Highly proliferative, self-renewing, and colony-forming stem cells which give rise to NEOPLASMS.
Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.
The transfer of STEM CELLS from one individual to another within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or between species (XENOTRANSPLANTATION), or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). The source and location of the stem cells determines their potency or pluripotency to differentiate into various cell types.
Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Cells with high proliferative and self renewal capacities derived from adults.
Cells that can give rise to cells of the three different GERM LAYERS.
Transfer of HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS from BONE MARROW or BLOOD between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms.
A particular zone of tissue composed of a specialized microenvironment where stem cells are retained in a undifferentiated, self-renewable state.
Self-renewing cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system in both the embryo and adult. Neural stem cells are precursors to both NEURONS and NEUROGLIA.
Cells from adult organisms that have been reprogrammed into a pluripotential state similar to that of EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Specialized stem cells that are committed to give rise to cells that have a particular function; examples are MYOBLASTS; MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS; and skin stem cells. (Stem Cells: A Primer [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2000 May [cited 2002 Apr 5]. Available from: http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm)
Transfer of MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS).
A hematopoietic growth factor and the ligand of the cell surface c-kit protein (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-KIT). It is expressed during embryogenesis and is a growth factor for a number of cell types including the MAST CELLS and the MELANOCYTES in addition to the HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS.
Bone-marrow-derived, non-hematopoietic cells that support HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELLS. They have also been isolated from other organs and tissues such as UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, umbilical vein subendothelium, and WHARTON JELLY. These cells are considered to be a source of multipotent stem cells because they include subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells.

Differential diagnostic significance of the paucity of HLA-I antigens on metastatic breast carcinoma cells in effusions. (1/3999)

Distinction between benign reactive mesothelial cells and metastatic breast adenocarcinoma cells in effusions from patients with a known prior history of breast cancer is not the easiest task in diagnostic pathology. Here, we report the usefulness of testing the expression of class I HLA antigens (HLA A, B, C) in this respect. Cytospins were prepared from effusions of patients without the history of breast cancer (5 cases) and from effusions of patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma (11 cases). Three effusions from cancerous patients were not malignant cytologically. The expression of HLA-A, B, C, HLA-DR and beta2-microglobulin as well as the macrophage antigen, CD14, was evaluated by immunocytochemistry. In 10 of 11 effusions the cytologically malignant cells expressed very weak or undetectable HLA-A,B,C as compared to the mesothelial cells and macrophages. The paucity of expression of HLA-A, B, C was detectable in those 3 cases where a definitive cytological diagnosis of malignancy could not be established. In contrast, mesothelial cells and macrophages from all samples were uniformly and strongly positive for both HLA-A, B, C and beta2-microglobulin. We conclude that the paucity of HLA-I antigens provides a marker helpful in distinguishing metastatic breast carcinoma cells from reactive mesothelial cells in effusions.  (+info)

Cytokine treatment or accessory cells are required to initiate engraftment of purified primitive human hematopoietic cells transplanted at limiting doses into NOD/SCID mice. (2/3999)

Little is known about the cell types or mechanisms that underlie the engraftment process. Here, we have examined parameters affecting the engraftment of purified human Lin-CD34+CD38- normal and AML cells transplanted at limiting doses into NOD/SCID recipients. Mice transplanted with 500 to 1000 Lin-CD34+CD38- cord blood (CB) or AML cells required the co-transplantation of accessory cells (ACs) or short-term in vivo cytokine treatment for engraftment, whereas transplantation of higher doses (>5000 Lin-CD34+CD38- cells) did not show these requirements suggesting that ACs are effective for both normal and leukemic stem cell engraftment in this model. Mature Lin+CD34- and primitive Lin-CD34+CD38+ cells were capable of acting as ACs even though no repopulating cells are present. Cytokine treatment of NOD/SCID mice could partially replace the requirement for co-transplantation of AC. Furthermore, no difference was seen between the percentage of engrafted mice treated with cytokines for only the first 10 days after transplant compared to those receiving cytokines for the entire time of repopulation. Surprisingly, no engraftment was detected in mice when cytokine treatment was delayed until 10 days posttransplant. Together, these studies suggest that the engraftment process requires pluripotent stem cells plus accessory cells or cytokine treatment which act early after transplantation. The NOD/SCID xenotransplant system provides the means to further clarify the processes underlying human stem cell engraftment.  (+info)

Autologous transplantation of chemotherapy-purged PBSC collections from high-risk leukemia patients: a pilot study. (3/3999)

We have recently demonstrated that the combination of the alkylating agent nitrogen mustard (NM) and etoposide (VP-16) is capable of eliminating, ex vivo, leukemic cells contaminating PBSC collections and this is associated with a significant recovery of primitive and committed hematopoietic progenitor cells. Based on these data a pilot study on autologous transplantation of NM/VP-16 purged PBSC for high-risk leukemic patients was recently initiated. Twelve patients (seven females and five males) with a median age of 46 years (range 18-57) have been treated. Two patients had acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) resistant to conventional induction treatment, four patients had secondary AML in I complete remission (CR), one patient was in II CR after failing a previous autologous BM transplantation, while two additional AML individuals were in I CR achieved after three or more cycles of induction treatment. Two patients with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in I CR and one patient with mantle cell lymphoma and leukemic dissemination were also included. Eight patients showed karyotypic abnormalities associated with a poor clinical outcome. The mobilizing regimens included cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone with (n = 6) or without fludarabine (n = 3) followed by subcutaneous administration of G-CSF (5 microg/kg/day until the completion of PBSC collection) and G-CSF alone (n = 3) (15 microg/kg/day). A median of two aphereses (range 1-3) allowed the collection of 7.2 x 10(8) TNC/kg (range 3.4-11.5), 5 x 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg (range 2.1-15.3) and 9.2 x 10(4) CFU-GM/kg (0.3-236). PBSC were treated with a constant dose of 20 microg of VP-16/ml and a median individual-adjusted dose (survival < or = 5% of steady-state BM CFU-GM) of NM of 0.7 microg/ml (range 0.25-1.25). Eleven patients were reinfused after busulfan (16 mg/kg) and Cy (120 mg/kg) conditioning with a median residual dose of 0.3 x 10(4) CFU-GM/kg (0-11.5). The median time to neutrophil engraftment (>0.5 x 10(9)/l) for evaluable patients was 25 days (range 12-59); the median time to platelet transfusion independence (>20 and >50 x 10(9)/l) was 40 days (18-95) and 69 days (29-235), respectively. Hospital discharge occurred at a median of 25 days (18-58) after stem cell reinfusion. Four individuals are alive in CR (n = 3) or with residual nodal disease (n = 1 lymphoma patient) with a follow-up of 32, 26, 3 and 14 months, respectively. Seven patients died due to disease progression or relapse (n = 5) or extrahematological transplant toxicity (n = 2). Our data suggest that pharmacological purging of leukapheresis collections of leukemic patients at high-risk of relapse is feasible and ex vivo treated cells reconstitute autologous hematopoiesis.  (+info)

Human immunodeficiency virus-associated Hodgkin's disease derives from post-germinal center B cells. (4/3999)

Human immunodeficiency virus-associated Hodgkin's disease (HIV-HD) displays several peculiarities when compared with HD of the general population. These include overrepresentation of clinically aggressive histologic types and frequent infection of Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Recently, we have reported that the histogenesis of HD of the general population may be assessed by monitoring the expression pattern of BCL-6, a transcription factor expressed in germinal center (GC) B cells, and of CD138/syndecan-1 (syn-1), a proteoglycan associated with post-GC, terminal B-cell differentiation. In this study, we have applied these two markers to the study of HIV-HD histogenesis and correlated their expression status to the virologic features of this disease. We have found that RS cells of all histologic categories of HIV-HD consistently display the BCL-6(-)/syn-1(+) phenotype and thus reflect post-GC B cells. Although BCL-6(-)/syn-1(+) RS cells of HIV-HD express CD40, they are not surrounded by CD40 ligand-positive (CD40L+) reactive T lymphocytes, which, in HD of the general population, are thought to regulate the disease phenotype through CD40/CD40L interactions. Conversely, RS cells of virtually all HIV-HD express the EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which, being functionally homologous to CD40, may contribute, at least in part, to the modulation of the HIV-HD phenotype.  (+info)

An alternatively spliced form of CD79b gene may account for altered B-cell receptor expression in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (5/3999)

Several functional anomalies of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells may be explained by abnormalities of the B-cell receptor (BCR), a multimeric complex formed by the sIg homodimer and the noncovalently bound heterodimer Igalpha/Igbeta (CD79a/CD79b). Because the expression of the extracellular Ig-like domain of CD79b has been reported to be absent in the cells of most CLL cases, we have investigated the molecular mechanisms that may account for this defect. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from 50 patients and two cell lines (MEC1, MEC2) obtained from the PBL of one of them were studied. MEC1, MEC2, and 75% of CLL cases did not express detectable levels of the extracellular Ig-like domain of CD79b, which was nevertheless present in greater than 80% CD19(+) cells from normal donors. In healthy subjects the expression of CD79b was equally distributed in CD5(+) and CD5(-) B-cell subsets. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of CD79b RNA from all patients and from MEC1 and MEC2 cell lines consistently yielded two fragments of different size (709 bp and 397 bp). The 709-bp band corresponds to CD79b entire transcript; the 397-bp band corresponds to an alternatively spliced form lacking exon 3 that encodes the extracellular Ig-like domain. Both fragments were also visible in normal PBL. The expression of the 397-bp fragment was increased in normal activated B cells, while no difference was seen between CD5(+) and CD5(-) B cells. To obtain a more accurate estimate of the relative proportions of the two spliced forms, a radioactive PCR was performed in 13 normal and 22 B-CLL samples and the results analyzed using a digital imager. The mean value of the CD79b to the CD79b internally deleted ratio was 0.64 +/- 0.20 SD in normal donors and 0.44 +/- 0.27 SD in B-CLL (P =.01). Direct sequencing of 397-bp RT-PCR products and of genomic DNA corresponding to exon 3 from MEC1, MEC2, their parental cells, and five fresh B-CLL samples did not show any causal mutation. Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of exon 3 performed in 18 additional B-CLL cases showed a single abnormal shift corresponding to a TGT --> TGC polymorphic change at amino acid 122. We propose a role for the alternative splicing of CD79b gene in causing the reduced expression of BCR on the surface of B-CLL cells. As normal B cells also present this variant, the mechanism of CD79b posttranscriptional regulation might reflect the activation stage of the normal B cell from which B-CLL derives.  (+info)

Feasibility of immunotherapy of relapsed leukemia with ex vivo-generated cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for hematopoietic system-restricted minor histocompatibility antigens. (6/3999)

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a common treatment of hematologic malignancies. Recurrence of the underlying malignancy is a major cause of treatment failure. Donor-derived cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for patients' minor histocompatibility antigens (mHags) play an important role in both graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) reactivities. mHags HA-1 and HA-2 induce HLA-A*0201-restricted CTLs in vivo and are exclusively expressed on hematopoietic cells, including leukemic cells and leukemic precursors, but not on fibroblasts, keratinocytes, or liver cells. The chemical nature of the mHags HA-1 and HA-2 is known. We investigated the feasibility of ex vivo generation of mHag HA-1- and HA-2-specific CTLs from unprimed mHag HA-1- and/or HA-2-negative healthy blood donors. HA-1 and HA-2 synthetic peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) were used as antigen-presenting cells (APC) to stimulate autologous unprimed CD8(+) T cells. The ex vivo-generated HA-1- and HA-2-specific CTLs efficiently lyse leukemic cells derived from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) patients. No lytic reactivity was detected against nonhematopoietic cells. Sufficient numbers of the CTLs can be obtained for the adoptive immunotherapy purposes. In conclusion, we present a feasible, novel therapy for the treatment for relapsed leukemia after BMT with a low risk of GVHD.  (+info)

Evaluation of trisomy 12 by fluorescence in situ hybridization in peripheral blood, bone marrow and lymph nodes of patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (7/3999)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Trisomy 12 is the most common numerical chromosomal aberration in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has improved the detection of this cytogenetic abnormality and has made detection possible in all phases of the cell cycle. The presence of the trisomy 12 positive (+12) cell population has generally been investigated in leukemic cells obtained from the peripheral blood of CLL patients. To ascertain whether trisomy 12 is expressed homogeneously in cells of different hemopoietic tissues, we applied FISH to lymph node, peripheral blood and bone marrow samples obtained simultaneously from 23 untreated B-CLL patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty-three newly diagnosed patients with B-CLL, 15 in stage B and 8 in stage C, were included in the present study. Peripheral blood smears, bone marrow aspirate smears and lymph node touch imprints were collected from each patient at diagnosis. Cytologic preparations were examined by light microscopy in order to assess the lymphocyte morphology. Immunophenotyping was performed by cytofluorimetric analysis of the peripheral blood, bone marrow and lymph node mononuclear cell suspensions. The diagnosis was supported in all cases by histologic findings in bone marrow biopsy and lymph node biopsy specimens. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed on smears of blood and aspirated bone-marrow and lymph node touch imprints obtained by fresh tissue apposition. RESULTS: In 6 of the 23 cases (26%) trisomy 12 was clearly present in all tissues examined. A comparative analysis of the three different hemopoietic tissues was performed. A higher percentage of leukemic CD5+CD23+ cells was detected in lymph nodes than in peripheral blood and bone marrow. A significantly higher proportion of trisomic cells was observed in lymph nodes samples than in peripheral blood or bone marrow smears of trisomy 12 positive CLL patients. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Several previous reports show that only a proportion of malignant B-CLL cells carry trisomy 12 when analyzed by interphase FISH. The higher proportion of +12 cells in lymph nodes than in peripheral blood or bone marrow of CLL patients with trisomy 12 could reflect different cell distributions in different tissues, or lymph node specific tropism, or proliferative advantage in selected tissue. At present, the role of trisomy 12 in the pathogenesis of lymphoproliferative disorders is unclear.  (+info)

Time sequential chemotherapy for primary refractory or relapsed adult acute myeloid leukemia: results of the phase II Gemia protocol. (8/3999)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: High-dose cytarabine (HDAra-C), mitoxantrone and etoposide are the mainstay of several active regimens against relapsed or refractory acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). We designed a phase II study to assess the efficacy and side effects of a time sequential application of mitoxantrone plus intermediate-dose Ara-C followed by HDAra-C plus etoposide (GEMIA) in adult patients with refractory or relapsed AML. DESIGN AND METHODS: Patients with refractory or relapsed AML were eligible for GEMIA salvage therapy, which comprised mitoxantrone 12 mg/m2/day on days 1-3, Ara-C 500 mg/m2/day as a 24-hour continuous infusion on days 1-3, followed by HDAra-C 2 g/m2/12-hourly on days 6-8 and etoposide 100 mg/m2/12-hourly on days 6-8. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was started on day 14. In patients above the age of 55 the dose of Ara-C in the first sequence (days 1-3) was reduced to 250 mg/m2. RESULTS: Twenty patients were included, of whom 12 achieved complete remission after GEMIA (60%, 95% CI 40-80%), one was refractory and five died early from infection. Two additional patients achieved partial remission after GEMIA and complete remission after consolidation chemotherapy, for a final CR rate of 70% (95% CI 48-88%). Neutrophils recovered at a median of 27 days (range, 22-43) and platelets 46 days (range, 25-59) after the start of treatment. The median duration of remission was 133 days (range, 36-417+) whereas overall survival time lasted for a median of 153 days (range, 13-554+). Treatment-associated toxicity was comprised predominantly of infection, mucositis and diarrhea that reached World Health Organization grades III-V in 40%, 40% and 30% of patients, respectively. Despite the intention to rapidly proceed to a hematopoietic stem cell transplant in patients in remission, only five patients reached the transplant. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: The GEMIA time sequential chemotherapy regimen appears effective in obtaining remissions in refractory and relapsed adult AML. The high toxicity seen, however, suggests that its design is amenable to further improvements, especially in more elderly patients. Since remissions are short-lived, more innovative post-remission strategies are needed.  (+info)

Neoplastic stem cells, also known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), are a subpopulation of cells within a tumor that are capable of self-renewal and generating the heterogeneous lineages of cells that comprise the tumor. These cells are believed to be responsible for the initiation, maintenance, and progression of cancer, as well as its recurrence and resistance to therapy.

CSCs share some similarities with normal stem cells, such as their ability to divide asymmetrically and give rise to differentiated progeny. However, they also have distinct characteristics that distinguish them from their normal counterparts, including aberrant gene expression, altered signaling pathways, and increased resistance to apoptosis (programmed cell death).

The existence of CSCs has important implications for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Targeting these cells specifically may be necessary to achieve durable remissions and prevent relapse, as they are thought to survive conventional therapies that target the bulk of the tumor. Further research is needed to better understand the biology of CSCs and develop effective strategies for their elimination.

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), stem cells are "initial cells" or "precursor cells" that have the ability to differentiate into many different cell types in the body. They can also divide without limit to replenish other cells for as long as the person or animal is still alive.

There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which come from human embryos, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues throughout the body. Embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into all cell types in the body, while adult stem cells have more limited differentiation potential.

Stem cells play an essential role in the development and repair of various tissues and organs in the body. They are currently being studied for their potential use in the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions, including cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and neurological disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the properties and capabilities of these cells before they can be used safely and effectively in clinical settings.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are immature, self-renewing cells that give rise to all the mature blood and immune cells in the body. They are capable of both producing more hematopoietic stem cells (self-renewal) and differentiating into early progenitor cells that eventually develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. HSCs are found in the bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and peripheral blood. They have the ability to repair damaged tissues and offer significant therapeutic potential for treating various diseases, including hematological disorders, genetic diseases, and cancer.

Stem cell transplantation is a medical procedure where stem cells, which are immature and unspecialized cells with the ability to differentiate into various specialized cell types, are introduced into a patient. The main purpose of this procedure is to restore the function of damaged or destroyed tissues or organs, particularly in conditions that affect the blood and immune systems, such as leukemia, lymphoma, aplastic anemia, and inherited metabolic disorders.

There are two primary types of stem cell transplantation: autologous and allogeneic. In autologous transplantation, the patient's own stem cells are collected, stored, and then reinfused back into their body after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy the diseased cells. In allogeneic transplantation, stem cells are obtained from a donor (related or unrelated) whose human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type closely matches that of the recipient.

The process involves several steps: first, the patient undergoes conditioning therapy to suppress their immune system and make space for the new stem cells. Then, the harvested stem cells are infused into the patient's bloodstream, where they migrate to the bone marrow and begin to differentiate and produce new blood cells. This procedure requires close monitoring and supportive care to manage potential complications such as infections, graft-versus-host disease, and organ damage.

Embryonic stem cells are a type of pluripotent stem cell that are derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is a very early-stage embryo. These cells have the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body, making them a promising area of research for regenerative medicine and the study of human development and disease. Embryonic stem cells are typically obtained from surplus embryos created during in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures, with the consent of the donors. The use of embryonic stem cells is a controversial issue due to ethical concerns surrounding the destruction of human embryos.

Adult stem cells, also known as somatic stem cells, are undifferentiated cells found in specialized tissues or organs throughout the body of a developed organism. Unlike embryonic stem cells, which are derived from blastocysts and have the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body (pluripotency), adult stem cells are typically more limited in their differentiation potential, meaning they can only give rise to specific types of cells within the tissue or organ where they reside.

Adult stem cells serve to maintain and repair tissues by replenishing dying or damaged cells. They can divide and self-renew over time, producing one daughter cell that remains a stem cell and another that differentiates into a mature, functional cell type. The most well-known adult stem cells are hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to all types of blood cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, which can differentiate into various connective tissue cells such as bone, cartilage, fat, and muscle.

The potential therapeutic use of adult stem cells has been explored in various medical fields, including regenerative medicine and cancer therapy. However, their limited differentiation capacity and the challenges associated with isolating and expanding them in culture have hindered their widespread application. Recent advances in stem cell research, such as the development of techniques to reprogram adult cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have opened new avenues for studying and harnessing the therapeutic potential of these cells.

Pluripotent stem cells are a type of undifferentiated stem cell that have the ability to differentiate into any cell type of the three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) of a developing embryo. These cells can give rise to all the cell types that make up the human body, with the exception of those that form the extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta.

Pluripotent stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew, which means they can divide and produce more pluripotent stem cells, and differentiate, which means they can give rise to specialized cell types with specific functions. Pluripotent stem cells can be derived from embryos at the blastocyst stage of development or generated in the lab through a process called induced pluripotency, where adult cells are reprogrammed to have the properties of embryonic stem cells.

Pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering because they can be used to generate large numbers of specific cell types that can potentially replace or repair damaged or diseased tissues in the body. However, their use is still a subject of ethical debate due to concerns about the source of embryonic stem cells and the potential risks associated with their use in clinical applications.

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is a medical procedure where hematopoietic stem cells (immature cells that give rise to all blood cell types) are transplanted into a patient. This procedure is often used to treat various malignant and non-malignant disorders affecting the hematopoietic system, such as leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, aplastic anemia, inherited immune deficiency diseases, and certain genetic metabolic disorders.

The transplantation can be autologous (using the patient's own stem cells), allogeneic (using stem cells from a genetically matched donor, usually a sibling or unrelated volunteer), or syngeneic (using stem cells from an identical twin).

The process involves collecting hematopoietic stem cells, most commonly from the peripheral blood or bone marrow. The collected cells are then infused into the patient after the recipient's own hematopoietic system has been ablated (or destroyed) using high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. This allows the donor's stem cells to engraft, reconstitute, and restore the patient's hematopoietic system.

HSCT is a complex and potentially risky procedure with various complications, including graft-versus-host disease, infections, and organ damage. However, it offers the potential for cure or long-term remission in many patients with otherwise fatal diseases.

A stem cell niche is a specific microenvironment in which stem cells reside, interact with surrounding cells and receive molecular signals that regulate their self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. This specialized niche provides the necessary conditions for maintaining the undifferentiated state of stem cells and controlling their fate decisions. The components of a stem cell niche typically include various cell types (such as supporting cells, immune cells, and blood vessels), extracellular matrix proteins, signaling molecules, and physical factors like oxygen tension and mechanical stress. Together, these elements create a unique microenvironment that helps to preserve the functional integrity and potential of stem cells for tissue repair, regeneration, and homeostasis.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are a type of undifferentiated cells found in the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. They have the ability to self-renew and generate the main types of cells found in the nervous system, such as neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. NSCs are capable of dividing symmetrically to increase their own population or asymmetrically to produce one stem cell and one differentiated cell. They play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system, and have the potential to be used in regenerative medicine and therapies for neurological disorders and injuries.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cells that are generated from somatic cells, such as skin or blood cells, through the introduction of specific genes encoding transcription factors. These reprogrammed cells exhibit similar characteristics to embryonic stem cells, including the ability to differentiate into any cell type of the three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). The discovery and development of iPSCs have opened up new possibilities in regenerative medicine, drug testing and development, and disease modeling, while avoiding ethical concerns associated with embryonic stem cells.

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

Multipotent stem cells are a type of stem cell that have the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, but are more limited than pluripotent stem cells. These stem cells are found in various tissues and organs throughout the body, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and dental pulp. They can give rise to a number of different cell types within their own germ layer (endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm), but cannot cross germ layer boundaries. For example, multipotent stem cells found in bone marrow can differentiate into various blood cells such as red and white blood cells, but they cannot differentiate into nerve cells or liver cells. These stem cells play important roles in tissue repair and regeneration, and have potential therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation (MSCT) is a medical procedure that involves the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including bone, cartilage, fat, and muscle. These cells can be obtained from various sources, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood, or dental pulp.

In MSCT, MSCs are typically harvested from the patient themselves (autologous transplantation) or from a donor (allogeneic transplantation). The cells are then processed and expanded in a laboratory setting before being injected into the patient's body, usually through an intravenous infusion.

MSCT is being investigated as a potential treatment for a wide range of medical conditions, including degenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, and tissue injuries. The rationale behind this approach is that MSCs have the ability to migrate to sites of injury or inflammation, where they can help to modulate the immune response, reduce inflammation, and promote tissue repair and regeneration.

However, it's important to note that while MSCT holds promise as a therapeutic option, more research is needed to establish its safety and efficacy for specific medical conditions.

Stem Cell Factor (SCF), also known as Kit Ligand or Steel Factor, is a growth factor that plays a crucial role in the regulation of hematopoiesis, which is the process of producing various blood cells. It is a glycoprotein that binds to the c-Kit receptor found on hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells, promoting their survival, proliferation, and differentiation into mature blood cells.

SCF is involved in the development and function of several types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It also plays a role in the maintenance and self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells, which are essential for the continuous production of new blood cells throughout an individual's lifetime.

In addition to its role in hematopoiesis, SCF has been implicated in various other biological processes, such as melanogenesis, gametogenesis, and tissue repair and regeneration. Dysregulation of SCF signaling has been associated with several diseases, including certain types of cancer, bone marrow failure disorders, and autoimmune diseases.

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are a type of adult stem cells found in various tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord blood. They have the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes, under specific conditions. MSCs also possess immunomodulatory properties, making them a promising tool in regenerative medicine and therapeutic strategies for various diseases, including autoimmune disorders and tissue injuries. It is important to note that the term "Mesenchymal Stem Cells" has been replaced by "Mesenchymal Stromal Cells" in the scientific community to better reflect their biological characteristics and potential functions.

"Prominin 1 marks intestinal stem cells that are susceptible to neoplastic transformation". Nature. 457 (7229): 603-607. doi: ... these cells are also called quiescent stem cells. The stem cell zone model states that the CBC stem cells reside in a stem-cell ... "The Intestinal Stem Cell Signature Identifies Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells and Predicts Disease Relapse". Cell Stem Cell. 8 (5 ... "Identifying the Stem Cell of the Intestinal Crypt: Strategies and Pitfalls". Cell Stem Cell. 11 (4): 452-460. doi:10.1016/j. ...
May 2011). "Normal and neoplastic nonstem cells can spontaneously convert to a stem-like state". Proceedings of the National ... Scientists develop 'game changing' stem cell repair system. Stem Cells Portal Could this new stem cell become the game changer ... June 2014). "Human somatic cell nuclear transfer using adult cells". Cell Stem Cell. 14 (6): 777-80. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2014.03 ... July 2010). "Reprogramming of human peripheral blood cells to induced pluripotent stem cells". Cell Stem Cell. 7 (1): 20-4. doi ...
"Quantification of crypt and stem cell evolution in the normal and neoplastic human colon". Cell Rep. 8 (4): 940-7. doi:10.1016/ ... If the stem cells at the base of the crypt express ERCC4 (XPF), generally all several thousand cells of the crypt will also ... There are 5 to 6 stem cells at the bases of the crypts. There are about 10 million crypts along the inner surface of the ... Nuclei of cells in the lamina propria, cells which are below and surround the epithelial crypts, largely show hematoxylin blue- ...
"Quantification of crypt and stem cell evolution in the normal and neoplastic human colon". Cell Rep. 8 (4): 940-947. doi: ... measuring the number of cells in a small number of crypts reported a range of 1,500 to 4,900 cells per colonic crypt. Cells are ... of the cells arising from those stem cells form a white segment in the cross cut area. Overall, the percent of crypts deficient ... As seen in panel B, a portion of the stem cells of three crypts appear to have a mutation in CCOI, so that 40% to 50% ...
"Insights on neoplastic stem cells from gel-based proteomics of childhood germ cell tumors". Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 58 (5): ... "Critical appraisal of the side population assay in stem cell and cancer stem cell research". Cell Stem Cell. 8 (2): 136-47. doi ... They examined cancer stem cell plasticity in which cancer stem cells can transition between non-cancer stem cells (Non-CSC) and ... a critical review of sphere-formation as an assay for stem cells". Cell Stem Cell. 8 (5): 486-98. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2011.04. ...
August 2014). "Quantification of crypt and stem cell evolution in the normal and neoplastic human colon". Cell Reports. 8 (4): ... A stem cell at the base of a colonic crypt that was largely MT-COI-deficient may compete with the other 4 or 5 stem cells to ... of the cells arising from those stem cells form a white segment in the cross-cut area. In humans, the percent of colonic crypts ... a cell with MT-COI-deficient homoplasmy). There are about 100 to 700 mitochondria per cell, depending on cell type. Furthermore ...
Liang et al.: "The quantitative trait gene latexin influences the size of the hematopoietic stem cell population in mice." ... So et al.: "Multiple tumor suppressor genes are increasingly methylated with age in non-neoplastic gastric epithelia." Cancer ... This particular motif suggests that it may increase cell-to-cell contact in cells which express TIG1 (Jing et al., 2002). TIG1 ... When highly malignant prostate cancer cells were transfected with TIG1, decreased in vitro invasiveness was measured using an ...
"Quantification of crypt and stem cell evolution in the normal and neoplastic human colon". Cell Rep. 8 (4): 940-7. doi:10.1016/ ... There are 5 to 6 stem cells at the bases of the crypts. If the stem cells at the base of the crypt express PMS2, generally all ... Nuclei of cells in the lamina propria (cells which are below and surround the epithelial crypts) largely show hematoxylin blue- ... In the absence of p53, PMS2-deficient and PMS2-proficient cells are still capable of arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M ...
"The adult stem cell marker Musashi-1 modulates endometrial carcinoma cell cycle progression and apoptosis via Notch-1 and ... Kanemura Y, Sakakibara S, Okano H (2002). "Identification of Musashi1-positive cells in human normal and neoplastic ... "Expression of Musashi-1 in human normal colon crypt cells: a possible stem cell marker of human colon epithelium". Digestive ... a neural RNA-binding protein putatively expressed in CNS stem cells and neural progenitor cells". Genomics. 52 (3): 382-4. doi: ...
... but studies have shown cytotrophoblast cells function as stem cells and transform into malignant form. The neoplastic ... In addition, gene delivery tools using genetically engineered neural stem cells are presently being examined for the treatment ... is differentiated by low β-hCG levels because it is a neoplastic proliferation of intermediate trophoblastic cells. Urinalysis ... Engineered anticancer gene-expressing stem cells to selectively target choriocarcinoma". Oncology Letters. 17 (3): 2576-2582. ...
These agents, however, cannot discriminate between the leukaemia or neoplastic cells, and the hematopoietic stem cells within ... Fetal tissue implant Induced pluripotent stem cell Induced stem cells Stem cell chip Stem cell therapy for macular degeneration ... "Selling Stem Cells in the USA: Assessing the Direct-to-Consumer Industry". Cell Stem Cell. 19 (2): 154-157. doi:10.1016/j.stem. ... and such research involves adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. On 23 January 2009, the ...
Overexpression of the MYC and SOX2 genes can also act to maintain cells in an undifferentiated stem cell-like state similar to ... It is generally accepted that the BRD4-NUT protein promotes these neoplasms by maintaining their neoplastic cells in a ... round cell, and epithelioid cell-like features which are regarded as sarcomas. Sarcomas with NUTM1 fusion genes typically a) ... Genome-Wide H4 Hyperacetylation in Male Germ Cells" (PDF). Cell Reports. 24 (13): 3477-3487.e6. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08. ...
... s research is the neoplastic stem cell, also termed cancer stem cell in the context of cancer and leukemic stem cell in ... He found that mast cells form a unique lineage in the hematopoietic cell system. In subsequent studies, neoplastic mast cells ... Peter Valent (born 9 October 1962 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian hematologist and stem cell researcher. Since 1990 he leads ... various hematologic neoplasms and develops concepts predicting the step-wise development of these cells from normal stem cells ...
... immunohistochemistry and cytogenetic analyses suggest that its neoplastic cells most likely arise from mesenchymal stem cells ... determined the lineage of the neoplastic cells in dermatofibroma tumors but recent cell marker studies suggest these cells ... Histiocytes are cells that are a part of the mononuclear phagocytic system, a part of the body's immune system that consists of ... The use of "histiocytoma" in these terms refers more to the morphologic appearance of some of the cells that comprise these ...
"Normal and Neoplastic Stem Cells", Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH ... "Welcome to Nature Reports Stem Cells". Nature Reports Stem Cells. doi:10.1038/stemcells.2007.2. ISSN 1754-8705. Hickey, Michael ... Introduction Aerial stem modifications are modifications to the aerial stems, vegetative buds and floral buds of plants growing ... It is in the axel (the space between the leaf and stem). These are green branches of limited growth (usually one internode long ...
A mutant or epigenetically altered stem cell may replace the other nearby stem cells by natural selection. Thus, a patch of ... but their initiation and continued growth is usually dependent on a single population of neoplastic cells. These cells are ... such mutation or epigenetic alteration may occur so that a given stem cell acquires an advantage compared to other stem cells ... a field defect probably arises by natural selection of a mutant or epigenetically altered cell among the stem cells at the base ...
A potential avenue for future research rests on the discovery that cannabinoids are able to attack the neoplastic stem cells of ... CD44 can also be used as a cancer stem cell marker in a subset of glioblastoma tumour cells. Glioblastoma cancer stem cells ... Glioblastoma cells with properties similar to progenitor cells (glioblastoma cancer stem cells) have been found in ... "Multilayered Heterogeneity of Glioblastoma Stem Cells: Biological and Clinical Significance". Stem Cells Heterogeneity in ...
Nelson, Celeste M. (2004). "Cell shape, cytoskeletal tension, and RhoA regulate stem cell lineage commitment". Developmental ... and neoplastic transformation Nelson is married with one child. Celeste Nelson publications indexed by Google Scholar "CV" (PDF ... methods and protocols Cell shape, cytoskeletal tension, and RhoA regulate stem cell lineage commitment Of extracellular matrix ... Celeste Nelson publications from Europe PubMed Central Anon (2016). "Cell scientist to watch - Celeste Nelson". Journal of Cell ...
In situations where differentiation of stem cells into a cell of increased maturity is desired, inhibition of NR2F6 activity ... It was found that expression of NR2F6 was consistently upregulated in neoplastic tissues in leukemic, ovarian cancer and ... So, when inhibition of differentiation of stem cell is desired, inhibition of differentiation is achieved through induction of ... Ichim, C.V. and Ichim, T., (2015). Modulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation. U.S. Patent 20,150,299,712. Ichim, C ...
It is also a marker for mouse prostate stem cells. In addition, mast cells, melanocytes in the skin, and interstitial cells of ... Miettinen M, Lasota J (September 2005). "KIT (CD117): a review on expression in normal and neoplastic tissues, and mutations ... Mobilization is used clinically as a source of hematopoietic stem cells for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). ... Its expression has been linked to cancer stemness in ovarian cancer cells, colon cancer cells, non-small cell lung cancer cells ...
By this method, the loss of function shows a dependence of both hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells on LSD1 for self- ... of expression of LSD1 are correlated with poorer outcomes suggesting LSD1 inhibition could be a part of an anti-neoplastic ... Deletion of KDM1A impairs the growth and differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Deletion of the mouse ortholog, Kdm1a, has an ... The interaction of LSD1 with the transcription factor GFI1B is particularly important for regulating the balance in stem cells ...
... deficient B cells exhibit selective growth disadvantage; therefore, it is rare for CD19 to be absent in neoplastic B cells ... which coincides during B lineage commitment from hematopoietic stem cell. Throughout development, the surface density of CD19 ... CD19 is a crucial BCR-independent regulator of MYC-driven neoplastic growth in B cells since the CD19-MYC axis promotes cell ... CAR-19 T cells are genetically modified T cells that express a targeting moiety on their surface that confers T cell receptor ( ...
... termed Cancer Stem Cell. Cancer stem cells may arise from transformation of adult stem cells or differentiated cells within a ... result in cancer through their effects on the population of neoplastic cells and their microenvironment. Mutant cells in ... and stem cells are the only cells that can transmit DNA from the zygote to cells late in life. Other cells, derived from stem ... These cells persist as a subcomponent of the tumor and retain key stem cell properties. They give rise to a variety of cells, ...
BMP6 is able to induce all osteogenic markers in mesenchymal stem cells. The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of ... 1999). "Bone morphogenetic protein-6 is a marker of serous acinar cell differentiation in normal and neoplastic human salivary ... 2001). "Effect of bone morphogenetic protein-6 on haemopoietic stem cells and cytokine production in normal human bone marrow ... antagonizes bone morphogenetic protein signaling and endothelial cell differentiation". Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (16): 5664-79. doi: ...
The treatment with 50 ng/kg IL-1α from day zero of autologous bone marrow or stem cells transfer resulted in an earlier ... An anti-IL-1α therapeutic antibody, MABp1, is being tested in clinical trials for anti-neoplastic activity in solid tumors. ... lymph node cells, maternal placental cells and several other cell types. IL1A is found on the surface of senescent cells, where ... kidney mesangial cells, Langerhans cells, dermal dendritic cells, natural killer cells, large granular lymphocytes, microglia, ...
"Nintedanib targets KIT D816V neoplastic cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of systemic mastocytosis". Blood. 137 ... such as embryonic stem cells (ES cells) and the more recently discovered induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). A ... iPS cells). 2005-today: Pluripotent Stem Cells and Disease Modeling Hematopoietic stem cells have been Martin Zenke's prime ... "Pluripotent stem cells induced from adult neural stem cells by reprogramming with two factors". Nature. 454 (7204): 646-650. ...
Huels, D J; Sansom, O J (2015). "Stem vs non-stem cell origin of colorectal cancer". British Journal of Cancer. 113 (1): 1-5. ... 2005: Ras and β-catenin/Tcf4 pathways induce synergistic activation of the GAST gene, contributing to possible neoplastic ... Another candidate is the G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPCR56), expressed on both colon stem cells and cancer cells. While ... and Stem Cell in Response to Progastrin in Mice and HEK-293 Cells". Gastroenterology. 140 (2): 583-595.e4. doi:10.1053/j.gastro ...
2005). "Aquaporin-3 expression in human fetal airway epithelial progenitor cells". Stem Cells. 23 (7): 992-1001. doi:10.1634/ ... 2007). "Expression of aquaporin 3 (AQP3) in normal and neoplastic lung tissues". Hum. Pathol. 38 (1): 171-8. doi:10.1016/j. ... It is found in the basolateral cell membrane of principal collecting duct cells and provides a pathway for water to exit these ... Based on these as well as cell culture studies, it is suggested that this overexpression contributes to the growth and spread ...
McCulloch, E.A. (2003) Normal, and leukaemic hematopoietic stem cells and lineages. In: Stem Cells Handbook, Ed. Stewart Sell, ... of their development of the spleen colony technique for measuring the capacity of primitive normal and neoplastic cells to ... clonal method to identify stem cells and used this technique for pioneering studies on stem cells. His experience in hematology ... A stochastic model of stem cell proliferation, based on the growth of spleen colony-forming cells. Proceedings of the National ...
"Quantification of crypt and stem cell evolution in the normal and neoplastic human colon". Cell Rep. 8 (4): 940-7. doi:10.1016/ ... Intestinal glands contain adult stem cells referred to as intestinal stem cells. These cells have been used in the field of ... cup cells, tuft cells, and at the base of the gland, Paneth cells (secreting anti-microbial peptides) and stem cells. ... These stem cells can differentiate into either an absorptive (enterocytes) or secretory (Goblet cells, Paneth cells, ...

No data available that match "neoplastic stem cells"


  • Furthermore, aberrant oncogenic activation, DNA damage or oxidative stress activates senescence, providing a failsafe mechanism that prevents the proliferation of cells at risk of neoplastic transformation. (umassmed.edu)
  • Our in vitro studies determined specific particle type- and cell type-dependent NP-induced cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, apoptosis evasion, and increased cell migration and invasion. (cdc.gov)
  • Erythroleukemia is a neoplastic proliferation of erythroid and myeloid precursors of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells . (medscape.com)
  • Here we show that TGF-beta regulates proliferation, migration, and tumorigenicity of mesenchymal GBM cancer stem cells (CSCs) in vivo and in vitro. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • For childhood neoplasms, it is safe to assume that cancer is the product of degeneration in a neoplastic sense of tissues undergoing very rapid proliferation and differentiation, in which proliferative and differentiative programs are being disturbed by increasingly early (maternal-fetal) exposure to a growing number of environmental stressors and pollutants. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used in regenerative medicine and clinical therapy due to their capabilities of proliferation, differentiation, and immune regulation. (techscience.com)
  • indicated that ATMs colocalized with T cells in lymphoid clusters within adipose tissue and may act as APCs, which express high levels of MHCII and also costimulatory molecules and process and present antigens to induce CD4+ T-cell proliferation and activation in adipose tissue of obese mice (29, 68, 105). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • showed that adipose tissue from obese mice induced proliferation of splenic CD8+ T cells, indicating a CD8+ T cell-activating environment in obese adipose tissue (31). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • This study aimed to investigate the relationship between miR-506 and proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. (medscimonit.com)
  • Cell proliferation, cell counting, colony formation assay, and Transwell assay were applied to evaluate the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. (medscimonit.com)
  • A) Lymphomas found in Smurf2-deficient mice have the characteristics of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and enhanced cell proliferation. (umassmed.edu)
  • Recently, it was reported that miR-200a plays a crucial role in the development of cancer through its regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell migration, proliferation and metastasis [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Prof Weissman is an expert in the fields of hematopoiesis, leukemia, and hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), and most recently, the clonal events leading from HSC to leukemia stem cells. (edu.hk)
  • In vivo work showed that the outcomes of disease (erythroid, myeloid, or both) depend on the driving oncogene and the hematopoietic target cell in which it is aberrantly expressed. (medscape.com)
  • Bone marrow stem cells, including the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), are being considered as potential targets for cell and gene therapy-based approaches against a variety of different diseases. (hindawi.com)
  • Primary erythrocytosis (polycythemia vera) is a myeloproliferative disease resulting from the autonomous clonal expansion of hematopoietic progenitor cells that has been reported in dogs, cats, horses, and ferrets. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Primary myelofibrosis is a clonal disorder arising from the neoplastic transformation of early hematopoietic stem cells. (medscape.com)
  • 1 line of systemic therapy in case of participants ineligible for high-dose chemotherapy and autologous Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). (who.int)
  • The use of human telomerase reverse transcriptase-immortalized bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hTERT-BMSCs) as vehicles to deliver antinociceptive galanin (GAL) molecules into pain-processing centers represents a novel cell therapy strategy for pain management. (hindawi.com)
  • It is well-described that leptin receptor (LepR) + perivascular stromal cells provide a major source of bone-forming osteoblasts in adult and aged bone marrow. (nature.com)
  • These Fgfr3-creER -marked endosteal stromal cells contribute to a stem cell fraction in young stages, which is later replaced by Lepr-cre -marked stromal cells in adult stages. (nature.com)
  • Further, Fgfr3 + endosteal stromal cells give rise to aggressive osteosarcoma-like lesions upon loss of p53 tumor suppressor through unregulated self-renewal and aberrant osteogenic fates. (nature.com)
  • These Fgfr3 + stem/stromal cells with OCT identities are abundant in the young bone marrow and depleted in the old bone marrow, denoting their transitional nature. (nature.com)
  • Overall, our findings indicate that Fgfr3 + endosteal stem/stromal cells with OCT identities dictate active and aggressive osteogenesis, identifying these cells as an important regulator of long-term bone homeostasis. (nature.com)
  • Rodent primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), mouse liver tumor-initiating stem cell-like cells (TICs), and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines were exposed to Wnt signaling inhibitors and changes in gene expression patterns were analyzed. (nih.gov)
  • Using three-dimensional live-cell imaging of patient-derived tumor organoids (tumor PDOs), we show that CIN is widespread in colorectal carcinomas regardless of background genetic alterations, including microsatellite instability. (nature.com)
  • Cell-fate tracking showed that, although mitotic errors are frequently followed by cell death, some tumor PDOs are largely insensitive to mitotic errors. (nature.com)
  • Single-cell karyotype sequencing confirmed heterogeneity of copy number alterations in tumor PDOs and showed that monoclonal lines evolved novel karyotypes over time in vitro. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 4: Single-cell genome sequencing reveals karyotype heterogeneity in tumor PDOs. (nature.com)
  • Methods: Expression of postulated stem cell markers aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), CD44, and CD133 was analyzed in UM cell lines and primary UM short-term cultures (STCs) established from tumor samples. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, there is an absence of a cellular hierarchy in cell lines and all cells in culture are able to drive tumor progression. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • tumor-initiating cells ] This term is used frequently synonymously for cancer stem cells . (copewithcytokines.org)
  • We will give specific focus to methodological and quantitative advances from the fields of genomics and single-cell biology, which have led to a revolution in the way we are understanding aging and tumor evolution. (irbbarcelona.org)
  • In the context of brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs), PDX models allow for characterization of tumor formation, growth, and recurrence, in a clinically relevant in vivo system. (mcmaster.ca)
  • The tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) level and programmed cell death ligand. (koreamed.org)
  • This forces tumor cells to compensate by increasing the rate of glycolysis. (weeksmd.com)
  • Cancer stem cells are thought to be responsible for tumor initiation, dissemination and treatment failure. (jcancer.org)
  • The effects of intralesional chemotherapy with 7 different drugs on line 10 hepatoma grown in strain 2 guinea pigs were compared with the sensitivity of line 10 tumor cells in vitro, using a micro modification of the tumor stem assay with capillary tubes. (duke.edu)
  • Epigenetically reprogramming metastatic tumor cells with an embryonic microenvironment. (plurisomes.com)
  • Reprogramming multipotent tumor cells with the embryonic neural crest microenvironment. (plurisomes.com)
  • The commonality of plasticity underlying multipotent tumor cells and embryonic stem cells. (plurisomes.com)
  • Development and validation of biomarkers in tissue, blood and urine including circulating tumor cells. (lu.se)
  • Metformin, a common oral biguanide used to treat type 2 diabetes, has been demonstrated to have anti-neoplastic effects. (weeksmd.com)
  • 2 prior lines of anti-neoplastic systemic therapy. (who.int)
  • Last, we show that established UM cell lines and UM STCs are plastic in nature and switch their phenotype in response to environmental stimuli. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • miR-506 over-expression may thus be able to improve the malignant phenotype of breast cancer cells. (medscimonit.com)
  • Reprogramming Malignant Cancer Cells toward a Benign Phenotype following Exposure to Human Embryonic Stem Cell Microenvironment. (plurisomes.com)
  • In several types of cancer, side populations (SPs) have been shown to be enriched for cells with CSC-like activity and a CSC phenotype [ 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • The following is a list of intestinal stem cell marker genes, including their name and known function. (wikipedia.org)
  • More recently modern genetics techniques, primarily using transgenic mice, have been used to identify genes that are specifically expressed or highly enriched in the intestinal stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Below, a table of intestinal stem cell "marker" genes is given, along with a notation if this marks active of CBC stem cells, or quiescent/reserve/+4 stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • We further demonstrated that suppression of autophagy using either pharmacological inhibitors or RNA interference of essential autophagy genes enhanced cell death induced by IM in cell lines and primary CML cells. (lu.se)
  • Tumorigenesis is a multi-step process in which a normal cell acquires changes in a number of critical cancer causing genes. (umassmed.edu)
  • Overview of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Myeloproliferative neoplasms are clonal proliferations of bone marrow stem cells, which can manifest as an increased number of platelets, red blood cells (RBCs), or white blood cells (WBCs). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The role of genetic heterogeneity within neoplasms is increasingly recognized as important for understanding the dynamics of cancer progression, cancer stem cells, and therapeutic resistance, and there is interest in intratumoral heterogeneity measurements as potential biomarkers for risk stratification. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We portrayed the Notch system in embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) differentiating under the standard protocols used to assess yolk sac (YS) hematopoiesis in vitro. (karger.com)
  • In primary myelofibrosis, nucleated red blood cells (normoblasts) and myelocytes are released into the circulation (leukoerythroblastosis) when there is extramedullary hematopoiesis (ie, non-marrow organs have taken over blood cell production because of the fibrosed marrow). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Those advances not only allow a more reliable diagnosis of the majority of tumors and identification of early changes such as monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis or clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), but also in many cases identify mutations or phenotypic changes in tumors that can be targeted by mutation-specific or antigen-specific drugs. (ebooksmedicine.net)
  • Hepatic cells apoptosis was measured using TUNEL assay method. (springer.com)
  • We have recently shown that myeloid leukaemias in mouse and human are often driven by rare leukaemia (cancer) stem cells which are at the progenitor stage of differentiation, but have activated the self-renewing cell division pathway normally used only by HSCs. (edu.hk)
  • We have shown here that IM induces autophagy in CML blast crisis cell lines, CML primary cells, and p210BCR/ABL-expressing myeloid precursor cells. (lu.se)
  • Although human HSCs as vehicles to treat metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) has been used to treat patients with early onset MLD in a phase I/II trial, the HSCs give rise to all different blood cell lineages, such as the myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This image shows the presence of teardrop red blood cells (RBCs) and a leukoerythroblastic picture with the presence of nucleated RBC precursors and immature myeloid cells. (medscape.com)
  • Studies have increasingly focused on the potential therapeutic effects of stem cell transplantation for neurological diseases [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • this limitation has been overcome via ectopic expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic component of telomerase, to produce large quantities of these cells as an attractive source for cellular transplantation [ 16 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Treatment is often supportive, but Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitors, such as ruxolitinib , fedratinib , or pacritnib, may decrease symptoms and stem cell transplantation may be curative. (msdmanuals.com)
  • His research also encompasses the phylogeny and developmental biology of the cells that make up the blood-forming and immune systems. (edu.hk)
  • A key target in this respect is natural killer (NK) cells in order to generate an anticancer-immune response. (academicjournals.org)
  • Indeed, the potent pathotropic migratory properties of BMSCs and ability to circumvent both the complications associated with immune rejection of allogenic cells and many of the moral reasons associated with embryonic stem cell use suggest that BMSCs are most promising stem cells as a potential target for the clinical use of genetically engineered stem cells [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Immune cell infiltration varies widely between different glioblastomas (GBMs). (uni-regensburg.de)
  • In vivo, a substantially increased infiltration of immune cells was observed in mesenchymal GBMs, while immune infiltrates were rare in proneural GBMs. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • On a functional level, proneural CSC lines caused a significantly stronger TGF-beta-dependent suppression of NKG2D expression on CD8(+) T and NK cells in vitro providing a mechanistic explanation for the reduced immune infiltration of proneural GBMs. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • In the adult intestine, the crypts of Lieberkühn are the niche for epithelial stem cells and contain all proliferative stem and progenitor cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Later work suggested that these "+4 cells" may function as reserve or back-up stem cells, and further suggested that they divide slowly relative to the other progenitor cells in the crypt. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glioblastomas are intrinsic brain tumors believed to originate from neuroglial stem or progenitor cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derived. (edu.au)
  • However, in contrast to widely-publicized reports of HSC plasticity, we have not been able to show transdifferentiation of HSC to muscle, heart, brain or gut, and conclude that rare cell fusions and incomplete purifications are likely explanations for the other published results. (edu.hk)
  • Of note, we define OCT identities as a state with some characteristics of both osteoblasts and chondrocytes, instead of cell-type plasticity between osteoblasts and chondrocytes. (nature.com)
  • This conference will provide an interdisciplinary forum for researchers interested in aging, somatic mosaicism, epigenetics, plasticity, stem cells and immunity. (irbbarcelona.org)
  • Lastly, metformin-based combinatorial therapy is effective in xenografts involving inflammatory prostate and melanoma cell lines, whereas it is ineffective in noninflammatory cell lines from these lineages. (weeksmd.com)
  • Self renewal is the property that distinguishes stem cells and progenitors, and in the blood-forming system explains why haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), not progenitors, are the only cells capable of providing rapid and sustained regeneration of the blood-forming system after ablation by cancer chemo- and radiotherapies. (edu.hk)
  • Cancer-free prospectively purified HSCs regenerate the haematopoietic system of patients as rapidly as a marrow or mobilized blood transplant, but without the risk of re-seeding the body with cancer cells. (edu.hk)
  • Similar cancer stem cells have been isolated in other tumours. (edu.hk)
  • In 2002 he became Director of the Stanford Cancer/Stem Cell Institute, which was split into the Stanford Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and the Stanford Cancer Center in 2003. (edu.hk)
  • He stepped down as Cancer Center Director in 2008, but remains Director of the Stem Cell Institute. (edu.hk)
  • In recent years his work has included studying the potential of CD47 as a cancer therapeutic and identifying cancer stem cells from a variety of blood and solid cancers. (edu.hk)
  • Scientists working in basic, translational, and clinical cancer metabolism research are invited to join the Academy in New York on April 17th to discuss the intersection between cell signaling and metabolism. (nyas.org)
  • This study investigates whether UM progression is driven by a subpopulation of stem-like cells, termed "cancer stem cells" (CSCs). (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • So this is a cheap and relatively safe remedy for cancer STEM cells. (weeksmd.com)
  • One potential target is the cancer stem cell (CSC). (weeksmd.com)
  • Metformin, the first-line drug for treating diabetes, inhibits cellular transformation and selectively kills cancer stem cells in breast cancer cell lines. (weeksmd.com)
  • Metformin preferentially inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-κB and phosphorylation of STAT3 in cancer stem cells compared with non-stem cancer cells in the same population. (weeksmd.com)
  • MiR-506 mimics, inhibitor, and negative control (NC) were transfected into MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. (medscimonit.com)
  • 9 Due to its effects on B-cell signaling, dysregulation of PI3K signaling is associated with cancer development and may play a key role in the pathogenesis of NHL. (haematologica.org)
  • Therefore, we hypothesized that CRC cancer stem cell markers (CRCSC) will identify a group of patients at high risk for progression. (jcancer.org)
  • Consistent with this notion, we have found that Smurf2-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts exhibit delayed senescence entry and enhanced potential to become immortalized in culture, while Smurf2-deficient mice show increased susceptibility to various types of cancer, including B-cell lymphoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, adenocarcinoma in small intestine and soft tissue sarcoma. (umassmed.edu)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are characterized by their capacity for indefinite self-renew and by their relative quiescence [ 2 , 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Recent studies have suggested that SP cells in human pancreatic cancer are characteristically chemoresistant [ 5 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Cancer Cell. (lu.se)
  • Galiellalactone Inhibits Stem Cell-Like ALDH-Positive Prostate Cancer Cells. (lu.se)
  • EPO-secreting tumors of the kidneys or other organs, or non-neoplastic renal disorders resulting in local hypoxia with EPO production, may cause inappropriate erythrocytosis. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • These cycling stem cells regularly generate progeny, which subsequently exit the niche and pass through the "common origin of differentiation" around position +5, where they commit toward the various individual lineages. (wikipedia.org)
  • Origin, differentiation and renewal of the four main epithelial cell types in the mouse small intestine. (wikipedia.org)
  • These primary myelofibrosis progeny cells stimulate bone marrow fibroblasts (which are not part of the neoplastic transformation) to secrete excessive collagen. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A three-dimensional model to study the epigenetic effects induced by the microenvironment of human embryonic stem cells. (plurisomes.com)
  • Tissue-specific stem cells (also known as Somatic Stem Cells) that appear during fetal development and remain in the body throughout life. (edu.au)
  • On one hand, it is clear that epigenetic alterations accumulate with age, leading to disrupted cell function and tissue pathology. (irbbarcelona.org)
  • Cells Tissues Organs (2011) 193 (4): 239-252. (karger.com)
  • In obese humans, adipocyte-secreted CCL20 may contribute to the deposition of Compact disc4+ helper and Compact disc8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes within adipose tissues, possibly via connections with CCR6 which was upregulated on T cells in obese adipose tissues (100). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • However, the main element substances that mediate T cell infiltration into adipose tissues in maturing remain to become discovered. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Activation of Typical T Cells in Adipose Tissues Compact disc4+ Purpureaside C T Cell Activation TCRs recognize the current presence of a particular antigen by binding to brief peptide sequences in the antigen that's shown on APCs. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • further defined that mostly huge adipocytes from obese adipose tissues exhibited an increased expression degree of MHCII substances and acted as APCs to activate Compact disc4+ T cells to secrete IFN- (103). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Primary myelofibrosis results from neoplastic transformation of a multipotent bone marrow stem cell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Present study data showed that NPs were able to induce dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity, inflammation, fibrogenesis and neoplastic transformation of human lung cells, consistent with in vivo data. (cdc.gov)
  • The tumorigenic potential of pluripotent stem cells: What can we do to minimize it? (plurisomes.com)
  • Furthermore, by developing a fibroblast stem cells (FSC)-enriched fibroblast focus model to mimic in vivo fibrogenic response, we demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in fibroblast focus formation and collagen production by primary lung fibroblasts treated with multi-walled carbon nanotube s (MWCNTs). (cdc.gov)
  • Another statement showed the preadipocyte- and endothelial cell-derived stromal-derived element-1 (CXCL12), mediated early infiltration of CD4+ T lymphocytes in obesity, which preceded the increase of macrophages in adipose cells of mice on HFD (101). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Indeed, the principal adipocytes isolated from obese mice could induce antigen-specific Compact disc4+ T cell activation (58). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Senescence limits proliferative capacity of cells and thus impedes the accumulation of multiple mutations necessary for tumorigenesis. (umassmed.edu)
  • Even after decades of scientific research, the application of chemo in the management of neoplastic disease still presents numerous difficulties. (drcalapai.com)
  • The main purpose of your lymphatic system is to help your body fight infection and disease through the production, storage and transport of white blood cells. (uky.edu)
  • WRIGHT JC , DOLGOPOL VB , LOGAN M , PRIGOT A , WRIGHT LT. Clinical Evaluation of Puromycin in Human neoplastic Disease. (jamanetwork.com)
  • In this report we present the results of our three-year experience applying Insulin Potentiation Targeted Low Dose (IPTLD) in the results of 196 patients diagnosed with a variety of neoplastic diseases. (drcalapai.com)
  • The Hematology and Blood & Marrow Transplant team treats all blood-related diseases, including aplastic anemia and other conditions that stem from a bone marrow failure, as well as some solid neoplastic diseases. (uky.edu)
  • Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) synthesizes monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and has been associated with the development of metabolic syndrome, tumorigenesis, and stem cell characteristics. (nih.gov)
  • EMT is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell-cell adhesion and gain invasive properties, which leads to the acquisition of mesenchymal stem cell characteristics [ 17 , 18 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • In accordance with the stem cell zone model proposing that, during their upward migration, CBC stem cells would only gradually lose their self-renewal capacity, it was shown in vivo that transient amplifying cells can revert to Lgr5+ CBC stem cells after damage, presumably by direct contact with Paneth cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • studies indicated that RANTES is Purpureaside C an adipokine that can be produced by adipocytes and takes on an important part in T cell migration, suggesting a potential part of the RANTES/CCR5 axis in adipose T cell build up in obesity (24). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Three separate cohorts of patients (with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, or follicular lymphoma) received buparlisib 100 mg once daily until progression, intolerance, or withdrawal of consent. (haematologica.org)
  • Overall, 72 patients (26 with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 22 with mantle cell lymphoma, and 24 with follicular lymphoma) were treated. (haematologica.org)
  • two patients (one each with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma) achieved a complete response. (haematologica.org)
  • 5 Combining rituximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the CD20 antigen on B cells, with standard chemotherapy has improved NHL treatment outcomes. (haematologica.org)
  • Our experts perform both autologous transplants, which use stem cells from the patient, and allogeneic procedures, which use stem cells from a donor. (uky.edu)
  • Differentiating between low-grade lymphoma and reactive lymphocytes is often difficult by morphology alone as reactive lymphoid cells may acquire activation morphology from being exposed to different cytokines within the body fluid. (cytojournal.com)
  • In large cell lymphoma and leukemia cells involvement of body fluid this concept becomes less challenging. (cytojournal.com)
  • Large cell lymphoma and leukemia cells tend to have large size nuclei, less mature chromatin, and visible nucleoli with and without cytoplasmic vacuoles. (cytojournal.com)
  • When you develop lymphoma, there is significant overproduction of white blood cells called lymphocytes. (uky.edu)
  • We are interested in whether age-dependent accumulation of senescent cells leads to alterations in tissue microenvironment that is favorable for oncogenesis. (umassmed.edu)
  • MiR-200a suppressed metastasis of SP cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Overexpression of miR-200a in SP cells decreased metastasis-related markers and expression of ZEB2. (oncotarget.com)
  • These findings reveal that miR-200a suppresses metastasis of SP cells by downregulating ZEB2. (oncotarget.com)
  • Based on established in vivo doses that induce significant pulmonary disorders, physiologically relevant in vitro doses (i.e., 0.02 - 0.2 microg/cm2) of NPs, including carbon nanotube s (CNTs) and iron oxide NPs (nFe2O3), were used to evaluate their toxic effects on human lung cells under long-term exposure condition (up to 6.5 months). (cdc.gov)
  • The discovery of this new class of SSCs is based on the conjunction of evidence from unbiased single-cell molecular profiling and functional dissection of the BMSC lineage hierarchy using in vivo cell lineage analysis. (nature.com)
  • Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by bone marrow fibrosis, splenomegaly, and anemia with nucleated and teardrop-shaped red blood cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Abstract: Stem cells are cells that at the single cell level both self-renew and give rise to differentiated progeny. (edu.hk)
  • Deconstructing stem cell tumorigenicity: a roadmap to safe regenerative medicine. (plurisomes.com)
  • and the very uncommon pure erythroid subtype, characterized by expansion of immature erythroid cells only. (medscape.com)
  • However, obtaining primary neuronal cells from adult tissue is difficult and faces major ethical issues in clinical practice. (hindawi.com)
  • It is evident that some stem cell clones acquire somatic mutations that endow them with a self-renewal advantage, leading to their expansion and tissue-takeover in old age. (irbbarcelona.org)
  • However, its role in aging-related adipose tissue CD4+ T cell activation remains to be investigated. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • CD8+ T Cell Activation Compared to CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells show a greater increase in adipose tissue in obesity and in aging (31, 43, 106). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Similar to CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells exhibit effector memory or effector phenotypes expressing elevated levels of IFN- in obese adipose tissue (31, 44). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • The mechanism for CD8+ T cell activation in adipose tissue is not fully understood. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Indeed, CD8+ T cells from mouse adipose tissue respond to cytokines and become activated and proliferate under stimulation of IL-12 and IL-18, which are mainly produced by APCs and are elevated in obese adipose tissue (44). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • The leukemic cell also has features of erythroid progenitors and therefore appears to be a precursor cell with biphenotypic properties. (nih.gov)
  • Maturing Paneth cell progenitors migrate downward, with the oldest Paneth cells residing at the very base of the crypt. (wikipedia.org)
  • Notch receptors and Notch ligands were detected in virtually all cells throughout EB development. (karger.com)
  • Notch1 and Notch 2, but not Notch4, were visualized in the nucleus of EB cells, and all these receptors were also observed as patent cytoplasmic foci. (karger.com)