Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.
A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.
A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.
Interruption of sympathetic pathways, by local injection of an anesthetic agent, at any of four levels: peripheral nerve block, sympathetic ganglion block, extradural block, and subarachnoid block.
A widely used local anesthetic agent.
A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to the lower extremity. The obturator nerve provides motor innervation to the adductor muscles of the thigh and cutaneous sensory innervation of the inner thigh.
A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.
A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168)
The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon.
Pain during the period after surgery.
The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura.
A range of methods used to reduce pain and anxiety during dental procedures.
The lumbar and sacral plexuses taken together. The fibers of the lumbosacral plexus originate in the lumbar and upper sacral spinal cord (L1 to S3) and innervate the lower extremities.
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The joint that occurs between facets of the interior and superior articular processes of adjacent VERTEBRAE.
The ventral rami of the thoracic nerves from segments T1 through T11. The intercostal nerves supply motor and sensory innervation to the thorax and abdomen. The skin and muscles supplied by a given pair are called, respectively, a dermatome and a myotome.
The tunnel in the lower anterior ABDOMINAL WALL through which the SPERMATIC CORD, in the male; ROUND LIGAMENT, in the female; nerves; and vessels pass. Its internal end is at the deep inguinal ring and its external end is at the superficial inguinal ring.
Injection of an anesthetic into the nerves to inhibit nerve transmission in a specific part of the body.
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
Investigations conducted on the physical health of teeth involving use of a tool that transmits hot or cold electric currents on a tooth's surface that can determine problems with that tooth based on reactions to the currents.
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.
The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.
A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand.
Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.
Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.
The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.
Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.
A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.
Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.
Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage.
A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot.
The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.
The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.
Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.
A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.
A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm.
Sharp instruments used for puncturing or suturing.
A complex network of nerve fibers in the pelvic region. The hypogastric plexus distributes sympathetic fibers from the lumbar paravertebral ganglia and the aortic plexus, parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve, and visceral afferents. The bilateral pelvic plexus is in its lateral extent.
Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.
Disease involving the femoral nerve. The femoral nerve may be injured by ISCHEMIA (e.g., in association with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES), nerve compression, trauma, COLLAGEN DISEASES, and other disease processes. Clinical features include MUSCLE WEAKNESS or PARALYSIS of hip flexion and knee extension, ATROPHY of the QUADRICEPS MUSCLE, reduced or absent patellar reflex, and impaired sensation over the anterior and medial thigh.
Impaired conduction of cardiac impulse that can occur anywhere along the conduction pathway, such as between the SINOATRIAL NODE and the right atrium (SA block) or between atria and ventricles (AV block). Heart blocks can be classified by the duration, frequency, or completeness of conduction block. Reversibility depends on the degree of structural or functional defects.
Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.
The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.
Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).
The use of ultrasound to guide minimally invasive surgical procedures such as needle ASPIRATION BIOPSY; DRAINAGE; etc. Its widest application is intravascular ultrasound imaging but it is useful also in urology and intra-abdominal conditions.
Fluid propulsion systems driven mechanically, electrically, or osmotically that are used to inject (or infuse) over time agents into a patient or experimental animal; used routinely in hospitals to maintain a patent intravenous line, to administer antineoplastic agents and other drugs in thromboembolism, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS is also available), and other disorders.
Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.
NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.
Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.
A form of therapy that employs a coordinated and interdisciplinary approach for easing the suffering and improving the quality of life of those experiencing pain.
The distal extremity of the leg in vertebrates, consisting of the tarsus (ANKLE); METATARSUS; phalanges; and the soft tissues surrounding these bones.
The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.
A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans the fibers of the radial nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C5 to T1), travel via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and supply motor innervation to extensor muscles of the arm and cutaneous sensory fibers to extensor regions of the arm and hand.
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.
Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.
Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.
Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.
A sensory branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The ophthalmic nerve carries general afferents from the superficial division of the face including the eyeball, conjunctiva, upper eyelid, upper nose, nasal mucosa, and scalp.
The process in which specialized SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS transduce peripheral stimuli (physical or chemical) into NERVE IMPULSES which are then transmitted to the various sensory centers in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Differentiated tissue of the central nervous system composed of NERVE CELLS, fibers, DENDRITES, and specialized supporting cells.
The application, via IMPLANTED ELECTRODES, of short bursts of electrical energy in the radiofrequency range, interspersed with pauses in delivery of the current long enough to dissipate the generated heat and avoid heat-induced tissue necrosis.
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.
Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space.
A region of the lower extremity immediately surrounding and including the KNEE JOINT.
Secondary headache attributed to TRAUMA of the HEAD and/or the NECK.
Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth.
Replacement of the knee joint.
Use of any infusion therapy on an ambulatory, outpatient, or other non-institutionalized basis.
Injuries to the lower jaw bone.
The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM. They mediate the sense of hearing.
A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.
The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen. The greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses. The lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia.
Methods of delivering drugs into a joint space.
Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS of the carotid sinus.
A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.
A powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar spinal column (psoas minor). Psoas is derived from the Greek "psoa", the plural meaning "muscles of the loin". It is a common site of infection manifesting as abscess (PSOAS ABSCESS). The psoas muscles and their fibers are also used frequently in experiments in muscle physiology.
Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint.
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.
The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
A imidazole derivative that is an agonist of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. It is closely-related to MEDETOMIDINE, which is the racemic form of this compound.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.
Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. These may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. Clinical manifestations may include visual loss, PAPILLEDEMA, and an afferent pupillary defect.
A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.
The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven INTERCOSTAL NERVES and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls.
Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.
A richly vascularized and innervated connective tissue of mesodermal origin, contained in the central cavity of a tooth and delimited by the dentin, and having formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
One of the eight permanent teeth, two on either side in each jaw, between the canines (CUSPID) and the molars (MOLAR), serving for grinding and crushing food. The upper have two cusps (bicuspid) but the lower have one to three. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p822)
A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.
The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve.
The 11th cranial nerve which originates from NEURONS in the MEDULLA and in the CERVICAL SPINAL CORD. It has a cranial root, which joins the VAGUS NERVE (10th cranial) and sends motor fibers to the muscles of the LARYNX, and a spinal root, which sends motor fibers to the TRAPEZIUS and the sternocleidomastoid muscles.
The first digit on the radial side of the hand which in humans lies opposite the other four.
Surgical incision into the chest wall.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh.
Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain.
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Traumatic injuries to the facial nerve. This may result in FACIAL PARALYSIS, decreased lacrimation and salivation, and loss of taste sensation in the anterior tongue. The nerve may regenerate and reform its original pattern of innervation, or regenerate aberrantly, resulting in inappropriate lacrimation in response to gustatory stimuli (e.g., "crocodile tears") and other syndromes.
An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.
The 6th cranial nerve which originates in the ABDUCENS NUCLEUS of the PONS and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the EYE. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control.
The use of specifically placed small electrodes to deliver electrical impulses across the SKIN to relieve PAIN. It is used less frequently to produce ANESTHESIA.
The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.
Benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from one or more of the twelve cranial nerves.
Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation.
The quadriceps femoris. A collective name of the four-headed skeletal muscle of the thigh, comprised of the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis.
Branches of the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerves originate more caudally than the superior laryngeal nerves and follow different paths on the right and left sides. They carry efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid and carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.

Adult circumcision. (1/1198)

Adult circumcision can be performed under local or regional anesthesia. Medical indications for this procedure include phimosis, paraphimosis, recurrent balanitis and posthitis (inflammation of the prepuce). Nonmedical reasons may be social, cultural, personal or religious. The procedure is commonly performed using either the dorsal slit or the sleeve technique. The dorsal slit is especially useful in patients who have phimosis. The sleeve technique may provide better control of bleeding in patients with large subcutaneous veins. A dorsal penile nerve block, with or without a circumferential penile block, provides adequate anesthesia. Informed consent must be obtained. Possible complications of adult circumcision include infection, bleeding, poor cosmetic results and a change in sensation during intercourse.  (+info)

Ropivacaine or 2% mepivacaine for lower limb peripheral nerve blocks. Study Group on Orthopedic Anesthesia of the Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Intensive Care. (2/1198)

BACKGROUND: Intra- and postoperative clinical properties of sciatic-femoral nerve block performed with either ropivacaine at different concentrations or mepivacaine have been evaluated in a multicenter, randomized, blinded study. METHODS: Adult patients scheduled for foot and ankle surgery were randomized to receive combined sciatic-femoral nerve block with 225 mg of either 0.5% (n = 83), 0.75% (n = 87), or 1% (n = 86) ropivacaine, or with 500 mg of 2% mepivacaine (n = 84). A thigh tourniquet was used in all patients. Onset time, adequacy of surgical anesthesia, time to offset of nerve block, and time until first postoperative requirement for pain medication were evaluated by a blinded observer. RESULTS: The adequacy of nerve block was similar in the four treatment groups (the ratios between adequate:inadequate: failed blocks were 74:9:0 with 0.5% ropivacaine, 74:13:0 with 0.75% ropivacaine, 78:8:0 with 1% ropivacaine, and 72:12:0 with 2% mepivacaine). The onset of the block was slower with 0.5% ropivacaine than with other anesthetic solutions (P < 0.001). Regardless of the concentration, ropivacaine produced a longer motor blockade (10.5+/-3.8 h, 10.3+/-4.3 h, and 10.2+/-5.1 h with 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% ropivacaine, respectively) than with mepivacaine (4.3+/-2.6 h; P < 0.001). The duration of postoperative analgesia was shorter after mepivacaine (5.1+/-2.7 h) than after ropivacaine (12.2+/-4.1 h, 14.3+/-5 h, and 14.5+/-3.4 h, with 0.5%, 0.75%, or 1% ropivacaine, respectively; P < 0.001). Pain relief after 0.5% ropivacaine was 14% shorter than 0.75% or 1% ropivacaine (P < 0.05). During the first 24 h after surgery, 30-37% of patients receiving ropivacaine required no analgesics compared with 10% of those receiving mepivacaine (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that 0.75% ropivacaine is the most suitable choice of local anesthetic for combined sciatic-femoral nerve block, providing an onset similar to mepivacaine and prolonged postoperative analgesia.  (+info)

Clinically safe dosage of felypressin for patients with essential hypertension. (3/1198)

Hemodynamic changes were evaluated in patients with essential hypertension when felypressin of various concentrations was administered. The parameters studied were systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, heart rate, left ventricular systolic phase, and endocardial viability ratio. Results showed that blood pressure tended to increase, and the value of 1/pre-ejection period2 (PEP2) tended to decrease, upon administration of 3 ml of 2% propitocaine containing 0.06 international units/ml (IU/ml) of felypressin. Significant increase of blood pressure and decrease in 1/PEP2 was noted upon administration of 3 ml of anesthetic solution containing 0.13 IU/ml of felypressin. No ischemic change of the myocardium was detected even with the highest felypressin concentration (3 ml of 2% propitocaine containing 0.25 IU/ml of felypressin). These results suggest that the clinically safe dosage of felypressin for patients with essential hypertension is approximately 0.18 IU. This amount is equivalent to 6 ml of 3% propitocaine with 0.03 IU/ml of felypressin, which is a commercially available local anesthetic for dental use. It seems that the decrease in 1/PEP2 that occurred during blood pressure increase was due to the increase in afterload caused by contraction of the arterioles. Although in the present study no ischemic change was noted, special care should be taken to prevent myocardial ischemia in patients with severe hypertension.  (+info)

Prolonged diplopia following a mandibular block injection. (4/1198)

A case is presented in which a 14-yr-old girl developed diplopia after injection of the local anesthetic Xylotox E 80 A (2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine). Since the complication had a relatively slow onset and lasted for 24 hr, the commonly suggested explanations based on vascular, lymphatic, and neural route theories do not adequately fit the observations. No treatment, other than reassurance, was necessary, and the patient recovered fully.  (+info)

Efficacy of mandibular topical anesthesia varies with the site of administration. (5/1198)

This study compared the threshold of pain sensitivity in the anterior mandibular mucobuccal fold with the posterior. This was followed by a comparison of the reduction of needle insertion pain in the anterior mucobuccal fold and the pterygo-temporal depression by either topical anesthesia or nitrous oxide inhalation. The pain threshold was determined by an analgometer, a pain-measuring device that depends on pressure readings; additionally, pain caused by a needle inserted by a normal technique was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS). The threshold of pain was significantly lower in the incisor and canine regions than in the premolar and the molar regions (P < 0.001). Compared to a placebo, topical anesthesia significantly reduced the pain from needle insertion in the mucobuccal fold adjacent to the mandibular canine (P < 0.001), but did not significantly reduce pain in the pterygotemporal depression. The addition of 30% nitrous oxide did not significantly alter pain reduction compared to a control of 100% oxygen. These results suggest that topical anesthesia application may be effective in reducing the pain of needle insertion in the anterior mandibular mucobuccal fold, but may not be as effective for a standard inferior alveolar nerve block. The addition of 30% nitrous oxide did not lead to a significant improvement.  (+info)

Anti-ganglioside antibodies can bind peripheral nerve nodes of Ranvier and activate the complement cascade without inducing acute conduction block in vitro. (6/1198)

The neurophysiological effects of nine neuropathy-associated human anti-ganglioside antisera, three monoclonal antibodies to ganglioside GM1 (GM1) and of the cholera toxin B subunit (a GM1 ligand) were studied on mouse sciatic nerve in vitro. GM1 antisera and monoclonal antibodies from patients with chronic motor neuropathies and Guillain-Barre syndrome, and GQ1b/ disialosyl antisera and monoclonal antibodies from patients with chronic ataxic neuropathies and Miller Fisher syndrome were studied. In vitro recording, for up to 6 h, of compound nerve action potentials, latencies, rise times and stimulus thresholds from isolated desheathed sciatic nerve was performed in the presence of antiganglioside antibodies and fresh human serum as an additional source of complement. No changes were observed over this time course, with 4-6 h values for all electrophysiological parameters being within 15% of the starting values for both normal and antibody containing sera and for the cholera toxin B subunit. Parallel experiments on identically prepared desheathed nerves performed with 0.5 nM saxitoxin led to complete conduction block within 10 min of application. Under identical conditions to those used for electrophysiological recordings, quantitative immunohistological evaluation revealed a significant increase in IgM (immunoglobulin M) deposition at nodes of Ranvier from 5.3+/-3.1% to 28.7+/-8.4% (mean+/-SEM) of desheathed nerves exposed to three normal and three antibody containing sera, respectively (P < 0.03). Complement activation was seen at 100% of normal and 79% of disease-associated IgM positive nodes of Ranvier. These data indicate that anti-ganglioside antibodies can diffuse into a desheathed nerve, bind to nodes of Ranvier and fix complement in vitro without resulting in any overt physiological deterioration of the nerve over 4-6 h. This suggests that the node of Ranvier is relatively resistant to acute antiganglioside antibody mediated injury over this time scale and that anti-ganglioside antibodies and the cholera toxin B subunit are unlikely to have major direct pharmacological effects on nodal function, at least in comparison with the effect of saxitoxin. This in vitro sciatic nerve model appears of limited use for analysing electrophysiologically the effects of anti-ganglioside antibodies on nerve function, possibly because its short-term viability and isolation from circulating systemic factors do not permit the evolution of an inflammatory lesion of sufficient magnitude to induce overt electrophysiological abnormalities. In vivo models may be more suitable for identifying the effects of these antibodies on nerve conduction.  (+info)

Conduction block in carpal tunnel syndrome. (7/1198)

Wrist extension was performed in six healthy subjects to establish, first, whether it would be sufficient to produce conduction block and, secondly, whether the excitability changes associated with this manoeuvre are similar to those produced by focal nerve compression. During maintained wrist extension to 90 degrees, all subjects developed conduction block in cutaneous afferents distal to the wrist, with a marked reduction in amplitude of the maximal potential by >50%. This was associated with changes in axonal excitability at the wrist: a prolongation in latency, a decrease in supernormality and an increase in refractoriness. These changes indicate axonal depolarization. Similar studies were then performed in seven patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. The patients developed conduction block, again with evidence of axonal depolarization prior to block. Mild paraesthesiae were reported by all subjects (normals and patients) during wrist extension, and more intense paraesthesiae were reported following the release of wrist extension. In separate experiments, conduction block was produced by ischaemic compression, but its development could not be altered by hyperpolarizing currents. It is concluded that wrist extension produces a 'depolarization' block in both normal subjects and patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, much as occurs with ischaemic compression, but that this block cannot be altered merely by compensating for the axonal depolarization. It is argued that conduction slowing need not always be attributed to disturbed myelination, and that ischaemic compression may be sufficient to explain some of the intermittent symptoms and electrodiagnostic findings in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, particularly when it is of mild or moderate severity.  (+info)

Respiratory effects of low-dose bupivacaine interscalene block. (8/1198)

In this double-blind study, interscalene brachial plexus (ISBP) block was performed in 11 volunteers using 10 ml of either 0.25% (n = 6) or 0.5% (n = 5) bupivacaine with epinephrine 1:200,000. Diaphragmatic excursion, respiratory function and neural function were assessed for 90 min. Our results showed that hemidiaphragmatic excursion declined significantly after block in the 0.5% group and paradoxical movement during inspiration was more common than in the 0.25% group. Forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s declined significantly in the 0.5% group (mean 74.6 (SD 13.0)% and 78.2 (19.9)% of baseline, respectively) but not in the 0.25% group. Sensory anaesthesia in the upper limb was found consistently in both groups, although biceps paralysis occurred earlier after 0.5% bupivacaine. We conclude that ISBP block using 10 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine provided upper limb anaesthesia to pinprick in C5-6 dermatomes with only occasional interference with respiratory function.  (+info)

A nerve block is a medical procedure in which an anesthetic or neurolytic agent is injected near a specific nerve or bundle of nerves to block the transmission of pain signals from that area to the brain. This technique can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, such as identifying the source of pain, providing temporary or prolonged relief, or facilitating surgical procedures in the affected region.

The injection typically contains a local anesthetic like lidocaine or bupivacaine, which numbs the nerve, preventing it from transmitting pain signals. In some cases, steroids may also be added to reduce inflammation and provide longer-lasting relief. Depending on the type of nerve block and its intended use, the injection might be administered close to the spine (neuraxial blocks), at peripheral nerves (peripheral nerve blocks), or around the sympathetic nervous system (sympathetic nerve blocks).

While nerve blocks are generally safe, they can have side effects such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, or in rare cases, systemic toxicity from the anesthetic agent. It is essential to consult with a qualified medical professional before undergoing this procedure to ensure proper evaluation, technique, and post-procedure care.

The femoral nerve is a major nerve in the thigh region of the human body. It originates from the lumbar plexus, specifically from the ventral rami (anterior divisions) of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves (L2-L4). The femoral nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and areas in the lower limb.

Motor Innervation:
The femoral nerve is responsible for providing motor innervation to several muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh, including:

1. Iliacus muscle
2. Psoas major muscle
3. Quadriceps femoris muscle (consisting of four heads: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius)

These muscles are involved in hip flexion, knee extension, and stabilization of the hip joint.

Sensory Innervation:
The sensory distribution of the femoral nerve includes:

1. Anterior and medial aspects of the thigh
2. Skin over the anterior aspect of the knee and lower leg (via the saphenous nerve, a branch of the femoral nerve)

The saphenous nerve provides sensation to the skin on the inner side of the leg and foot, as well as the medial malleolus (the bony bump on the inside of the ankle).

In summary, the femoral nerve is a crucial component of the lumbar plexus that controls motor functions in the anterior thigh muscles and provides sensory innervation to the anterior and medial aspects of the thigh and lower leg.

The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.

Local anesthetics are a type of medication that is used to block the sensation of pain in a specific area of the body. They work by temporarily numbing the nerves in that area, preventing them from transmitting pain signals to the brain. Local anesthetics can be administered through various routes, including topical application (such as creams or gels), injection (such as into the skin or tissues), or regional nerve blocks (such as epidural or spinal anesthesia).

Some common examples of local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine. These medications can be used for a variety of medical procedures, ranging from minor surgeries (such as dental work or skin biopsies) to more major surgeries (such as joint replacements or hernia repairs).

Local anesthetics are generally considered safe when used appropriately, but they can have side effects and potential complications. These may include allergic reactions, toxicity (if too much is administered), and nerve damage (if the medication is injected into a nerve). It's important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using local anesthetics, and to report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.

The mandibular nerve is a branch of the trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve), which is responsible for sensations in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. The mandibular nerve provides both sensory and motor innervation to the lower third of the face, below the eye and nose down to the chin.

More specifically, it carries sensory information from the lower teeth, lower lip, and parts of the oral cavity, as well as the skin over the jaw and chin. It also provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication (chewing), which include the masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles.

Damage to the mandibular nerve can result in numbness or loss of sensation in the lower face and mouth, as well as weakness or difficulty with chewing and biting.

Peripheral nerves are nerve fibers that transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body. These nerves convey motor, sensory, and autonomic information, enabling us to move, feel, and respond to changes in our environment. They form a complex network that extends from the CNS to muscles, glands, skin, and internal organs, allowing for coordinated responses and functions throughout the body. Damage or injury to peripheral nerves can result in various neurological symptoms, such as numbness, weakness, or pain, depending on the type and severity of the damage.

An autonomic nerve block is a medical procedure that involves injecting a local anesthetic or other medication into or near the nerves that make up the autonomic nervous system. This type of nerve block is used to diagnose and treat certain medical conditions that affect the autonomic nervous system, such as neuropathy or complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling many involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and body temperature. It is made up of two parts: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for "fight or flight" responses, while the parasympathetic nervous system helps the body relax and rest.

An autonomic nerve block can be used to diagnose a problem with the autonomic nervous system by temporarily blocking the nerves' signals and observing how this affects the body's functions. It can also be used to treat pain or other symptoms caused by damage to the autonomic nerves. The injection is usually given in the area near the spine, and the specific location will depend on the nerves being targeted.

It is important to note that an autonomic nerve block is a medical procedure that should only be performed by a qualified healthcare professional. As with any medical procedure, there are risks and benefits associated with an autonomic nerve block, and it is important for patients to discuss these with their doctor before deciding whether this treatment is right for them.

Bupivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic drug, which is used to cause numbness or loss of feeling in a specific area of the body during certain medical procedures such as surgery, dental work, or childbirth. It works by blocking the nerves that transmit pain signals to the brain.

Bupivacaine is available as a solution for injection and is usually administered directly into the tissue surrounding the nerve to be blocked (nerve block) or into the spinal fluid (epidural). The onset of action of bupivacaine is relatively slow, but its duration of action is long, making it suitable for procedures that require prolonged pain relief.

Like all local anesthetics, bupivacaine carries a risk of side effects such as allergic reactions, nerve damage, and systemic toxicity if accidentally injected into a blood vessel or given in excessive doses. It should be used with caution in patients with certain medical conditions, including heart disease, liver disease, and neurological disorders.

The Obturator Nerve is a nerve that originates from the lumbar plexus, specifically from the ventral rami of spinal nerves L2-L4. It travels through the pelvis and exits the pelvic cavity via the obturator foramen, hence its name. The obturator nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh, specifically the adductor muscles (adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, and obturator externus). It also provides sensory innervation to a small area on the inner aspect of the thigh.

Lidocaine is a type of local anesthetic that numbs painful areas and is used to prevent pain during certain medical procedures. It works by blocking the nerves that transmit pain signals to the brain. In addition to its use as an anesthetic, lidocaine can also be used to treat irregular heart rates and relieve itching caused by allergic reactions or skin conditions such as eczema.

Lidocaine is available in various forms, including creams, gels, ointments, sprays, solutions, and injectable preparations. It can be applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes, or it can be administered by injection into a muscle or vein. The specific dosage and method of administration will depend on the reason for its use and the individual patient's medical history and current health status.

Like all medications, lidocaine can have side effects, including allergic reactions, numbness that lasts too long, and in rare cases, heart problems or seizures. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider carefully when using lidocaine to minimize the risk of adverse effects.

Mepivacaine is a local anesthetic drug, which is used to cause numbness or loss of feeling before and during surgical procedures. It works by blocking the nerve signals in your body. Mepivacaine has a faster onset of action compared to bupivacaine but has a shorter duration of action. It can be used for infiltration, peripheral nerve block, and epidural anesthesia.

The medical definition of Mepivacaine is:

A amide-type local anesthetic with fast onset and moderate duration of action. Its molar potency is similar to that of procaine, but its duration of action is approximately 50% longer. It has been used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is metabolized in the liver by hydrolysis.

It's important to note that mepivacaine, like any other medication, can have side effects and should be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck region and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. It is formed by the ventral rami (branches) of the lower four cervical nerves (C5-C8) and the first thoracic nerve (T1). In some cases, contributions from C4 and T2 may also be included.

The brachial plexus nerves exit the intervertebral foramen, pass through the neck, and travel down the upper chest before branching out to form major peripheral nerves of the upper limb. These include the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, median, and ulnar nerves, which further innervate specific muscles and sensory areas in the arm, forearm, and hand.

Damage to the brachial plexus can result in various neurological deficits, such as weakness or paralysis of the upper limb, numbness, or loss of sensation in the affected area, depending on the severity and location of the injury.

Postoperative pain is defined as the pain or discomfort experienced by patients following a surgical procedure. It can vary in intensity and duration depending on the type of surgery performed, individual pain tolerance, and other factors. The pain may be caused by tissue trauma, inflammation, or nerve damage resulting from the surgical intervention. Proper assessment and management of postoperative pain is essential to promote recovery, prevent complications, and improve patient satisfaction.

The maxillary nerve, also known as the second division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V2), is a primary sensory nerve that provides innervation to the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, part of the cheek, upper lip, and roof of the mouth. It also supplies sensory fibers to the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, palate, and upper teeth. Furthermore, it contributes motor innervation to the muscles involved in chewing (muscles of mastication), specifically the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani. The maxillary nerve originates from the trigeminal ganglion and passes through the foramen rotundum in the skull before reaching its target areas.

Dental anesthesia is a type of local or regional anesthesia that is specifically used in dental procedures to block the transmission of pain impulses from the teeth and surrounding tissues to the brain. The most common types of dental anesthesia include:

1. Local anesthesia: This involves the injection of a local anesthetic drug, such as lidocaine or prilocaine, into the gum tissue near the tooth that is being treated. This numbs the area and prevents the patient from feeling pain during the procedure.
2. Conscious sedation: This is a type of minimal sedation that is used to help patients relax during dental procedures. The patient remains conscious and can communicate with the dentist, but may not remember the details of the procedure. Common methods of conscious sedation include nitrous oxide (laughing gas) or oral sedatives.
3. Deep sedation or general anesthesia: This is rarely used in dental procedures, but may be necessary for patients who are extremely anxious or have special needs. It involves the administration of drugs that cause a state of unconsciousness and prevent the patient from feeling pain during the procedure.

Dental anesthesia is generally safe when administered by a qualified dentist or oral surgeon. However, as with any medical procedure, there are risks involved, including allergic reactions to the anesthetic drugs, nerve damage, and infection. Patients should discuss any concerns they have with their dentist before undergoing dental anesthesia.

The lumbosacral plexus is a complex network of nerves that arises from the lower part of the spinal cord, specifically the lumbar (L1-L5) and sacral (S1-S4) roots. This plexus is responsible for providing innervation to the lower extremities, including the legs, feet, and some parts of the abdomen and pelvis.

The lumbosacral plexus can be divided into several major branches:

1. The femoral nerve: It arises from the L2-L4 roots and supplies motor innervation to the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh, as well as sensation to the anterior and medial aspects of the leg and thigh.
2. The obturator nerve: It originates from the L2-L4 roots and provides motor innervation to the adductor muscles of the thigh and sensation to the inner aspect of the thigh.
3. The sciatic nerve: This is the largest nerve in the body, formed by the union of the tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerves. It arises from the L4-S3 roots and supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the lower leg and foot, as well as sensation to the posterior aspect of the leg and foot.
4. The pudendal nerve: It originates from the S2-S4 roots and is responsible for providing motor innervation to the pelvic floor muscles and sensory innervation to the genital region.
5. Other smaller nerves, such as the ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and genitofemoral nerves, also arise from the lumbosacral plexus and supply sensation to various regions in the lower abdomen and pelvis.

Damage or injury to the lumbosacral plexus can result in significant neurological deficits, including muscle weakness, numbness, and pain in the lower extremities.

The optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, is the nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. It is composed of approximately one million nerve fibers that carry signals related to vision, such as light intensity and color, from the eye's photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) to the visual cortex in the brain. The optic nerve is responsible for carrying this visual information so that it can be processed and interpreted by the brain, allowing us to see and perceive our surroundings. Damage to the optic nerve can result in vision loss or impairment.

Nerve fibers are specialized structures that constitute the long, slender processes (axons) of neurons (nerve cells). They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the cell body and transmitting them to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles and glands. Nerve fibers are often surrounded by supportive cells called glial cells and are grouped together to form nerve bundles or nerves. These fibers can be myelinated (covered with a fatty insulating sheath called myelin) or unmyelinated, which influences the speed of impulse transmission.

An amide is a functional group or a compound that contains a carbonyl group (a double-bonded carbon atom) and a nitrogen atom. The nitrogen atom is connected to the carbonyl carbon atom by a single bond, and it also has a lone pair of electrons. Amides are commonly found in proteins and peptides, where they form amide bonds (also known as peptide bonds) between individual amino acids.

The general structure of an amide is R-CO-NHR', where R and R' can be alkyl or aryl groups. Amides can be classified into several types based on the nature of R and R' substituents:

* Primary amides: R-CO-NH2
* Secondary amides: R-CO-NHR'
* Tertiary amides: R-CO-NR''R'''

Amides have several important chemical properties. They are generally stable and resistant to hydrolysis under neutral or basic conditions, but they can be hydrolyzed under acidic conditions or with strong bases. Amides also exhibit a characteristic infrared absorption band around 1650 cm-1 due to the carbonyl stretching vibration.

In addition to their prevalence in proteins and peptides, amides are also found in many natural and synthetic compounds, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and polymers. They have a wide range of applications in chemistry, biology, and materials science.

A zygapophyseal joint, also known as a facet joint, is a type of synovial joint that connects the articulating processes of adjacent vertebrae in the spine. These joints are formed by the superior and inferior articular processes of the vertebral bodies and are covered with hyaline cartilage. They allow for smooth movement between the vertebrae, providing stability and limiting excessive motion while allowing flexibility in the spine. The zygapophyseal joints are supported by a capsule and ligaments that help to maintain their alignment and restrict abnormal movements. These joints can become sources of pain and discomfort when they become inflamed or damaged due to conditions such as arthritis, degenerative disc disease, or injury.

Intercostal nerves are the bundles of nerve fibers that originate from the thoracic spinal cord (T1 to T11) and provide sensory and motor innervation to the thorax, abdomen, and walls of the chest. They run between the ribs (intercostal spaces), hence the name intercostal nerves.

Each intercostal nerve has two components:

1. The lateral cutaneous branch: This branch provides sensory innervation to the skin on the side of the chest wall and abdomen.
2. The anterior cutaneous branch: This branch provides sensory innervation to the skin on the front of the chest and abdomen.

Additionally, each intercostal nerve also gives off a muscular branch that supplies motor innervation to the intercostal muscles (the muscles between the ribs) and the upper abdominal wall muscles. The lowest intercostal nerve (T11) also provides sensory innervation to a small area of skin over the buttock.

Intercostal nerves are important in clinical practice, as they can be affected by various conditions such as herpes zoster (shingles), rib fractures, or thoracic outlet syndrome, leading to pain and sensory changes in the chest wall.

The inguinal canal is a narrow passage in the lower abdominal wall. In males, it allows for the spermatic cord and blood vessels to travel from the abdomen to the scrotum. In females, it provides a pathway for the round ligament of the uterus to pass through. The inguinal canal is located in the groin region, and an inguinal hernia occurs when a portion of the intestine protrudes through this canal.

Conduction anesthesia is a type of local anesthesia in which an anesthetic agent is administered near a peripheral nerve to block the transmission of painful stimuli. It is called "conduction" anesthesia because it works by blocking the conduction of nerve impulses along the nerve fibers.

There are several types of conduction anesthesia, including:

1. Infiltration anesthesia: In this technique, the anesthetic agent is injected directly into the tissue where the surgical procedure will be performed. This type of anesthesia can be used for minor surgeries such as wound closure or repair of simple lacerations.
2. Nerve block anesthesia: In this technique, the anesthetic agent is injected near a specific nerve or bundle of nerves to block sensation in a larger area of the body. For example, a brachial plexus block can be used to numb the arm and hand for procedures such as shoulder surgery or fracture reduction.
3. Field block anesthesia: In this technique, the anesthetic agent is injected around the periphery of the surgical site to create a "field" of anesthesia that blocks sensation in the area. This type of anesthesia is often used for procedures such as hernia repair or circumcision.

Conduction anesthesia has several advantages over general anesthesia, including reduced risk of complications, faster recovery time, and lower cost. However, it may not be appropriate for all types of surgical procedures or patients, and its effectiveness can vary depending on the skill of the practitioner and the individual patient's response to the anesthetic agent.

Pain measurement, in a medical context, refers to the quantification or evaluation of the intensity and/or unpleasantness of a patient's subjective pain experience. This is typically accomplished through the use of standardized self-report measures such as numerical rating scales (NRS), visual analog scales (VAS), or categorical scales (mild, moderate, severe). In some cases, physiological measures like heart rate, blood pressure, and facial expressions may also be used to supplement self-reported pain ratings. The goal of pain measurement is to help healthcare providers better understand the nature and severity of a patient's pain in order to develop an effective treatment plan.

A dental pulp test is a medical procedure used to determine if the pulp of a tooth is alive or dead. The pulp is the soft tissue inside the tooth that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. There are several types of dental pulp tests, including:

1. Cold Test: This involves applying a cold stimulus to the tooth using a substance such as ice or a cold spray. A healthy pulp will respond to the cold by causing a brief, sharp pain. If the pulp is dead or damaged, there will be no response to the cold.
2. Heat Test: This involves applying a heat stimulus to the tooth using a hot substance such as gutta-percha or a hot water bath. A healthy pulp will respond to the heat by causing a brief, sharp pain. If the pulp is dead or damaged, there will be no response to the heat.
3. Electric Pulp Test: This involves applying a low-level electrical current to the tooth. A healthy pulp will respond to the electrical current by causing a tingling or buzzing sensation. If the pulp is dead or damaged, there will be no response to the electrical current.

The results of these tests can help dental professionals determine if a tooth needs root canal treatment or if it can be saved with other treatments.

Peripheral nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit information between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, including sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. Peripheral nerve injuries can result in various symptoms, depending on the type and severity of the injury, such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or paralysis in the affected area.

Peripheral nerve injuries are classified into three main categories based on the degree of damage:

1. Neuropraxia: This is the mildest form of nerve injury, where the nerve remains intact but its function is disrupted due to a local conduction block. The nerve fiber is damaged, but the supporting structures remain intact. Recovery usually occurs within 6-12 weeks without any residual deficits.
2. Axonotmesis: In this type of injury, there is damage to both the axons and the supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium). The nerve fibers are disrupted, but the connective tissue sheaths remain intact. Recovery can take several months or even up to a year, and it may be incomplete, with some residual deficits possible.
3. Neurotmesis: This is the most severe form of nerve injury, where there is complete disruption of the nerve fibers and supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium). Recovery is unlikely without surgical intervention, which may involve nerve grafting or repair.

Peripheral nerve injuries can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, stretching, lacerations, or chemical exposure. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the injury and may include conservative management, such as physical therapy and pain management, or surgical intervention for more severe cases.

The Tibial nerve is a major branch of the sciatic nerve that originates in the lower back and runs through the buttock and leg. It provides motor (nerve impulses that control muscle movement) and sensory (nerve impulses that convey information about touch, temperature, and pain) innervation to several muscles and skin regions in the lower limb.

More specifically, the Tibial nerve supplies the following structures:

1. Motor Innervation: The Tibial nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles in the back of the leg (posterior compartment), including the calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) and the small muscles in the foot (intrinsic muscles). These muscles are responsible for plantarflexion (pointing the foot downward) and inversion (turning the foot inward) of the foot.
2. Sensory Innervation: The Tibial nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin on the sole of the foot, as well as the heel and some parts of the lower leg.

The Tibial nerve travels down the leg, passing behind the knee and through the calf, where it eventually joins with the common fibular (peroneal) nerve to form the tibial-fibular trunk. This trunk then divides into several smaller nerves that innervate the foot's intrinsic muscles and skin.

Damage or injury to the Tibial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as weakness or paralysis of the calf and foot muscles, numbness or tingling sensations in the sole of the foot, and difficulty walking or standing on tiptoes.

The median nerve is one of the major nerves in the human body, providing sensation and motor function to parts of the arm and hand. It originates from the brachial plexus, a network of nerves that arise from the spinal cord in the neck. The median nerve travels down the arm, passing through the cubital tunnel at the elbow, and continues into the forearm and hand.

In the hand, the median nerve supplies sensation to the palm side of the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and half of the ring finger. It also provides motor function to some of the muscles that control finger movements, allowing for flexion of the fingers and opposition of the thumb.

Damage to the median nerve can result in a condition called carpal tunnel syndrome, which is characterized by numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers.

Nerve regeneration is the process of regrowth and restoration of functional nerve connections following damage or injury to the nervous system. This complex process involves various cellular and molecular events, such as the activation of support cells called glia, the sprouting of surviving nerve fibers (axons), and the reformation of neural circuits. The goal of nerve regeneration is to enable the restoration of normal sensory, motor, and autonomic functions impaired due to nerve damage or injury.

Ambulatory surgical procedures, also known as outpatient or same-day surgery, refer to medical operations that do not require an overnight hospital stay. These procedures are typically performed in a specialized ambulatory surgery center (ASC) or in a hospital-based outpatient department. Patients undergoing ambulatory surgical procedures receive anesthesia, undergo the operation, and recover enough to be discharged home on the same day of the procedure.

Examples of common ambulatory surgical procedures include:

1. Arthroscopy (joint scope examination and repair)
2. Cataract surgery
3. Colonoscopy and upper endoscopy
4. Dental surgery, such as wisdom tooth extraction
5. Gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy)
6. Hernia repair
7. Hysteroscopy (examination of the uterus)
8. Minor skin procedures, like biopsies and lesion removals
9. Orthopedic procedures, such as carpal tunnel release or joint injections
10. Pain management procedures, including epidural steroid injections and nerve blocks
11. Podiatric (foot and ankle) surgery
12. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

Advancements in medical technology, minimally invasive surgical techniques, and improved anesthesia methods have contributed to the growth of ambulatory surgical procedures, offering patients a more convenient and cost-effective alternative to traditional inpatient surgeries.

Spinal nerves are the bundles of nerve fibers that transmit signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the human body, which can be divided into five regions: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each spinal nerve carries both sensory information (such as touch, temperature, and pain) from the periphery to the spinal cord, and motor information (such as muscle control) from the spinal cord to the muscles and other structures in the body. Spinal nerves also contain autonomic fibers that regulate involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure.

Analgesia is defined as the absence or relief of pain in a patient, achieved through various medical means. It is derived from the Greek word "an-" meaning without and "algein" meaning to feel pain. Analgesics are medications that are used to reduce pain without causing loss of consciousness, and they work by blocking the transmission of pain signals to the brain.

Examples of analgesics include over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve). Prescription opioid painkillers, such as oxycodone (OxyContin, Percocet) and hydrocodone (Vicodin), are also used for pain relief but carry a higher risk of addiction and abuse.

Analgesia can also be achieved through non-pharmacological means, such as through nerve blocks, spinal cord stimulation, acupuncture, and other complementary therapies. The choice of analgesic therapy depends on the type and severity of pain, as well as the patient's medical history and individual needs.

Prilocaine is an amide local anesthetic that is often used in topical, injectable, and regional anesthesia. It is commonly combined with lidocaine to reduce the risk of methhemoglobinemia, a rare but potentially serious side effect that can occur with prilocaine use.

Prilocaine works by blocking sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, which prevents the transmission of nerve impulses and results in local anesthesia. It has a rapid onset of action and a relatively short duration of effect.

In addition to its use as a local anesthetic, prilocaine is also used in some dental procedures and for the treatment of premature ejaculation. As with any medication, prilocaine can have side effects, including allergic reactions, numbness, tingling, and pain at the injection site. It should be used with caution in patients with certain medical conditions, such as heart disease, liver or kidney dysfunction, and in pregnant or breastfeeding women.

Nerve endings, also known as terminal branches or sensory receptors, are the specialized structures present at the termination point of nerve fibers (axons) that transmit electrical signals to and from the central nervous system (CNS). They primarily function in detecting changes in the external environment or internal body conditions and converting them into electrical impulses.

There are several types of nerve endings, including:

1. Free Nerve Endings: These are unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to various stimuli like temperature, pain, and touch. They are widely distributed throughout the body, especially in the skin, mucous membranes, and visceral organs.

2. Encapsulated Nerve Endings: These are wrapped by specialized connective tissue sheaths, which can modify their sensitivity to specific stimuli. Examples include Pacinian corpuscles (responsible for detecting deep pressure and vibration), Meissner's corpuscles (for light touch), Ruffini endings (for stretch and pressure), and Merkel cells (for sustained touch).

3. Specialised Nerve Endings: These are nerve endings that respond to specific stimuli, such as auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, and vestibular information. They include hair cells in the inner ear, photoreceptors in the retina, taste buds in the tongue, and olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity.

Nerve endings play a crucial role in relaying sensory information to the CNS for processing and initiating appropriate responses, such as reflex actions or conscious perception of the environment.

An adjuvant in anesthesia refers to a substance or drug that is added to an anesthetic medication to enhance its effects, make it last longer, or improve the overall quality of anesthesia. Adjuvants do not produce analgesia or anesthesia on their own but work synergistically with other anesthetics to achieve better clinical outcomes.

There are several types of adjuvants used in anesthesia, including:

1. Opioids: These are commonly used adjuvants that enhance the analgesic effect of anesthetic drugs. Examples include fentanyl, sufentanil, and remifentanil.
2. Alpha-2 agonists: Drugs like clonidine and dexmedetomidine are used as adjuvants to provide sedation, analgesia, and anxiolysis. They also help reduce the requirement for other anesthetic drugs, thus minimizing side effects.
3. Ketamine: This NMDA receptor antagonist is used as an adjuvant to provide analgesia and amnesia. It can be used in subanesthetic doses to improve the quality of analgesia during general anesthesia or as a sole anesthetic for procedural sedation.
4. Local anesthetics: When used as an adjuvant, local anesthetics can prolong the duration of postoperative analgesia and reduce the requirement for opioids. Examples include bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and lidocaine.
5. Neostigmine: This cholinesterase inhibitor is used as an adjuvant to reverse the neuromuscular blockade produced by non-depolarizing muscle relaxants at the end of surgery.
6. Dexamethasone: A corticosteroid used as an adjuvant to reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting, inflammation, and pain.
7. Magnesium sulfate: This non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist is used as an adjuvant to provide analgesia, reduce opioid consumption, and provide neuroprotection in certain surgical settings.

The choice of adjuvants depends on the type of surgery, patient factors, and the desired clinical effects.

The sural nerve is a purely sensory peripheral nerve in the lower leg and foot. It provides sensation to the outer ( lateral) aspect of the little toe and the adjacent side of the fourth toe, as well as a small portion of the skin on the back of the leg between the ankle and knee joints.

The sural nerve is formed by the union of branches from the tibial and common fibular nerves (branches of the sciatic nerve) in the lower leg. It runs down the calf, behind the lateral malleolus (the bony prominence on the outside of the ankle), and into the foot.

The sural nerve is often used as a donor nerve during nerve grafting procedures due to its consistent anatomy and relatively low risk for morbidity at the donor site.

The trigeminal nerve, also known as the fifth cranial nerve or CNV, is a paired nerve that carries both sensory and motor information. It has three major branches: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3). The ophthalmic branch provides sensation to the forehead, eyes, and upper portion of the nose; the maxillary branch supplies sensation to the lower eyelid, cheek, nasal cavity, and upper lip; and the mandibular branch is responsible for sensation in the lower lip, chin, and parts of the oral cavity, as well as motor function to the muscles involved in chewing. The trigeminal nerve plays a crucial role in sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and pressure in the face and mouth, and it also contributes to biting, chewing, and swallowing functions.

The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. Its functions include controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretomotor function to the lacrimal and salivary glands.

The facial nerve originates from the brainstem and exits the skull through the internal acoustic meatus. It then passes through the facial canal in the temporal bone before branching out to innervate various structures of the face. The main branches of the facial nerve include:

1. Temporal branch: Innervates the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles responsible for eyebrow movements and eyelid closure.
2. Zygomatic branch: Supplies the muscles that elevate the upper lip and wrinkle the nose.
3. Buccal branch: Innervates the muscles of the cheek and lips, allowing for facial expressions such as smiling and puckering.
4. Mandibular branch: Controls the muscles responsible for lower lip movement and depressing the angle of the mouth.
5. Cervical branch: Innervates the platysma muscle in the neck, which helps to depress the lower jaw and wrinkle the skin of the neck.

Damage to the facial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as facial weakness or paralysis, loss of taste sensation, and dry eyes or mouth due to impaired secretion.

A nerve crush injury is a type of peripheral nerve injury that occurs when there is excessive pressure or compression applied to a nerve, causing it to become damaged or dysfunctional. This can happen due to various reasons such as trauma from accidents, surgical errors, or prolonged pressure on the nerve from tight casts, clothing, or positions.

The compression disrupts the normal functioning of the nerve, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or pain in the affected area. In severe cases, a nerve crush injury can cause permanent damage to the nerve, leading to long-term disability or loss of function. Treatment for nerve crush injuries typically involves relieving the pressure on the nerve, providing supportive care, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair the damaged nerve.

Local anesthesia is a type of anesthesia that numbs a specific area of the body, blocking pain signals from that particular region while allowing the person to remain conscious and alert. It is typically achieved through the injection or application of a local anesthetic drug, which works by temporarily inhibiting the function of nerve fibers carrying pain sensations. Common examples of local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine, and bupivacaine.

Local anesthesia is commonly used for minor surgical procedures, dental work, or other medical interventions where only a small area needs to be numbed. It can also be employed as part of a combined anesthetic technique, such as in conjunction with sedation or regional anesthesia, to provide additional pain relief and increase patient comfort during more extensive surgeries.

The duration of local anesthesia varies depending on the type and dosage of the anesthetic agent used; some last for just a few hours, while others may provide numbness for up to several days. Overall, local anesthesia is considered a safe and effective method for managing pain during various medical procedures.

The Ulnar nerve is one of the major nerves in the forearm and hand, which provides motor function to the majority of the intrinsic muscles of the hand (except for those innervated by the median nerve) and sensory innervation to the little finger and half of the ring finger. It originates from the brachial plexus, passes through the cubital tunnel at the elbow, and continues down the forearm, where it runs close to the ulna bone. The ulnar nerve then passes through the Guyon's canal in the wrist before branching out to innervate the hand muscles and provide sensation to the skin on the little finger and half of the ring finger.

In the context of medicine, "needles" are thin, sharp, and typically hollow instruments used in various medical procedures to introduce or remove fluids from the body, administer medications, or perform diagnostic tests. They consist of a small-gauge metal tube with a sharp point on one end and a hub on the other, where a syringe is attached.

There are different types of needles, including:

1. Hypodermic needles: These are used for injections, such as intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), or intravenous (IV) injections, to deliver medications directly into the body. They come in various sizes and lengths depending on the type of injection and the patient's age and weight.
2. Blood collection needles: These are used for drawing blood samples for diagnostic tests. They have a special vacuum-assisted design that allows them to easily penetrate veins and collect the required amount of blood.
3. Surgical needles: These are used in surgeries for suturing (stitching) wounds or tissues together. They are typically curved and made from stainless steel, with a triangular or reverse cutting point to facilitate easy penetration through tissues.
4. Acupuncture needles: These are thin, solid needles used in traditional Chinese medicine for acupuncture therapy. They are inserted into specific points on the body to stimulate energy flow and promote healing.

It is essential to follow proper infection control procedures when handling and disposing of needles to prevent the spread of bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases.

The hypogastric plexus is a complex network of nerves located in the lower abdomen, near the aortic bifurcation. It plays a crucial role in the autonomic nervous system, primarily controlling the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to the pelvic viscera, including the descending colon, rectum, bladder, and reproductive organs. The hypogastric plexus is formed by the fusion of the superior and inferior hypogastric nerves, which originate from the lumbar and sacral spinal cord levels, respectively. Damage to this plexus can lead to various pelvic autonomic dysfunctions, such as urinary and fecal incontinence or sexual impairment.

Spinal nerve roots are the initial parts of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramen, which are small openings between each vertebra in the spine. These nerve roots carry motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers to and from specific regions of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots in total, with 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair. Each root has a dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) ramus that branch off to form the peripheral nervous system. Irritation or compression of these nerve roots can result in pain, numbness, weakness, or loss of reflexes in the affected area.

Femoral neuropathy is a medical condition that affects the femoral nerve, which is one of the largest nerves in the body. It originates from the lumbar plexus in the lower back and supplies sensation to the front of the thigh and controls the muscles that help straighten the leg and move the knee.

Femoral neuropathy can result from various causes, including nerve compression, trauma, diabetes, tumors, or surgical injury. The symptoms of femoral neuropathy may include numbness, tingling, or weakness in the thigh, difficulty lifting the leg or walking, and decreased knee reflexes.

Diagnosis of femoral neuropathy typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as nerve conduction studies or an MRI to identify any underlying causes. Treatment for femoral neuropathy depends on the cause but may include physical therapy, pain management, and in some cases, surgery.

Heart block is a cardiac condition characterized by the interruption of electrical impulse transmission from the atria (the upper chambers of the heart) to the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). This disruption can lead to abnormal heart rhythms, including bradycardia (a slower-than-normal heart rate), and in severe cases, can cause the heart to stop beating altogether. Heart block is typically caused by damage to the heart's electrical conduction system due to various factors such as aging, heart disease, or certain medications.

There are three types of heart block: first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree (also known as complete heart block). Each type has distinct electrocardiogram (ECG) findings and symptoms. Treatment for heart block depends on the severity of the condition and may include monitoring, medication, or implantation of a pacemaker to regulate the heart's electrical activity.

Orthopedic procedures are surgical or nonsurgical methods used to treat musculoskeletal conditions, including injuries, deformities, or diseases of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. These procedures can range from simple splinting or casting to complex surgeries such as joint replacements, spinal fusions, or osteotomies (cutting and repositioning bones). The primary goal of orthopedic procedures is to restore function, reduce pain, and improve the quality of life for patients.

Neural conduction is the process by which electrical signals, known as action potentials, are transmitted along the axon of a neuron (nerve cell) to transmit information between different parts of the nervous system. This electrical impulse is generated by the movement of ions across the neuronal membrane, and it propagates down the length of the axon until it reaches the synapse, where it can then stimulate the release of neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons or target cells. The speed of neural conduction can vary depending on factors such as the diameter of the axon, the presence of myelin sheaths (which act as insulation and allow for faster conduction), and the temperature of the environment.

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a method of pain management that allows patients to self-administer doses of analgesic medication through a controlled pump system. With PCA, the patient can press a button to deliver a predetermined dose of pain medication, usually an opioid, directly into their intravenous (IV) line.

The dosage and frequency of the medication are set by the healthcare provider based on the patient's individual needs and medical condition. The PCA pump is designed to prevent overinfusion by limiting the amount of medication that can be delivered within a specific time frame.

PCA provides several benefits, including improved pain control, increased patient satisfaction, and reduced sedation compared to traditional methods of opioid administration. It also allows patients to take an active role in managing their pain and provides them with a sense of control during their hospital stay. However, it is essential to monitor patients closely while using PCA to ensure safe and effective use.

Interventional ultrasonography is a medical procedure that involves the use of real-time ultrasound imaging to guide minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. This technique combines the advantages of ultrasound, such as its non-ionizing nature (no radiation exposure), relatively low cost, and portability, with the ability to perform precise and targeted procedures.

In interventional ultrasonography, a specialized physician called an interventional radiologist or an interventional sonographer uses high-frequency sound waves to create detailed images of internal organs and tissues. These images help guide the placement of needles, catheters, or other instruments used during the procedure. Common interventions include biopsies (tissue sampling), fluid drainage, tumor ablation, and targeted drug delivery.

The real-time visualization provided by ultrasonography allows for increased accuracy and safety during these procedures, minimizing complications and reducing recovery time compared to traditional surgical approaches. Additionally, interventional ultrasonography can be performed on an outpatient basis, further contributing to its appeal as a less invasive alternative in many clinical scenarios.

An infusion pump is a medical device used to deliver fluids, such as medications, nutrients, or supplements, into a patient's body in a controlled and precise manner. These pumps can be programmed to deliver specific amounts of fluid over set periods, allowing for accurate and consistent administration. They are often used in hospitals, clinics, and home care settings to administer various types of therapies, including pain management, chemotherapy, antibiotic treatment, and parenteral nutrition.

Infusion pumps come in different sizes and configurations, with some being portable and battery-operated for use outside of a medical facility. They typically consist of a reservoir for the fluid, a pumping mechanism to move the fluid through tubing and into the patient's body, and a control system that allows healthcare professionals to program the desired flow rate and volume. Some advanced infusion pumps also include safety features such as alarms to alert healthcare providers if there are any issues with the pump's operation or if the patient's condition changes unexpectedly.

An injection is a medical procedure in which a medication, vaccine, or other substance is introduced into the body using a needle and syringe. The substance can be delivered into various parts of the body, including into a vein (intravenous), muscle (intramuscular), under the skin (subcutaneous), or into the spinal canal (intrathecal or spinal).

Injections are commonly used to administer medications that cannot be taken orally, have poor oral bioavailability, need to reach the site of action quickly, or require direct delivery to a specific organ or tissue. They can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as drawing blood samples (venipuncture) or injecting contrast agents for imaging studies.

Proper technique and sterile conditions are essential when administering injections to prevent infection, pain, and other complications. The choice of injection site depends on the type and volume of the substance being administered, as well as the patient's age, health status, and personal preferences.

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is a small secreted protein that is involved in the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain neurons (nerve cells). It was the first neurotrophin to be discovered and is essential for the development and function of the nervous system. NGF binds to specific receptors on the surface of nerve cells and helps to promote their differentiation, axonal growth, and synaptic plasticity. Additionally, NGF has been implicated in various physiological processes such as inflammation, immune response, and wound healing. Deficiencies or excesses of NGF have been linked to several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and pain conditions.

Nerve Growth Factors (NGFs) are a family of proteins that play an essential role in the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain neurons (nerve cells). They were first discovered by Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen in 1956. NGF is particularly crucial for the development and function of the peripheral nervous system, which connects the central nervous system to various organs and tissues throughout the body.

NGF supports the differentiation and survival of sympathetic and sensory neurons during embryonic development. In adults, NGF continues to regulate the maintenance and repair of these neurons, contributing to neuroplasticity – the brain's ability to adapt and change over time. Additionally, NGF has been implicated in pain transmission and modulation, as well as inflammatory responses.

Abnormal levels or dysfunctional NGF signaling have been associated with various medical conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's), chronic pain disorders, and certain cancers (e.g., small cell lung cancer). Therefore, understanding the role of NGF in physiological and pathological processes may provide valuable insights into developing novel therapeutic strategies for these conditions.

Pain management is a branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of pain and improvement in the quality of life of patients with chronic pain. The goal of pain management is to reduce pain levels, improve physical functioning, and help patients cope mentally and emotionally with their pain. This may involve the use of medications, interventional procedures, physical therapy, psychological therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

The definition of pain management can vary depending on the medical context, but it generally refers to a multidisciplinary approach that addresses the complex interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to the experience of pain. Pain management specialists may include physicians, nurses, physical therapists, psychologists, and other healthcare professionals who work together to provide comprehensive care for patients with chronic pain.

In medical terms, the foot is the part of the lower limb that is distal to the leg and below the ankle, extending from the tarsus to the toes. It is primarily responsible for supporting body weight and facilitating movement through push-off during walking or running. The foot is a complex structure made up of 26 bones, 33 joints, and numerous muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves that work together to provide stability, balance, and flexibility. It can be divided into three main parts: the hindfoot, which contains the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones; the midfoot, which includes the navicular, cuboid, and cuneiform bones; and the forefoot, which consists of the metatarsals and phalanges that form the toes.

The phrenic nerve is a motor nerve that originates from the cervical spine (C3-C5) and descends through the neck to reach the diaphragm, which is the primary muscle used for breathing. The main function of the phrenic nerve is to innervate the diaphragm and control its contraction and relaxation, thereby enabling respiration.

Damage or injury to the phrenic nerve can result in paralysis of the diaphragm, leading to difficulty breathing and potentially causing respiratory failure. Certain medical conditions, such as neuromuscular disorders, spinal cord injuries, and tumors, can affect the phrenic nerve and impair its function.

The Radial nerve is a major peripheral nerve in the human body that originates from the brachial plexus, which is a network of nerves formed by the union of the ventral rami (anterior divisions) of spinal nerves C5-T1. The radial nerve provides motor function to extensor muscles of the upper limb and sensation to parts of the skin on the back of the arm, forearm, and hand.

More specifically, the radial nerve supplies motor innervation to:

* Extensor muscles of the shoulder (e.g., teres minor, infraspinatus)
* Rotator cuff muscles
* Elbow joint stabilizers (e.g., lateral head of the triceps)
* Extensors of the wrist, fingers, and thumb

The radial nerve also provides sensory innervation to:

* Posterior aspect of the upper arm (from the lower third of the humerus to the elbow)
* Lateral forearm (from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the wrist)
* Dorsum of the hand (skin over the radial side of the dorsum, including the first web space)

Damage or injury to the radial nerve may result in various symptoms, such as weakness or paralysis of the extensor muscles, numbness or tingling sensations in the affected areas, and difficulty with extension movements of the wrist, fingers, and thumb. Common causes of radial nerve injuries include fractures of the humerus bone, compression during sleep or prolonged pressure on the nerve (e.g., from crutches), and entrapment syndromes like radial tunnel syndrome.

Electric stimulation, also known as electrical nerve stimulation or neuromuscular electrical stimulation, is a therapeutic treatment that uses low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles. It is often used to help manage pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and mobility. The electrical impulses can be delivered through electrodes placed on the skin or directly implanted into the body.

In a medical context, electric stimulation may be used for various purposes such as:

1. Pain management: Electric stimulation can help to block pain signals from reaching the brain and promote the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body.
2. Muscle rehabilitation: Electric stimulation can help to strengthen muscles that have become weak due to injury, illness, or surgery. It can also help to prevent muscle atrophy and improve range of motion.
3. Wound healing: Electric stimulation can promote tissue growth and help to speed up the healing process in wounds, ulcers, and other types of injuries.
4. Urinary incontinence: Electric stimulation can be used to strengthen the muscles that control urination and reduce symptoms of urinary incontinence.
5. Migraine prevention: Electric stimulation can be used as a preventive treatment for migraines by applying electrical impulses to specific nerves in the head and neck.

It is important to note that electric stimulation should only be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as improper use can cause harm or discomfort.

Spinal anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves injecting local anesthetic medication into the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space, which is the space surrounding the spinal cord. This procedure is typically performed by introducing a needle into the lower back, between the vertebrae, to reach the subarachnoid space.

Once the local anesthetic is introduced into this space, it spreads to block nerve impulses from the corresponding levels of the spine, resulting in numbness and loss of sensation in specific areas of the body below the injection site. The extent and level of anesthesia depend on the amount and type of medication used, as well as the patient's individual response.

Spinal anesthesia is often used for surgeries involving the lower abdomen, pelvis, or lower extremities, such as cesarean sections, hernia repairs, hip replacements, and knee arthroscopies. It can also be utilized for procedures like epidural steroid injections to manage chronic pain conditions affecting the spine and lower limbs.

While spinal anesthesia provides effective pain relief during and after surgery, it may cause side effects such as low blood pressure, headache, or difficulty urinating. These potential complications should be discussed with the healthcare provider before deciding on this type of anesthesia.

Cranial nerves are a set of twelve pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and skull, rather than the spinal cord. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory information (such as sight, smell, hearing, and taste) to the brain, as well as controlling various muscles in the head and neck (including those involved in chewing, swallowing, and eye movement). Each cranial nerve has a specific function and is named accordingly. For example, the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) transmits visual information from the eyes to the brain, while the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) controls parasympathetic functions in the body such as heart rate and digestion.

Nerve compression syndromes refer to a group of conditions characterized by the pressure or irritation of a peripheral nerve, causing various symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected area. This compression can occur due to several reasons, including injury, repetitive motion, bone spurs, tumors, or swelling. Common examples of nerve compression syndromes include carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, radial nerve compression, and ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist or elbow. Treatment options may include physical therapy, splinting, medications, injections, or surgery, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

Inguinal hernia, also known as an inguinal rupture or groin hernia, is a protrusion of abdominal-cavity contents through the inguinal canal. The inguinal canal is a passage in the lower abdominal wall that carries the spermatic cord in males and a round ligament in females. Inguinal hernias are more common in men than women.

There are two types of inguinal hernias: direct and indirect. Direct inguinal hernias occur when the abdominal lining and/or fat push through a weakened area in the lower abdominal wall, while indirect inguinal hernias result from a congenital condition where the abdominal lining and/or fat protrude through the internal inguinal ring, a normal opening in the abdominal wall.

Inguinal hernias can cause discomfort or pain, especially during physical activities, coughing, sneezing, or straining. In some cases, incarceration or strangulation of the hernia may occur, leading to serious complications such as bowel obstruction or tissue necrosis, which require immediate medical attention.

Surgical repair is the standard treatment for inguinal hernias, and it can be performed through open or laparoscopic techniques. The goal of surgery is to return the protruding tissues to their proper position and strengthen the weakened abdominal wall with sutures or mesh reinforcement.

Shoulder pain is a condition characterized by discomfort or hurt in the shoulder joint, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or surrounding structures. The shoulder is one of the most mobile joints in the body, and this mobility makes it prone to injury and pain. Shoulder pain can result from various causes, including overuse, trauma, degenerative conditions, or referred pain from other areas of the body.

The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint made up of three bones: the humerus (upper arm bone), scapula (shoulder blade), and clavicle (collarbone). The rotator cuff, a group of four muscles that surround and stabilize the shoulder joint, can also be a source of pain if it becomes inflamed or torn.

Shoulder pain can range from mild to severe, and it may be accompanied by stiffness, swelling, bruising, weakness, numbness, tingling, or reduced mobility in the affected arm. The pain may worsen with movement, lifting objects, or performing certain activities, such as reaching overhead or behind the back.

Medical evaluation is necessary to determine the underlying cause of shoulder pain and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Treatment options may include rest, physical therapy, medication, injections, or surgery, depending on the severity and nature of the condition.

Analgesics, opioid are a class of drugs used for the treatment of pain. They work by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking the transmission of pain signals to the brain. Opioids can be synthetic or natural, and include drugs such as morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, and methadone. They are often used for moderate to severe pain, such as that resulting from injury, surgery, or chronic conditions like cancer. However, opioids can also produce euphoria, physical dependence, and addiction, so they are tightly regulated and carry a risk of misuse.

The ophthalmic nerve, also known as the first cranial nerve or CN I, is a sensory nerve that primarily transmits information about vision, including light intensity and color, and sensation in the eye and surrounding areas. It is responsible for the sensory innervation of the upper eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, ciliary body, and nasal cavity. The ophthalmic nerve has three major branches: the lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, and nasociliary nerve. Damage to this nerve can result in various visual disturbances and loss of sensation in the affected areas.

In medical terms, sensation refers to the ability to perceive and interpret various stimuli from our environment through specialized receptor cells located throughout the body. These receptors convert physical stimuli such as light, sound, temperature, pressure, and chemicals into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain via nerves. The brain then interprets these signals, allowing us to experience sensations like sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.

There are two main types of sensations: exteroceptive and interoceptive. Exteroceptive sensations involve stimuli from outside the body, such as light, sound, and touch. Interoceptive sensations, on the other hand, refer to the perception of internal bodily sensations, such as hunger, thirst, heartbeat, or emotions.

Disorders in sensation can result from damage to the nervous system, including peripheral nerves, spinal cord, or brain. Examples include numbness, tingling, pain, or loss of sensation in specific body parts, which can significantly impact a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.

Nerve tissue, also known as neural tissue, is a type of specialized tissue that is responsible for the transmission of electrical signals and the processing of information in the body. It is a key component of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Nerve tissue is composed of two main types of cells: neurons and glial cells.

Neurons are the primary functional units of nerve tissue. They are specialized cells that are capable of generating and transmitting electrical signals, known as action potentials. Neurons have a unique structure, with a cell body (also called the soma) that contains the nucleus and other organelles, and processes (dendrites and axons) that extend from the cell body and are used to receive and transmit signals.

Glial cells, also known as neuroglia or glia, are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection for neurons. There are several different types of glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and Schwann cells. These cells play a variety of roles in the nervous system, such as providing structural support, maintaining the proper environment for neurons, and helping to repair and regenerate nerve tissue after injury.

Nerve tissue is found throughout the body, but it is most highly concentrated in the brain and spinal cord, which make up the central nervous system (CNS). The peripheral nerves, which are the nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body, also contain nerve tissue. Nerve tissue is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain, controlling muscle movements, and regulating various bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration.

Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) treatment is a minimally invasive therapeutic procedure used in pain management and interventional medicine. It involves the use of electrical pulses, delivered via a specialized needle-like probe, to target specific nerves or nerve roots. These electrical pulses are delivered in a controlled and precise manner, at a frequency that does not cause heat damage to the surrounding tissues.

The goal of PRF treatment is to modulate the transmission of pain signals from the affected area to the brain, thereby reducing the perception of pain. The exact mechanism by which PRF works is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve changes in the electrical properties of nerve cells and the release of various chemical mediators that influence pain processing.

PRF treatment is typically performed under local anesthesia or conscious sedation, depending on the patient's preference and the specific procedure being performed. It is generally considered a safe and well-tolerated procedure, with few reported side effects. However, as with any medical intervention, there are potential risks and benefits that should be discussed with a qualified healthcare provider before undergoing treatment.

Neuralgia is a type of pain that occurs along the pathway of a nerve, often caused by damage or irritation to the nerve. It is typically described as a sharp, stabbing, burning, or electric-shock like pain that can be severe and debilitating. Neuralgia can affect any nerve in the body, but it most commonly occurs in the facial area (trigeminal neuralgia) or in the nerves related to the spine (postherpetic neuralgia). The pain associated with neuralgia can be intermittent or constant and may be worsened by certain triggers such as touch, temperature changes, or movement. Treatment for neuralgia typically involves medications to manage pain, as well as other therapies such as nerve blocks, surgery, or lifestyle modifications.

Epidural anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves the injection of local anesthetic medication into the epidural space in the spine, which is the space surrounding the dura mater, a membrane that covers the spinal cord. The injection is typically administered through a catheter placed in the lower back using a needle.

The local anesthetic drug blocks nerve impulses from the affected area, numbing it and relieving pain. Epidural anesthesia can be used for various surgical procedures, such as cesarean sections, knee or hip replacements, and hernia repairs. It is also commonly used during childbirth to provide pain relief during labor and delivery.

The effects of epidural anesthesia can vary depending on the dose and type of medication used, as well as the individual's response to the drug. The anesthetic may take several minutes to start working, and its duration of action can range from a few hours to a day or more. Epidural anesthesia is generally considered safe when administered by trained medical professionals, but like any medical procedure, it carries some risks, including infection, bleeding, nerve damage, and respiratory depression.

In medical terms, the knee is referred to as the largest and one of the most complex joints in the human body. It is a hinge joint that connects the thigh bone (femur) to the shin bones (tibia and fibula), enabling movements like flexion, extension, and a small amount of rotation. The knee also contains several other components such as menisci, ligaments, tendons, and bursae, which provide stability, cushioning, and protection during movement.

Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is a secondary headache disorder that occurs following a traumatic injury to the head or neck. According to the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3), PTH can be classified into two types: acute and chronic.

Acute post-traumatic headache develops within seven days after the trauma, while chronic post-traumatic headache persists for more than three months after the injury. The headaches can have various characteristics, such as being tension-type or migraine-like, and may be accompanied by other symptoms like memory problems, difficulty concentrating, and mood changes.

The exact pathophysiology of PTH is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a complex interplay between mechanical, vascular, and neuroinflammatory factors that result from the traumatic injury. Treatment for PTH typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including pharmacologic therapy, physical therapy, behavioral interventions, and lifestyle modifications.

In medical terms, a "lip" refers to the thin edge or border of an organ or other biological structure. However, when people commonly refer to "the lip," they are usually talking about the lips on the face, which are part of the oral cavity. The lips are a pair of soft, fleshy tissues that surround the mouth and play a crucial role in various functions such as speaking, eating, drinking, and expressing emotions.

The lips are made up of several layers, including skin, muscle, blood vessels, nerves, and mucous membrane. The outer surface of the lips is covered by skin, while the inner surface is lined with a moist mucous membrane. The muscles that make up the lips allow for movements such as pursing, puckering, and smiling.

The lips also contain numerous sensory receptors that help detect touch, temperature, pain, and other stimuli. Additionally, they play a vital role in protecting the oral cavity from external irritants and pathogens, helping to keep the mouth clean and healthy.

Arthroplasty, replacement, knee is a surgical procedure where the damaged or diseased joint surface of the knee is removed and replaced with an artificial joint or prosthesis. The procedure involves resurfacing the worn-out ends of the femur (thigh bone) and tibia (shin bone) with metal components, and the back of the kneecap with a plastic button. This surgery is usually performed to relieve pain and restore function in patients with severe knee osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or traumatic injuries that have damaged the joint beyond repair. The goal of knee replacement surgery is to improve mobility, reduce pain, and enhance the quality of life for the patient.

Home infusion therapy is a healthcare service where patients receive administered medications, fluids, or nutritional support through a vein (intravenous), beneath the skin (subcutaneous), or into the spinal fluid (intrathecal) in their own homes. This treatment modality is an alternative to receiving such therapies in a hospital or other healthcare facility. It allows patients to receive medical care while maintaining their comfort and independence in a familiar environment. Home infusion therapy can be used for various conditions, including infections that require antibiotics or antifungals, pain management, hydration, chemotherapy, and other specialized infusions.

The process typically involves the placement of a catheter or needle, often with the help of a home healthcare nurse, who also provides training to the patient or their caregiver for self-administration. A pharmacist is responsible for preparing and compounding the medications, ensuring their sterility, stability, and accurate dosing. Home infusion therapy services may also include regular monitoring, assessment, and communication with the prescribing physician to manage the patient's treatment plan effectively.

Home infusion therapy has been shown to improve patient outcomes, increase satisfaction, and reduce healthcare costs compared to traditional inpatient care. It is a valuable option for patients who require ongoing therapies but prefer to recover or manage their conditions at home.

Mandibular injuries refer to damages or traumas that affect the mandible, which is the lower part of the jawbone. These injuries can result from various causes, such as road accidents, physical assaults, sports-related impacts, or falls. Mandibular injuries may include fractures, dislocations, soft tissue damage, or dental injuries.

Symptoms of mandibular injuries might include pain, swelling, bruising, difficulty speaking, chewing, or opening the mouth wide, and in some cases, visible deformity or misalignment of the jaw. Depending on the severity and type of injury, treatment options may range from conservative management with pain control and soft diet to surgical intervention for fracture reduction and fixation. Immediate medical attention is crucial to ensure proper diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and prevention of potential complications.

The cochlear nerve, also known as the auditory nerve, is the sensory nerve that transmits sound signals from the inner ear to the brain. It consists of two parts: the outer spiral ganglion and the inner vestibular portion. The spiral ganglion contains the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons that receive input from hair cells in the cochlea, which is the snail-shaped organ in the inner ear responsible for hearing. These neurons then send their axons to form the cochlear nerve, which travels through the internal auditory meatus and synapses with neurons in the cochlear nuclei located in the brainstem.

Damage to the cochlear nerve can result in hearing loss or deafness, depending on the severity of the injury. Common causes of cochlear nerve damage include acoustic trauma, such as exposure to loud noises, viral infections, meningitis, and tumors affecting the nerve or surrounding structures. In some cases, cochlear nerve damage may be treated with hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive devices to help restore or improve hearing function.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Carticaine" is not a recognized medical term or a commonly used medication in the field of medicine. It's possible that there may be some misunderstanding or misspelling in the term. If you have more context or information about where this term came from, I would be happy to help you further clarify or research the correct term.

However, if you are referring to "Articaine," it is a type of local anesthetic that is used in dental and medical procedures to numb specific areas of the body. Articaine works by blocking nerve signals in the area where it is administered, which helps to reduce pain and discomfort during various procedures.

If you have any questions about "Articaine" or other local anesthetics, I would be happy to help answer them for you.

In medicine, "intractable pain" is a term used to describe pain that is difficult to manage, control or relieve with standard treatments. It's a type of chronic pain that continues for an extended period, often months or even years, and does not respond to conventional therapies such as medications, physical therapy, or surgery. Intractable pain can significantly affect a person's quality of life, causing emotional distress, sleep disturbances, and reduced mobility. It is essential to distinguish intractable pain from acute pain, which is typically sharp and short-lived, resulting from tissue damage or inflammation.

Intractable pain may be classified as:

1. Refractory pain: Pain that persists despite optimal treatment with various modalities, including medications, interventions, and multidisciplinary care.
2. Incurable pain: Pain caused by a progressive or incurable disease, such as cancer, for which no curative treatment is available.
3. Functional pain: Pain without an identifiable organic cause that does not respond to standard treatments.

Managing intractable pain often requires a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals from various fields, including pain specialists, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and physical therapists. Treatment options may include:

1. Adjuvant medications: Medications that are not primarily analgesics but have been found to help with pain relief, such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants.
2. Interventional procedures: Minimally invasive techniques like nerve blocks, spinal cord stimulation, or intrathecal drug delivery systems that target specific nerves or areas of the body to reduce pain signals.
3. Psychological interventions: Techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness meditation, and relaxation training can help patients cope with chronic pain and improve their overall well-being.
4. Physical therapy and rehabilitation: Exercise programs, massage, acupuncture, and other physical therapies may provide relief for some types of intractable pain.
5. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM): Techniques like yoga, tai chi, hypnosis, or biofeedback can be helpful in managing chronic pain.
6. Lifestyle modifications: Dietary changes, stress management, and quitting smoking may also contribute to improved pain management.

The splanchnic nerves are a set of nerve fibers that originate from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and innervate various internal organs. They are responsible for carrying both sensory information, such as pain and temperature, from the organs to the brain, and motor signals, which control the function of the organs, from the brain to the organs.

There are several splanchnic nerves, including the greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves, as well as the lumbar splanchnic nerves. These nerves primarily innervate the autonomic nervous system, which controls the involuntary functions of the body, such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration.

The greater splanchnic nerve arises from the fifth to the ninth thoracic ganglia and passes through the diaphragm to reach the abdomen. It innervates the stomach, esophagus, liver, pancreas, and adrenal glands.

The lesser splanchnic nerve arises from the tenth and eleventh thoracic ganglia and innervates the upper part of the small intestine, the pancreas, and the adrenal glands.

The least splanchnic nerve arises from the twelfth thoracic ganglion and innervates the lower part of the small intestine and the colon.

The lumbar splanchnic nerves arise from the first three or four lumbar ganglia and innervate the lower parts of the colon, the rectum, and the reproductive organs.

Intra-articular injections refer to the administration of medication directly into a joint space. This route of administration is used for treating various joint conditions such as inflammation, pain, and arthritis. Commonly injected medications include corticosteroids, local anesthetics, and viscosupplementation agents. The procedure is usually performed using imaging guidance, like ultrasound or fluoroscopy, to ensure accurate placement of the medication within the joint.

Analgesics are a class of drugs that are used to relieve pain. They work by blocking the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system, allowing individuals to manage their pain levels more effectively. There are many different types of analgesics available, including both prescription and over-the-counter options. Some common examples include acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin), and opioids such as morphine or oxycodone.

The choice of analgesic will depend on several factors, including the type and severity of pain being experienced, any underlying medical conditions, potential drug interactions, and individual patient preferences. It is important to use these medications as directed by a healthcare provider, as misuse or overuse can lead to serious side effects and potential addiction.

In addition to their pain-relieving properties, some analgesics may also have additional benefits such as reducing inflammation (like in the case of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs) or causing sedation (as with certain opioids). However, it is essential to weigh these potential benefits against the risks and side effects associated with each medication.

When used appropriately, analgesics can significantly improve a person's quality of life by helping them manage their pain effectively and allowing them to engage in daily activities more comfortably.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. It is a complex phenomenon that can result from various stimuli, such as thermal, mechanical, or chemical irritation, and it can be acute or chronic. The perception of pain involves the activation of specialized nerve cells called nociceptors, which transmit signals to the brain via the spinal cord. These signals are then processed in different regions of the brain, leading to the conscious experience of pain. It's important to note that pain is a highly individual and subjective experience, and its perception can vary widely among individuals.

The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (IX), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. It originates from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem and has several functions:

1. Sensory function: The glossopharyngeal nerve provides general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue, the tonsils, the back of the throat (pharynx), and the middle ear. It also carries taste sensations from the back one-third of the tongue.
2. Special visceral afferent function: The nerve transmits information about the stretch of the carotid artery and blood pressure to the brainstem.
3. Motor function: The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle, which helps elevate the pharynx during swallowing. It also provides parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland, stimulating saliva production.
4. Visceral afferent function: The glossopharyngeal nerve carries information about the condition of the internal organs in the thorax and abdomen to the brainstem.

Overall, the glossopharyngeal nerve plays a crucial role in swallowing, taste, saliva production, and monitoring blood pressure and heart rate.

Oxycodone is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic, which means it's a painkiller that's synthesized from thebaine, an alkaloid found in the poppy plant. It's a strong pain reliever used to treat moderate to severe pain and is often prescribed for around-the-clock treatment of chronic pain. Oxycodone can be found in various forms, such as immediate-release tablets, extended-release tablets, capsules, and solutions.

Common brand names for oxycodone include OxyContin (extended-release), Percocet (oxycodone + acetaminophen), and Roxicodone (immediate-release). As an opioid, oxycodone works by binding to specific receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and gut, reducing the perception of pain and decreasing the emotional response to pain.

However, it's important to note that oxycodone has a high potential for abuse and addiction due to its euphoric effects. Misuse or prolonged use can lead to physical dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation. Therefore, it should be taken exactly as prescribed by a healthcare professional and used with caution.

The psoas muscles are a pair of muscles that are located in the lower lumbar region of the spine and run through the pelvis to attach to the femur (thigh bone). They are deep muscles, meaning they are located close to the body's core, and are surrounded by other muscles, bones, and organs.

The psoas muscles are composed of two separate muscles: the psoas major and the psoas minor. The psoas major is the larger of the two muscles and originates from the lumbar vertebrae (T12 to L5) and runs through the pelvis to attach to the lesser trochanter of the femur. The psoas minor, which is smaller and tends to be absent in some people, originates from the lower thoracic vertebrae (T12) and upper lumbar vertebrae (L1-L3) and runs down to attach to the iliac fascia and the pectineal line of the pubis.

The primary function of the psoas muscles is to flex the hip joint, which means they help to bring the knee towards the chest. They also play a role in stabilizing the lumbar spine and pelvis during movement. Tightness or weakness in the psoas muscles can contribute to lower back pain, postural issues, and difficulty with mobility and stability.

Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure where an orthopedic surgeon uses an arthroscope (a thin tube with a light and camera on the end) to diagnose and treat problems inside a joint. The surgeon makes a small incision, inserts the arthroscope into the joint, and then uses the attached camera to view the inside of the joint on a monitor. They can then insert other small instruments through additional incisions to repair or remove damaged tissue.

Arthroscopy is most commonly used for joints such as the knee, shoulder, hip, ankle, and wrist. It offers several advantages over traditional open surgery, including smaller incisions, less pain and bleeding, faster recovery time, and reduced risk of infection. The procedure can be used to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions, including torn ligaments or cartilage, inflamed synovial tissue, loose bone or cartilage fragments, and joint damage caused by arthritis.

Hyperesthesia is a medical term that refers to an increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli, including touch, pain, or temperature. It can affect various parts of the body and can be caused by different conditions, such as nerve damage, multiple sclerosis, or complex regional pain syndrome. Hyperesthesia can manifest as a heightened awareness of sensations, which can be painful or uncomfortable, and may interfere with daily activities. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment if experiencing symptoms of hyperesthesia.

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and a neurotransmitter that is produced in the body. It is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress or excitement, and it prepares the body for the "fight or flight" response. Epinephrine works by binding to specific receptors in the body, which causes a variety of physiological effects, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, improved muscle strength and alertness, and narrowing of the blood vessels in the skin and intestines. It is also used as a medication to treat various medical conditions, such as anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction), cardiac arrest, and low blood pressure.

The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.

Dexmedetomidine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called alpha-2 adrenergic agonists. It is used for sedation and analgesia (pain relief) in critically ill patients, as well as for procedural sedation in adults and children. Dexmedetomidine works by mimicking the effects of natural chemicals in the body that help to regulate sleep, wakefulness, and pain perception.

The medical definition of dexmedetomidine is: "A selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used for sedation and analgesia in critically ill patients, as well as for procedural sedation in adults and children. Dexmedetomidine has sedative, anxiolytic, analgesic, and sympatholytic properties, and its effects are mediated by activation of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system."

It is important to note that dexmedetomidine should only be administered under the close supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can have significant effects on heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory function.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Motor neurons are specialized nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that play a crucial role in controlling voluntary muscle movements. They transmit electrical signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling us to perform actions such as walking, talking, and swallowing. There are two types of motor neurons: upper motor neurons, which originate in the brain's motor cortex and travel down to the brainstem and spinal cord; and lower motor neurons, which extend from the brainstem and spinal cord to the muscles. Damage or degeneration of these motor neurons can lead to various neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

Optic nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the optic nerve, which is a crucial component of the visual system. The optic nerve transmits visual information from the retina to the brain, enabling us to see. Injuries to the optic nerve can result in various visual impairments, including partial or complete vision loss, decreased visual acuity, changes in color perception, and reduced field of view.

These injuries may occur due to several reasons, such as:

1. Direct trauma to the eye or head
2. Increased pressure inside the eye (glaucoma)
3. Optic neuritis, an inflammation of the optic nerve
4. Ischemia, or insufficient blood supply to the optic nerve
5. Compression from tumors or other space-occupying lesions
6. Intrinsic degenerative conditions affecting the optic nerve
7. Toxic exposure to certain chemicals or medications

Optic nerve injuries are diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, slit-lamp examination, dilated fundus exam, and additional diagnostic tests like optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual field testing. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and severity of the injury but may include medications, surgery, or vision rehabilitation.

Myelinated nerve fibers are neuronal processes that are surrounded by a myelin sheath, a fatty insulating substance that is produced by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. This myelin sheath helps to increase the speed of electrical impulse transmission, also known as action potentials, along the nerve fiber. The myelin sheath has gaps called nodes of Ranvier where the electrical impulses can jump from one node to the next, which also contributes to the rapid conduction of signals. Myelinated nerve fibers are typically found in the peripheral nerves and the optic nerve, but not in the central nervous system (CNS) tracts that are located within the brain and spinal cord.

Optic nerve diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as vision loss, decreased visual acuity, changes in color vision, and visual field defects. Examples of optic nerve diseases include optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), glaucoma (damage to the optic nerve due to high eye pressure), optic nerve damage from trauma or injury, ischemic optic neuropathy (lack of blood flow to the optic nerve), and optic nerve tumors. Treatment for optic nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Thoracic nerves are the 12 paired nerves that originate from the thoracic segment (T1-T12) of the spinal cord. These nerves provide motor and sensory innervation to the trunk and abdomen, specifically to the muscles of the chest wall, the skin over the back and chest, and some parts of the abdomen. They also contribute to the formation of the sympathetic trunk, which is a part of the autonomic nervous system that regulates unconscious bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion. Each thoracic nerve emerges from the intervertebral foramen, a small opening between each vertebra, and splits into anterior and posterior branches to innervate the corresponding dermatomes and myotomes.

General anesthesia is a state of controlled unconsciousness, induced by administering various medications, that eliminates awareness, movement, and pain sensation during medical procedures. It involves the use of a combination of intravenous and inhaled drugs to produce a reversible loss of consciousness, allowing patients to undergo surgical or diagnostic interventions safely and comfortably. The depth and duration of anesthesia are carefully monitored and adjusted throughout the procedure by an anesthesiologist or certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) to ensure patient safety and optimize recovery. General anesthesia is typically used for more extensive surgical procedures, such as open-heart surgery, major orthopedic surgeries, and neurosurgery.

Dental pulp is the soft tissue located in the center of a tooth, surrounded by the dentin. It contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue, and plays a vital role in the development and health of the tooth. The dental pulp helps to form dentin during tooth development and continues to provide nourishment to the tooth throughout its life. It also serves as a sensory organ, allowing the tooth to detect hot and cold temperatures and transmit pain signals to the brain. Injury or infection of the dental pulp can lead to serious dental problems, such as tooth decay or abscesses, and may require root canal treatment to remove the damaged tissue and save the tooth.

A bicuspid valve, also known as a mitral valve in the heart, is a heart valve that has two leaflets or cusps. It lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle and helps to regulate blood flow between these two chambers of the heart. In a healthy heart, the bicuspid valve opens to allow blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle and closes tightly to prevent blood from flowing back into the left atrium during contraction of the ventricle.

A congenital heart defect known as a bicuspid aortic valve occurs when the aortic valve, which normally has three leaflets or cusps, only has two. This can lead to narrowing of the valve (aortic stenosis) or leakage of the valve (aortic regurgitation), which can cause symptoms and may require medical treatment.

Nordefrin is not typically used as a medical diagnosis or treatment, but it is a medication that contains the active ingredient Noradrenaline (also known as Norepinephrine) which is a naturally occurring hormone and neurotransmitter in the human body.

Noradrenaline is a potent vasoconstrictor, increasing blood pressure and improving blood flow to vital organs such as the heart and brain. It also acts as a bronchodilator, opening up the airways in the lungs. Nordefrin is used as a medication to treat hypotension (low blood pressure) and shock, particularly in cases where other treatments have been ineffective.

It's important to note that Nordefrin should only be administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can have serious side effects if not used correctly.

The "chin" is the lower, prominent part of the front portion of the jaw in humans and other animals. In medical terms, it is often referred to as the mentum or the symphysis of the mandible. The chin helps in protecting the soft tissues of the mouth and throat during activities such as eating, speaking, and swallowing. It also plays a role in shaping the overall appearance of the face. Anatomically, the chin is formed by the fusion of the two halves of the mandible (lower jawbone) at the symphysis menti.

The accessory nerve, also known as the eleventh cranial nerve (XI), has both a cranial and spinal component. It primarily controls the function of certain muscles in the back of the neck and shoulder.

The cranial part arises from nuclei in the brainstem and innervates some of the muscles that help with head rotation, including the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The spinal root originates from nerve roots in the upper spinal cord (C1-C5), exits the spine, and joins the cranial part to form a single trunk. This trunk then innervates the trapezius muscle, which helps with shoulder movement and stability.

Damage to the accessory nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles, causing symptoms such as difficulty turning the head, weak shoulder shrugging, or winged scapula (a condition where the shoulder blade protrudes from the back).

In medical terms, the thumb is referred to as "pollex" and it's the first digit of the hand, located laterally to the index finger. It's opposable, meaning it can move opposite to the other fingers, allowing for powerful gripping and precise manipulation. The thumb contains two phalanges bones - the distal and proximal - and is connected to the hand by the carpometacarpal joint, which provides a wide range of motion.

Thoracotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision on the chest wall to gain access to the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and other vital organs. The incision can be made on the side (lateral thoracotomy), back (posterolateral thoracotomy), or front (median sternotomy) of the chest wall, depending on the specific surgical indication.

Thoracotomy is performed for various indications, including lung biopsy, lung resection, esophagectomy, heart surgery, and mediastinal mass removal. The procedure allows the surgeon to directly visualize and access the organs within the thoracic cavity, perform necessary procedures, and control bleeding if needed.

After the procedure, the incision is typically closed with sutures or staples, and a chest tube may be placed to drain any accumulated fluid or air from the pleural space around the lungs. The patient will require postoperative care and monitoring in a hospital setting until their condition stabilizes.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

In medical terms, the "groin" refers to the area where the lower abdomen meets the thigh. It is located on both sides of the body, in front of the upper part of each leg. The groin contains several important structures such as the inguinal canal, which contains blood vessels and nerves, and the femoral artery and vein, which supply blood to and from the lower extremities. Issues in this region, such as pain or swelling, may indicate a variety of medical conditions, including muscle strains, hernias, or infections.

Afferent neurons, also known as sensory neurons, are a type of nerve cell that conducts impulses or signals from peripheral receptors towards the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. These neurons are responsible for transmitting sensory information such as touch, temperature, pain, sound, and light to the CNS for processing and interpretation. Afferent neurons have specialized receptor endings that detect changes in the environment and convert them into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the CNS via synapses with other neurons. Once the signals reach the CNS, they are processed and integrated with other information to produce a response or reaction to the stimulus.

An axon is a long, slender extension of a neuron (a type of nerve cell) that conducts electrical impulses (nerve impulses) away from the cell body to target cells, such as other neurons or muscle cells. Axons can vary in length from a few micrometers to over a meter long and are typically surrounded by a myelin sheath, which helps to insulate and protect the axon and allows for faster transmission of nerve impulses.

Axons play a critical role in the functioning of the nervous system, as they provide the means by which neurons communicate with one another and with other cells in the body. Damage to axons can result in serious neurological problems, such as those seen in spinal cord injuries or neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that operates largely below the level of consciousness, and it functions to produce appropriate physiological responses to perceived danger. It's often associated with the "fight or flight" response. The SNS uses nerve impulses to stimulate target organs, causing them to speed up (e.g., increased heart rate), prepare for action, or otherwise respond to stressful situations.

The sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stressful emotional or physical situations and it prepares the body for immediate actions. It dilates the pupils, increases heart rate and blood pressure, accelerates breathing, and slows down digestion. The primary neurotransmitter involved in this system is norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline).

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve (CN III), is a motor nerve that originates from the midbrain. It controls the majority of the eye muscles, including the levator palpebrae superioris muscle that raises the upper eyelid, and the extraocular muscles that enable various movements of the eye such as looking upward, downward, inward, and outward. Additionally, it carries parasympathetic fibers responsible for pupillary constriction and accommodation (focusing on near objects). Damage to this nerve can result in various ocular motor disorders, including strabismus, ptosis, and pupillary abnormalities.

Muscle weakness is a condition in which muscles cannot develop the expected level of physical force or power. This results in reduced muscle function and can be caused by various factors, including nerve damage, muscle diseases, or hormonal imbalances. Muscle weakness may manifest as difficulty lifting objects, maintaining posture, or performing daily activities. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment of muscle weakness.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Facial nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII). This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, eyelid movement, and taste sensation in the front two-thirds of the tongue.

There are two main types of facial nerve injuries:

1. Peripheral facial nerve injury: This type of injury occurs when damage affects the facial nerve outside the skull base, usually due to trauma from cuts, blunt force, or surgical procedures in the parotid gland or neck region. The injury may result in weakness or paralysis on one side of the face, known as Bell's palsy, and may also impact taste sensation and salivary function.

2. Central facial nerve injury: This type of injury occurs when damage affects the facial nerve within the skull base, often due to stroke, brain tumors, or traumatic brain injuries. Central facial nerve injuries typically result in weakness or paralysis only on the lower half of the face, as the upper motor neurons responsible for controlling the upper face receive innervation from both sides of the brain.

Treatment for facial nerve injuries depends on the severity and location of the damage. For mild to moderate injuries, physical therapy, protective eyewear, and medications like corticosteroids and antivirals may be prescribed. Severe cases might require surgical intervention, such as nerve grafts or muscle transfers, to restore function. In some instances, facial nerve injuries may heal on their own over time, particularly when the injury is mild and there is no ongoing compression or tension on the nerve.

Hyperalgesia is a medical term that describes an increased sensitivity to pain. It occurs when the nervous system, specifically the nociceptors (pain receptors), become excessively sensitive to stimuli. This means that a person experiences pain from a stimulus that normally wouldn't cause pain or experiences pain that is more intense than usual. Hyperalgesia can be a result of various conditions such as nerve damage, inflammation, or certain medications. It's an important symptom to monitor in patients with chronic pain conditions, as it may indicate the development of tolerance or addiction to pain medication.

The abducens nerve, also known as the sixth cranial nerve (CN VI), is a motor nerve that controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. This muscle is responsible for moving the eye away from the midline (towards the temple) and enables the eyes to look towards the side while keeping them aligned. Any damage or dysfunction of the abducens nerve can result in strabismus, where the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions, specifically an adduction deficit, also known as abducens palsy or sixth nerve palsy.

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is a non-invasive method of pain relief that involves the use of low-voltage electrical currents. A TENS device, which is usually small and portable, delivers these currents through electrodes that are placed on the skin near the site of pain. The electrical impulses stimulate nerve fibers, which can help to block the transmission of pain signals to the brain, thereby reducing the perception of pain.

TENS is thought to work through a number of different mechanisms, including the gate control theory of pain and the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body. It is generally considered safe, with few side effects, and can be used in conjunction with other forms of pain management.

TENS is often used to treat chronic pain conditions such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, and lower back pain, as well as acute pain from injuries or surgery. However, its effectiveness varies from person to person, and it may not work for everyone. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider before using TENS, particularly if you have any underlying medical conditions or are taking medication that could interact with the electrical currents.

Epidural analgesia is a type of regional anesthesia used to manage pain, most commonly during childbirth and after surgery. The term "epidural" refers to the location of the injection, which is in the epidural space of the spinal column.

In this procedure, a small amount of local anesthetic or narcotic medication is injected into the epidural space using a thin catheter. This medication blocks nerve impulses from the lower body, reducing or eliminating pain sensations without causing complete loss of feeling or muscle movement.

Epidural analgesia can be used for both short-term and long-term pain management. It is often preferred in situations where patients require prolonged pain relief, such as during labor and delivery or after major surgery. The medication can be administered continuously or intermittently, depending on the patient's needs and the type of procedure being performed.

While epidural analgesia is generally safe and effective, it can have side effects, including low blood pressure, headache, and difficulty urinating. In rare cases, it may also cause nerve damage or infection. Patients should discuss the risks and benefits of this procedure with their healthcare provider before deciding whether to undergo epidural analgesia.

Cranial nerve neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within or near the cranial nerves. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory and motor information between the brain and various parts of the head, neck, and trunk. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, each with a specific function and location in the skull.

Cranial nerve neoplasms can be benign or malignant and may arise from the nerve itself (schwannoma, neurofibroma) or from surrounding tissues that invade the nerve (meningioma, epidermoid cyst). The growth of these tumors can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include:

* Facial weakness or numbness
* Double vision or other visual disturbances
* Hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Loss of smell or taste
* Uncontrollable eye movements or drooping eyelids

Treatment for cranial nerve neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and extent of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or complications.

Facial nerve diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the function of the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve. This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression, and it also carries sensory information from the taste buds in the front two-thirds of the tongue, and regulates saliva flow and tear production.

Facial nerve diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific location and extent of the nerve damage. Common symptoms include:

* Facial weakness or paralysis on one or both sides of the face
* Drooping of the eyelid and corner of the mouth
* Difficulty closing the eye or keeping it closed
* Changes in taste sensation or dryness of the mouth and eyes
* Abnormal sensitivity to sound (hyperacusis)
* Twitching or spasms of the facial muscles

Facial nerve diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Infections such as Bell's palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and Lyme disease
* Trauma or injury to the face or skull
* Tumors that compress or invade the facial nerve
* Neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barre syndrome
* Genetic disorders such as Moebius syndrome or hemifacial microsomia

Treatment for facial nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms. In some cases, medication, physical therapy, or surgery may be necessary to restore function and relieve symptoms.

The Quadriceps muscle, also known as the Quadriceps Femoris, is a large muscle group located in the front of the thigh. It consists of four individual muscles - the Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius, and Vastus Medialis. These muscles work together to extend the leg at the knee joint and flex the thigh at the hip joint. The Quadriceps muscle is crucial for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and kicking.

The Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) is a branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), which is a mixed sensory, motor, and autonomic nerve. The RLN has important functions in providing motor innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle, which is supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.

The recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all the muscles that are responsible for adduction (bringing together) of the vocal cords, including the vocalis muscle, lateral cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and interarytenoid muscles. These muscles play a crucial role in voice production, coughing, and swallowing.

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve has a longer course than the left one. It loops around the subclavian artery in the chest before ascending to the larynx, while the left RLN hooks around the arch of the aorta. This anatomical course makes them vulnerable to injury during various surgical procedures, such as thyroidectomy and neck dissection, leading to potential voice impairment or vocal cord paralysis.

Local anesthetic nerve block (local anesthetic regional nerve blockade, or often simply nerve block) is a short-term nerve ... Local anesthetic nerve block (sometimes referred to as simply "nerve block") is a short-term block, usually lasting hours or ... sensory nerve neurectomy is rarely performed. The concept of nerve block sometimes includes central nerve block, which includes ... A neurolytic block is a form of nerve block involving the deliberate injury of a nerve by freezing or heating ("neurotomy") or ...
A femoral nerve block is a nerve block that uses local anesthetic to achieve analgesia in the leg. The block works by affecting ... The block can be performed using anatomical landmarks, ultrasound or a nerve stimulator. For hip surgery, a femoral nerve block ... Fascia iliaca block Vloka JD, Hadzic A, Gautier P (13 July 2018). "Femoral Nerve Block - Landmarks and Nerve Stimulator ... Li XD, Han C, Yu WL (2022). "Is Femoral Nerve Block Superior to Fascia Iliac Block in Hip Surgery? Meta-Analysis of Randomized ...
... is a procedure involving injection of steroids or anesthetics into regions of the greater occipital nerve ... "Occipital Nerve Block". Ohio Health. Allen, Sorcha M.; Mookadam, Farouk; Cha, Stephen S.; Freeman, John A.; Starling, Amaal J ... "Occipital Nerve Block May Offer Relief for Stubborn Migraine Pain". Migraine Again. 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2021-03-17. "Acute ... The experimentation was done on 592 patients who had migraines and when they underwent greater occipital nerve block, 82% of ...
A sciatic nerve block is a nerve block that uses local anesthetic to achieve analgesia in the leg. The block works by affecting ... The sciatic nerve is located in the gluteus maximus muscle, where the block is performed. The sciatic nerve can be blocked at ... "Lower Extremity Nerve Blocks" (PDF). NYSORA. Retrieved 4 August 2017. (Regional anesthesia). ... At the popliteal fossa, the sciatic nerve divides into its two branches: The tibial and the common peroneal nerve. If surgery ...
... (abbreviated ICNB) is a nerve block which temporarily or permanently interrupts the flow of signals ... In this type of nerve block, a needle inserted between two ribs releases a steroid into the area around the nerve. The exact ... An intercostal nerve block page on the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine website (Articles with short description, Short ... "Intercostal nerve block". American Society of Regional and Pain Medicine. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. ...
Treatment of pudendal nerve entrapment by nerve block is not often prescribed due to "discomfort associated with the local ... Diagnostic tests that can be performed to suggest PNE are: Pudendal nerve blocks to confirm the pudendal nerve is the source of ... One way to identify and alleviate pain associated with the pudendal nerve is a "CT-guided nerve block." During this procedure ... The pudendal nerve carries both motor and sensory axons. It stems from the spinal nerves S2-S4 of the sacral plexus. The nerve ...
... and a block will prevent a sensory nerve from sending a signal. By blocking nerve signals, the pain-contributing nerves can be ... Nerve compression syndrome Nerve block Neurectomy Laparoscopy Arthroscopy Endoscopy Lipinski LJ, Spinner RJ. Neurolysis, ... A nerve decompression is a neurosurgical procedure to relieve chronic, direct pressure on a nerve to treat nerve entrapment, a ... nerve decompressions come with a risk of nerve injury. A nerve can be directly injured due to transection (cutting), traction ( ...
A pudendal nerve block, also known as a saddle nerve block, is a local anesthesia technique used in an obstetric procedure to ... via the posterior scrotal nerves (males) or posterior labial nerves (females). The pudendal nerve is one of several nerves ... The pudendal nerve is the main nerve of the perineum.: 274 It is a mixed (motor and sensory) nerve and also conveys sympathetic ... The pudendal nerve may vary in its origins. For example, the pudendal nerve may actually originate in the sciatic nerve. ...
The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh can be blocked with local anaesthetic. Ultrasound is used to guide needle insertion. ... The nerve is usually 1-2 mm thick. The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh is a nerve of the lumbar plexus. It arises from the ... The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (also called the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve) is a cutaneous nerve of the thigh. ... The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh may also be known as the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Lateral cutaneous nerve of ...
doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-06612-9.00016-X. ISBN 978-0-323-06612-9. Trott, Alexander T. (2012). "6 - Infiltration and Nerve Block ... The supratrochlear nerve is a branch of the frontal nerve, itself a branch of the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) from the trigeminal ... Nerves of orbita. Deep dissection. Extrinsic eye muscle. Nerves of orbita. Deep dissection. Extrinsic eye muscle. Nerves of ... Anatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve". Nerves and Nerve Injuries. Vol. 1: History, Embryology, Anatomy, Imaging, and Diagnostics. ...
... inferior alveolar nerve block) the lower lip and chin (mental nerve block) front two-thirds of the tongue (lingual nerve block ... Alveolar nerve (Dental nerve) Superior alveolar nerve (Superior dental nerve) Anterior superior alveolar nerve (Anterior ... a local nerve block may be applied. Anaesthetic injected near the mandibular foramen to block the inferior alveolar nerve and ... "Nerve Damage Associated with Peripheral Nerve Block" (PDF). Information for patients. The Royal College of Anaesthetists. 2013 ...
Nerve block injections specifically targeted at the superior cluneal nerves are limited. However, these blocks are minimally ... Nerve blocks are injections that target specific nerves to serve as both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. They have been ... Superior cluneal nerve dysfunction is a clinical diagnosis that can be supported by diagnostic nerve blocks. The superior ... Diagnosis of superior cluneal nerve entrapment can be aided by diagnostic blocks of the nerve across the iliac crest. The ...
These may be treated with a temporary nerve block. Most people with tension headaches experience increasing intensity with time ... The greater occipital nerve is a nerve of the head. It is a spinal nerve, specifically the medial branch of the dorsal primary ... The greater occipital nerve is the medial branch of the dorsal primary ramus of cervical spinal nerve 2. It may also involve ... www.reedmigraine.com/treat/conditions Dermatome distribution of the trigeminal nerve The nerves of the scalp, face, and side of ...
Some of the nerve blocks that work by affecting the femoral nerve are the femoral nerve block, the fascia iliac block and the 3 ... 1 nerve block. Femoral nerve blocks are very effective. During pelvic surgery and abdominal surgery, the femoral nerve must be ... Femoral nerve.Deep dissection. Femoral nerve.Deep dissection. Femoral nerve stretch test This article incorporates text in the ... The femoral nerve is a nerve in the thigh that supplies skin on the upper thigh and inner leg, and the muscles that extend the ...
Neurologic Complications of Peripheral Nerve Blocks. NYSORA. (CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list, Articles with short ... on nerve autografts and tissue-engineered nerve grafts". Muscle & Nerve. 26 (1): 87-93. doi:10.1002/mus.10165. PMID 12115953. ... Nerve growth factor (NGF) typically has a low level of expression in nerves that are healthy and not growing or developing, but ... Usually, however, peripheral nerve injuries are classified in five stages, based on the extent of damage to both the nerve and ...
It is often the donor nerve when a nerve allograft is performed. A sural nerve block can be used for quick anesthetization to ... The sural nerve terminates as the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve. The sural nerve (L4-S1) is a cutaneous sensory nerve of the ... The nerves contributing to the formation of the sural nerve (medial sural cutaneous nerve, lateral sural cutaneous nerve, sural ... This nerve is part of the sciatic nerve sensorium. It only provides autonomic and sensory nerve fibers to the skin of the ...
"Cutaneous Nerve Blocks of the Lower Extremity". NYSORA. Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve at the Duke University Health ... The posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh (also called the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve) is a sensory nerve of the thigh ... Cutaneous nerves of the right lower extremity. Front and posterior views. Cutaneous nerves of the right lower extremity. Front ... Unlike most nerves termed "cutaneous" which are subcutaneous, only the terminal branches of this nerve pass into subcutaneous ...
The nerve may be blocked using either a transcutaneous or intraoral approach. The infraorbital nerve can be implicated in ... The infraorbital nerve is a branch of the maxillary nerve (CN V2), itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V); it may be ... The infraorbital nerve is a branch of the maxillary nerve (itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)). It arises in the ... It does not provide motor supply to any muscles.[citation needed] The infraorbital nerve is often blocked with local anesthetic ...
The supraclavicular nerve can be blocked during shoulder surgery. The supraclavicular nerve is a branch of the cervical plexus ... The supraclavicular nerves together innervate the skin over the shoulder. A supraclavicular nerve block is useful when ... The lateral supraclavicular nerve or posterior supraclavicular nerves (nn. supraclaviculares posteriores; supra-acromial nerves ... The medial supraclavicular nerves or anterior supraclavicular nerves (nn. supraclaviculares anteriores; suprasternal nerves) ...
The mental nerve can be blocked with local anesthesia. This can be used in surgery of the chin, the lower lip, and the buccal ... The mental nerve is a sensory nerve of the face. It is a branch of the posterior trunk of the inferior alveolar nerve, itself a ... The mental nerve is a branch of the posterior trunk of the inferior alveolar nerve. This is a branch of the mandibular nerve ( ... These branches communicate freely with the facial nerve. The mental nerve provides sensation to the front of the chin and the ...
... which are often characterized by nerve conduction slowing or block. The initial changes are a break-down in the blood nerve ... While nerve decompression may be used on any nerve, nerve resection should only be used on purely sensory nerves when the loss ... The superior cluneal nerves, middle cluneal nerves, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve are all ... Outcomes for nerve resection is similar to nerve decompression. One disadvantage of nerve resections is that traumatic injury ...
The dorsal scapular nerve is typically not anaesthetised during a supraclavicular nerve block. This can cause pain after some ... Anatomic Landmarks for Selected Nerves of the Head, Neck, and Upper and Lower Limbs", Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: ... The dorsal scapular nerve is a branch of the brachial plexus, usually derived from the ventral ramus of cervical nerve C5. It ... Dorsal scapular nerve syndrome can cause a winged scapula, with pain and limited motion. The dorsal scapular nerve arises from ...
The hypogastric nerve may be blocked for a local anaesthetic. This endangers the nearby common iliac artery and common iliac ... The hypogastric nerves begin where the superior hypogastric plexus splits into a right and left hypogastric nerves. The ... The hypogastric nerves likely contain three nerve fibers types: Preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic fibers descend ... Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that originate from pelvic splanchnic nerves (sacral spinal nerves, S2-S4) ascend from the ...
In neurapraxia, there is a physiologic block of nerve conduction in the affected axons. Other characteristics: It is the ... Nerve Nerve fiber Peripheral nerve injury (Nerve injury) Connective tissue in the peripheral nervous system Neuroregeneration ... Classification of nerve injury was described by Seddon in 1943 and by Sunderland in 1951. The lowest degree of nerve injury in ... There is no nerve conduction distal to the site of injury (3 to 4 days after lesion). EMG and NCV findings show no distal ...
The ilioinguinal nerve is clinically important when considering an ilioinguinal or iliohypogastric nerve block. The indications ... The ilioinguinal nerve is a branch of the first lumbar nerve (L1). It separates from the first lumbar nerve along with the ... Cutaneous nerves of the right lower extremity. Anterior and posterior views. Cutaneous nerves of the right lower extremity. ... In the female ("anterior labial nerve"): to the skin covering the mons pubis and labia majora. The ilioinguinal nerve does not ...
"Risks associated with your anaesthetic, section 12: nerve damage associated with peripheral nerve block" (PDF). Archived from ... Lingual nerve Lingual nerve Mandibular nerve and bone. Deep dissection. Anterior view. Infratemporal fossa. Lingual and ... Plan of the facial and intermediate nerves and their communication with other nerves. Hypoglossal nerve, cervical plexus, and ... The submandibular ganglion is suspended by two nerve filaments from the lingual nerve.[citation needed] The lingual nerve ...
... buccal nerve block. The inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve, the third division of the trigeminal nerve ... Inferior alveolar nerve block (abbreviated to IANB, and also termed inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia or inferior dental block ... via inferior alveolar nerve block) their lower lip and chin on one side (via mental nerve block) and parts of their tongue and ... Aker, F. D. (2001). "Blocking the buccal nerve using two methods of inferior alveolar block injection". Clinical Anatomy. 14 (2 ...
Nerve block is difficult due to variation in the course of the nerve. Dermatome distribution of the trigeminal nerve Yu, Megan ... The lesser occipital nerve (or small occipital nerve) is a cutaneous spinal nerve of the cervical plexus. It arises from second ... It communicates with the greater occipital nerve, great auricular nerve, and the auricular branch of the facial nerve. Rarely, ... The lesser occipital nerve is one of the four cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus. It curves around the accessory nerve ( ...
"Superior Hypogastric Plexus Block". Pain Doctor. "Nerve Blocks". RadiologyInfo. Radiological Society of North America, Inc. ( ... "Block" vs. Ablation": Although these terms are often used interchangeably, they differ in terms of duration of action Nerve ... Pudendal nerve block: A procedure performed to manage chronic pelvic pain. Common indications: pudendal neuralgia (i.e., ... A spinal nerve root is the initial or proximal segment of one of the thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves leaving the central ...
The nerve block, called an interscalene block, may be performed prior to arm or shoulder surgery. According to the medical ... "Interscalene Nerve Block". WebMD, LLC. Medscape. Retrieved December 10, 2012. Henry Gray (1913). Anatomy: Descriptive and ... The phrenic nerve is oriented vertically as it passes in front of the anterior scalene, while the subclavian vein is oriented ... Since the nerves of the brachial plexus pass through the space between the anterior and middle scalene muscles, that area is ...
Local anesthetic nerve block (local anesthetic regional nerve blockade, or often simply nerve block) is a short-term nerve ... Local anesthetic nerve block (sometimes referred to as simply "nerve block") is a short-term block, usually lasting hours or ... sensory nerve neurectomy is rarely performed. The concept of nerve block sometimes includes central nerve block, which includes ... A neurolytic block is a form of nerve block involving the deliberate injury of a nerve by freezing or heating ("neurotomy") or ...
The infraorbital nerve block is often used to accomplish regional anesthesia of the face. The procedure offers several ... encoded search term (Infraorbital Nerve Block) and Infraorbital Nerve Block What to Read Next on Medscape ... it is a prime candidate for a regional nerve block. [2] A successful infraorbital nerve block provides anesthesia for the area ... nerve blocks can provide anesthesia without causing tissue distortion. Therefore, the infraorbital nerve block is a convenient ...
This technique can be performed in the emergency department with the aid of ultrasound imaging to identify target nerves. We ... Peripheral nerve blocks preclude the need for procedural sedation and provide adequate anesthesia during painful procedures. ... Keywords: India; Ultrasound; axillary block; brachial plexus block; femoral block; forearm block; nerve block; pain control; ... Ultrasound-guided nerve blocks in the emergency department J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2010 Jan;3(1):82-8. doi: 10.4103/0974- ...
Digital nerve blocks are important tools for the emergency medicine clinician. Injuries or infections of the digits are ... encoded search term (Digital Nerve Block) and Digital Nerve Block What to Read Next on Medscape ... Digital Nerve Block Periprocedural Care. Updated: Oct 21, 2022 * Author: Dmitry Volfson, DO; Chief Editor: Meda Raghavendra ( ... The block should be performed cautiously in areas where nerve function is compromised. Small volumes of anesthetic should be ...
Click here to learn about Ankle Nerve Block, which is performed by the specialty-trained doctors at Southern California ... The block requires a series of injections that will numb up to five nerves in the ankle. ...
The study was the first human test of the Companys patented high frequency Electrical Nerve Blockâ„¢ technology and focused on ... Tags: Amputation, Chronic, Chronic Pain, Frequency, Medical Devices, Migraine, Nerve, Nerve Block, Neuralgia, Neuromodulation, ... Positive results from Neuros Medical Electrical Nerve Block technology study in chronic pain. *Download PDF Copy ... The study was the first human test of the Companys patented high frequency Electrical Nerve Blockâ„¢ technology and focused on ...
... bursitis or impingement of the suprascapular nerve in the shoulder joint. The suprascapular nerve is a major motor nerve that ... bursitis or impingement of the suprascapular nerve in the shoulder joint. The suprascapular nerve is a major motor nerve that ...
He chronicles the success of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks in getting patients ambulatory faster. ... Abdominal wall blocks have only recently come into vogue. Before nerve blocks, we were prescribing opiates, which resulted in ... "All of our patients with abdominal hernias received ultrasound-guided nerve blocks. We performed abdominal wall blocks, ... "What was impressive is that a team of Ecuadoran physicians we were working with had no idea about nerve blocks. When they saw ...
A nerve block often achieves anesthesia with a smaller amount of medication than is required for local infiltration. ... The supraorbital nerve block is often used to accomplish regional anesthesia of the face because it offers several advantages ... encoded search term (Supraorbital Nerve Block) and Supraorbital Nerve Block What to Read Next on Medscape ... The frontal nerve then further divides into the supraorbital nerve and the supratrochlear nerve. The supraorbital nerve exits ...
... is currently being investigated for postsurgical analgesia via peripheral nerve block (PNB). Single-dose toxicology studies of ... The results indicate that EXPAREL was well tolerated in these models and did not produce nerve damage after PNB in rabbits and ... The only EXPAREL-related effect seen was minimal to mild granulomatous inflammation of adipose tissue around nerve roots (8 of ... and saline injected around the brachial plexus nerve bundle were performed in rabbits and dogs. The endpoints included clinical ...
The soft-sided Nerve Block Trainer Carrying Case provides a convenient way to store or transport the Regional Anesthesia ... The soft-sided Nerve Block Trainer Carrying Case provides a convenient way to store or transport the Regional Anesthesia ... The soft-sided Nerve Block Trainer Carrying Case provides a convenient way to store or transport the Regional Anesthesia ... "Nerve Block Trainer Carrying Case","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":40000,"weight":3629,"compare_at_ ...
Ilioinguinal-TAP Block (i-TAP). The ilioinguinal-TAP (i-TAP) block is a combination of an II-IH nerve block with a TAP block to ... Ilioinguinal-Iliohypogastric Nerve Block (II-IH). A recent network meta-analysis concluded that the use of the II-IH nerve ... Post-Cesarean Delivery Analgesia and the Role of Peripheral Nerve Blocks: A Review Feb 6, 2023, 10:12 AM by Beth VanderWielen, ... Enthusiasm for peripheral nerve blocks must be balanced with the current evidence that demonstrates the unequivocal superiority ...
... implantable device to block pain signals from sciatic nerves of rat models. ... Researchers test the efficacy of a soft, bioresorbable, implantable device to block pain signals from sciatic nerves of rat ... Cooling away the pain: Researchers develop bioresorbable, implantable device to block pain signals from peripheral nerves. Date ... Soft, bioresorbable coolers for reversible conduction block of peripheral nerves. Science, 2022; 377 (6601): 109 DOI: 10.1126/ ...
The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) divides into several branches innervating the lateral and anterior aspects of the ... Ultrasound-Guided Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Block. Thomas B. Clark, Ana M. Lopez, Daquan Xu, and Catherine Vandepitte ... The variable anatomy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve makes it challenging to perform an effective landmark-based block. ... Hara K, Sakura S, Shido A: Ultrasound-guided lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block: comparison of two techniques. Anaesth ...
For more tips like these and the complete guide to the 60 most frequently used nerve blocks, download the Nerve Blocks App HERE ... Tips for the Popliteal Sciatic Nerve Block. September 13, 2023. The popliteal sciatic nerve block is indicated for foot and ... The block can be used alone or combined with femoral or saphenous nerve blocks. Unlike more proximal approaches to the sciatic ... Watch the video below to get a better picture of the process and see how the NYSORA Nerve Blocks App brings these instructions ...
... Online Course has eight (8) learning modules and is designed to provide a ... Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks: Lower Extremity. *Truncal & Miscellaneous Blocks: TAP; PEC I, PEC II & Serratus Anterior; ... Ultrasound Guided Nerve Blocks for Emergency Medicine. *12 months UNLIMITED access from your computer, tablet or phone. No ... Ultrasound Guided Nerve Blocks for Emergency Medicine Online Course has eight (8) learning modules and is designed to provide a ...
What is a supraclavicular nerve block?. A supraclavicular nerve block is a procedure to block the sensation in the arm below ... A supraclavicular nerve block is the quickest and most effective block for the entire arm because the nerves are tightly packed ... How long does a supraclavicular nerve block last?. The duration of the effects of a supraclavicular nerve block depends on the ... Why is a supraclavicular nerve block performed?. A supraclavicular nerve block is usually performed prior to surgeries and for ...
Randomized clinical trial of continuous femoral nerve block combined with sciatic nerve block versus epidural analgesia for ... Adding local infiltration of analgesics to peripheral nerve blocks after TKA surgery only provides minimal benefit for pain ... Local infiltration analgesia adds no clinical benefit in pain control to peripheral nerve blocks after total knee arthroplasty ... Ganapathy S (2012) Wound/intra-articular infiltration or peripheral nerve blocks for orthopedic joint surgery: efficacy and ...
... present a case of an iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm in the descending thoracic aortic graft body caused by intercostal nerve block. ... had undergone repair for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm four years prior and underwent a series of intercostal nerve blocks ...
We randomly allocated 80 women equally to pectoral nerve-2 (PECS 2) block or serratus plane block. The pectoral nerve-2 block ... A randomised controlled trial of pectoral nerve-2 (PECS 2) block vs. serratus plane block for chronic pain after mastectomy.. ... A randomised controlled trial of pectoral nerve-2 (PECS 2) block vs. serratus plane block for chronic pain after mastectomy. ... Pectoral nerve-2 block reduced chronic pain 6 months after mastectomy compared with serratus plane block. ...
Nerve Block), Diagnostic or Therapeutic Procedures on the Extracranial Nerves, Peripheral Nerves, and Autonomic Nervous System ... Introduction/Injection of Anesthetic Agent (Nerve Block), Diagnostic or Therapeutic Procedures on the Somatic Nerves CPT® Code ... Introduction/Injection of Anesthetic Agent (Nerve Block), Diagnostic or Therapeutic Procedures on the Somatic Nerves ...
... Training Course is designed to provide a comprehensive ... Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks: Lower Extremity. *Truncal & Miscellaneous Blocks: TAP; PEC I, PEC II & Serratus Anterior; ... Ultrasound Guided Nerve Blocks For Emergency Medicine *Combine Our Comprehensive Online Course(s) & Private Hands-On Scan ... Ultrasound Guided Nerve Blocks for Emergency Medicine Online Course. The Gulfcoast Ultrasound Institute is accredited by the ...
LOINC Code 35930-7 CT Guidance for nerve block of Abdomen ... CT Guidance for nerve block of Abdomen Active Part Description ... Examples for types of nerve blocks and body regions are: 1) Trigeminal nerve blocks (face), 2) cervical epidural, thoracic ... Guidance for nerve block. An anesthetic or anti-inflammatory medication injection targeted at a nerve or group of nerves to ... Guidance for nerve block. Property. Find. Time. Pt. System. Abdomen. Scale. Doc. Method. CT. Additional Names. Short Name. CT ...
Peripheral Nerve Block - Median Nerve. *Peripheral Nerve Block - Musculocutaneous Nerve. *Peripheral Nerve Block - Radial Nerve ... Radial Nerve Above the Elbow (4-5 cm Above). Anatomical Correlation. The solitary radial nerve appears predominantly ... Radial Nerve at the Elbow. Anatomical Correlation. The radial nerve (arrowheads) becomes elliptical and linear as it divides ... Radial Nerve Immediately Below the Elbow The radial nerve (arrowheads) is visualized below the elbow lying immediately next to ...
The aim of this study is to evaluate the 2-years outcomes of repetitive doses of the transvaginal pudendal nerve injections ... ... is an extremely painful neuropathy of the pudendal nerve resulting in a negative impact on a patients quality of life. ... However, it is recommended to perform therapeutic nerve blocks even in patients with suspected endopelvic pudendal nerve ... the therapeutic pudendal nerve block option should be performed even in patients with suspected endopelvic pudendal nerve ...
Sensory Nerve Root Block is a non-surgical treatment used to relieve pain in the neck, arms, lower back or legs caused by ... I understand that I am to have a "Select Nerve Root Injection" procedure and must follow the corresponding instructions. ... Numbness and mild motor block usually resolve within 8 hours in the affected extremity (similar to the facial numbness ... Potential risks include bleeding, infection and nerve damage. Steroid side effects may cause weight gain, water retention, and ...
title = "Complications of ophthalmologic nerve blocks: A review",. abstract = "Complications of ophthalmologic nerve blocks are ... Complications of ophthalmologic nerve blocks: A review. / Ahmad, Shireen; Ahmad, Afzal. In: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, Vol ... Complications of ophthalmologic nerve blocks : A review. In: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2003 ; Vol. 15, No. 7. pp. 564-569 ... Ahmad S, Ahmad A. Complications of ophthalmologic nerve blocks: A review. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2003 Nov;15(7):564- ...
The sciatic nerve powers the leg muscles and plays a crucial role in movement, strength, and overall functionality of the lower ... If the sciatic nerve is impaired in any way, the affected portion of the nerve root or sciatic nerve determines which motor ... The tibial branch of the sciatic nerve is derived from the L5, S1, S2, and S3 spinal nerves. This nerve supplies the calf ... The common peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve is derived from the L4, L5, S1, and S2 spinal nerves. The nerve supplies ...
... ZARUCCO, Laura;Scandella M;Seco O;Cozzi F;Driessen B. ... Using an IV sedation protocol and local anesthesia (i.e. bilateral skin and palmar nerve block with 2% mepivacaine) medial and ... Using an IV sedation protocol and local anesthesia (i.e. bilateral skin and palmar nerve block with 2% mepivacaine) medial and ... The aim of this study was to develop a technique for placing CPNB catheters along the palmar nerves in horses and to evaluate ...
Peripheral Nerve Surgery Program. Stanford Health Cares Peripheral Nerve Surgery Program offers comprehensive diagnostic ... His research interests include peripheral nerve outcomes research, advancing options for patients with peripheral nerve ... At the Stanford Center for Peripheral Nerve Surgery, our goal is to capitalize on the expertise of specialists from multiple ... Co-Director, Center for Peripheral Nerve Surgery. Dr. Sakamuri graduated with Alpha Omega Alpha honors from Rutgers New Jersey ...
  • Local anesthetic nerve block (sometimes referred to as simply "nerve block") is a short-term block, usually lasting hours or days, involving the injection of an anesthetic, a corticosteroid, and other agents onto or near a nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • Local anesthetic nerve block (local anesthetic regional nerve blockade, or often simply nerve block) is a short-term nerve block involving the injection of local anesthetic as close to the nerve as possible for pain relief. (wikipedia.org)
  • The local anesthetic bathes the nerve and numbs the area of the body that is supplied by that nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • Local anesthetic is often combined with other drugs to potentiate or prolong the analgesia produced by the nerve block. (wikipedia.org)
  • Local anesthetic nerve blocks are sterile procedures that are usually performed in an outpatient facility or hospital. (wikipedia.org)
  • An infraorbital nerve block requires 1-3 mL of the chosen anesthetic agent. (medscape.com)
  • A study by Sonohata et al showed that a single injection (such as in the transthecal block) of 3 mL anesthetic with epinephrine was effective in achieving adequate analgesia. (medscape.com)
  • Topical vapocoolant spray during minor procedures can be used to reduce needle penetration pain associated with digital nerve block and pain associated with local anesthetic infiltration. (medscape.com)
  • A single injection of local anesthetic around the brachial plexus nerve bundle results in block of arm tissue innervated by several peripheral nerves. (hindawi.com)
  • SOAP guidelines also recommend consideration of local anesthetic (LA) techniques, including regional nerve blocks, in situations when long acting neuraxial morphine is not used. (asra.com)
  • An anesthetic injection is administered in the area above the collarbone (clavicle) close to the network of nerves (brachial plexus) that provides sensation to the upper extremities. (hdkino.org)
  • With sufficient anesthetic, a supraclavicular nerve block can diffuse to the shoulder area as well. (hdkino.org)
  • The Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code range for Introduction/Injection of Anesthetic Agent (Nerve Block), Diagnostic or Therapeutic Procedures on the Extracranial Nerves, Peripheral Nerves, and Autonomic Nervous System 64400-64489 is a medical code set maintained by the American Medical Association. (aapc.com)
  • An anesthetic or anti-inflammatory medication injection targeted at a nerve or group of nerves to temporarily relieve pain in a specific location, or to decrease inflammation in that area. (loinc.org)
  • A nerve block, an anesthetic injection, is used in the management of severe pain. (targetwoman.com)
  • It involves injection of a local anesthetic to specific nerves. (targetwoman.com)
  • A sympathetic nerve block is an injection of a local anesthetic into the area in which these nerves coalesce, called the Sympathetic Ganglion. (hutchinsonsurgery.com)
  • Arrows = block needle, AA = axillary artery, LA = local anesthetic posterior to the artery. (medscape.com)
  • Before neurolysis is carried out, the patient's response to a diagnostic block with local anesthetic must be assessed. (medscape.com)
  • A selective nerve block (SNRB) is the injection of a local anesthetic along a specific nerve root. (hutchinsonsurgery.com)
  • A selective nerve block is performed by injecting a local anesthetic adjacent to vertebral foramina along the spine from which nerve roots emerge. (hutchinsonsurgery.com)
  • Prior to the block being administered, the site is anesthetized with a local anesthetic. (hutchinsonsurgery.com)
  • Blocks with local anesthetic can be used to control acute pain. (painmanagementsb.com)
  • Patients who do not achieve adequate anesthesia with the topical application of an anesthetic cream should receive either a local anesthetic infiltration or a penile block. (medscape.com)
  • A nerve block is a medical procedure in which a local anesthetic or other medications are injected near or directly into a nerve or nerve cluster to temporarily block or reduce pain signals. (dfwpaincenter.com)
  • Using in-plane technique, insert your needle from the lateral and advance until the tip is immediately adjacent to the lateral side of the nerve and initial injection of anesthetic surrounds the nerve. (canadiem.org)
  • Displacement of the FN or anesthetic filling the planes above and below the nerve confirm your anesthetic placement. (canadiem.org)
  • Don't worry about it… It is essentially a Femoral Nerve block with more volume and subsequent caudal pressure to encourage anesthetic to track proximally. (canadiem.org)
  • A FUNDAMENTAL requirement during plexus or peripheral nerve blockade is deposition of the anesthetic solution close enough to the target nerves to achieve prompt and thorough interruption of nerve conduction. (asahq.org)
  • However, a final needle position must be achieved that also avoids delivery of the anesthetic solution within the substance of the nerve, which may increase the risk of mechanical or toxic damage to the neurons. (asahq.org)
  • The injection involves the administration of local anesthetic and steroid medication to the area of the scalp where the occipital nerves are located. (oprm.info)
  • A Stellate Ganglion Nerve Block involves injecting anesthetic around the ganglion nerves in an attempt to block pain signals from reaching the brain. (yourpainreliefcenters.com)
  • The block is an injection composed of an anesthetic and a corticosteroid next to the greater and lesser occipital nerves. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • The procedure involves inserting a small fine needle through the skin beneath the scalp in order to get the anesthetic and corticosteroids around the area of the nerve. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • In order to minimize this discomfort your pain specialist may numb the skin in the injection area with an even smaller needle with a local anesthetic before inserting the block needle. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • The block is an injection composed of an anesthetic and a corticosteroid next to the greater and lesser occipital nerves, which are located just beneath the scalp, superficial to the skull, in the back of the head. (arizonapaintreatmentcenters.com)
  • A nerve block is used instead of local anesthetic infiltration when accurate approximation of wound edges is important (eg, skin or lip repair), because a nerve block does not distort the tissue as does local infiltration. (msdmanuals.com)
  • PURPOSE: the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of anesthetic blockage of the auriculotemporal nerve as a treatment for temporomandibular joint disorders. (bvsalud.org)
  • CONCLUSION: anesthetic blockage of the auriculotemporal nerve may be used in acute cases of pain in the temporomandibular joint. (bvsalud.org)
  • Regional blocks can be used for procedural anesthesia, post-operative analgesia, and treatment of acute pain in the emergency room. (wikipedia.org)
  • The infraorbital nerve block is often used to accomplish regional anesthesia of the face. (medscape.com)
  • A nerve block often achieves anesthesia with a smaller amount of medication than is required for local infiltration. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, unlike local tissue infiltration, nerve blocks can provide anesthesia without causing tissue distortion. (medscape.com)
  • In general, regional anesthesia is ideal when the area of interest is innervated by a single superficial nerve. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] A successful infraorbital nerve block provides anesthesia for the area between the lower eyelid and the upper lip. (medscape.com)
  • Area of anesthesia for infraorbital nerve block. (medscape.com)
  • Peripheral nerve blocks preclude the need for procedural sedation and provide adequate anesthesia during painful procedures. (nih.gov)
  • The supraorbital nerve block is often used to accomplish regional anesthesia of the face because it offers several advantages over local tissue infiltration . (medscape.com)
  • In general, regional anesthesia is ideal when the area of interest is innervated by one superficial nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Area of anesthesia for supraorbital nerve block. (medscape.com)
  • The soft-sided Nerve Block Trainer Carrying Case provides a convenient way to store or transport the Regional Anesthesia Femoral Trainer or the Regional Anesthesia Trainer. (simulab.com)
  • The transversus abdominis plane block (TAPB) has been the most investigated regional anesthesia technique in this patient population. (asra.com)
  • Ultrasound Guided Nerve Blocks for Emergency Medicine Online Course has eight (8) learning modules and is designed to provide a comprehensive course on the use of ultrasound guidance for regional anesthesia in the emergency department. (gcus.com)
  • Demonstrate imaging techniques for performing ultrasound-guided upper extremities regional anesthesia nerve blocks. (gcus.com)
  • An interscalene block provides more effective anesthesia to the shoulder but may not effectively block some parts of the hand and fingers. (hdkino.org)
  • Prospective randomized double-blinded study in patients who underwent a TKA for knee osteoarthritis under spinal anesthesia and treated with femoral and sciatic nerve blocks. (springer.com)
  • Affas F, NygÃ¥rds EB, Stiller CO, Wretenberg P, Olofsson C (2011) Pain control after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized trial comparing local infiltration anesthesia and continuous femoral block. (springer.com)
  • Using an IV sedation protocol and local anesthesia (i.e. bilateral skin and palmar nerve block with 2% mepivacaine) medial and lateral CPNB catheters were inserted ~ 5 and 7 cm distal to the accessory carpal bone, respectively. (unito.it)
  • When regional anesthesia is needed for surgery, a nerve block is often used to numb the targeted set of nerves. (targetwoman.com)
  • This block provides anesthesia and analgesia for the upper extremity. (medscape.com)
  • Trigeminal nerve block provides hemifacial anesthesia and is used predominantly in the diagnosis and treatment of neuralgia. (medscape.com)
  • The needle tip can be 1-2 cm away from the nerve, just ensure anesthesia is spreading in the correct fascial plane! (bcpocus.ca)
  • During anesthesia, the sciatic nerve was approached with an insulated nerve block needle emitting either 1 mA (high-current group, n = 9) or 0.5 mA (low-current group, n = 9 in control dogs and n = 6 in hyperglycemic dogs). (asahq.org)
  • Each of these branches contains fibers from the nerve roots in the lower spine. (spine-health.com)
  • SNRB injections are isolated to various locations along the spine to determine which nerve root is causing the pain. (hutchinsonsurgery.com)
  • Sympathetic nerves spread outward from the spine, and, when compromised, can cause pain in various parts of the body. (meddiagnosticrehab.co)
  • Injections of sympathetic nerve blocks are given near various areas of the spine. (meddiagnosticrehab.co)
  • The procedure generally takes no longer than 15 minutes (although we recommend allowing around one hour for the appointment), and involves an injection to the front of the neck in the case of stellate ganglion block, or the side of the bony lumbar spine, in the case of lumbar sympathetic block. (melbournepaingroup.com.au)
  • The greater nerve arises through the top two vertebrae, the cervical vertebrae, and comes from the cervical nerve root deep into the paraspinous musculature (literally, muscles next to the spine). (adamsewellmd.com)
  • The occipital nerves travel from the cervical spine in the neck to the back of the head and scalp. (arizonapaintreatmentcenters.com)
  • The occipital nerves arise deep in the neck near the spine but become superficial (close to the skin) behind the ear. (arizonapaintreatmentcenters.com)
  • The sympathetic nerves are found along the front side of the spinal column and are part of your autonomic nervous system. (hutchinsonsurgery.com)
  • Targets the sympathetic nerves to manage complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), certain vascular conditions, and other conditions affecting the autonomic nervous system. (dfwpaincenter.com)
  • These nerves are part of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system that control involuntary functions such as sweating, blood pressure, digestion and heart rate. (yourpainreliefcenters.com)
  • The bladder and urethra are innervated by 3 sets of peripheral nerves arising from the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and somatic nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • The patient may have more than one injection to the occipital nerves depending upon the amount of relief that the patient received from the first injection. (oprm.info)
  • Just beneath the scalp, in the back of the head, are the greater and lesser occipital nerves. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • Occipital Neuralgia will typically follow a trauma to the nerves over the occiput (back of the head) and is characterized by an acute onset of pain in the the occipital nerves. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • The injection blocks both the greater and lesser occipital nerves. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • Our team of pain providers at Arizona Pain Treatment Centers utilize the benefit of occipital nerve blocks as well as physical rehab to address the headache and irritated occipital nerves. (arizonapaintreatmentcenters.com)
  • Essentially an Occipital Nerve block is the numbing of the greater and lesser occipital nerve. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • This outpatient procedure is used to treat pain and discomfort from arthritis, bursitis or impingement of the suprascapular nerve in the shoulder joint. (scoi.com)
  • After performing the block procedure, peripheral nerves may be damaged from prolonged contact with concentrated formulations [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • A supraclavicular nerve block is a procedure to block the sensation in the arm below the shoulder. (hdkino.org)
  • A supraclavicular nerve block may be performed as an outpatient procedure for chronic pain management . (hdkino.org)
  • A nerve block is usually an outpatient procedure performed by a radiologist or anesthesiologist. (loinc.org)
  • I understand that I am to have a "Select Nerve Root Injection" procedure and must follow the corresponding instructions. (southwesthealth.org)
  • It is a relatively underused procedure, mainly owing to the difficulty of achieving a reliable block. (medscape.com)
  • Before proceeding with the block, one should have a precise knowledge of the anatomy, should be thoroughly familiar with the details of the procedure, and should be fully aware of the potential complications. (medscape.com)
  • This procedure is used primarily to diagnose nerve root compression. (hutchinsonsurgery.com)
  • Although not technically correct, "block" is commonly used to refer to any type of injection procedure done to influence nerves. (painmanagementsb.com)
  • A nerve block is a procedure in which an injection is used to reduce discomfort or 'turn off' a pain sensation along a specific nerve area. (thoracentesis.science)
  • An occipital nerve block is a relatively easy procedure to perform that is used to suppress chronic headaches. (spscpaincare.com)
  • A sympathetic nerve block is a relatively low-risk procedure - however all medical treatment comes with some level of risk. (melbournepaingroup.com.au)
  • Illustration demonstrating the occipital nerve block procedure. (medscape.com)
  • This is a minimally invasive and safe procedure that blocks the transfer of sensory information to the spinal cord and brain, reducing or eliminating s ciatic nerve pain . (champeypaingroup.com)
  • Occipital Nerve Block injections are considered safe, however, with every procedure there are associated risks, side effects, and possible complications. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • Sometimes this group of nerves cause pain and can lead to a condition known as Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). (hutchinsonsurgery.com)
  • A nerve block is a pain treatment that involves injecting anesthetics and/or anti-inflammatory medications into a specific nerve or group of nerves. (thoracentesis.science)
  • Examples include intercostal nerve blocks for rib pain and sciatic nerve blocks for leg pain. (dfwpaincenter.com)
  • Our NJ pain management center has extensive experience administering sciatic nerve blocks - a treatment used to alleviate pain and discomfort associated with sciatica, a condition that causes radiating pain down the back and leg of patients when unnecessary pressure is placed on the sciatic nerve. (champeypaingroup.com)
  • The trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), provides sensory innervation to the face. (medscape.com)
  • Examples for types of nerve blocks and body regions are: 1) Trigeminal nerve blocks (face), 2) cervical epidural, thoracic epidural, and lumbar epidural block (neck and back), and 3) cervical plexus block and cervical paravertebral block (shoulder and upper neck). (loinc.org)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by spontaneous, paroxysmal lancinating pain in the trigeminal nerve distribution. (medscape.com)
  • trigeminal nerve block is reserved for patients who do not respond to medical treatment or patients in whom neurologic decompression of the canal is not feasible or has failed. (medscape.com)
  • The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve and supplies sensory innervations to the face via its branches (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The trigeminal nerve ganglion (also referred to as the gasserian ganglion) lies in the trigeminal cave (also known as the Meckel cave), which is a dural invagination in the petrous part of the temporal bone. (medscape.com)
  • For more information about the relevant anatomy, see Trigeminal Nerve Anatomy. (medscape.com)
  • The success of a trigeminal nerve block depends on proper identification of the anatomic landmarks and the nerve itself. (medscape.com)
  • It is thought that sensory input from the GON and the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve converges into the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, which is hypothesized to be the reason why occipital neuralgia is sometimes associated with migraine headache symptomatology. (medscape.com)
  • Substance P neurons carry sensory and motor impulses in the maxillary and ophthalmic divisions of the trigeminal nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Imaging such as MRI has poor correlation with clinical diagnosis of nerve entrapment as well as intraoperative findings of decompression surgeries and so diagnostic blocks are used for surgical planning. (wikipedia.org)
  • We utilize the latest diagnostic techniques and surgical strategies to restore function and minimize pain for patients with peripheral nerve disorders. (stanford.edu)
  • Stanford Health Care's Peripheral Nerve Surgery Program offers comprehensive diagnostic evaluation and testing, as well as leading-edge surgical techniques, provided by a highly specialized and experienced nationally-recognized team. (stanford.edu)
  • Along with acting as a diagnostic tool, SNRBs can alleviate the discomfort associated with nerve root compression when used with an injectable steroid. (hutchinsonsurgery.com)
  • Blocks often provide diagnostic information, helping to determine the source of the pain. (painmanagementsb.com)
  • Accurate needle placement is required to guarantee the efficacy of many diagnostic pain clinic blocks and is mandatory when neurolytic solutions are used. (southernbiological.com)
  • Nerve blocks can also provide diagnostic information to the clinician. (thoracentesis.science)
  • Nerve blocks are used for both diagnostic purposes and as a therapeutic pain management technique. (dfwpaincenter.com)
  • Diagnostic nerve blocks are used to determine whether a specific nerve or nerve group is the source of pain. (dfwpaincenter.com)
  • A continuous peripheral nerve block can be introduced into a limb undergoing surgery - for example, a femoral nerve block to prevent pain in knee replacement. (wikipedia.org)
  • The block can be used alone or combined with femoral or saphenous nerve blocks. (nysora.com)
  • To evaluate the effect of the local infiltration of analgesics for pain after total knee arthroplasty in patients treated with femoral and sciatic peripheral nerve blocks. (springer.com)
  • Al-Zahrani T, Doais KS, Aljassir F, Alshaygy I, Albishi W, Terkawi AS (2015) Randomized clinical trial of continuous femoral nerve block combined with sciatic nerve block versus epidural analgesia for unilateral total knee arthroplasty. (springer.com)
  • Carli F, Clemente A, Asenjo JF, Kim DJ, Mistraletti G, Gomarasca M, Morabito A, Tanzer M (2010) Analgesia and functional outcome after total knee arthroplasty: periarticular infiltration versus continuous femoral nerve block. (springer.com)
  • The most richly innervated part of the hip joint is the anterior capsule, with three major nerves playing a role in pain: the Femoral Nerve (FN), Obturator Nerve (ON), and Accessory Obturator Nerve (AON). (canadiem.org)
  • The femoral nerve (FN) will be a grape-like cluster just lateral to the femoral artery (use slow sweeps of the probe to find the angle that exaggerates the hyperechogenicity of nerves! (canadiem.org)
  • This hip nerve block takes advantage of the fact that the fascia iliaca sits directly on top of both the femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves. (canadiem.org)
  • The goal is to inject local anaesthetic deep to the fascia iliaca with the hopes that it spreads throughout the fascial plane and bathes both the femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves. (canadiem.org)
  • Historically (before widespread use of ultrasound) this block was achieved by advancing the needle through the femoral crease and feeling for 2 distinct pops as the needle passed through the fascia lata and the fascia iliaca. (canadiem.org)
  • It targets the sciatic nerve at or slightly above its division into the tibial and common peroneal nerves. (nysora.com)
  • Near the back of the knee, the nerve divides into the tibial and common peroneal (fibular) branches. (spine-health.com)
  • The only EXPAREL-related effect seen was minimal to mild granulomatous inflammation of adipose tissue around nerve roots (8 of 24 rabbits and 7 of 24 dogs) in the brachial plexus sites. (hindawi.com)
  • Sensory Nerve Root Block is a non-surgical treatment used to relieve pain in the neck, arms, lower back or legs caused by inflammation and pressure on the spinal nerves. (southwesthealth.org)
  • If the sciatic nerve is affected due to inflammation or compression, the function of the muscles that it supplies may be reduced. (spine-health.com)
  • Nerve blocks are not only used to reduce pain and inflammation but also as a pointer for identifying specific source of pain. (targetwoman.com)
  • Steroids can help reduce nerve and joint inflammation and can reduce the abnormal triggering of signals from injured nerves. (painmanagementsb.com)
  • Therapeutic nerve blocks are intended to provide longer-lasting pain relief by delivering local anesthetics, steroids, or other medications to reduce inflammation and block pain signals. (dfwpaincenter.com)
  • Nerves that are situated by bony landmarks can be good candidates, such as epidural steroid injections, which target the spinal nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • The sciatic nerve is formed by the merging of 5 spinal nerves. (spine-health.com)
  • The tibial branch of the sciatic nerve is derived from the L5, S1, S2, and S3 spinal nerves. (spine-health.com)
  • The common peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve is derived from the L4, L5, S1, and S2 spinal nerves. (spine-health.com)
  • Because neurectomy of a sensory nerve is often followed, months later, by the emergence of new, more intense pain, sensory nerve neurectomy is rarely performed. (wikipedia.org)
  • The peripheral nerve stimulator is designed to elicit a motor response rather than creating a paresthesia, so it may not be effective for purely sensory nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • The infraorbital nerve supplies sensory innervation to the lower eyelid, the side of the nose, and the upper lip (see image below). (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Since the infraorbital nerve provides a considerably large area of sensory innervation, it is a prime candidate for a regional nerve block. (medscape.com)
  • Similarly, trauma to the sciatic nerve can cause sensory problems in the leg, which typically include a burning, searing, icy, or numb feeling in one or more parts. (spine-health.com)
  • The sensory component of this nerve continues down as the sural nerve and supplies parts of the outer side of the ankle and heel. (spine-health.com)
  • The sensory component of this nerve supplies the skin over the first webspace of the toes. (spine-health.com)
  • The postganglionic fibers are the sensory nerves to the face and exit via various foramina at the base of the skull. (medscape.com)
  • The ophthalmic and maxillary nerves are purely sensory. (medscape.com)
  • The mandibular nerve has sensory and motor functions. (medscape.com)
  • Blocks can provide periods of dramatic pain relief, which promotes the desensitization of sensory pathways. (painmanagementsb.com)
  • This nerve eventually divides into the right and left dorsal nerves of the penis that pass under the pubis symphysis to travel just below the Buck fascia to supply the sensory innervation to the penis. (medscape.com)
  • 1,2 Various methods have been used to guide needle placement, including identification of neighboring bony and vascular landmarks and the generation of a sensory paresthesia by contact of the needle with the nerve. (asahq.org)
  • [ 4 , 5 ] The greater occipital nerve (GON) originates in the dorsal ramus of the C 2 as well as the C 3 segments of the spinal cord and comprises sensory fibers alone. (medscape.com)
  • We describe eight cases of upper and lower extremity nerve blocks performed under ultrasound guidance in the emergency department of the Jai Prakash Narayan Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. (nih.gov)
  • Upper and lower extremity nerve blocks are included along with case examples. (gcus.com)
  • Electrical stimulation can provide feedback on the proximity of the needle to the target nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • Historically, nerve blocks were performed blind or with electrical stimulation alone, but in contemporary practice, ultrasound or ultrasound with electrical stimulation is most commonly used. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bisphosphonates, calcitonin, regional nerve blocks and dorsal column stimulation can provide relief. (targetwoman.com)
  • This technique was most commonly used with nerve stimulation. (medscape.com)
  • Nerve pain and muscle spasm such as that caused by shingles, neuropathy, reflex sympathetic dystrophy and spinal cord injury can be treated using interventional procedures, spinal cord stimulation or implantable pumps. (painmanagementsb.com)
  • Can Nerve Blocks or Spinal Stimulation Help? (southernpainclinic.com)
  • Two of the most successful treatments are nerve blocks and spinal stimulation. (southernpainclinic.com)
  • Little is known regarding the final needle tip location when various intensities of nerve stimulation are used to guide block needle insertion. (asahq.org)
  • Therefore, in control and hyperglycemic dogs, the authors examined whether lower-intensity stimulation results in injection closer to the sciatic nerve than higher-threshold stimulation. (asahq.org)
  • In normal dogs, current stimulation levels in the range of 0.33-1.0 mA result in needle placement comparably close to the sciatic nerve but do not correlate with distance from the target nerve. (asahq.org)
  • Also, if you respond well to the Occipital Nerve block then you will most likely benefit even more with the addition of Occipital Nerve Stimulation. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • The effect of number of lengthening contractions on rat isometric force production at different frequencies of nerve stimulation. (cdc.gov)
  • infection, bleeding, delivery of medication to the blood stream, or blocking the wrong nerve. (loinc.org)
  • In surgical cases, a 'nerve catheter' might be placed to continually supply the nerves with numbing medication and prevent severe pain to the patient. (targetwoman.com)
  • Patients may feel some mild radiating pain as the medication is injected adjacent to the affected nerve root. (hutchinsonsurgery.com)
  • Blocks are injections of medication near nerves. (painmanagementsb.com)
  • Injecting medication near a peripheral nerve (outside the spinal column) to block pain signals from a specific area of the body. (dfwpaincenter.com)
  • Medication is injected into the epidural space around the spinal cord to block pain signals from a larger area, such as the lower back and legs. (dfwpaincenter.com)
  • Nerve blocks , or injections of medication close to the affected nerves, relieve the pain symptoms of diabetic neuropathy by disrupting pain signals to the brain. (southernpainclinic.com)
  • A sympathetic-nerve block is an injection of medication into whichever of these nerves is causing the pain. (meddiagnosticrehab.co)
  • When a sciatic nerve block is needed, patients receive an injection of medication directly to the nerve, intended to signal the nerve to "turn off" the pain signal. (champeypaingroup.com)
  • Nerve block or regional nerve blockade is any deliberate interruption of signals traveling along a nerve, often for the purpose of pain relief. (wikipedia.org)
  • The goal of the nerve block is to prevent pain by blocking the transmission of pain signals from the affected area. (wikipedia.org)
  • An advantage over oral pain medications is that regional blocks can provide complete relief of pain along a nerve distribution. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nerve blocks can be used for the diagnosis of surgically treatable chronic pain, such as nerve compression syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The study was the first human test of the Company's patented high frequency Electrical Nerve Blockâ„¢ technology and focused on patients with chronic amputation pain which affects nearly one million patients in the U.S. During the study, four of the five patients reported their pain was reduced to zero. (news-medical.net)
  • A complete reduction is often unheard of, however the high frequency electrical nerve block technology showed the ability to do so, safely and consistently, and the strong potential it holds for patients suffering from chronic pain is very encouraging,' he added. (news-medical.net)
  • Because of power of ultrasound and utility of performing blocks, patients can receive different anesthetics, and most importantly, they were able to ambulate with minimum pain," he said. (sonosite.com)
  • Data at this time suggest peripheral nerve blocks provide analgesic benefit in cases where intrathecal morphine cannot be utilized or as a rescue technique for refractory pain. (asra.com)
  • Researchers test the efficacy of a soft, bioresorbable, implantable device to block pain signals from sciatic nerves of rat models. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Now, an international team of researchers has developed a soft, bioresorbable, implantable device which can provide a cooling effect to peripheral nerves, leading to blocking of pain signals. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Evidence suggests that cooling peripheral nerves can in fact reduce the velocity and amplitude of neural signals that cause pain, leading to pain relief. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Next, the team tested the device by implanting it into the sciatic nerves of living rat models with neuropathic pain associated with spared nerve injury. (sciencedaily.com)
  • After a three-week evaluation, the team found that the device successfully delivered cooling power to the peripheral nerves of the rats, which led to a reduction in their pain. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A supraclavicular nerve block is usually performed prior to surgeries and for post-operative pain relief (analgesia) in the upper extremities. (hdkino.org)
  • The supraclavicular nerve block may also help manage chronic pain from rheumatoid and degenerative arthritis . (hdkino.org)
  • Supraclavicular nerve block performed before surgery and for post-surgical pain may involve hospitalization for a day or two, depending on the complexity of the surgery. (hdkino.org)
  • Adding local infiltration of analgesics to peripheral nerve blocks after TKA surgery only provides minimal benefit for pain control. (springer.com)
  • Danninger T, Opperer M, Memtsoudis SG (2014) Perioperative pain control after total knee arthroplasty: an evidence based review of the role of peripheral nerve blocks. (springer.com)
  • The patient had undergone repair for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm four years prior and underwent a series of intercostal nerve blocks after experiencing persistent post-thoracotomy pain. (iasp-pain.org)
  • A randomised controlled trial of pectoral nerve-2 (PECS 2) block vs. serratus plane block for chronic pain after mastectomy. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The pectoral nerve-2 block reduced the rate of moderate or severe chronic pain from 13/40 (33%) with the serratus plane block to 4/40 (10%), p = 0.03, adjusted odds ratio (95%CI) 0.23 (0.07-0.80), p = 0.02. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The rates of pain-free women at six postoperative months were indeterminate, 10/40 (25%) after serratus plane block vs. 19/40 (48%) after pectoral nerve-2 block, p = 0.06, adjusted odds ratio (95%CI) 2.9 (1.1-7.5), p = 0.03. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Pectoral nerve-2 block reduced chronic pain 6 months after mastectomy compared with serratus plane block. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Entrapment of the endopelvic part of the pudendal nerve may cause similar perineal or perianal pain with the extrapelvic pudendal nerve entrapment. (researchsquare.com)
  • In human medicine a method of continuous peripheral nerve blockade (CPNB) has been developed and its application has gained increasingly more popularity among clinicians for treatment of virtually all types of severe surgical and procedural pain. (unito.it)
  • Our current research focuses on advanced imaging techniques such as Stimulated Raman Histology to develop improved intraoperative decision-making, attempting to understand the growth pattern of nerve sheath tumors (schwannomas and neurofibromas), and the evaluation of an approved device (Neurocap) for the treatment of nerve pain secondary to neuromas through a post-approval clinical trial. (stanford.edu)
  • Nerve blocks are used in cases of severe pain such as Raynaud's syndrome, chronic abdominal pain, severe back pain and reflex sympathetic dystrophy . (targetwoman.com)
  • This blocks these nerves so that the sympathetic nervous system can no longer mediate the pain. (hutchinsonsurgery.com)
  • If you experiences pain relief, it confirms that those are the specific nerves causing the pain and more injections will be scheduled. (hutchinsonsurgery.com)
  • Sympathetic nerve blocks can be effective in relieving some chronic pain conditions, but not all. (hutchinsonsurgery.com)
  • If you experience pain relief from a sympathetic nerve block, it also gives you a "window of opportunity" to more fully participate in other therapies that can contribute to your pain relief, such as physical therapy. (hutchinsonsurgery.com)
  • If the patient's pain dissipates after the injection at a particular nerve root, it can be inferred that the source of pain was being generated at the selected nerve root. (hutchinsonsurgery.com)
  • In some cases of severe pain it is even necessary to destroy a nerve with injections of phenol, pure ethanol, or by using needles that freeze or heat the nerves. (painmanagementsb.com)
  • Pain and injury often makes nerves more sensitive, so that they signal pain with less provocation. (painmanagementsb.com)
  • The Regional Anaesthesia Simulation Manikin has been designed by a Consultant Anaesthetist at the Manchester and Salford Pain Centre for training anaesthetists in correct needle placement in Nerve Blocks for pain management. (southernbiological.com)
  • A nerve block may provide brief pain relief and aid in identifying a more specific source of pain. (thoracentesis.science)
  • Individuals suffering from acute or chronic pain may benefit from a nerve block injection to provide temporary pain relief. (thoracentesis.science)
  • By administering a nerve block and then observing your response, your doctor can ascertain the cause or origin of your pain and plan additional treatment. (thoracentesis.science)
  • Nerve blocks may be used to treat chronic or long-term pain, postoperative pain, and severe acute or short-term pain. (thoracentesis.science)
  • Epidural blocks are often used during childbirth and for pain management in the lower back. (dfwpaincenter.com)
  • This involves using chemicals or heat to damage the nerve, providing longer-lasting pain relief but potentially leading to permanent loss of sensation in the area. (dfwpaincenter.com)
  • If there is significant pain relief, it indicates that the targeted nerve is contributing to the pain. (dfwpaincenter.com)
  • Nerve blocks can provide targeted pain relief without affecting the entire body. (dfwpaincenter.com)
  • Nerve blocks may carry risks such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, or incomplete pain relief. (dfwpaincenter.com)
  • Trained medical professionals, such as anesthesiologists or pain management specialists typically perform nerve blocks. (dfwpaincenter.com)
  • If you're considering a nerve block for pain management, consult a healthcare provider who can assess your condition and determine if this approach is appropriate. (dfwpaincenter.com)
  • For chronic pain sufferers with diabetes, one type of nerve damage that can be at the root of your pain is diabetic neuropathy. (southernpainclinic.com)
  • In some cases, we provide longer-lasting pain relief by intentionally damaging the malfunctioning nerve or nerves, with the nerve block. (southernpainclinic.com)
  • An occipital nerve block can help treat chronic headaches and cervical neck pain. (spscpaincare.com)
  • It works by numbing the nerve, which interrupts the pain signals the nerve is sending to the brain. (meddiagnosticrehab.co)
  • It is used both to diagnose damage of and treat pain caused by the sympathetic nerves. (meddiagnosticrehab.co)
  • Nerve blocks used to treat chronic pain can work for up to 6 to 12 months, and can be repeated as needed. (meddiagnosticrehab.co)
  • Pain signals can run in these sympathetic nerves. (melbournepaingroup.com.au)
  • Sympathetic nerve blocks are generally used to treat neuropathic pain. (melbournepaingroup.com.au)
  • A sympathetic nerve block temporarily disables pain signals transmitted via the sympathetic nervous system via a local anaesthetic being injected directly into the nerves. (melbournepaingroup.com.au)
  • In some cases, a sympathetic nerve block (or series of them) may give prolonged relief from pain. (melbournepaingroup.com.au)
  • The most commonly performed sympathetic blocks are stellate ganglion blocks for pain of the face or arm, or lumbar sympathetic block for the legs and some abdominal organs. (melbournepaingroup.com.au)
  • The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of GON block in acute treatment of migraine headache, with a focus on pain relief. (medscape.com)
  • Change in the 11-point numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) was used to assess the response to GON block. (medscape.com)
  • Greater occipital block seems to be an effective option for acute management of migraine headache, with promising reductions in pain scores. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 ] GON block decreases afferent input to the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, resulting in central pain modulation and reducing neuronal hyperexcitability at the level of second-order neurons. (medscape.com)
  • A sciatic nerve block is used to treat patients suffering from chronic, debilitating pain where often times more conservative methods of treatment have failed to produce pain relief. (champeypaingroup.com)
  • If you suspect a sciatic nerve block might be a solution for you, take our short Treatment Assessment Tool to tell us a little about what, if anything, you've tried to treat your pain. (champeypaingroup.com)
  • Occipital nerve blocks are used to treat severe pain along the nerves in the head and neck. (oprm.info)
  • Many patients suffering from headaches due to this nerve pain receive this type of injection. (oprm.info)
  • The study found that the taking of pain relievers such as aspirin, duration of headache and its frequency, nausea and vomiting, light and sound sensitivity, decreased appetite, and limitations in functional activities were significantly less in the blocked group compared to control group. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • Not only is it useful in treating Occipital Neuralgia, relieving or reducing pain in the back of the head in the scalp, but if symptoms improve after the injection then the block is also useful in diagnosing Occipital Neuralgia. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • These can include anticonvulsants or antidepressants for nerve pain or steroids to treat pain from swelling. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a continuous popliteal block on postoperative pain after fibular graft harvesting. (lu.se)
  • CONCLUSION: Continuous popliteal block significantly reduced postoperative extremity pain and opioid consumption in patients undergoing fibular graft harvesting for head and neck reconstructive surgery. (lu.se)
  • citation needed] Landmark-guided (or "blind") nerve blocks utilize palpable anatomic landmarks and a working knowledge of the superficial and deep anatomy to determine where to place the needle. (wikipedia.org)
  • After subcutaneous tunneling over 2.0-2.5 cm, a 20 G 8.9 cm Tuohy-Schliff needle was inserted over its entire length along each nerve and a closed-tip, polyamide catheter (20 G, 104 cm) advanced for ~10-12 cm. (unito.it)
  • Fluoroscopy (real-time X-ray), ultrasound , or other imaging techniques help guide the placement of the needle near the targeted nerve. (dfwpaincenter.com)
  • A physician will use a needle to inject a solution in the area around the nerves that need to be helped. (spscpaincare.com)
  • In an interscalene block, the injection is administered in the neck, closer to the nerve roots. (hdkino.org)
  • Most patients with Cervicogenic headaches have associated spondylosis, or problems of the cervical facet joints in the neck, and therefore may need an additional block in the cervical facet joint to completely alleviate their symptoms. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • These nerves can be irritated by muscle spasm, arthritic changes or by neck injuries. (arizonapaintreatmentcenters.com)
  • MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study adult patients scheduled for reconstructive head and neck surgery with a microvascular free fibular graft received an indwelling popliteal nerve block catheter and were randomized to receive continuous levobupivacaine/ropivacaine or placebo during the first postoperative. (lu.se)
  • A nerve block works by blocking or reducing the signals sent to the brain. (targetwoman.com)
  • Cite as: VanderWielen B, Ituk U, Landau R, Sultan P, Habib A. Post-cesarean delivery analgesia and the role of peripheral nerve blocks: a review. (asra.com)
  • Therefore, the use of local infiltration of analgesics treatment in TKA surgery cannot be recommended if peripheral nerve blocks are used. (springer.com)
  • Dr. Don Bohannon takes us through the setup of a tray for Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks. (raeducation.com)
  • For this month of December we will continue with our theme of micro-anatomy of nerves but emphasize the very related topic of why continuous peripheral nerve blocks (CPNB) fail. (raeducation.com)
  • Landmark-guided injections have largely been replaced with image guidance due to increased accuracy, but there are some nerves for which landmark-guidance still has comparable accuracy, such as the pudendal nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pudendal neuralgia (PN) is an extremely painful neuropathy of the pudendal nerve resulting in a negative impact on a patient's quality of life. (researchsquare.com)
  • The aim of this study is to evaluate the 2-years outcomes of repetitive doses of the transvaginal pudendal nerve injections (PNI) and to compare the success of the PNI concerning anatomical levels (endopelvic and extrapelvic portion) of the pudendal nerve pathology. (researchsquare.com)
  • The intervention was more effective in entrapments of the pudendal nerve between sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments or below (Level-2) when compared to the injuries in the endopelvic part (Level-1). (researchsquare.com)
  • therefore, interligamentous pudendal nerve entrapment cases have more benefits than the cases of pudendal nerve entrapment in the endopelvic part. (researchsquare.com)
  • However, it is recommended to perform therapeutic nerve blocks even in patients with suspected endopelvic pudendal nerve pathology before the referral to surgery. (researchsquare.com)
  • Pudendal neuralgia (PN) is an extremely painful neuropathy of the pudendal nerve. (researchsquare.com)
  • Mechanical trauma such as compression, stretching, or irritation of the pudendal nerve may occur anywhere along the nerve pathway from the sacral roots to the end organ. (researchsquare.com)
  • It is potentially challenging to determine the exact site of pudendal nerve injury. (researchsquare.com)
  • 9 ] studied PN according to the segmental anatomy of the pudendal nerve. (researchsquare.com)
  • The penis is innervated by the pudendal nerve (S2-S4). (medscape.com)
  • The brachial plexus is a large, complex bundle of nerves (arising from the nerve roots C5-T1). (hindawi.com)
  • The lesser occipital nerve arises through the second and third cervical nerve roots in the upper vertebrae. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • Humeral head translation after a suprascapular nerve block. (cdc.gov)
  • All of our patients with abdominal hernias received ultrasound-guided nerve blocks . (sonosite.com)
  • This Private Hands-On Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks for Emergency Medicine Training course is specifically designed for physicians, sonographers, and other medical professionals who need ultrasound-guided nerve blocks in the emergency medicine training. (gcus.com)
  • Ultrasound-guided nerve blocks of the hip performed by emergency physicians are feasible and effective procedures. (canadiem.org)
  • The device demonstrated high precision and efficacy in rat models with spared nerve injuries and can serve as an effective substitute for opioids. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The aim of this study was to develop a technique for placing CPNB catheters along the palmar nerves in horses and to evaluate the nociceptive efficacy of LA infusion in the distal equine forelimb. (unito.it)
  • Feasibility and efficacy of CPNB catheter instrumentation in standing, sedated horses was tested in 13 animals, using a percutaneous "blind" technique with pre- and postultrasound control using a method previously developed in 42 forelimb specimens for CPNB catheter placement along the medial and lateral palmar nerves. (unito.it)
  • [ 19 ] We undertook this retrospective cohort study to assess the efficacy of GON block in the acute treatment of migraine headache, having anecdotally experienced good results in our clinical practice. (medscape.com)
  • Anaesthetic efficacy of incorporating different additives into lidocaine for the inferior alveolar nerve block: A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Incorporating an additive into lidocaine is a method to enhance the efficacy of the inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) in mandibular posterior teeth . (bvsalud.org)
  • Occasionally, tumor infiltration, vascular compression of the nerve, or diseases such as multiple sclerosis may be the causative factors. (medscape.com)
  • The concept of nerve block sometimes includes central nerve block, which includes epidural and spinal anaesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
  • These two nerves, the greater and lesser, help give sensation to the back of the scalp. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • These nerves supply sensation to the back and side of the scalp and are commonly involved in patients suffering from cervicogenic headaches and Occipital Neuralgia. (arizonapaintreatmentcenters.com)
  • The right and left dorsal penile nerves should be blocked as proximally to the base of the penis as possible. (medscape.com)
  • Pseudoaneurysm of the Thoracoabdominal Aortic Graft due to Intercostal Nerve Block. (iasp-pain.org)
  • We present a case of an iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm in the descending thoracic aortic graft body caused by intercostal nerve block. (iasp-pain.org)
  • It will not anesthetize the axilla or the proximal medial arm, missing the intercostal and medium cutaneous brachii nerves. (medscape.com)
  • This technique can be performed in the emergency department with the aid of ultrasound imaging to identify target nerves. (nih.gov)
  • A sustained-release DepoFoam injection formulation of bupivacaine (EXPAREL, 15 mg/mL) is currently being investigated for postsurgical analgesia via peripheral nerve block (PNB). (hindawi.com)
  • Thoracic interfascial plane blocks are effective for post-mastectomy acute analgesia. (iasp-pain.org)
  • It is well known that cold temperatures numb the sensation in our nerves. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The following Fascia Iliaca block is a much more elegant (and more aptly named) way to achieve proximal coverage. (canadiem.org)
  • The study therefore concluded "the nerve stimulator-guided occipital nerve blockade significantly relieved cervicogenic headache and associated symptoms at two weeks following injection. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • A 2006 study reported that if a patient receives repeated nerve stimulator guided Occipital Nerve blockade for the treatment of Cervicogenic headache, the patients experienced significant reduction of symptoms with no recurrence for at least six months in addition to alleviation of associated symptoms. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • A supraclavicular nerve block is the quickest and most effective block for the entire arm because the nerves are tightly packed in the targeted anatomical region (brachial plexus). (hdkino.org)
  • Macfarlane A, Anderson K. Infraclavicular Brachial Plexus Blocks. (medscape.com)
  • Local injuries: Injuries to nerves and tendons can result in long-term complications such as neuropathies and tendonitis. (medscape.com)
  • Ultrasound examination during and following CPNB catheter placement confirmed correct placement without any obvious damage to nerves or adjacent structures (i.e. tendons, palmar blood vessels). (unito.it)
  • The frontal nerve then further divides into the supraorbital nerve and the supratrochlear nerve. (medscape.com)
  • The radial nerve (arrowheads) becomes elliptical and linear as it divides into the superficial and deep branches. (usra.ca)
  • The nerve comes closer to the surface just below the superior nuchal line (muscular line that divides the back of the skull). (adamsewellmd.com)
  • Basically, the nerve starts in the top vertebrae and goes up towards the surface near the lower line that divides the back of the skull. (adamsewellmd.com)
  • The suprascapular nerve is a major motor nerve that serves the muscles of the shoulder. (scoi.com)
  • The sciatic nerve supplies major parts of the skin and muscles in the thigh, leg, and foot. (spine-health.com)
  • The sciatic nerve controls muscles in the thigh, leg, and foot. (spine-health.com)
  • After traveling through the greater sciatic foramen in the pelvis, the sciatic nerve innervates a series of muscles along its course. (spine-health.com)
  • The undivided sciatic nerve innervates the 4 hamstring muscles and the short head of the biceps femoris muscle along the back of the thigh. (spine-health.com)
  • This nerve supplies the calf muscles along the back of the leg. (spine-health.com)
  • The nerve supplies several muscles along the front and outer side of the leg. (spine-health.com)
  • The sciatic nerve provides a wide range of motor functions, including powering movement to the muscles that move each thigh, leg, and foot. (spine-health.com)
  • Ultrasound orientation of the muscles, arteries, and nerves in a transverse view. (medscape.com)
  • When the toxin gets into somebody's bloodstream it blocks the release of a neurotransmitter between nerves and muscles and this is actually what causes botulism. (cdc.gov)
  • This post about how to perform a hip nerve block was created as part of the 2020 Manitoba Emergency Medicine Research Day 2.0 FOAMed competition. (canadiem.org)
  • Aims: To investigate the effectiveness of the auriculotemporal nerve block (ATNB) technique in conjunction with noninvasive therapies for the treatment of disc displacement with reduction (DDWR) or without reduction (DDWOR) in addition to arthralgia of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). (quintessence-publishing.com)
  • The blockage of the auriculotemporal nerve was performed with 1 ml of bupivacaine 0.5% without vasoconstrictor for 8 weeks. (bvsalud.org)