimulus-secretion coupling in neurohypophysial nerve endings: a role for intravesicular sodium? (3/1058)

It is generally accepted that Ca is essentially involved in regulated secretion, but the role of this cation, as well as others such as Na, is not well understood. An illustrative example occurs in neurohypophysial secretion, where an experimentally induced increase in the cytosolic concentration of Na+ can induce continuous neuropeptide release. In contrast, an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ will have only a transient stimulatory effect. The secretion-promoting targets for Ca2+ are not known; they may be cytosolic, as is usually assumed, but they may also be intravesicular, especially in view of evidence that Ca-rich secretory vesicles are preferentially secreted. In the present work, we have investigated the movements of these cations into and out of secretory vesicles during stimulus-secretion coupling. Isolated rat neurohypophysial nerve endings were stimulated by potassium (55 mM) depolarization, and at 6 min (peak secretion) and 20 min after the onset of stimulation, the elemental content of individual secretory vesicles was measured by quantitative x-ray microanalysis. A depolarization-induced transient increase in intravesicular Na+ concentration was found to coincide with the onset of secretion. Moreover, only a predicted small fraction of peripheral vesicles-presumably the docked ones-were Na+-loaded. The low sulfur concentration of Na+-rich vesicles most likely resulted from vesicle swelling. The results suggest that high intravesicular Na+ concentrations in docked vesicles, occurring by Na+/Ca2+ exchange or by transient fusion pore opening, is a proximal event in exocytosis.  (+info)

Quantal secretion and nerve-terminal cable properties at neuromuscular junctions in an amphibian (Bufo marinus). (4/1058)

The effect of a conditioning depolarizing current pulse (80-200 micros) on quantal secretion evoked by a similar test pulse at another site was examined in visualized motor-nerve terminal branches of amphibian endplates (Bufo marinus). Tetrodotoxin (200 nM) and cadmium (50 microM) were used to block voltage-dependent sodium and calcium conductances. Quantal release at the test electrode was depressed at different distances (28-135 microm) from the conditioning electrode when the conditioning and test pulses were delivered simultaneously. This depression decreased when the interval between conditioning and test current pulses was increased, until, at an interval of approximately 0.25 ms, it was negligible. At no time during several thousand test-conditioning pairs, for electrodes at different distances apart (28-135 microm) on the same or contiguous terminal branches, did the electrotonic effects of quantal release at one electrode produce quantal release at the other. Analytic and numerical solutions were obtained for the distribution of transmembrane potential at different sites along terminal branches of different lengths for current injection at a point on a terminal branch wrapped in Schwann cell, in the absence of active membrane conductances. Solutions were also obtained for the combined effects of two sites of current injection separated by different time delays. This cable model shows that depolarizing current injections of a few hundred microseconds duration produce hyperpolarizations at approximately 30 microm beyond the site of current injection, with these becoming larger and occurring at shorter distances the shorter the terminal branch. Thus the effect of a conditioning depolarizing pulse at one site on a subsequent test pulse at another more than approximately 30 microm away is to substantially decrease the absolute depolarization produced by the latter, provided the interval between the pulses is less than a few hundred microseconds. It is concluded that the passive cable properties of motor nerve terminal branches are sufficient to explain the effects on quantal secretion by a test electrode depolarization of current injections from a spatially removed conditioning electrode.  (+info)

Synaptic vesicle dynamics in rat fast and slow motor nerve terminals. (5/1058)

We have investigated whether rat motor nerve terminals with different in vivo activity patterns also have different vesicle trafficking characteristics. To do this, we monitored, using combined optical and electrical techniques, the rate of exocytosis (during different frequencies and patterns of activity), the releasable pool size, and the recycle time of synaptic vesicles in terminals on soleus (slow-twitch) and extensor digitorum longus [(EDL); fast-twitch] muscle fibers. EDL terminals had a higher initial quantal content (QC) than soleus, but during tonic or phasic stimulation at 20-80 Hz, EDL QC ran down to a greater extent than soleus QC. By recording loss of fluorescence from exocytosing vesicles labeled with the dye FM1-43, EDL terminals were found to destain faster than those in soleus. Simultaneous intracellular recording of end plate potentials, to count the number of vesicles released, permitted estimation of the total vesicle pool (VP) size and the recycle time by combining the optical and electrophysiological data. Soleus vesicle pool was larger than EDL, but recycle time was not significantly different. These terminals, therefore, are adapted to their in vivo activity patterns by alterations in QC and VP size but not recycle time.  (+info)

Reorganization of cholinergic terminals in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in transgenic mice carrying mutated presenilin-1 and amyloid precursor protein transgenes. (6/1058)

Cholinergic deficits are one of the most consistent neuropathological landmarks in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have examined transgenic mouse models (PS1M146L, APPK670N,M671L) and a doubly transgenic line (APPK670N,M671L + PS1M146L) that overexpress mutated AD-related genes [presenilin-1 (PS1) and the amyloid precursor protein (APP)] to investigate the effect of AD-related gene overexpression and/or amyloidosis on cholinergic parameters. The size of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and the pattern of cholinergic synapses in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were revealed by immunohistochemical staining for choline acetyltransferase and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, respectively. At the time point studied (8 months), no apparent changes in either the size or density of cholinergic synapses were found in the PS1M146L mutant relative to the nontransgenic controls. However, the APPK670N,M671L mutant showed a significant elevation in the density of cholinergic synapses in the frontal and parietal cortices. Most importantly, the double mutant (APPK670N,M671L + PS1M146L), which had extensive amyloidosis, demonstrated a prominent diminution in the density of cholinergic synapses in the frontal cortex and a reduction in the size of these synapses in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Nonetheless, no significant changes in the size of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons were observed in these three mutants. This study shows a novel role of APP and a synergistic effect of APP and PS1 that correlates with amyloid load on the reorganization of the cholinergic network in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus at the time point studied.  (+info)

Isolation of pure cholinergic nerve endings from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. (7/1058)

A rapid method for the preparation of highly purified cholinergic nerve endings from the electric organ of Torpedo is described. The endings retain their cytoplasmic components, as shown by biochemical and morphological observations. The homogeneity of these synaptosomes make them a useful tool for further studies.  (+info)

Specific alteration of spontaneous GABAergic inhibition in cerebellar purkinje cells in mice lacking the potassium channel Kv1. 1. (8/1058)

In the cerebellum, the basket cell innervation on Purkinje cells provides a major GABAergic inhibitory control of the single efferent output from the cerebellum. The Shaker-type K channel Kv1.1 is localized at the axon arborization preceding the terminal of the basket cells and is therefore a potential candidate for regulating the GABAergic inhibition. In this study, we directly assess this role of Kv1.1 by electrophysiological analysis of Kv1.1 null mutant mice. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs) were made from Purkinje cells in thin cerebellar slices from postnatal day (P)10-15 Kv1.1-null mutants using wild-type littermates as controls. The null mutation confers a very specific change in the sIPSC: the frequency increases about twofold, without accompanying changes in the mean and variance of its amplitude distribution. The frequency and amplitude of the miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) are unaffected. Spontaneous firing rate of the basket cells is unaltered. Evoked IPSC does not show multiple activity in the mutants. Motor skills tests show that Kv1.1 null mice display a compromised ability to maintain balance on a thin stationary rod. We conclude that the Kv1.1 null mutation results in a persistent elevation of the tonic inhibitory tone on the cerebellum Purkinje cell efferent and that this is not fully compensated for by residual Shaker-type channels. We further suggest that the increase in inhibitory tone in the mutants might underlie the behavioral deficits. At the cellular level, we propose that Kv1.1 deletion enhances excitability of the basket cells by selectively enhancing the likelihood of action potential propagation past axonal branch points.  (+info)

Calcium Dependence of Large Dense-Cored Vesicle Exocytosis Evoked by C by Kathrin L. Engisch and Martha C. Nowycky"Calcium Dependence of Large Dense-Cored Vesicle Exocytosis Evoked by C" by Kathrin L. Engisch and Martha C. Nowycky
We used the perforated-patch technique to examine the relationship between Ca2+ entry and exocytosis of large dense-cored vesicles in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Exocytosis evoked by single-step depolarizations was monitored by capacitance detection. Ca2+ entry was varied by changing external calcium concentration, stepping to different test potentials, depolarizing for different durations, or applying blockers of specific calcium channel subtypes. Regardless of protocol, the amount of exocytosis was strictly related to the integral of the voltage-clamped calcium current, raised to a power of approximately 1.5. Thus, despite the complexities of transient and nonuniform changes in submembrane calcium concentration produced by voltage-gated calcium entry, the calcium dependence of large dense-cored vesicle fusion under conditions of minimal stimulation is well approximated by a simple transfer function of summed calcium entry.
Enlarged nerve endings on the penis Comentarios sobre titan gelEnlarged nerve endings on the penis Comentarios sobre titan gel
Enlarged nerve endings on the penis, Penetrex male enhancement Titan 14 gel memory foam mattress by alwyn home Titan gel ml Is male enhancement safe
PET Scan in Patients With Neurocardiologic Disorders - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govPET Scan in Patients With Neurocardiologic Disorders - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
This study is designed to use PET scans in order to measure activity of the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is the portion of the nervous system that maintains a normal supply of blood and fuel to organs during stressful situations.. PET scan or Positron Emission Tomography is an advanced form of an X-ray. It is used to detect radioactive substances in the body. During this study researchers plan to inject small amounts of the radioactive drug fluorodopamine into patients. Fluorodopamine is very similar to the chemicals found in the sympathetic nervous system. It can attach to sympathetic nerve endings and allow researchers to view them with the aid of a PET scan. One area of the body with many sympathetic nerve endings is the heart. After giving a dose of fluorodopamine, researchers will be able to visualize all of the sympathetic nerve endings involved in the activity of the heart. In addition, this diagnostic test will help researchers detect abnormalities of the ...
Touching a nerve ending Synonyms, Touching a nerve ending Antonyms | Thesaurus.comTouching a nerve ending Synonyms, Touching a nerve ending Antonyms | Thesaurus.com
Synonyms for touching a nerve ending at Thesaurus.com with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions. Dictionary and Word of the Day.
NERVE ENDINGSNERVE ENDINGS
Hi to all, I am new to this site and I was wondering if anyone could give me info on nerve endings. My husband had radical prostate removel without nerve spari...
Scummified: Nerve Endings - Living MinimallyScummified: Nerve Endings - "Living Minimally"
I am making up for four years of lost time tonight. Here is the first full length from Bristol TN/VAs own Nerve Endings. Comparisons can be made to such bands as Black Flag, The Jesus Lizard, etc, but that would be missing the point. The point is is that these guys fucking rule. They put on great live shows, this cd kills, and they are terrific guys to boot. I love this cd, and i hope that you all enjoy it too. Check out their facebook page and grab a copy of this for yourself, and if they play around where you live, make sure you go see them. They MIGHT play some Black Flag covers if youre lucky, and even if they dont, youll still be lucky that you got to see such a damn good band ...
ENTER THE JOLLEYVERSE: NERVE ENDINGS, AND THE LACK THEREOFENTER THE JOLLEYVERSE: NERVE ENDINGS, AND THE LACK THEREOF
A few years ago, I was at a cookout at Rich Danskys house. Rich is the head Tom Clancy writer for Red Storm Entertainment; hes also a novelist, among many other accomplishments. Another friend of ours was asking about some project I had in the works, and I said that it would probably come out in another six or eight months. When asked how I could stand waiting that long, I shrugged and said it was something Id gotten used to. Rich said, "Yeah--after you do this kind of thing for a while, your nerve endings just get sort of worn off ...
What animal has the most nerve endingsWhat animal has the most nerve endings
... Click here to find answers. It`s Free & Simple, 100`s of community experts will answer your questions.
Backstreetmerch | Nerve Ending | Tool | Official MerchBackstreetmerch | Nerve Ending | Tool | Official Merch
Backstreetmerch - Tool, Nerve Ending. Officially licensed merchandise, T shirts, hoodies, and much more. The largest range available on the net.
Backstreetmerch | Nerve Ending | Tool | T-ShirtBackstreetmerch | Nerve Ending | Tool | T-Shirt
Backstreetmerch - Tool, Nerve Ending. Offiziell lizensiertes Merchandise, T-Shirts, Kapuzenpullis und noch viel mehr. Die größte Auswahl im Netz.
§ 1.367(e)-2(b)(2)(i)§ 1.367(e)-2(b)(2)(i)
C)Special rules for built-in gains and losses attributable to property received in liquidations and reorganizations. Built-in losses attributable to property received in a transaction described in sections 332 or 361 (during the two-year period ending on the date of the distribution in liquidation covered by this section) shall not offset gain from property not received in the same transaction. Built-in gains attributable to property received in a transaction described in sections 332 or 361 (during the two-year period ending on the date of the distribution in liquidation covered by this section) shall not be offset by a loss from property not received in the same transaction. Built-in gain or loss is that amount of gain or loss on property that existed at the time the domestic liquidating corporation acquired such property. See sections 336(d) and 382 for additional limitations on the recognition of losses. (iii)Distribution of partnership interest - (A)General rule. If a domestic corporation ...
JURIST - Medicare Program; Cancellation of Advancing Care Coordination Through Episode Payment and Cardiac Rehabilitation...JURIST - Medicare Program; Cancellation of Advancing Care Coordination Through Episode Payment and Cardiac Rehabilitation...
The CJR model began on April 1, 2016. The CJR model is currently in the second performance year, which includes episodes ending on or after January 1, 2017 and on or before December 31, 2017. The third performance year, which includes all CJR episodes ending on or after January 1, 2018 and on or before December 31, 2018, would necessarily incorporate episodes beginning before January 2018. The fifth, and last, performance year would end on December 31, 2020. Currently, with limited exceptions, hospitals located in the 67 geographic areas selected for participation in the CJR model must participate in the model through December 31, 2020; that is, their participation in the CJR model is mandatory unless the hospital is an episode initiator for a lower-extremity joint replacement (LEJR) episode in the risk-bearing period of Models 2 or 4 of the BPCI initiative. Hospitals with a CCN primary address in the 67 selected geographic areas that participated in Model 1 of the BPCI initiative, which ended ...
NHS websiteNHS website
LEMS is caused by the bodys natural defences (the immune system) mistakenly attacking and damaging the nerves.. Normally, nerve signals travel down the nerves and stimulate the nerve endings to release a chemical called acetylcholine. This chemical then helps activate the muscles.. If the nerve endings are damaged, the amount of acetylcholine they produce decreases, which means nerve signals do not reach the muscles properly.. Its not known what triggers the immune system to attack the nerves. Its often associated with lung cancer, but can occur in people without cancer. LEMS is not inherited.. ...
VGR Silent Hill: Homecoming | G33K LifeVGR Silent Hill: Homecoming | G33K Life
As always, you can get various endings in the game. The game contains 5 different endings depending on the few key choices you decide through the game. Like killing Alexs mom, forgiving his fat and saving Wheeler at one point. These main actions will decide wether Alex will reunite with Elle or be killed for the Cult for example! Theres one pretty strange ending where hes turned into a Pyramid Head thing/Bogeyman, and another one which is a direct throwback to Jacobs Ladder. Strangely enough, much to the annoyance of a lot of Silent Hill fans you can even attain the traditional UFO ending on a first playthrough for the first time in a SH game!! Finally theres also a super secret finale ending which will get Josh back if you find all of his drawings through the playthrough in a post-credit scene. ...
Nerve impulse synonyms, nerve impulse antonyms - FreeThesaurus.comNerve impulse synonyms, nerve impulse antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
Synonyms for nerve impulse in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for nerve impulse. 3 synonyms for nerve impulse: nervous impulse, neural impulse, impulse. What are synonyms for nerve impulse?
Processes by which Purines Inhibit Transmitter Release | SpringerLinkProcesses by which Purines Inhibit Transmitter Release | SpringerLink
It is the rare neurotransmitter that has remained unscathed by the innuendo that its release is inhibitable by adenosine derivatives. At the motor nerve ending, acetylcholine (ACh) release is...
Cody Vrosh: The Lack of Nerve Endings in the BrainCody Vrosh: The Lack of Nerve Endings in the Brain
This drawing is the amalgam of two memories; I shaved a blue-haired girls head with a pair of scissors in the dark when I was 19 years old and my fathers death from Glioblastoma. They have no correlation. Its a workaround to process one memory by padding it with another. Im sure its a bad idea, but at least its an idea ...
Ras-proteini - Wiki FKKTRas-proteini - Wiki FKKT
Ras vsebuje 6 beta listov in 5 alfa listov: • G domene (166 aminokislin) • C terminal membrane ciljanja (CAAX-COOH, znan tudi kot polje CAAX) Domena GG vsebuje pet motivov, ki se vežejo neposredno GDP / GTP • G1 -P-loop veže fosfat beta BDP in GTP • G2 -treonin-35 tudi stikalo 1 • G3 -DXXG motiv, aspartat-57 je značilno za gvanin namesto adenine • G4 • G5 -SAK soglasja zaporedju, alanin-146 je značilen za gvanin namesto adenine ...
Of Monsters and Men announce full UK tour and unveil new song I Of The Storm | hmv.comOf Monsters and Men announce full UK tour and unveil new song 'I Of The Storm' | hmv.com
The band will play seven shows across the UK on the trek, kicking off on November 18th at Manchester Academy and ending on November 27th in Sheffield. The tour also includes dates in Birmingham, Bristol, Glasgow, London and Newcastle.
Warren Buffett calls, thanks 19-year-old Dairy Queen manager | MinnPostWarren Buffett calls, thanks 19-year-old Dairy Queen manager | MinnPost
Wind project post-mortem; doc delivers 13 babies, ending on the 13th; discrimination suit; fewer Target holiday helpers; talking thermostat; and more.
NEET PG 2018 Grand Mock Exam on 3rd January 2018NEET PG 2018 Grand Mock Exam on 3rd January 2018
GateToMedicine (G2M) final mock exam is on 3rd January 2018 ending on 4th January 2018. Top 300 MCQs are picked by previous G2M NEET PG toppers. This exam will (...)
Words that end in ectrophoresis | Words ending in ectrophoresisWords that end in ectrophoresis | Words ending in ectrophoresis
Words that end in ectrophoresis, words that end with ectrophoresis, words ending in ectrophoresis, words ending with ectrophoresis
Words that end in arathyroidism | Words ending in arathyroidismWords that end in arathyroidism | Words ending in arathyroidism
Words that end in arathyroidism, words that end with arathyroidism, words ending in arathyroidism, words ending with arathyroidism
Words ending in X (page 4)Words ending in X (page 4)
You need to find all english words ending in X ? We have that list and for sure you will find the word you are looking for. All these words ending in X are sorted by the number of points they give at Scrabble.
Words ending in YWords ending in Y
You need to find all english words ending in Y ? We have that list and for sure you will find the word you are looking for. All these words ending in Y are sorted by the number of points they give at Scrabble.
Best and worst endings to games!Best and worst endings to games!
Best ending for me has to be te origonal diablo (have not played two yet so dont spoil it of me) the worst ending for me was the origonal Quake very disapointing
Pain | HubPagesPain | HubPages
The actual feeling of pain comes from nerve endings in our bodies that send signals to the brain letting us know that there is a trauma.
Why do scars itch? | Reference.comWhy do scars itch? | Reference.com
Scars itch because they are in the process of healthy healing. Itching may occur due to damage to the surrounding nerve endings or dryness of the area, as explained by UK Health Centre....
Collasate SPRAY -1oz- HeartlandVetSupply.comCollasate SPRAY -1oz- HeartlandVetSupply.com
Collasate spray occludes nerve endings, reduces bleeding, and provides healing benefits of collagen: new tissue growth, preventing or minimizing scarring.
List of Words Ending with riaList of Words Ending with ria
Words Ending with ria. Words which starts with ria of different lengths. Here is a list of all words which start with the word ria
List of Words Ending with rolList of Words Ending with rol
Words Ending with rol. Words which starts with rol of different lengths. Here is a list of all words which start with the word rol
Words ending ion Quiz - By CumbrianRachelWords ending ion Quiz - By CumbrianRachel
For each letter, is there a Scrabble legal word ending in that letter followed by ion? Test your knowledge on this language quiz to see how you do and compare your score to others. Quiz by CumbrianRachel
Words ending with e, having 7 letters | WordAxisWords ending with e, having 7 letters | WordAxis
Words ending with e, having 7 letters. List of all words that ends with e. 3426 words found, abalone, abature, abaxile, abollae, abridge, abrooke, abscise, absence, absolve, abthane and more
How can I figure the number of days from one date to another?How can I figure the number of days from one date to another?
2--Second, having that number, now calculate the number of days between the starting month and date in the ending year and the same date in the final month of the ending year from Dm = 31(M2 - M1) - Ds where M2 and M1 are the numbers representing the ending and starting months respectively and Ds is the number of days that have to be subtracted for that period between the starting and ending dates for those months that have less than 31 days. For this you need only refer to a simple chart as shown below ...
What kind of anime ending do you prefer? / myLotWhat kind of anime ending do you prefer? / myLot
Someone asked me this question a while back and it got me thinking. I like watching anime series that have the happy endings but thats just too common and its...
Ending therapy | Reidbords ReflectionsEnding therapy | Reidbord's Reflections
Two events prompt me to write about therapy endings. In the more abrupt and traumatic of the two, a local psychiatrist died last month in a tragic accident,
Ending therapy | Reidbords ReflectionsEnding therapy | Reidbord's Reflections
Two events prompt me to write about therapy endings. In the more abrupt and traumatic of the two, a local psychiatrist died last month in a tragic accident,
DNA transfer-a never ending story. A study on scenarios involving a second person as carrierDNA transfer-a never ending story. A study on scenarios involving a second person as carrier
The transfer of DNA directly from one item to another has been shown in many studies with elaborate discussions on the nature of the DNA donor as well as material and surface of the items or surrounding features. Every DNA transfer scenario one can imagine seems to be possible. This evokes more and …
Grimrock - SearchGrimrock - Search
Thanks a lot. So we have to cast fire burst, poison cloud and shock at the plants. Is there any simple spell related to water? Well, I will hang on for a while and check from time to time about future updates with quests (very good idea) and endings. Until now very good work. With quests and endings ...
Roche Ending Partnership With Syapse | GenomeWebRoche Ending Partnership With Syapse | GenomeWeb
The companies had agreed in early 2018 to collaborate on the development of technologies to support precision oncology initiatives, but Roche said priorities have changed.
True Blood ending in 2014True Blood ending in 2014
HBO Programming president Michael Lombardo announced today that True Blood will wrap up next summer with its previously announced 10 episodes.
A terrible Day and a Happy Ending | Pigeon TalesA terrible Day and a Happy Ending | Pigeon Tales
From the Diary as of 6/13 - 6/18/2013 6/13 Today I had one of the worst days regarding our pigeons: we had to chase off Jimi and Fifi . After we tried to get them out together during the last week - because they both could not stay in our bedroom - we decided to…
Fraggle figures! (we need em) | Page 2 | Muppet Central ForumFraggle figures! (we need 'em) | Page 2 | Muppet Central Forum
Well, the way I see it is that its highly possible for Palisades to acquire the licsence. Look at it this way, JHC gave the licsence to Palisades...
Bilateral trade - POLITICOBilateral trade - POLITICO
Over the past 30 years, advances in treatment have transformed HIV from a death sentence into a manageable condition. The challenge now is to sustain that progress, as innovation is key to ending the epidemic ...
Free nerve ending | Open Access articles | Open Access journals | Conference Proceedings | Editors | Authors | Reviewers |...Free nerve ending | Open Access articles | Open Access journals | Conference Proceedings | Editors | Authors | Reviewers |...
Free nerve endings are unencapsulated and have no complex sensory structures. They are the most common type of nerve ending, and are most frequently found in the skin. They mostly resemble the fine roots of a plant. They penetrate the epidermis and end in the stratum granulosum. FNE infiltrate the middle layers of the epidermis and surround hair follicles. ...
Free nerve ending - WikipediaFree nerve ending - Wikipedia
Free nerve endings are unencapsulated and have no complex sensory structures. They are the most common type of nerve ending, and are most frequently found in the skin. They mostly resemble the fine roots of a plant. They penetrate the dermis and end in the stratum granulosum. FNEs infiltrate the middle layers of the dermis and surround hair follicles. ...
Free nerve ending - WikipediaFree nerve ending - Wikipedia
Free nerve endings are unencapsulated and have no complex sensory structures. They are the most common type of nerve ending, and are most frequently found in the skin. They mostly resemble the fine roots of a plant. They penetrate the dermis and end in the stratum granulosum. FNEs infiltrate the middle layers of the dermis and surround hair follicles.. ...
Definition for free nerve endingDefinition for free nerve ending
free nerve ending definition: microscopic sensory neurological endings inside skin that arent attached to any certain sensory receptor
A slowly activating voltage-dependent K<sup>+</sup> current in rat pituitary nerve...A slowly activating voltage-dependent K<sup>+</sup> current in rat pituitary nerve...
TY - JOUR. T1 - A slowly activating voltage-dependent K+ current in rat pituitary nerve terminals. AU - Kilic, Gordan. AU - Stolpe, Andreas. AU - Lindau, Manfred. PY - 1996/12/15. Y1 - 1996/12/15. N2 - 1. A novel slowly activating voltage-dependent K+ current was observed in isolated nerve terminals from rat neurohypophysis using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. 2. The activation kinetics of the slow current could be fitted assuming Hodgkin-Huxley-type kinetics, an exponential, n, of 1.3 and activation time constants decreasing from 4 s at -50 mV to 0.7 s at +40 mV. 3. A positive shift of reversal potential was observed when [K+] was increased in the bath solution. The current is carried mainly but not exclusively by K+ ions. 4. When intracellular free [Mg2+] was low (~60 μM), average current density was 74 pA pF-1 at membrane potentials around 0 mV. In 83% of nerve terminals current amplitude was , 20 pA pF-1. 5. The slow current was never observed when the pipette ...
Histochemical and Biochemical Demonstration of Sialic Acid and Sulphate in Vesicles and Membranes Isolated from Nerve Endings...Histochemical and Biochemical Demonstration of Sialic Acid and Sulphate in Vesicles and Membranes Isolated from Nerve Endings...
The reaction of colloidal iron hydroxide (CIH) with acidic groups was applied for an ultra-structural study of the distribution of sulphuric acid monoesters and sialic acid in synaptic vesicles and external nerve ending membranes isolated from rat brain. At pH 1.7 CIH was precipitated as electron-dense granules with a uniform size of 6-7 nm specifically labelling the carboxyl group of sialic acid and the sulphate group of monoesters of sulphuric acid. The differentiation of these 2 groups was achieved by treatment with neuraminidase and methylation followed by saponification. After preincubation with neuraminidase, which released 90-100% of the sialic acid from the membranes of the synaptic vesicles and the nerve endings, the electron-dense deposits marked the reaction sites of sulphate with CIH. The sulphate groups which were present at a concentration of 2.3 and 2.2 µmol/mg protein for the synaptic vesicle and nerve ending membrane preparations, respectively, were rendered soluble as methyl ...
Plus itPlus it
We have used pulsed laser imaging to measure the spatial distribution of Ca2+ influx into isolated neuroendocrine axon terminals from the neurohypophysis. The sensitivity and rapidity of the pulsed laser technique has allowed us to image Ca2+ increases after influx of only 0.6 msec during a tail current. Despite efforts to identify localized entry of Ca2+ by imaging influx after brief or extended periods of depolarization, and in the presence of various Ca2+ channel blockers or intracellular Ca2+ chelators, the influx into the neurohypophysial terminals was always homogeneously distributed over the terminal membrane. Localized influx, however, was clearly seen after electroporation of the terminal membrane and when similar experiments were performed on bovine chromaffin cells (Monck et al., 1994; Robinson et al., 1995, 1996). These data support the hypothesis that Ca2+ channels in the terminals do not possess the large clusters of Ca2+channels seen at specialized release sites in the presynaptic ...
Plus itPlus it
Both methylmercury (MeHg) and inorganic divalent mercury (Hg++) alter the flux of ions and small molecules across nerve terminal membranes by mechanisms that may involve membrane depolarization. We compared the effects of MeHg and Hg++ on plasma (psi p) and mitochondrial membrane potentials (psi m) in synaptosomes using the potentiometric carbocyanine dye 3,3-diethylthiadicarbocyanine iodide [diS-C2(5)]. Both mercurials (1-20 microM) produced concentration-dependent increases in dye fluorescence after 5 min of exposure which were not altered by removal of Ca++ from the medium. To determine directly effects of mercurials on psi p, predepolarization of psi m using NaN3 and oligomycin was necessary. Under this condition, MeHg- and Hg(++)-induced increases in fluorescence were associated with depolarization of psi p. A second approach was used to assess changes in psi p. In synaptosomes, the magnitude of the increase in fluorescence resulting from depolarization of psi p with a stimulus of constant ...
Fibromyalgia is Not All In Your Head, New Study Confirms - Chronic Pain FighterFibromyalgia is Not All In Your Head, New Study Confirms - Chronic Pain Fighter
Previously this Company also published a study in the journal "Pain" in which they discuss the case of a woman who has been born without special nerve ending. The medical community thought that without nerve ending woman wont be able to feel touch or taste senses as these nerves are necessary for touch senses. The Woman turned out fine and continue her life. Later it is found out that she had the nerve ending near the fine capillary blood vessels in her skin. Dr. Rice Added that previously their team thought that nerve ending is for only blood regulation in our body at a subconscious level. This woman Clearly an example that nerve ends also contribute to our sense of touch and also PAIN.. Currently used drugs, made by Eli Lilly and Forest Labs, are serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) that usually work on the brain. But, these drugs can also work on the nerve endings near blood vessels in the skin. "As we already know how these drugs work on molecules in the brain," Dr. Philip J. ...
Jackson, MeyerJackson, Meyer
Fig. 1. An amperometry recording (below) signals three successive stages in exocytosis (above). The SNARE proteins, which play an essential role in exocytosis, are shown in different hypothetical configurations.. We also do experiments on the posterior pituitary, and have used this preparation to investigate presynaptic excitability. We have identified and characterized the ion channels in pituitary nerve terminals and shown how various signaling systems can target these ion channels for modulation. Present efforts focus on the sigma receptor, which modulates several ion channels (in collaboration with Arnold Ruoho of the Pharmacology Department), and the NO/cGMP signaling system, which produces a unique use-dependent enhancement of excitability. We are also imaging intra-terminal Ca2+ with two-photon microscopy in order to characterize the cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffers and explore how the spatial dynamics of Ca2+ controls the time course of release.. To relate what we learn at the molecular and ...
AID 65182 - Inhibition of high affinity uptake of [3H]dopamine into striatal nerve endings (synaptosomes) - PubChemAID 65182 - Inhibition of high affinity uptake of [3H]dopamine into striatal nerve endings (synaptosomes) - PubChem
BioAssay record AID 65182 submitted by ChEMBL: Inhibition of high affinity uptake of [3H]dopamine into striatal nerve endings (synaptosomes).
Motor Nerve Endings in Muscle (Reptile) | Wards ScienceMotor Nerve Endings in Muscle (Reptile) | Ward's Science
Investigate Nerve Tissue.VWR supplies microscope slides for cytology, histology, and general microbiology applications. Slides for staining experiments are constructed of high quality sheet glass and soda-lime glass; economical options include disposable clear vinyl or standard sheet glass slides. Choose plain or frosted products with or without coverslips. Clipped or beveled corners are offered as well as color-coded and markable slides for organization. Purchase clean or prepared slides in your choice of dimensions and thickness in packs or larger cases.
YUHSpace: The synaptic microcircuitry associated with primary afferent terminals in the interpolaris and caualis of trigeminal...YUHSpace: The synaptic microcircuitry associated with primary afferent terminals in the interpolaris and caualis of trigeminal...
title: The synaptic microcircuitry associated with primary afferent terminals in the interpolaris and caualis of trigeminal sensory nuclear complex, doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.08.042, category: Article
JCI - Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathwayJCI - Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway
Noxious stimuli are transduced into electrical signals in free "unencapsulated" nerve endings that have branched from the main axon and terminate in the wall of arterioles and surrounding connective tissue, and may innervate distinct regions in the dermis and epidermis (17, 30). The endings are ensheathed by Schwann cells except at the end bulb and at mitochondria- and vesicle-rich varicosities (17). A-fibers lose their myelin sheath and the unmyelinated A-fiber branches cluster in separated small spots within a small area, the anatomical substrate for their receptive field (17). C-fiber branches are generally more broadly distributed, precluding precise localization of the stimulus (17). In contrast, specialized nonneuronal structures conferring high sensitivity to light touch, stretch, vibration, and hair movement are innervated by low threshold A-fibers (11). Nociceptive endings are in the vicinity of keratinocytes, mast cells, and Langerhans cells, indicating the capacity of peripheral ...
Hypertension symptoms are a myth | West Milford Hewitt Newfoundland NJ | Local NewsHypertension symptoms are a myth | West Milford Hewitt Newfoundland NJ | Local News
The researchers also looked at another measurement called the pulse pressure, which is the change in blood pressure when the heart contracts. Pulse pressure is calculated by subtracting the bottom number (diastolic reading) from the top number (systolic reading). Those with higher pulse pressure had up to 50 percent fewer headaches. The researchers think that the higher the pulse pressure, the stiffer the blood vessels. The stiffer the blood vessel, the less likely the nerve endings are working properly. If the nerve endings arent functioning correctly, the less likely a person will feel pain ...
if the immune system targeted specific nerves cells why would the body not be able to feel the process of those nerves cells...if the immune system targeted specific nerves cells why would the body not be able to feel the process of those nerves cells...
Dr. Robert Kwok answered: No sensory nerves...: If there are no sensory nerve endings in that part of the body, then no sensations are detected, so thus the...
Pain is a Construct of the Brain | Pain Relief RevolutionPain is a Construct of the Brain | Pain Relief Revolution
Pain is part of your survival mechanism. Its your bodys way of saying, "Ah, hey… something is wrong here. Pay attention please and help me out." Hopefully you then consciously do something to help your body out and fix the issue.. The question remains though, why does pain sometimes come and stay even when there is no life-threatening situation?. Ah, so heres where things get more intriguing and where I believe more research and science is needed. When nociceptors react and start sending the message, "danger, danger… something is wrong here," sometimes they keep sending the same message yet the danger isnt really there. Why? Heres my theory and why I believe MELT helps so many people so fast. You have to get the nociceptors to sense something different. When an injury occurs, the connective tissue is frequently what gets damaged. (This is why doctors sometimes cant find anything wrong with you even when you have an MRI and X-rays.) When the environment around your sensory nerve endings ...
Why Are Soft Tissue Injuries So Painful? - SharecareWhy Are Soft Tissue Injuries So Painful? - Sharecare
Soft tissue injuries are painful because the connective tissue is where the sensory nerve endings live. In this video, fitness expert Sue Hitzmann, MS/CST/NMT, shares her tips for restoring the fluid in your connective tissue using the MELT Method.
What are Baroreceptors? (with pictures)What are Baroreceptors? (with pictures)
Baroreceptors are sensory nerve endings in human blood vessels that detect blood pressure. There are two types of barorecptors...
the tailbone is connected to nerve endings | Sweet Sunshowerthe tailbone is connected to nerve endings | Sweet Sunshower
Ive hurt myself. Not a cut or bruise; thats usual. Ive seriously hurt myself for the first time ever. Someone who has never broken a bone or had any sort of surgery in her life. I fell. HARD. And x-rays show that while I havent broken anything, Ive suffered a contusion. On my tailbone. And…
CREATIVITY AND OTHER LIFE QUALITIES: ALL ENDINGS ARE BEGINNINGSCREATIVITY AND OTHER LIFE QUALITIES: ALL ENDINGS ARE BEGINNINGS
This rare wonderful time of openness may pass, as we heal, as we move on, as one distraction of life and another take us forward, through the passage of time, causing the rawness to diminish and eventually to fade. A key for all of us during the special time of Kairos--of "man-ing or woman-ing up" and feeling our pain, facing it and eventually transitioning, learning to let go of the pain, so learning to live again--a key is to keep sacred the openness we learn, so that we can continue as much as possible to experience things like nature, art, the faces of our beloveds, the touch of their hands, the embrace of the world, from the place where great grace and the purification of suffering have rendered our hearts open, our minds clear and honest, and our souls more alive than they might have been if we had never voyaged so deeply ...
Why are my feet ticklish - Kgb AnswersWhy are my feet ticklish - Kgb Answers
Why are my feet ticklish The KGB Agent answer: Nerve endings are what makes us feel ticklish. Our feet have the most so theyre the most ticklish of all.
My life is pretty good these days, no complaints - DXd - Other - Schizophrenia.comMy life is pretty good these days, no complaints - DX'd - Other - Schizophrenia.com
I have no complaints these days. Im in IOP but Im ending on Tuesday. Think I got all the resources out of it that I could. I dont work now for 2 1/2 months but thats fine. Ill work again when I can. Ive been readi…
Were the apostles too old to author the Gospels?Were the apostles too old to author the Gospels?
In the case of the Gospels, lets assume for the sake of argument that Jesus died about 33 A.D. If the Gospels were all written around 70 A.D. (as the member of the Irrational Rescue Squad admits in his post), and assuming the fact that the apostles were all in their mid 20s at the time that Jesus lived (making them middle-aged by the authors reckoning), then they would have been around 65 at the time that the Gospels were written. This is certainly not impossible. Credible evidence exists that John the Apostle died in the early 2nd Century -- approximately 70 years after the crucifixion. There is no question that Peter, another apostle, lived until he was executed around 65 A.D. If you want the evidence see the New Advent Encylopedias article on Saint Peter the Apostle. If John lived to 100 A.D. (making him no less than 85) and if the Apostle Peter lived to 65 A.D. (his life ending on that date only because he was executed), then in what way is it possibly unreasonable that the other apostles ...
Restaurant closures of 2012 - SFGateRestaurant closures of 2012 - SFGate
The Bacon Bacon Truck sustained a fire, but the Bacon Bacon storefront is still open. Theres a happy ending on the truck front, too, as owner Jim Angelus expects to get a new Bacon Bacon Truck in the next several months. less ...
Restaurant closures of 2012 - SFGateRestaurant closures of 2012 - SFGate
The Bacon Bacon Truck sustained a fire, but the Bacon Bacon storefront is still open. Theres a happy ending on the truck front, too, as owner Jim Angelus expects to get a new Bacon Bacon Truck in the next several months. less ...
Semen and embryosSemen and embryos
Random inspections of germplasm consignments are resuming from 1 August 2020. Inspections had initially started in March 2020, but were suspended due to restrictions relating to COVID-19.. The inspections will be carried out for a 12 month trial period ending on 1 August 2021.. The following germplasm will be randomly selected for inspection:. ...
2012 - The Aquarium Project2012 - The Aquarium Project
Notes: For the fourth Fathers Day in a row, Brother was performed and featured all of the bands children on stage and subsequent introductions (which included a Charge! from Page). After Timber, Trey sang the ending notes to Brother. Trey then said he had a trivia question for the crowd and asked "how many songs end like this?" and the band sang the ending of Brother again. He answered the question by saying the songs were My Friend, My Friend, Rift, and Brother (all of which had their endings "sung"). Trey added that tonight was special because from now on, Timber would also end with the Brother ending (which was sung again). Trey said Page could also end Lawn Boy that way from now on, prompting a Lawn Boy quote from Page. Mike then teased Ha Ha Ha. Trey went on to say that Metallica would be playing at Bader Field soon after Phish and that he didnt think they ended a single song like the ending of Brother (Trey sang the ending). Trey said if everyone wrote Metallica a note saying "Dear ...
Never Ending Pasta Pass Is Back At Olive GardenNever Ending Pasta Pass Is Back At Olive Garden
Olive Garden announced the return of its Never Ending Pasta Pass for a sixth year and also introduced a first-of-its-kind $500 Lifetime Pasta Pass. According to the casual dining restaurant chain, 24,000 Never Ending Pasta Passes are available this year, priced at $100 plus tax.
Parts of the Nerve Cell and Their Functions - PDF Free DownloadParts of the Nerve Cell and Their Functions - PDF Free Download
Parts of the Nerve Cell and Their Functions Silvia Helena Cardoso, PhD [ 1. Cell body] [2. Neuronal membrane] [3. Dendrites] [4. Axon] [5. Nerve ending] 1. Cell body The cell body (soma) is the factory
Four things about... (a simple approach to anatomy and physiology)Four things about... (a simple approach to anatomy and physiology)
ANSWER: An action potential is transmitted to the muscle via a motor nerve; the electrical signal is transmitted to the muscle chemically (acetyl choline) across the gap between the nerve and the muscle; an action potential is generated in the muscle; the acetyl choline is broken down and/or taken back up into the nerve ending ...
JASONAARON.INFO: Post-SDCC wrap-up: ScalpedJASONAARON.INFO: Post-SDCC wrap-up: Scalped
The other bit of me-related news that came out of San Diego Comic Con was that SCALPED is ending with issue #60. Still feels weird to see it finally spelled out so definitely, but this has actually been the plan for quite a while now. This was my choice. We were not canceled or forced into an ending. The series will be ending just the way Ive always imagined it ending. There are a couple of smaller stories I always thought I might get to which I ultimately wont, but those were set aside in the interest of giving the series as solid a finish as possible. There wont be any more stand-alone issues. Instead well have two final big arcs to bring everything home, with Guera drawing every issue. Expect a death or two and hopefully at least a couple of surprises. And expect everyone to get the ending theyve got coming to them, good or bad. In many ways, the entire story of SCALPED will ultimately be about what happens in these last ten issues. Thanks again to everybody whos stuck with us this ...
JASONAARON.INFO: Post-SDCC wrap-up: ScalpedJASONAARON.INFO: Post-SDCC wrap-up: Scalped
The other bit of me-related news that came out of San Diego Comic Con was that SCALPED is ending with issue #60. Still feels weird to see it finally spelled out so definitely, but this has actually been the plan for quite a while now. This was my choice. We were not canceled or forced into an ending. The series will be ending just the way Ive always imagined it ending. There are a couple of smaller stories I always thought I might get to which I ultimately wont, but those were set aside in the interest of giving the series as solid a finish as possible. There wont be any more stand-alone issues. Instead well have two final big arcs to bring everything home, with Guera drawing every issue. Expect a death or two and hopefully at least a couple of surprises. And expect everyone to get the ending theyve got coming to them, good or bad. In many ways, the entire story of SCALPED will ultimately be about what happens in these last ten issues. Thanks again to everybody whos stuck with us this ...
AboutBFS.com • View topic - 2 quickiesAboutBFS.com • View topic - 2 quickies
The deal with neuros saying they can usually spot a true ALS case the minute it walks through the door is becaue most people with ALS dont even notice the twitches. An ALS twitch is very fine compared to BFS twitches. A true "fasciculation" is a very fine, low impulse, momentary twitch that barely has enough power to move the surface of the skin and you have to figure that if the twitch is caused by dying nerves and muscle tissue, you most likely wouldnt feel the twitches happening in the first place... after all, if your muscle is dying and the nerves are disconnecting, then what is sending the signals of "feeling" the ALS twitch up to the brain? Not much, thats for sure... its pretty hard to send signals of "feeling" through dead or disconnected nerve endings ...
The Ultimate Guide To self defenseThe Ultimate Guide To self defense
There the electrical sign alterations right into a chemical 1, along with the nerve ending sprays a molecular transmitter, acetylcholine, onto the muscle mass. During the milliseconds just before enzymes have an opportunity to chew it up, a lot of the acetylcholine binds with receptors, known as gated-ion channels, within the surface on the muscle mobile. When acetylcholine sticks to them, they open up, making it possible for the sodium ions from the encompassing salty fluid to hurry in ...
Kaan ko dabane ke hairat angaiz fawaidKaan ko dabane ke hairat angaiz fawaid
Reflexology is a part of medicine that pain pressing on specific points on the body. It is particularly suitable methods for application to the ear, because there are many nerve endings. With the help of clothespin, which puts pressure on specific nerve, can be solved discomfort or pain.. Through these 6 points, the ear is connected with all parts of the body. The pain in certain areas can be healed with pressure on certain points. ...
Sorting out stroking sensations | EurekAlert! Science NewsSorting out stroking sensations | EurekAlert! Science News
The skin is a human beings largest sensory organ, helping to distinguish between a pleasant contact, like a caress, and a negative sensation, like a pinch or a burn. Previous studies have shown that these sensations are carried to the brain by different types of sensory neurons that have nerve endings in the skin. Now biologists at Caltech have identified in mice a specific class of skin sensory neurons that reacts to an apparently pleasurable stimulus.
Pain/Inflammation Management</span> ...Pain/Inflammation Management</span> ...
A feeling of distress, suffering, or agony caused by stimulation of specialized nerve endings. The sensation we feel as pain is produced through a number of complex biochemical interactions. These interactions can be likened to a battle between the
Re: [IP] Need Info re: Mono pleaseRe: [IP] Need Info re: Mono please
Hi! , Unfortunately theres been a spate of mono cases in our are this , past week and my 16 y/o pumper Liz was one of those diagnosed. Thank , goodness for the pump because it certainly makes life easier when , her fever spikes and causes a corresponding bg increase. Does anyone , have mono with diabetes experience they can share with me? (ie: , length of illness, problems to look out for, etc.) FWIW, this , morning at 2am she did a supplemental bolus with a syringe instead , of the pump since her bgs jumped to 320. She was quite surprised , that the syringe caused her more discomfort than inserting a sil! Tell her to give her injections the SAME way she inserts the Sil ..... sideways under the skin. The abdomen is a great spot for this, lots of skin the really has very few nerve endings. I demonstrated this to Lily (on me, of course) as a prelude to pumping 7 years ago. She finally tried it and hasnt done an injection in an arm or leg since then. Michael email @ redacted ...
Re: [IP] Gastro-Paresis QuestionsRe: [IP] Gastro-Paresis Questions
Greetings- , My Blood Sugars at night have been all over the place- lots of lows , followed by highs- a mess. My endo is talking about being tested for , gastro-paresis. I know it has to do withe nerve endings in the tummy , not responding like they did in days of yore (been diabetic over 33 , years) - and that theres medication available to help the stomach empty , faster but what about that test - swallowing Radio-Active material in a , sandwich somes very nasty indeed - I dont want that in my body. Any , other options? Write soon- the test is set for Friday, the 30th. , Also what are the other symptoms? Are there any FAQs available - , somewhere? Thanks. Several, do a search of Medline (see the SEARCH page) and take a look at the material under Other Diabetes Links on the LINKS page. You want the Center for Disease Control doctor and patient guides. email @ redacted Insulin-Pumpers website http://www.bizsystems.com/Diabetes/ ...
Itchy After Cycling | LIVESTRONG.COMItchy After Cycling | LIVESTRONG.COM
Itching occurs when irritants stimulate the nerve endings of your skin. If you suffer from itching after a bike ride or other aerobic workout, you might be...
Play The Killer, Then Ask Yourself, What Kind of Person Am I? - General Discussion - Giant BombPlay The Killer, Then Ask Yourself, 'What Kind of Person Am I?' - General Discussion - Giant Bomb
The endings are definitely different. I shot in the air in mine, and it mention how lieutenants like me who refused to shoot were killed as well.I sho
ECB to discuss adjusting, not ending stimulus: Praet | ReutersECB to discuss adjusting, not ending stimulus: Praet | Reuters
European Central Bank policymakers will discuss adjusting but not ending the ECBs economic stimulus in light of stronger growth, keeping in mind that markets can over-react to any change, ECB chief economist Peter Praet said on Thursday.
Research Finds Causal Link Between Ending Drinking, ... ( But giving mice on the wagon an antid...)Research Finds Causal Link Between Ending Drinking, ... ( But giving mice on the wagon an antid...)
Health,...But giving mice on the wagon an antidepressant restored brains abilit...FRIDAY July 18 (HealthDay News) -- Giving up your few drinks a day ma... Our research in an animal model establishes a causal link between abs...The research published online in the journal Neuropsychopharmacolo...,Research,Finds,Causal,Link,Between,Ending,Drinking,,Depression,medicine,medical news today,latest medical news,medical newsletters,current medical news,latest medicine news
Minnesota considers ending lawmaker immunity law - AP News - Breaking NewsMinnesota considers ending lawmaker immunity law - AP News - Breaking News
Minnesota considers ending lawmaker immunity law - AP News: ST. PAUL, Minn. (AP) - A college project that alleged .12/14/2017 20:20:27PM EST.
Ending the message from yeast to man | Biochemical Society Transactions | Portland PressEnding the message from yeast to man | Biochemical Society Transactions | Portland Press
N. J. Proudfoot; Ending the message from yeast to man. Biochem Soc Trans 1 February 2002; 30 (1): A18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst030a018. Download citation file:. ...
Clipping Chix: Olive Gardens Never Ending Pasta Pass $100 = FREE Pasta from 10/3 thru 11/20!Clipping Chix: Olive Garden's Never Ending Pasta Pass $100 = FREE Pasta from 10/3 thru 11/20!
If you love Olive Garden, then this ones for you!!!! TODAY, until sold out you can purchase a Never Ending Pasta Pass and heres what you get for only $100 ...
Debate Club: The best twist endings in movie history | SYFY WIREDebate Club: The best twist endings in movie history | SYFY WIRE
No matter how great your film is, its crucial that you stick the landing - especially if youre going to knock us out with some big twist ending. The five movies on this list did that terrifically.
Children Must Be Priority in Approach to Ending AIDSChildren Must Be Priority in Approach to Ending AIDS
WASHINGTON, Sept. 19, 2017 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Children Must Be Priority in Approach to Ending AIDS. Statement from Chip Lyons on PEPFARs Strategy for Accelerating HIV/AIDS Epidemic Control.
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AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
Nerve EndingsSciatic NerveNerve FibersPeripheral NervesOptic NerveSynaptosomesPituitary Gland, PosteriorMechanoreceptorsNerve RegenerationNeurons, AfferentNeurosecretionTrigeminal NerveSensory Receptor CellsNerve BlockNeuromuscular JunctionSympathetic Nervous SystemElectric StimulationSural NerveMedian NerveFacial NerveNerve CrushPeripheral Nerve InjuriesTibial NerveUlnar NerveMotor NeuronsPhrenic NerveCatsAcetylcholineNeural ConductionMerkel CellsMuscle SpindlesFemoral NerveAxonsSpinal NervesMotor EndplateNorepinephrineCapsaicinMicroscopy, ElectronNerve Growth FactorsNerve Growth FactorSpinal Nerve RootsPacinian CorpusclesNeurons, EfferentLaryngeal MucosaRadial NerveSubstance PCranial NervesGuinea PigsDenervationAfferent PathwaysNerve TissueNeurotransmitter AgentsMandibular NerveCalcitonin Gene-Related PeptideNerve Compression SyndromesThermoreceptorsNerve Tissue ProteinsMolesSynaptic VesiclesRana pipiensOphthalmic NerveUbiquitin ThiolesteraseNociceptorsCochlear NerveAction PotentialsNerve DegenerationSynaptic TransmissionPresynaptic TerminalsOculomotor MusclesGuanethidineRats, Sprague-DawleyAbducens NerveCalciumNerve Fibers, MyelinatedOculomotor NerveSynapsinsSynaptophysinAtropineSplanchnic NervesAdrenergic FibersGlossopharyngeal NerveGanglia, Autonomicrab3A GTP-Binding ProteinReceptors, Histamine H3Muscle ContractionMusclesElectrophysiologyParasympathetic Nervous SystemNodose GanglionRats, WistarNerve Fibers, UnmyelinatedPhysical StimulationGanglia, SensoryNeurofilament ProteinsOptic Nerve Injuries2-ChloroadenosineOptic Nerve DiseasesChemoreceptor CellsGanglia, SpinalImmunohistochemistryHydroxydopaminesThoracic NervesVagus NerveSympathectomyReflexFasciculationAccessory NerveSkinCarotid BodyTachyphylaxisTetrodotoxinFacial Nerve InjuriesSynapsesAcetylcholinesteraseHistamine AgonistsCranial Nerve NeoplasmsFacial Nerve DiseasesMotor Neurons, GammaThiolester HydrolasesNictitating MembraneSynaptic MembranesRecurrent Laryngeal NerveRats, Inbred StrainsLingual NerveDogsOlfactory NerveMembrane PotentialsAxonal TransportAdenosineDesipramineDiaphragmReserpineHypoglossal NerveElectric OrganPhenoxybenzamineAnuraSerotoninBrainNordefrinCalbindin 1Receptors, Presynapticomega-ConotoxinsEvoked PotentialsExocytosisReceptors, Nerve Growth FactorHistocytochemistryTracheaPhentolamineTachykininsNoseAbducens Nerve DiseasesVestibular NerveAminobutyratesDopamineNeuronsNeuropeptidesPotassiumCholinesterasesMaxillary NerveJoint CapsuleHexamethonium CompoundsPressoreceptorsOculomotor Nerve DiseasesCalcium Channel BlockersNerve Sheath NeoplasmsBotulinum ToxinsPhysostigmineTRPV Cation ChannelsPeripheral Nervous System DiseasesMuscle, SmoothHeartDose-Response Relationship, DrugReceptors, PurinergicPargylinePeriodontal LigamentTendonsSpinal CordHemicholinium 3Pineal GlandGanglionic BlockersCold TemperatureSchwann CellsAutonomic Nervous SystemCatecholaminesSciatic NeuropathyHindlimbMicroscopy, ImmunoelectronSodiumCranial Nerve InjuriesReceptors, Adrenergic, alphaS100 Calcium Binding Protein GEpinephrineReceptors, AdrenergicCerebral CortexAmidinesNeurotoxinsChorda Tympani NerveRabbitsStimulation, ChemicalPainCalcium Channels
NERVE ENDINGSNERVE ENDINGS
Touching a nerve ending Synonyms, Touching a nerve ending Antonyms | Thesaurus.comTouching a nerve ending Synonyms, Touching a nerve ending Antonyms | Thesaurus.com
Backstreetmerch | Nerve Ending | Tool | Official MerchBackstreetmerch | Nerve Ending | Tool | Official Merch
Backstreetmerch | Nerve Ending | Tool | T-ShirtBackstreetmerch | Nerve Ending | Tool | T-Shirt
Scummified: Nerve Endings - Living MinimallyScummified: Nerve Endings - "Living Minimally"
What animal has the most nerve endingsWhat animal has the most nerve endings
Cody Vrosh: The Lack of Nerve Endings in the BrainCody Vrosh: The Lack of Nerve Endings in the Brain
Enlarged nerve endings on the penis Comentarios sobre titan gelEnlarged nerve endings on the penis Comentarios sobre titan gel
What kind of anime ending do you prefer? / myLotWhat kind of anime ending do you prefer? / myLot
Free nerve ending - WikipediaFree nerve ending - Wikipedia
Receptor | nerve ending | BritannicaReceptor | nerve ending | Britannica
Bloody Mary (Nerve Endings) - WikipediaBloody Mary (Nerve Endings) - Wikipedia
Free nerve endings definition | Drugs.comFree nerve endings definition | Drugs.com
Nerve endings firing away | Deccan HeraldNerve endings firing away | Deccan Herald
hyper)sensitive nerve endings-paraesthesia - Neurology - MedHelphyper)sensitive nerve endings-paraesthesia - Neurology - MedHelp
Free nerve ending - WikipediaFree nerve ending - Wikipedia
Gangliosides, Neuraminidase and Sialyltransferase at the Nerve Endings | SpringerLinkGangliosides, Neuraminidase and Sialyltransferase at the Nerve Endings | SpringerLink
Phys.org - nerve endingsPhys.org - nerve endings
Burning nerve ending in low back - Pain Management - MedHelpBurning nerve ending in low back - Pain Management - MedHelp
Spinal Cord Transsection? Hydrogel Tunnels Guide Growth of Nerve Endings Across GapsSpinal Cord Transsection? Hydrogel Tunnels Guide Growth of Nerve Endings Across Gaps
Effect of benactyzine and arecoline on the 45 Ca uptake by rat brain nerve endings | SpringerLinkEffect of benactyzine and arecoline on the 45 Ca uptake by rat brain nerve endings | SpringerLink
Free nerve ending - wikidocFree nerve ending - wikidoc
THE NERVES OF THE CAPILLARIES, WITH REMARKS ON NERVE-ENDINGS IN MUSCLE | JEMTHE NERVES OF THE CAPILLARIES, WITH REMARKS ON NERVE-ENDINGS IN MUSCLE | JEM
Motor Nerve Endings in Muscle (Reptile) | Wards ScienceMotor Nerve Endings in Muscle (Reptile) | Ward's Science
Why do our feet have so many nerve endings if we are constantly stepping on them? | Reference.comWhy do our feet have so many nerve endings if we are constantly stepping on them? | Reference.com
Too Close To Touch (Epitaph) unleash emotive whirlwind with Nerve Endings video (exclusive) - Features - Alternative PressToo Close To Touch (Epitaph) unleash emotive whirlwind with "Nerve Endings" video (exclusive) - Features - Alternative Press
3B Spinal Cord and Nerve Endings Model | Wards Science3B Spinal Cord and Nerve Endings Model | Ward's Science
3B Scientific® Spinal Cord And Nerve Endings Model | Boreal Science3B Scientific® Spinal Cord And Nerve Endings Model | Boreal Science
Video Power: Eagulls - Nerve Endings - Ghettoblaster MagazineVideo Power: Eagulls - Nerve Endings - Ghettoblaster Magazine
The light chain of tetanus toxin inhibits calcium-dependent vasopressin release from permeabilized nerve endingsThe light chain of tetanus toxin inhibits calcium-dependent vasopressin release from permeabilized nerve endings
Optic Nerve and Ruffini Ending - MER.Optic Nerve and Ruffini Ending - MER.
Does a woman only have nerve endings near the front of her vagina?Does a woman only have nerve endings near the front of her vagina?
The Ultrastructure of Sensory Nerve Endings in the Penis of the Goat | Springer for Research & DevelopmentThe Ultrastructure of Sensory Nerve Endings in the Penis of the Goat | Springer for Research & Development
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE IN ADRENERGIC NERVE ENDINGS. III. SELECTIVE INCREASE OF...ULTRASTRUCTURAL CYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE IN ADRENERGIC NERVE ENDINGS. III. SELECTIVE INCREASE OF...
Increases in Acetylcholine Release Produced by Phorbol Esters Are Not Mediated by Protein Kinase C at Motor Nerve Endings |...Increases in Acetylcholine Release Produced by Phorbol Esters Are Not Mediated by Protein Kinase C at Motor Nerve Endings |...
Definition for free nerve endingDefinition for free nerve ending
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
Nerve EndingsSciatic NerveNerve FibersPeripheral NervesOptic NerveSynaptosomesPituitary Gland, PosteriorMechanoreceptorsNerve RegenerationNeurons, AfferentNeurosecretionTrigeminal NerveSensory Receptor CellsNerve BlockNeuromuscular JunctionSympathetic Nervous SystemElectric StimulationSural NerveMedian NerveFacial NerveNerve CrushPeripheral Nerve InjuriesTibial NerveUlnar NerveMotor NeuronsPhrenic NerveCatsAcetylcholineNeural ConductionMerkel CellsMuscle SpindlesFemoral NerveAxonsSpinal NervesMotor EndplateNorepinephrineCapsaicinMicroscopy, ElectronNerve Growth FactorsNerve Growth FactorSpinal Nerve RootsPacinian CorpusclesNeurons, EfferentLaryngeal MucosaRadial NerveSubstance PCranial NervesGuinea PigsDenervationAfferent PathwaysNerve TissueNeurotransmitter AgentsMandibular NerveCalcitonin Gene-Related PeptideNerve Compression SyndromesThermoreceptorsNerve Tissue ProteinsMolesSynaptic VesiclesRana pipiensOphthalmic NerveUbiquitin ThiolesteraseNociceptorsCochlear NerveAction PotentialsNerve DegenerationSynaptic TransmissionPresynaptic TerminalsOculomotor MusclesGuanethidineRats, Sprague-DawleyAbducens NerveCalciumNerve Fibers, MyelinatedOculomotor NerveSynapsinsSynaptophysinAtropineSplanchnic NervesAdrenergic FibersGlossopharyngeal NerveGanglia, Autonomicrab3A GTP-Binding ProteinReceptors, Histamine H3Muscle ContractionMusclesElectrophysiologyParasympathetic Nervous SystemNodose GanglionRats, WistarNerve Fibers, UnmyelinatedPhysical StimulationGanglia, SensoryNeurofilament ProteinsOptic Nerve Injuries2-ChloroadenosineOptic Nerve DiseasesChemoreceptor CellsGanglia, SpinalImmunohistochemistryHydroxydopaminesThoracic NervesVagus NerveSympathectomyReflexFasciculationAccessory NerveSkinCarotid BodyTachyphylaxisTetrodotoxinFacial Nerve InjuriesSynapsesAcetylcholinesteraseHistamine AgonistsCranial Nerve NeoplasmsFacial Nerve DiseasesMotor Neurons, GammaThiolester HydrolasesNictitating MembraneSynaptic MembranesRecurrent Laryngeal NerveRats, Inbred StrainsLingual NerveDogsOlfactory NerveMembrane PotentialsAxonal TransportAdenosineDesipramineDiaphragmReserpineHypoglossal NerveElectric OrganPhenoxybenzamineAnuraSerotoninBrainNordefrinCalbindin 1Receptors, Presynapticomega-ConotoxinsEvoked PotentialsExocytosisReceptors, Nerve Growth FactorHistocytochemistryTracheaPhentolamineTachykininsNoseAbducens Nerve DiseasesVestibular NerveAminobutyratesDopamineNeuronsNeuropeptidesPotassiumCholinesterasesMaxillary NerveJoint CapsuleHexamethonium CompoundsPressoreceptorsOculomotor Nerve DiseasesCalcium Channel BlockersNerve Sheath NeoplasmsBotulinum ToxinsPhysostigmineTRPV Cation ChannelsPeripheral Nervous System DiseasesMuscle, SmoothHeartDose-Response Relationship, DrugReceptors, PurinergicPargylinePeriodontal LigamentTendonsSpinal CordHemicholinium 3Pineal GlandGanglionic BlockersCold TemperatureSchwann CellsAutonomic Nervous SystemCatecholaminesSciatic NeuropathyHindlimbMicroscopy, ImmunoelectronSodiumCranial Nerve InjuriesReceptors, Adrenergic, alphaS100 Calcium Binding Protein GEpinephrineReceptors, AdrenergicCerebral CortexAmidinesNeurotoxinsChorda Tympani NerveRabbitsStimulation, ChemicalPainCalcium Channels
StimulatePenisMusclesSiteYearsMonthsNeuronsRuffiniDermisFibresMotor nervePacinianMechanoreceptorsPenisBlood-vesselsRegenerateReceptorsStimuliCranial nervesSILVERSUN PICKUPSSpinalHair folliclesBloody MaryDorsalPresynapticFreeTibialFibreSynaptosomesSignalsTRPV1Growth coneTerminalsMuscleCutaneousAxonTactileVaginaFasciculiArteriesTypesVesiclesTissueAnatomical
Stimulate1
Penis5
Muscles2
Site1
  • I am new to this site and I was wondering if anyone could give me info on nerve endings. (healingwell.com)
Years1
  • My husband had radical prostate removel without nerve sparing, 2 years ago last March and he has been experiencing a lot of very strong tingling sexual feelings down there for about 4 months. (healingwell.com)
Months2
Neurons4
Ruffini2
Dermis2
Fibres11
  • Aside from the surfaces of contact of muscle and nerve fibre, the end fibres are covered down to their tips with the sheath of Schwann and are provided with nuclei. (rupress.org)
  • Properly interpreted it demonstrates that the nerve fibres that are to influence the muscle fibre are not naked and that they need not be end fibres. (rupress.org)
  • 4. In other animals Henle's sheath extends over the end fibres of the motor nerve and the cells lining it envelop the end fibrils. (rupress.org)
  • 5. The terminal nerves in smooth muscle form a network entwining the bundles of muscle fibres. (rupress.org)
  • From this network fine, nucleated, nerve fibres pass to the walls of the capillaries, with which they are very closely united. (rupress.org)
  • The intragemmal nerve fibres show knotty swellings of various sizes and shapes. (eurekamag.com)
  • Parvalbumin-immunoreactive nerve fibres were most abundant in the lingual periodontal ligaments of incisor teeth. (elsevier.com)
  • In the part of the ligament adjacent to the alveolar bone, thick and smooth parvalbumin-immunoreactive nerve fibres left main nerve bundles and passed towards the part of the ligament adjacent to the tooth. (elsevier.com)
  • In the ligament, halfway between the bone and tooth surfaces, these nerve fibres repeatedly branched and extended one to four twigs to produce bush-like endings. (elsevier.com)
  • The monkey studies revealed that a particular type of nerve cell tissues - called Pacinian corpuscle -associated (PC) fibres - were triggered by movement across the skin. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • In summary," they write, "the firing rates of tactile nerve fibres systematically increase with increasing speed, but the perceptual sensitivity to speed and the dependence of perceived speed on surface texture seem to reflect PC firing rates. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Motor nerve4
Pacinian1
Mechanoreceptors3
Penis12
Blood-vessels2
Regenerate3
Receptors5
Stimuli2
Cranial nerves1
SILVERSUN PICKUPS2
Spinal10
Hair follicles1
Bloody Mary1
Dorsal2
  • They tingle/throb constantly at the tip(nasal dorsal nerve? (medhelp.org)
  • The nerve supply in the posterior part of the corpus linguae and in the dorsal part of the apex linguae is much denser than in the anterior part of the corpus linguae, the inferior surface of the whole tongue, and the dorsal part of the tongue root. (eurekamag.com)
Presynaptic5
Free10
Tibial2
Fibre5
  • It shows that mere contact between muscle fibre and nerve fibre is all that is necessary. (rupress.org)
  • I consider it improbable that each plain muscle fibre has a special terminal nerve fibril. (rupress.org)
  • synapse A specialized junction where transmission of information takes place between a nerve fibre and another nerve cell, or between a nerve fibre and a muscle or gland cell. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Synapses serve as one-way communication devices, transmitting information in one direction only, from the fibre ending to the next cell. (encyclopedia.com)
  • It used to be thought that each nerve fibre releases only one neurotransmitter ('Dale's principle', after the British pharmacologist, Henry Dale), but it is now known that two or more transmitters and/or modulators can be produced by individual nerve terminals. (encyclopedia.com)
Synaptosomes3
  • We have used synaptosomes and glial plasmalemmal vesicles (GPV) from adult mouse and rat CNS to identify the nerve terminal transporter. (nih.gov)
  • Preparations of synaptosomes (P 2 ) from the telencephalon and from the diencephalon plus optic lobes of the pigeon and from the telencephalon of the rat were used to study the effects of 5 hydroxytryptophan (5 HTP) on the levels of serotonin (5 HT) in nerve endings and the release of 5 HT from nerve endings. (elsevier.com)
  • We show that the activity and expression of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase), the two enzymes regulating O-GlcNAc modifications, are present in nerve terminal structures (synaptosomes) and are particularily abundant in the cytosol of synaptosomes. (nih.gov)
Signals2
TRPV11
Growth cone1
  • Phosphorylation plays a key role in regulating growth cone migration and protein trafficking in nerve terminals. (nih.gov)
Terminals1
  • The IC50 values found for these compounds suggested functional expression of the 'glial, transporter, EAAT2 in nerve terminals. (nih.gov)
Muscle7
Cutaneous2
Axon1
Tactile1
Vagina2
Fasciculi1
  • 6. In muscular tissue fine non-medullated nerves, probably belonging to the centrifugal, vasomotor system, proceed from the fasciculi of motor nerves. (rupress.org)
Arteries1
  • They may influence, through their connections with the vasomotor nerves on the arteries and veins, the blood supply to a part. (rupress.org)
Types4
  • Three types of nerve endings were observed: 1. (springer.com)
  • A further study by the same group, published in Cell Reports , indicates that glial cells in C.elegans alter the shape of many different types of nerve endings, pointing to many other molecular mechanisms that have not yet been discovered. (neuro-central.com)
  • Other types of nerve cells - in families known as "rapidly adapting" and "slowly adapting" - also increased activity in response to speed, but in less pronounced and less consistent manners. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • Various types of damage that can possibly occur due to overstimulation of the cochlea or nerve are as follows. (medindia.net)
Vesicles2
  • After preincubation with neuraminidase, which released 90-100% of the sialic acid from the membranes of the synaptic vesicles and the nerve endings, the electron-dense deposits marked the reaction sites of sulphate with CIH. (biologists.org)
  • About 55% of the sialic acid found in the nerve ending membranes remained attached to the structure as compared with about 35% of the sialic acid of the vesicles. (biologists.org)
Tissue2
Anatomical1
  • These nerve endings in concert with anatomical adaptations of the hand (muscular and bone) allow for enhanced tool use. (anthropogeny.org)
Backstreetmerch | Nerve Ending | Tool | T-Shirt
Backstreetmerch | Nerve Ending | Tool | T-Shirt (backstreetmerch.com)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Gangliosides, Neuraminidase and Sialyltransferase at the Nerve Endings | SpringerLink
Gangliosides, Neuraminidase and Sialyltransferase at the Nerve Endings | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Too Close To Touch - The Air In Me | Epitaph Records
Too Close To Touch - The Air In Me | Epitaph Records (epitaph.com)
This Chemical Is So Hot It Destroys Nerve Fibers-in a Good Way | WIRED
This Chemical Is So Hot It Destroys Nerve Fibers-in a Good Way | WIRED (wired.com)
The Toxicity of Clove Oil | Livestrong.com
The Toxicity of Clove Oil | Livestrong.com (livestrong.com)
Home Remedies for Tooth & Gum Pain | Livestrong.com
Home Remedies for Tooth & Gum Pain | Livestrong.com (livestrong.com)
Remedies for Toothaches & Swollen Gums | Livestrong.com
Remedies for Toothaches & Swollen Gums | Livestrong.com (livestrong.com)
Sometimes when we touch, honesty is absent - Cosmos Magazine
Sometimes when we touch, honesty is absent - Cosmos Magazine (cosmosmagazine.com)
The Constant Direct Current Electrotherapy Physiotherapy | Vasodilation | Ion
The Constant Direct Current Electrotherapy Physiotherapy | Vasodilation | Ion (scribd.com)
Can You Orgasm From Anal Sex? Yes You Can, And Here's How
Can You Orgasm From Anal Sex? Yes You Can, And Here's How (elitedaily.com)
Temporomandibular Joint
Temporomandibular Joint (slideshare.net)
Foods That Trigger Severe Headaches
Foods That Trigger Severe Headaches (wsj.com)
Muscle spindle - Wikipedia
Muscle spindle - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Intrafusal muscle fiber - Wikipedia
Intrafusal muscle fiber - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Somatosensory system - Wikipedia
Somatosensory system - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
List of regions in the human brain - Wikipedia
List of regions in the human brain - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Female Migraines | Migraña | Dolor de cabeza
Female Migraines | Migraña | Dolor de cabeza (es.scribd.com)
The Lowest Point on Earth | Supporting Prophet Muhammad website
The Lowest Point on Earth | Supporting Prophet Muhammad website (rasoulallah.net)
KID STUFF : Laughter Will Scratch the Tickle - latimes
KID STUFF : Laughter Will Scratch the Tickle - latimes (articles.latimes.com)
3 Easy Ways to Choose Tattoo Placement (with Pictures)
3 Easy Ways to Choose Tattoo Placement (with Pictures) (wikihow.com)
How Do Cuts and Bruises Heal? - The Washington Post
How Do Cuts and Bruises Heal? - The Washington Post (washingtonpost.com)
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss - Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss - Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention (medindia.net)
Adrenergic System and Ventricular Arrhythmias in Myocardial Infarction | SpringerLink
Adrenergic System and Ventricular Arrhythmias in Myocardial Infarction | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Anaesthesia and Intensive Care A-Z | ElsevierAsia - English
Anaesthesia and Intensive Care A-Z | ElsevierAsia - English (slideshare.net)
Pick a religion | ScienceBlogs
Pick a religion | ScienceBlogs (scienceblogs.com)
2011-05-08 05:15:35 AM
2011-05-08 05:15:35 AM (fark.com)
How Your Brain Works | HowStuffWorks
How Your Brain Works | HowStuffWorks (science.howstuffworks.com)
Receptor | nerve ending | Britannica
Receptor | nerve ending | Britannica (britannica.com)
ATP but not adenosine inhibits nonquantal acetylcholine release at the mouse neuromuscular junction - Galkin - 2001 - European...
ATP but not adenosine inhibits nonquantal acetylcholine release at the mouse neuromuscular junction - Galkin - 2001 - European... (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
THE NERVES OF THE CAPILLARIES, WITH REMARKS ON NERVE-ENDINGS IN MUSCLE | JEM
THE NERVES OF THE CAPILLARIES, WITH REMARKS ON NERVE-ENDINGS IN MUSCLE | JEM (jem.rupress.org)
Libido Sex Pill - Can A Libido Sex Pill better?
Libido Sex Pill - Can A Libido Sex Pill better? (slideshare.net)