Necrosis. Medical search

The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. It is distinct it from APOPTOSIS, which is a normal, regulated cellular process.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

Cell surface receptors that bind TUMOR NECROSIS FACTORS and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells.

A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype that is expressed primarily in IMMUNE SYSTEM cells. It has specificity for membrane-bound form of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTORS and mediates intracellular-signaling through TNF RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol.

Aseptic or avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The major types are idiopathic (primary), as a complication of fractures or dislocations, and LEGG-CALVE-PERTHES DISEASE.

A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving KIDNEY PAPILLA in the KIDNEY MEDULLA. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in POLYURIA. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block KIDNEY PELVIS or URETER. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to KIDNEY FAILURE.

Death of cells in the KIDNEY CORTEX, a common final result of various renal injuries including HYPOXIA; ISCHEMIA; and drug toxicity.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.

A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A family of proteins that were originally identified by their ability to cause NECROSIS of NEOPLASMS. Their necrotic effect on cells is mediated through TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTORS which induce APOPTOSIS.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The type species of AQUABIRNAVIRUS, causing infectious pancreatic necrosis in salmonid fish and other freshwater and marine animals including mollusks.

A tumor necrosis factor family member that is released by activated LYMPHOCYTES. Soluble lymphotoxin is specific for TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR TYPE I; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR TYPE II; and TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR SUPERFAMILY, MEMBER 14. Lymphotoxin-alpha can form a membrane-bound heterodimer with LYMPHOTOXIN-BETA that has specificity for the LYMPHOTOXIN BETA RECEPTOR.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A subclass of tumor necrosis family receptors that lack cell signaling domains. They bind to specific TNF RECEPTOR LIGANDS and are believed to play a modulating role in the TNF signaling pathway. Some of the decoy receptors are products of distinct genes, while others are products of ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the MRNA for the active receptor.

A transmembrane-protein belonging to the TNF family of intercellular signaling proteins. It is a widely expressed ligand that activates APOPTOSIS by binding to TNF-RELATED APOPTOSIS-INDUCING LIGAND RECEPTORS. The membrane-bound form of the protein can be cleaved by specific CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES to form a soluble ligand form.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Mild to fulminant necrotizing vaso-occlusive retinitis associated with a high incidence of retinal detachment and poor vision outcome.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The type species of NOVIRHABDOVIRUS, in the family RHABDOVIRIDAE. It is a major pathogen of TROUT and SALMON.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

A family of serine-threonine kinases that plays a role in intracellular signal transduction by interacting with a variety of signaling adaptor proteins such as CRADD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEIN; TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 2; and TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN. Although they were initially described as death domain-binding adaptor proteins, members of this family may contain other protein-binding domains such as those involving caspase activation and recruitment.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

An interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. Proteolytic processing of the precursor form by CASPASE 1 results in release of the active form of interleukin-1beta from the membrane.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.

A large group of proteins that control APOPTOSIS. This family of proteins includes many ONCOGENE PROTEINS as well as a wide variety of classes of INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS such as CASPASES.

Drugs that are used to treat RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The endogenous compounds that mediate inflammation (AUTACOIDS) and related exogenous compounds including the synthetic prostaglandins (PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC).

A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor family members that are widely expressed and play a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and APOPTOSIS. The receptors are specific for TNF-RELATED APOPTOSIS-INDUCING LIGAND and signal via conserved death domains that associate with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

A long pro-domain caspase that contains a death effector domain in its pro-domain region. Caspase 8 plays a role in APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES. Activation of this enzyme can occur via the interaction of its N-terminal death effector domain with DEATH DOMAIN RECEPTOR SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS.

Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.

A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins that bind directly or indirectly to the cytoplasmic portion of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTORS.

A signal transducing tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor that is involved in TNF RECEPTOR feedback regulation. It is similar in structure and appears to work in conjunction with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 1 to inhibit APOPTOSIS.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

The process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9. Isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

A severe form of acute INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS characterized by one or more areas of NECROSIS in the pancreas with varying degree of involvement of the surrounding tissues or organ systems. Massive pancreatic necrosis may lead to DIABETES MELLITUS, and malabsorption.

A family of inhibitory proteins which bind to the REL PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS and modulate their activity. In the CYTOPLASM, I-kappa B proteins bind to the transcription factor NF-KAPPA B. Cell stimulation causes its dissociation and translocation of active NF-kappa B to the nucleus.

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).

A METHYLXANTHINE derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A cell-surface ligand involved in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue.

Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

Mononuclear phagocytes derived from bone marrow precursors but resident in the peritoneum.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype found in a variety of tissues and on activated LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for FAS LIGAND and plays a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and APOPTOSIS. Multiple isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A protein serine-threonine kinase that catalyzes the PHOSPHORYLATION of I KAPPA B PROTEINS. This enzyme also activates the transcription factor NF-KAPPA B and is composed of alpha and beta catalytic subunits, which are protein kinases and gamma, a regulatory subunit.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

A subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases that activate TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 via the phosphorylation of C-JUN PROTEINS. They are components of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate CELL PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIS; and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

A family of membrane-anchored glycoproteins that contain a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain. They are responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of many transmembrane proteins and the release of their extracellular domain.

A CALCIUM-independent subtype of nitric oxide synthase that may play a role in immune function. It is an inducible enzyme whose expression is transcriptionally regulated by a variety of CYTOKINES.

Death of pulp tissue with or without bacterial invasion. When the necrosis is due to ischemia with superimposed bacterial infection, it is referred to as pulp gangrene. When the necrosis is non-bacterial in origin, it is called pulp mummification.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.

A subunit of NF-kappa B that is primarily responsible for its transactivation function. It contains a C-terminal transactivation domain and an N-terminal domain with homology to PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-REL.

A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype with specificity for TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR LIGAND SUPERFAMILY MEMBER 15. It is found in tissues containing LYMPHOCYTES and may play a role in regulating lymphocyte homeostasis and APOPTOSIS. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.

Disease having a short and relatively severe course.

The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

Splitting the DNA into shorter pieces by endonucleolytic DNA CLEAVAGE at multiple sites. It includes the internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, which along with chromatin condensation, are considered to be the hallmarks of APOPTOSIS.

The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes SYNOVIAL FLUID.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

Endogenous and exogenous compounds and that either inhibit CASPASES or prevent their activation.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include, but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

A signal transducing tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor that is involved in regulation of NF-KAPPA B signalling and activation of JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES.

An in situ method for detecting areas of DNA which are nicked during APOPTOSIS. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is used to add labeled dUTP, in a template-independent manner, to the 3 prime OH ends of either single- or double-stranded DNA. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling, or TUNEL, assay labels apoptosis on a single-cell level, making it more sensitive than agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of DNA FRAGMENTATION.

Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.

Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.

A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.

Cytokine-induced cell adhesion molecule present on activated endothelial cells, tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, myoblasts, and myotubes. It is important for the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. (From Pigott & Power, The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook, 1993, p154)

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for MONOCYTES and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. It is produced by LEUKOCYTES of both monocyte and lymphocyte lineage and by FIBROBLASTS during tissue injury. It has specificity for CCR2 RECEPTORS.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.

A secreted tumor necrosis factor receptor family member that has specificity FAS LIGAND and TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR LIGAND SUPERFAMILY MEMBER 14. It plays a modulating role in tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

A long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. Caspase 9 is activated during cell stress by mitochondria-derived proapoptotic factors and by CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as APOPTOTIC PROTEASE-ACTIVATING FACTOR 1. It activates APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES.

Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli.

Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE.

An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages.

A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.

A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that was originally discovered on cells of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage, including activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS. It plays an important role in immune homeostasis and cell-mediated toxicity by binding to the FAS RECEPTOR and triggering APOPTOSIS.

The most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It exhibits most biological activities characteristic of prostaglandins and has been used extensively as an oxytocic agent. The compound also displays a protective effect on the intestinal mucosa.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.

Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C; (CHEMOKINES, C); CC; (CHEMOKINES, CC); and CXC; (CHEMOKINES, CXC); according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

A family of bullet-shaped viruses of the order MONONEGAVIRALES, infecting vertebrates, arthropods, protozoa, and plants. Genera include VESICULOVIRUS; LYSSAVIRUS; EPHEMEROVIRUS; NOVIRHABDOVIRUS; Cytorhabdovirus; and Nucleorhabdovirus.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Round, granular, mononuclear phagocytes found in the alveoli of the lungs. They ingest small inhaled particles resulting in degradation and presentation of the antigen to immunocompetent cells.

A ligand that binds to but fails to activate the INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR. It plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of INFLAMMATION and FEVER. Several isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

A signal-transducing adaptor protein that associates with TNF RECEPTOR complexes. It contains a death effector domain that can interact with death effector domains found on INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 8 and CASPASE 10. Activation of CASPASES via interaction with this protein plays a role in the signaling cascade that leads to APOPTOSIS.

A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-12 is a 70 kDa protein that is composed of covalently linked 40 kDa and 35 kDa subunits. It is produced by DENDRITIC CELLS; MACROPHAGES and a variety of other immune cells and plays a role in the stimulation of INTERFERON-GAMMA production by T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A human cell line established from a diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (HISTIOCYTIC LYMPHOMA, DIFFUSE) and displaying many monocytic characteristics. It serves as an in vitro model for MONOCYTE and MACROPHAGE differentiation.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer.

A pattern recognition receptor that interacts with LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 96 and LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES. It mediates cellular responses to GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA.

An APOPTOSIS-regulating protein that is structurally related to CASPASE 8 and competes with CASPASE 8 for binding to FAS ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN. Two forms of CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulating protein exist, a long form containing a caspase-like enzymatically inactive domain and a short form which lacks the caspase-like domain.

The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.

A 34 kDa signal transducing adaptor protein that associates with TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR TYPE 1. It facilitates the recruitment of signaling proteins such as TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 2 and FAS ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN to the receptor complex.

Venous vessels in the umbilical cord. They carry oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the mother to the FETUS via the PLACENTA. In humans, there is normally one umbilical vein.

A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of LACTATE and PYRUVATE. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.

An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.

Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates neutrophil, monocyte, and memory T-cell adhesion to cytokine-activated endothelial cells. E-selectin recognizes sialylated carbohydrate groups related to the Lewis X or Lewis A family.

A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.

Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).

Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7.

Virus diseases caused by RHABDOVIRIDAE. Important infections include RABIES; EPHEMERAL FEVER; and vesicular stomatitis.

Tongues of skin and subcutaneous tissue, sometimes including muscle, cut away from the underlying parts but often still attached at one end. They retain their own microvasculature which is also transferred to the new site. They are often used in plastic surgery for filling a defect in a neighboring region.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

ENDOPEPTIDASES which use a metal such as ZINC in the catalytic mechanism.

A soluble factor produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that induces the expression of MHC CLASS II GENES and FC RECEPTORS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, MAST CELLS, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells.

Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

The hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Pathological processes of the LIVER.

Systemic infection with Alaria americana (Trematoda). (1/6081)

Alaria americana is a trematode, the adult of which is found in mammalian carnivores. The first case of disseminated human infection by the mesocercarial stage of this worm occurred in a 24-year-old man. The infection possibly was acquired by the eating of inadequately cooked frogs, which are intermediate hosts of the worm. The diagnosis was made during life by lung biopsy and confirmed at autopsy. The mesocercariae were present in the stomach wall, lymph nodes, liver, myocardium, pancreas and surrounding adipose tissue, spleen, kidney, lungs, brain and spinal cord. There was no host reaction to the parasites. Granulomas were present in the stomach wall, lymph nodes and liver, but the worms were not identified in them. Hypersensitivity vasculitis and a bleeding diathesis due to disseminated intravascular coagulation and a circulating anticoagulant caused his death 8 days after the onset of his illness. (+info)

Daunorubicin-induced apoptosis in rat cardiac myocytes is inhibited by dexrazoxane. (2/6081)

-The clinical efficacy of anthracycline antineoplastic agents is limited by a high incidence of severe and usually irreversible cardiac toxicity, the cause of which remains controversial. In primary cultures of neonatal and adult rat ventricular myocytes, we found that daunorubicin, at concentrations /=10 micromol/L induced necrotic cell death within 24 hours, with no changes characteristic of apoptosis. To determine whether reactive oxygen species play a role in daunorubicin-mediated apoptosis, we monitored the generation of hydrogen peroxide with dichlorofluorescein (DCF). However, daunorubicin (1 micromol/L) did not increase DCF fluorescence, nor were the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine or the combination of alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid able to prevent apoptosis. In contrast, dexrazoxane (10 micromol/L), known clinically to limit anthracycline cardiac toxicity, prevented daunorubicin-induced myocyte apoptosis, but not necrosis induced by higher anthracycline concentrations (>/=10 micromol/L). The antiapoptotic action of dexrazoxane was mimicked by the superoxide-dismutase mimetic porphyrin manganese(II/III)tetrakis(1-methyl-4-peridyl)porphyrin (50 micromol/L). The recognition that anthracycline-induced cardiac myocyte apoptosis, perhaps mediated by superoxide anion generation, occurs at concentrations well below those that result in myocyte necrosis, may aid in the design of new therapeutic strategies to limit the toxicity of these drugs. (+info)

Changes in the total number of neuroglia, mitotic cells and necrotic cells in the anterior limb of the mouse anterior commissure following hypoxic stress. (3/6081)

The effects of hypoxic stress (390 mmHg) on the total number of glia, cell division, and cell death in the anterior limb of the anterior commissure were studied. There was a significant (P less than 0-01) fall in the total number of glia following exposure to hypoxia at 390 mmHg for two days. No significant change was observed in the total number of glia between the hypoxic and recovery group one week after return to sea level (ca. 760 mmHg). No change was observed in the number of mitotic figures in the control, hypoxic or recovery groups, but significant falls were observed in the mean number of necrotic cells between both the control and hypoxic groups (P less than 0-05) and the hypoxic and recovery groups (P less than 0-012). The decrease in necrotic cells may be due to a large number of elderly and effete cells, which would normally have undergone degeneration over a period of weeks, dying rapidly after the onset of hypoxia, thus temporarily reducing the daily cell death rate. (+info)

A photodynamic pathway to apoptosis and necrosis induced by dimethyl tetrahydroxyhelianthrone and hypericin in leukaemic cells: possible relevance to photodynamic therapy. (4/6081)

The mechanism of cell death induction by dimethyl tetrahydroxyhelianthrone (DTHe), a new second-generation photodynamic sensitizer, is analysed in human leukaemic cell lines in comparison with the structurally related hypericin. DTHe has a broad range of light spectrum absorption that enables effective utilization of polychromatic light. Photosensitization of HL-60 cells with low doses of DTHe (0.65 microM DTHe and 7.2 J cm(-2) light energy) induced rapid apoptosis of > or =90% of the cells. At doses > or =2 microM, dying cells assumed morphological necrosis with perinucleolar condensation of chromatin in HL-60 and K-562 cell lines. Although nuclear fragmentation that is characteristic to apoptosis was prevented, DNA digestion to oligonucleosomes proceeded unhindered. Such incomplete apoptosis was more prevalent with the related analogue hypericin throughout most doses of photosensitization. Despite hypericin being a stronger photosensitizer, DTHe exhibited advantageous phototoxic properties to tumour cells, initiating apoptosis at concentrations about threefold lower than hypericin. Photosensitization of the cells induced dissociation of the nuclear envelope, releasing lamins into the cytosol. DTHe also differed from hypericin in effects exerted on the nuclear lamina, causing release of an 86-kDa lamin protein into the cytosol that was unique to DTHe. Within the nucleus, nuclear envelope lamin B underwent covalent polymerization, which did not affect apoptotic nuclear fragmentation at low doses of DTHe. At higher doses, polymerization may have been extensive enough to prevent nuclear collapse. Hut-78, CD4+ cells were resistant to the photodynamically activated apoptotic pathway. Beyond the tolerated levels of photodynamic damage, these cells died exclusively via necrosis. Hut-78 cells overexpress Bcl-X(L) as well as a truncated Bcl-X(L)tr isoform that could contribute to the observed resistance to apoptosis. (+info)

Diet and risk of ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity: carbohydrate-fat relationships in rats. (5/6081)

Nutritional status is a primary factor in the effects of xenobiotics and may be an important consideration in development of safety standards and assessment of risk. One important xenobiotic consumed daily by millions of people worldwide is alcohol. Some adverse effects of ethanol, such as alcohol liver disease, have been linked to diet. For example, ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in animal models requires diets that have a high percentage of the total calories as unsaturated fat. However, little attention has been given to the role of carbohydrates (or carbohydrate to fat ratio) in the effects of this important xenobiotic on liver injury. In the present study, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (8-10/group) were infused (intragastrically) diets high in unsaturated fat (25 or 45% total calories), sufficient protein (16%) and ethanol (38%) in the presence or absence of adequate carbohydrate (21 or 2.5%) for 42-55 days (d). Animals infused ethanol-containing diets adequate in carbohydrate developed steatosis, but had no other signs of hepatic pathology. However, rats infused with the carbohydrate-deficient diet had a 4-fold increase in serum ALT levels (p < 0.05), an unexpectedly high (34-fold) induction of hepatic microsomal CYP2E1 apoprotein (p < 0.001), and focal necrosis. The strong positive association between low dietary carbohydrate, enhanced CYP2E1 induction and hepatic necrosis suggests that in the presence of low carbohydrate intake, ethanol induction of CYP2E1 is enhanced to levels sufficient to cause necrosis, possibly through reactive oxygen species and other free radicals generated by CYP2E1 metabolism of ethanol and unsaturated fatty acids. (+info)

Tumor suppression in human skin carcinoma cells by chromosome 15 transfer or thrombospondin-1 overexpression through halted tumor vascularization. (6/6081)

The development of skin carcinomas presently is believed to be correlated with mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor and ras gene as well as with the loss of chromosome 9. We now demonstrate that, in addition, loss of chromosome 15 may be a relevant genetic defect. Reintroduction of an extra copy of chromosome 15, but not chromosome 4, into the human skin carcinoma SCL-I cells, lacking one copy of each chromosome, resulted in tumor suppression after s.c. injection in mice. Transfection with thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), mapped to 15q15, induced the same tumor suppression without affecting cell proliferation in vitro or in vivo. Halted tumors remained as small cysts encapsulated by surrounding stroma and blood vessels. These cysts were characterized by increased TSP-1 matrix deposition at the tumor/stroma border and a complete lack of tumor vascularization. Coinjection of TSP-1 antisense oligonucleotides drastically reduced TSP-1 expression and almost completely abolished matrix deposition at the tumor/stroma border. As a consequence, the tumor phenotype reverted to a well vascularized, progressively expanding, solid carcinoma indistinguishable from that induced by the untransfected SCL-I cells. Thus, these data strongly suggest TSP-1 as a potential tumor suppressor on chromosome 15. The data further propose an unexpected mechanism of TSP-1-mediated tumor suppression. Instead of interfering with angiogenesis in general, in this system TSP-1 acts as a matrix barrier at the tumor/stroma border, which, by halting tumor vascularization, prevents tumor cell invasion and, thus, tumor expansion. (+info)

Mycophenolate mofetil inhibits rat and human mesangial cell proliferation by guanosine depletion. (7/6081)

BACKGROUND: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is used for immunosuppression after renal transplantation because it reduces lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) in lymphocytes and GTP biosynthesis. In the present study we asked if therapeutic concentrations of MMF might interfere with mesangial cell (MC) proliferation which is involved in inflammatory proliferative glomerular diseases. METHODS: Rat and human MCs were growth-arrested by withdrawal of fetal calf serum (FCS) and stimulated by addition of FCS, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Different concentrations of MMF (0.019-10 microM) were added concomitantly in the presence or absence of guanosine. MC proliferation was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion. Apoptotic nuclei were stained using the Hoechst dye H33258. Cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations were determined with the fluorescent calcium chelator fura-2-AM. RESULTS: MMF inhibited mitogen-induced rat MC proliferation with an IC50 of 0.45 +/- 0.13 microM. Human MCs proved to be even more sensitive (IC50 0.19 +/- 0.06 microM). Inhibition of MC proliferation was reversible and not accompanied by cellular necrosis or apoptosis. Addition of guanosine prevented the antiproliferative effect of MMF, indicating that inhibition of IMPDH is responsible for decreased MC proliferation. Early signalling events of GTP-binding-protein-coupled receptors, such as changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels were not affected by MMF. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that MMF has a concentration-dependent antiproliferative effect on cultured MCs in the therapeutic range, which might be a rationale for the use of this drug in the treatment of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. (+info)

Bcl-2 alters the balance between apoptosis and necrosis, but does not prevent cell death induced by oxidized low density lipoproteins. (8/6081)

Oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLDL) participate in atherosclerosis plaque formation, rupture, and subsequent thrombosis. Because oxLDL are toxic to cultured cells and Bcl-2 protein prevents apoptosis, the present work aimed to study whether Bcl-2 may counterbalance the toxicity of oxLDL. Two experimental model systems were used in which Bcl-2 levels were modulated: 1) lymphocytes in which the (high) basal level of Bcl-2 was reduced by antisense oligonucleotides; 2) HL60 and HL60/B (transduced by Bcl-2) expressing low and high Bcl-2 levels, respectively. In cells expressing relatively high Bcl-2 levels (lymphocytes and HL60/B), oxLDL induced mainly primary necrosis. In cells expressing low Bcl-2 levels (antisense-treated lymphocytes, HL60 and ECV-304 endothelial cells), the rate of oxLDL-induced apoptosis was higher than that of primary necrosis. OxLDL evoked a sustained calcium rise, which is a common trigger to necrosis and apoptosis since both types of cell death were blocked by the calcium chelator EGTA. Conversely, a sustained calcium influx elicited by the calcium ionophore A23187 induced necrosis in cells expressing high Bcl-2 levels and apoptosis in cells expressing low Bcl-2 levels. This suggests that Bcl-2 acts downstream from the calcium peak and inhibits only the apoptotic pathway, not the necrosis pathway, thus explaining the apparent shift from oxLDL-induced apoptosis toward necrosis when Bcl-2 is overexpressed. (+info)

TNF, DIF, TNF-alpha, TNFA, TNFSF2, Tumour necrosis factor, TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor, TNLG1F, Tumor necrosis factor alpha. ... Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα, cachexin, or cachectin) is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) ... tumor necrosis factor receptor binding. • cytokine activity. • identical protein binding. Cellular component. • membrane. • ... tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. • positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. • necroptotic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-alpha

Necrosis Coagulative necrosis. Liquefactive necrosis. Gangrenous necrosis. Caseous necrosis. Fat necrosis. Fibrinoid necrosis. ... Necrosis[edit]. Necrosis is characterised by cytoplasmic swelling, irreversible damage to the plasma membrane, and organelle ... Gangrenous necrosis. Apoptosis[edit]. Apoptosis is the programmed cell death of superfluous or potentially harmful cells in the ... "What Is Necrosis? - Definition & Types - Video & Lesson Transcript , Study.com". Study.com. Retrieved 2016-04-16.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_damage

Zonal Necrosis[edit]. This is the most common type of drug-induced liver cell necrosis where the injury is largely confined to ... Drug-induced hepatic necrosis. Drug induced hepatic fibrosis. Drug induced hepatic granuloma. Toxic liver disease with ... In this pattern, hepatocellular necrosis is associated with infiltration of inflammatory cells. There can be three types of ... B) in focal or non-specific hepatitis, scattered foci of cell necrosis may accompany lymphocytic infiltration. (C) chronic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatotoxicity

... Coagulative necrosis. Liquefactive necrosis. Gangrenous necrosis. Caseous necrosis. Fat necrosis. Fibrinoid necrosis. ... Liquefactive necrosis (or colliquative necrosis), in contrast to coagulative necrosis, is characterized by the digestion of ... There are many causes of necrosis, and as such treatment is based upon how the necrosis came about. Treatment of necrosis ... Fat necrosis is specialized necrosis of fat tissue,[8] resulting from the action of activated lipases on fatty tissues such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotic

Necrosis (1988-1992)[edit]. Necrosis was formed in April 1988[5] by drummer Mike Atkin, guitarist Steve Thibault and vocalist ... Todds also left Necrosis shortly thereafter, retiring from music to focus on his family. Guitarist Dave Galea also joined the ... The band released several demos, including Mastication and Heterodontism (1989), Realms Of Pathogenia (1991) and Necrosis (1992 ... The band then changed their name to Necrosis, opting for a "more metal" name. John Todds later joined on bass. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptopsy

Radiation necrosis is the death of healthy tissue near the irradiated site. It is a type of coagulative necrosis that occurs ... "Radiation Necrosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 2019-11-09.. *^ Nieder C, Milas L, Ang KK (July 2000). "Tissue ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_oncology

Stem necrosis (water berry, grape peduncle necrosis) Physiological disorder Nematodes, parasitic[edit]. Nematodes, parasitic. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_disease

Tumor necrosis factor Monocytes Necrosis of tumor cells 9 Interleukin-1 Monocytes, Leukocytes Stimulate synthesis of IL-2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor

renal papillary necrosis. *sickle cell disease or trait. Children[edit]. In many cases of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_in_the_urine

Centrilobular necrosis occurs. Macroscopically, the liver has a pale and spotty appearance in affected areas, as stasis of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestive_hepatopathy

1989 Play Fast Or Die 12". Necrosis Records (#19). Re-issue of the band's half of the split LP with Generic. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro_Hippies

Necrosis (2004). Lamented Souls[editar , editar código-fonte]. *Soulstorm (demo) (1993). *Demo (demo) (1995) ...

https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollyon

blood: Anticoagulant-induced skin necrosis. *Warfarin necrosis. *Vitamin K reaction. *Texier's disease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febrile_non-hemolytic_transfusion_reaction

The tissue can become irreversibly damaged, a process known as necrosis. This can affect any organ; for instance, arterial ... ischemia and necrosis). A piece of either an arterial or a venous thrombus can break off as an embolus which can travel through ... which unless treated very quickly will lead to tissue necrosis (an infarction) in the area past the occlusion. Venous ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosis

tumor necrosis factor alpha. Genetics[edit]. It is typically believed that lupus is influenced by multiple genes. Lupus is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus

Fatty livers, focal necrosis No studies Skin No exposure assessment data available Swollen vacuolated epidermal cells, damage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium

blood: Anticoagulant-induced skin necrosis. *Warfarin necrosis. *Vitamin K reaction. *Texier's disease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choked

blood: Anticoagulant-induced skin necrosis. *Warfarin necrosis. *Vitamin K reaction. *Texier's disease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction

"Maxillary necrosis by mucormycosis. a case report and literature review" (PDF). Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 12 (5): E360-4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucormycosis

Bell suffers from avascular necrosis. He has had both hips replaced, which keeps him from "pogoing around" in more recent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Bell_

Redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus(RGNNV), Striped Jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV) and Tiger puffer nervous necrosis ... Betanodavirus or nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is a viral genus classified in the family Nodaviridae. It contains four ... Viral nervous necrosis can have a clinical or sub-clinical presentation. Signs include: abnormal behaviour like lethargy, ... The crystal structure of a betanodavirus- T=3 Grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV)-like particle has been determined by X-ray ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betanodavirus

Osteonecrosis - same as avascular necrosis. *Insomnia. *Severe joint pain. *Cataracts or glaucoma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltasone

... causing tiny clots throughout the body and possibly ischemic necrosis (tissue death due to lack of circulation/perfusion to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_

Necrosis and New Beginnings. 21. Okt. 2015. 28. Mär. 2017. Eric Laneuville. Nkechi Okoro Carroll. 5,27 Mio. ...

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosewood_

Pulpal necrosis[edit]. Pulp necrosis usually occurs either as ischaemic necrosis (infarction) caused by disruption to the blood ... Potential sequelae can involve pulpal necrosis, pulp obliteration and root resorption.[10] Necrosis is the most common ... Dental trauma often lead to the main complication such as pulpal necrosis, and it's nearly impossible to predict the long-term ... Teeth that have multiple traumatic events also showed to have higher chance of pulp necrosis (61.9%) compared to teeth that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_trauma

Post-partum necrosis of anterior pituitary. The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, Chichester, 1937, 45: 189-214. Sheehan's ... Sheehan's syndrome, also known as postpartum pituitary gland necrosis, is hypopituitarism (decreased functioning of the ... Cortisol and ACTH depending on the extent of necrosis MRI of the pituitary and hypothalamus: this helps to exclude tumor or ... pituitary gland), caused by ischemic necrosis due to blood loss and hypovolemic shock during and after childbirth. The various ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheehan's_syndrome

Pain and other local effects worsen 12 to 36 hours after the bite, and the necrosis develops over the next few days.[37] Over ... In presumed cases of recluse bites, dapsone is often used for the treatment of necrosis, but controlled clinical trials have ... When both types of loxoscelism do result, systemic effects may occur before necrosis, as the venom spreads throughout the body ... Purportedly application of nitroglycerin stopped necrosis.[56] However, one scientific animal study found no benefit in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_recluse_spider

Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis (PDF). pp. 78-95. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2012. ... Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis (IHHN) is a disease that causes mass mortality among P. stylirostris (as high ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming

Necrosis is increased in T lymphocytes.. Tingible body macrophages (TBMs) - large phagocytic cells in the germinal centers of ... It leads to a progression of the apoptosis process and finally to secondary necrosis of the cells if this ability is disturbed ... and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) are involved in the inflammatory process and are potential therapeutic targets.[4][60][61] ... Necrosis, a pro-inflammatory form of cell death, is increased in T lymphocytes, due to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). *Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). *Wnt Signaling Pathway ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_factor

Necrosis Coagulative necrosis. Liquefactive necrosis. Gangrenous necrosis. Caseous necrosis. Fat necrosis. Fibrinoid necrosis. ... Liquefactive necrosis (or colliquative necrosis), in contrast to coagulative necrosis, is characterized by the digestion of ... There are many causes of necrosis, and as such treatment is based upon how the necrosis came about. Treatment of necrosis ... Fat necrosis is specialized necrosis of fat tissue,[8] resulting from the action of activated lipases on fatty tissues such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotic

Caseous necrosis is a specific form of coagulation necrosis typically caused by mycobacteria (e.g., tuberculosis), fungi, and ... Fatty necrosis results from the action of lipases on fatty tissues (e.g., acute pancreatitis, breast tissue necrosis). ... Liquefactive necrosis (or colliquative necrosis) is usually associated with cellular destruction and pus formation (e.g., ... There are seven distinctive morphologic patterns of necrosis:. *Coagulative necrosis is typically seen in hypoxic (low-oxygen) ...

http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Necrosis.html

... is not cancer, but it can cause lumps and pulling of the tissues. When this happens in the breast, it can be ... fat necrosis. Phonetic. nuh-c,b,row,/b,-sis. Description. the death of fat cells, usually following injury. Fat necrosis is not ...

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/glossary/glossary/f/fat_necrosis.html

Acute Cortical Necrosis. Synonyms. diffuse bilateral renal cortical necrosis (BRCN), diffuse cortical necrosis, acute cortical ... "eMedicine: Renal Cortical Necrosis". Medscape. Retrieved 27 March 2012.. *^ Singh, B.; Gupta, A.; Mahajan, S.; Gupta, R. (2012 ... Cortical necrosis is a severe and life-threatening condition, with mortality rates over 50%.[citation needed] Those mortality ... Renal cortical necrosis (RCN) is a rare cause of acute kidney failure. The condition is "usually caused by significantly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_Cortical_Necrosis

Avascular necrosis most commonly affects the epiphyses (ends) of the femur (thigh bone); other commonly affected bones include ... Avascular necrosis, death of bone tissue caused by a lack of blood supply to the affected area. ... Avascular necrosis, also called aseptic necrosis, ischemic bone necrosis, or osteonecrosis, death of bone tissue caused by a ... Location of avascular necrosis. The most common location of avascular necrosis is the anterolateral femoral head. The condition ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/avascular-necrosis

Avascular Necrosis) is marked by a loss of blood supply to the bones, causing bone to break down faster than the body make new ... Avascular Necrosis (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Also in Spanish ...

https://medlineplus.gov/osteonecrosis.html

... or Aseptic Necrosis of the hip is caused by a disruption to the hips blood supply which results in the deterioration and often ... 3. Avascular necrosis (AVN) or Aseptic Necrosis of the hip is caused by a disruption to the hips blood supply which results in ... Avascular necrosis (AVN) or Aseptic Necrosis of the hip is caused by a disruption to the hips blood supply which results in ... Some physicians treat avascular necrosis nihilistically, meaning they believe that regardless of the type of avascular necrosis ...

https://www.slideshare.net/DavidSFeldmanMD/avascular-necrosis-of-the-hip

Necrosis after Penicillin. Br Med J 1950; 1 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.4658.883 (Published 15 April 1950) Cite this as ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/1/4658/883

Avascular necrosis (AVN) is defined as cellular death of bone components due to interruption of the blood supply. The bone ... AVN is also known as osteonecrosis, aseptic necrosis, and ischemic bone necrosis. [1] ... What is avascular necrosis (AVN)?. Updated: Dec 05, 2020 * Author: Sunny B Patel, MD; Chief Editor: Herbert S Diamond, MD more ... Avascular necrosis of the femoral head: role of vascularized bone grafts. Orthop Clin North Am. 2007 Jan. 38(1):13-22, v. [ ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/333364-186927/what-is-avascular-necrosis-avn

Avascular necrosis or osteonecrosis is the cellular death of bone in some part of the body due to obstruction of its blood ... Avascular necrosis is a condition that should be caught and treated early to prevent collapse of the bone of the joint. In most ... Avascular necrosis or osteonecrosis is the cellular death of bone in some part of the body due to obstruction of its blood ... Avascular necrosis always progresses with time if over 15% of the bone. Once it involves more than 50% of the bone, the bone ...

https://www.news-medical.net/health/Avascular-Necrosis-

Renal papillary necrosis is a disorder of the kidneys in which all or part of the renal papillae die. The renal papillae are ... Renal papillary necrosis is a disorder of the kidneys in which all or part of the renal papillae die. The renal papillae are ... Renal papillary necrosis often occurs with analgesic nephropathy. This is damage to one or both kidneys caused by overexposure ... There is no specific treatment for renal papillary necrosis. Treatment depends on the cause. For example, if analgesic ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000488.htm

Tumor Necrosis Factor Hairy Cell Leukemia 9ene Cellular Oncogene Tyrosine Specific Kinase ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02579940

Can a dislocated hip cause avascular necrosis (AVN)?. NEXT QUESTION: Can excessive alcohol use cause avascular necrosis (AVN)? ... Can corticosteroids cause avascular necrosis (AVN)?. ANSWER Long-term use of corticosteroids is associated with 35% of all ...

https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/qa/can-corticosteroids-cause-avascular-necrosis-avn

Check out just released Necrosis (Blood Snow) Pics, Images, Clips, Trailers, Production Photos and more from Rotten Tomatoes ... Necrosis (Blood Snow) Pictures and Movie Photo Gallery -- ... Home , Necrosis (Blood Snow) , Pictures Necrosis (Blood Snow) ...

https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/necrosis/pictures/

Papillary necrosis can cause ureteral obstruction as sloughed papilla pass down the ureter. Analgesic abuse, liver cirrhosis, ... How does papillary necrosis cause flank pain?. Updated: Dec 11, 2019 * Author: Bradley C Gill, MD, MS; Chief Editor: Bradley ... Papillary necrosis can cause ureteral obstruction as sloughed papilla pass down the ureter. Analgesic abuse, liver cirrhosis, ... The actual sloughing of the renal papilla is caused by vascular ischemia, which leads to coagulative necrosis of the renal ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1958746-27020/how-does-papillary-necrosis-cause-flank-pain

Avascular necrosis of the bone (osteonecrosis) is when a bone dies from losing blood supply. Bone grafts and joint replacement ... The treatment of aseptic necrosis is critically dependent on the stage of the condition. Avascular necrosis is caused by a loss ... Early aseptic necrosis (before x-ray changes are evident) can be treated with a surgical operation called a core decompression ... What Is the Treatment for Avascular Necrosis?. *Medical Author: William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR ...

https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_the_treatment_for_avascular_necrosis/ask.htm

10, cell necrosis apparatus 10 is used to create cell necrosis zones 28 in a turbinate structure 88, which can include the ... 9 and 10, cell necrosis apparatus 10 is used to create one or more cell necrosis zones 28 in uvula 80. Electrode 14 is ... Cell necrosis apparatus 10 can be used to create cell necrosis in other structures that affect airway passages including but ... create controlled cell necrosis zones 28 and reposition soft palate structure 94 in oral cavity 16 with reduced necrosis of an ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US6179803?dq=mirroring+data+in+a+remote+data+storage+system

Tumour necrosis factor and cancer.. Balkwill F1.. Author information. 1. Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Institute of ... Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a major inflammatory cytokine that was first identified for its ability to induce rapid ... haemorrhagic necrosis of experimental cancers. When efforts to harness this anti-tumour activity in cancer treatments were ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19343034?dopt=Abstract

Renal cortical necrosis is a rare cause of acute renal failure secondary to ischemic necrosis of the renal cortex. The lesions ... Renal Cortical Necrosis Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Nov 03, 2015 * Author: Prasad Devarajan, MD, FAAP; Chief Editor: Craig ... Bilateral renal cortical necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Indian J Nephrol. 2009 Jul. 19(3):125. [Medline]. [Full Text]. ... encoded search term (Renal%20Cortical%20Necrosis) and Renal Cortical Necrosis What to Read Next on Medscape. Related Conditions ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/983599-differential

Acute retinal necrosis was first described in the Japanese literature in 1971 and termed Kirisawa uveitis. ... Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) can lead to uveitis, retinal detachment, and blindness. ... Acute Retinal Necrosis Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Feb 14, 2017 * Author: Andrew A Dahl, MD, FACS; Chief Editor: C Stephen ... Acute retinal necrosis in the United Kingdom: results of a prospective surveillance study. Eye (Lond). 2012 Mar. 26 (3):370-7; ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1223047-differential

Papillary necrosis answers are found in the Diagnosaurus powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, Android, and ... 5minute, www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Diagnosaurus/115019/all/Papillary_necrosis. Zeiger RF. Papillary necrosis. ... Papillary necrosis is a topic covered in the Diagnosaurus. To view the entire topic, please sign in or purchase a subscription. ... Zeiger, R. F. (2014). Papillary necrosis. In Diagnosaurus (4th edition). McGraw-Hill Education. Retrieved July 04, 2020, from ...

https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Diagnosaurus/115019/all/Papillary_necrosis

Avascular necrosis answers are found in the Diagnosaurus powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, Android, and ... 5minute, www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Diagnosaurus/114063/all/Avascular_necrosis. Zeiger RFR. Avascular necrosis. ... Avascular necrosis is a sample topic from the Diagnosaurus. To view other topics, please log in or purchase a subscription. ... Zeiger, Roni F.. "Avascular Necrosis." Diagnosaurus, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2015. ...

https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Diagnosaurus/114063/all/Avascular_necrosis?q=Knee+pain

In 1975 the author found an explanation: the infection stimulates the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which has ... Tumor necrosis factor Sci Am. 1988 May;258(5):59-60, 69-75. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0588-59. ... In 1975 the author found an explanation: the infection stimulates the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which has ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3051354/?dopt=Abstract

The present invention relates to ligands which bind to human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) in a manner such that upon ... Tumour necrosis factor binding ligands. US20030139577 *. 3 Oct 2002. 24 Jul 2003. Rathjen Deborah Ann. Tumour necrosis factor ... Tumour necrosis factor binding ligands. US20030162948 *. 3 Oct 2002. 28 Aug 2003. Rathjen Deborah Ann. Tumour necrosis factor ... Tumour necrosis factor binding ligands. US20030171554 *. 15 Jan 2003. 11 Sep 2003. Rathjen Deborah Ann. Tumour necrosis factor ...

http://www.google.co.uk/patents/US6451983

Zenkers necrosis definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. Look it ...

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/zenker-s-necrosis

Tumour necrosis factor domain (IPR006052). Short name: TNF_dom Overlapping homologous superfamilies *Tumour necrosis factor- ... Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) (also known as cachectin or TNF-alpha) [PMID: 3061461, PMID: 1850405] is a cytokine which has a ... A 3-D model for the CD40 ligand predicts that it is a compact trimer similar to the tumor necrosis factors.. Int. Immunol. 5 ... A 3-D model for the CD40 ligand predicts that it is a compact trimer similar to the tumor necrosis factors.. Int. Immunol. 5 ...

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR006052

Peripheral skin necrosis complicating beta-blockade. Br Med J 1979; 1 :955 doi:10.1136/bmj.1.6168.955-b ... Peripheral skin necrosis complicating beta-blockade.. Br Med J 1979; 1 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.6168.955-b (Published ...

https://www.bmj.com/content/1/6168/955.3

if avascular necrosis is caught early, treatment may involve medications to ease pain or limiting the use of the affected joint ... How is avascular necrosis (AVN) treated before surgery?. ANSWER If avascular necrosis is caught early, treatment may involve ... While these may slow the progression of avascular necrosis, most people with the condition still eventually need surgery. ...

https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/qa/how-is-avascular-necrosis-avn-treated-before-surgery

Inflammation and necrosis promote tumour growth.. Vakkila J1, Lotze MT.. Author information. 1. Hospital for Children and ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286730?dopt=Abstract

... or epipericardial fat necrosis, as it is commonly referred to in the literature, is a rare self-limiting cause of chest pain of ... Mediastinal fat necrosis (MFN) or epipericardial fat necrosis, as it is commonly referred to in the literature, is a rare self- ... The first proposes acute torsion of mediastinal fat causing necrosis [10]. The second proposes that necrosis relates to the ... Imaging Manifestations of Mediastinal Fat Necrosis. Malay Y. Bhatt. ,1 Santiago Martínez-Jiménez. ,1. ,. 2 Melissa L. Rosado-de ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crira/2013/323579/

Avascular necrosis , also called aseptic necrosis, ischemic bone necrosis, or osteonecrosis , death of bone tissue caused by a lack of blood supply to the affected area. (britannica.com)
Avascular necrosis (AVN) or Aseptic Necrosis of the hip is caused by a disruption to the hip's blood supply which results in the deterioration and often collapse of the ball of the thigh bone (femoral head). (slideshare.net)
AVN is also known as osteonecrosis, aseptic necrosis, and ischemic bone necrosis. (medscape.com)
For patient education information, see Avascular Necrosis (Aseptic Necrosis or Osteonecrosis) . (medscape.com)
It is also called bone infarction or aseptic necrosis of bone. (news-medical.net)
The treatment of aseptic necrosis is critically dependent on the stage of the condition. (medicinenet.com)
Early aseptic necrosis (before x-ray changes are evident) can be treated with a surgical operation called a core decompression. (medicinenet.com)
Later stages of aseptic necrosis (when X-ray changes have occurred) typically lead to seriously damaged bone and joints, requiring surgical replacement of the hip joint. (medicinenet.com)
Aseptic necrosis is bone death caused by poor blood supply to the area. (drugs.com)
Avascular necrosis is also called osteonecrosis, aseptic necrosis, or ischemic bone necrosis. (adventisthealthcare.com)

Avascular necrosis or osteonecrosis is the cellular death of bone in some part of the body due to obstruction of its blood supply, usually to the growing end (epiphysis) of the bone. (news-medical.net)
Retrieved on January 20, 2020 from https://www.news-medical.net/health/Avascular-Necrosis-(Osteonecrosis).aspx. (news-medical.net)
Avascular necrosis, or osteonecrosis of the femoral head, is a condition that results when blood flow to the head ball of the hip is reduced or stopped, resulting in the death of cells in the bone tissue. (emoryhealthcare.org)
Avascular necrosis (AVN), also called osteonecrosis or bone infarction, is death of bone tissue due to interruption of the blood supply. (jakesonline.org)
However, often both osteonecrosis and avascular necrosis are often used interchangeably, which can lead to confusion 7. (jakesonline.org)
Avascular necrosis of the femoral head, also known as osteonecrosis, although this term isn't used that much anymore, is characterized by variable areas of dead trabecular bone and bone marrow, extending to and including the subchondral plate. (jakesonline.org)

Scientists from within the Antibody and Vaccine Group at the University of Southampton have gained novel insights into how an important class of immune receptors called tumour necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) are activated. (news-medical.net)
Tumour necrosis factor and cancer. (nih.gov)
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a major inflammatory cytokine that was first identified for its ability to induce rapid haemorrhagic necrosis of experimental cancers. (nih.gov)
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (also known as TNF-alpha or cachectin) is a monocyte-derived cytotoxin that has been implicated in tumour regression, septic shock and cachexia [ PMID: 2989794 , PMID: 3349526 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
Inflammation and necrosis promote tumour growth. (nih.gov)
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), a messenger substance in the immune system, plays an important role in triggering chronic inflammatory diseases. (eurekalert.org)
In collaboration with researchers from Erlangen and beyond, the working group led by PD Dr. Ulrike Schleicher and Prof. Dr. Christian Bogdan at FAU´s Institute of Microbiology - Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygienedemonstrated through cell culture experiments and an infection model that tumour necrosis factor inhibits arginase 1 synthesis, which depends on the messenger substance interleukin 4. (eurekalert.org)
The tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-like domains are found in both TNF and C1q protein families. (ebi.ac.uk)

Avascular necrosis (AVN) is defined as cellular death of bone components due to interruption of the blood supply. (medscape.com)
Avascular necrosis associated with fracture of the femoral neck after hip resurfacing: histological assessment of femoral bone from retrieval specimens. (medscape.com)
Avascular necrosis always progresses with time if over 15% of the bone. (news-medical.net)
Avascular necrosis is a condition that should be caught and treated early to prevent collapse of the bone of the joint. (news-medical.net)
The prognosis depends on the part affected, the extent of necrosis and the rate of bone replacement. (news-medical.net)
Avascular necrosis is caused by a loss of the blood supply to the part of the femur (the upper leg bone) that forms part of the hip joint. (medicinenet.com)
Avascular necrosis may be caused a number of conditions that cut off the supply of blood (and thereby oxygen and nutrients) to the bone, including injuries, such as a broken bone or dislocated joint, narrowed blood vessels, steroid medications, or excessive alcohol intake. (emoryhealthcare.org)
Avascular necrosis (AVN) occurs when bone dies because it doesn't get enough blood flow. (upmc.com)
Without enough blood flowing to this joint, the bone dies and the joint weakens resulting in bone necrosis. (upmc.com)
Necrosis (death of cells) can occur when the the tissue or bone around the area of radiation has died. (patientslikeme.com)
A University of British Columbia and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute study has found that a popular class of osteoporosis drugs nearly triples the risk of developing bone necrosis, a condition that can lead to disfigurement and incapacitating pain. (eurekalert.org)
The research is the largest study of bone necrosis and bisphosphonates, a class of drugs used by millions of women worldwide to help prevent bone fractures due to osteoporosis. (eurekalert.org)
It is also the first study to explore the link between bone necrosis and specific brands of bisphosphonates, such as Actonel, Didrocal and Fosamax. (eurekalert.org)
Bone necrosis, a relatively rare disease diagnosed in approximately 1 in 20,000 people per year, leads to permanent loss of blood supply to the bones. (eurekalert.org)
Avascular necrosis is a disease that results from the temporary or permanent loss of blood supply to the bone. (rochester.edu)
The symptoms of avascular necrosis may look like other medical conditions or bone problems. (rochester.edu)
As you have probably read, avascular necrosis is the death of bone tissue. (healingwell.com)
Avascular necrosis is bone death that occurs when the blood supply to the bones is decreased or stopped. (adventisthealthcare.com)
Although any bone can be affected, avascular necrosis most often affects ends of the long bones, such as the upper leg bone at the hip. (adventisthealthcare.com)
In adolescents and young adults with avascular necrosis (AVN), the blood supply to the hip joint is interrupted and the bone begins to die. (chop.edu)
Though necrosis can occur in any bone, it most often affects the ends of long bones. (stjude.org)
In the course of avascular necrosis, however, the bone tissues break down faster than the body can repair them. (stjude.org)
If avascular necrosis progresses and the bone and surrounding joint surface collapse, pain may develop or increase quickly. (stjude.org)
The goal in treating avascular necrosis is to improve the patient's use of the affected joint and limit further damage to the bone. (stjude.org)

Patients treated with prolonged courses of high-dose steroid hormones are at high risk of developing avascular necrosis. (britannica.com)

In an average adult human, between 50 billion and 70 billion cells die off and are replaced every day, but necrosis refers to cell death that is unprogrammed and results from atypical body conditions, such as infections, cancer, serious injury, the presence of venom, severe inflammation, and a variety of diseases. (wisegeek.com)
The release of intracellular content after plasma membrane rupture is the cause of inflammation in necrosis. (bionity.com)
There are many causes of necrosis including prolonged exposure to injury , infection , cancer , infarction , poisons , and inflammation . (bionity.com)
Coagulative necrosis rimmed by acute inflammation (image B) . (auanet.org)
Many Crohn's disease sufferers are prescribed drugs, called tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, which decrease the levels of active TNF in the colon and therefore decrease inflammation to reduce symptoms of the disease. (wisegeek.com)
Necrosis of the cornified epithelium (arrow) and abundant inflammation are present. (nih.gov)
Inflammation often accompanies the necrosis, and the type of inflammation present depends on the chronicity and the etiology. (nih.gov)
In contrast to necrosis, HMGB1 ablation did not alter inflammation or mortality in response to TNF- or FAS-mediated apoptosis. (jci.org)

While the only diagnostic "gold standard" mechanism of diagnosis en vivo is via kidney biopsy, the clinical conditions and blood clotting disorder often associated with this disease may make it impractical in a clinical setting. (wikipedia.org)
Corticosteroid-associated avascular necrosis: dose relationships and early diagnosis. (medscape.com)
Consider the diagnosis of renal cortical necrosis in a pregnant woman with sudden onset of abdominal pain, a tender uterus, and hematuria, especially during the third trimester. (medscape.com)
Acute retinal necrosis: a national population-based study to assess the incidence, methods of diagnosis, treatment strategies and outcomes in the UK. (medscape.com)
Duker JS, Blumenkranz MS. Diagnosis and management of the acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome. (medscape.com)
However, if the necrosis is limited to the epithelium of the tongue, the diagnosis should be "tongue, epithelium - necrosis. (nih.gov)
Case Discussion Diagnosis: Avascular necrosis of talus. (jakesonline.org)

Coagulative necrosis is characterized by the formation of a gelatinous (gel-like) substance in dead tissues in which the architecture of the tissue is maintained, [5] and can be observed by light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
Coagulative necrosis occurs primarily in tissues such as the kidney, heart and adrenal glands. (wikipedia.org)
Liquefactive necrosis (or colliquative necrosis), in contrast to coagulative necrosis, is characterized by the digestion of dead cells to form a viscous liquid mass. [5] This is typical of bacterial, or sometimes fungal, infections because of their ability to stimulate an inflammatory response. (wikipedia.org)
Gangrenous necrosis can be considered a type of coagulative necrosis that resembles mummified tissue. (wikipedia.org)
Caseous necrosis can be considered a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, [4] typically caused by mycobacteria (e.g. tuberculosis ), fungi and some foreign substances. (wikipedia.org)
It is interesting to note that ischemia (restriction of blood supply) in the brain produces liquefactive, rather than coagulative necrosis due to the lack of any substantial supportive stroma. (princeton.edu)
It can be considered a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. (princeton.edu)
The actual sloughing of the renal papilla is caused by vascular ischemia, which leads to coagulative necrosis of the renal medullary pyramids. (medscape.com)
Coagulative necrosis is typically seen in hypoxic environments (e.g. myocardial infarction , infarct of the spleen ). (bionity.com)
Because the necrosis is induced by ischemia, it typically has a coagulative appearance (ghost cells). (auanet.org)
Widespread coagulative necrosis (preserve ghost cell outlines) of cortex (image B) . (auanet.org)

What are the risk factors for avascular necrosis? (rochester.edu)
Only 3 of the 15 patients in our series had other risk factors for avascular necrosis. (cmaj.ca)

What are symptoms of avascular necrosis (AVN)? (webmd.com)
There are no symptoms in the early stages of avascular necrosis. (emoryhealthcare.org)
Maize lethal necrosis disease symptoms. (cabi.org)
What are the symptoms of acute tubular necrosis? (healthline.com)
Early symptoms of soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV) are light green to yellow (chlorotic) patches near main leaf veins, where thrips fed. (pioneer.com)
The following are the most common symptoms of avascular necrosis. (rochester.edu)
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease is a type of avascular necrosis in children that causes hip symptoms. (adventisthealthcare.com)
Necrosis from diabetes produces specific symptoms. (healthyplace.com)

In necrosis, the necrotic epithelium remains attached to the basement membrane. (nih.gov)
If the necrotic lesion is consistent with an infarct, it should be diagnosed as "necrosis," but the pathology narrative should state the lesion is consistent with an infarct. (nih.gov)

12. Trauma such as a femoral neck fracture has also been associated with avascular necrosis. (slideshare.net)
An injury, such as a forceful impact in an auto accident, or a complication of a hip fracture or dislocation can lead to avascular necrosis. (adventisthealthcare.com)
consequently, the talus is at high risk of avascular necrosis after fracture. (jakesonline.org)

For example, fractures in the subcapital region of the femoral neck frequently interrupt the major part of the blood supply to the head of the femur, which can lead to avascular necrosis. (britannica.com)
Diseases such as sickle cell disease , gout , and lupus also may lead to avascular necrosis. (adventisthealthcare.com)

16. Some physicians treat avascular necrosis nihilistically, meaning they believe that regardless of the type of avascular necrosis or the age of the patient, treatment will not help. (slideshare.net)

What Is the Treatment for Avascular Necrosis? (medicinenet.com)

Excessive alcohol intake as a risk factor for the development of avascular necrosis is well established. (britannica.com)
Those changes may in turn encourage the formation of fat emboli and lead to blood stasis, thereby contributing to the development of avascular necrosis. (britannica.com)
It is clear that some other predisposing condition or concomitant risk factor is responsible for the development of avascular necrosis. (cmaj.ca)
Rather, we are attempting to alert physicians to what we feel is strong presumptive evidence that some association exists between short-course steroid therapy and the development of avascular necrosis. (cmaj.ca)

Other medical conditions have been associated with avascular necrosis. (britannica.com)

Renal cortical necrosis ( RCN ) is a rare cause of acute kidney failure . (wikipedia.org)
Rapidly corrected acute renal ischemia leads to acute tubular necrosis , from which complete recovery is possible, while more prolonged ischemia may lead to RCN. (wikipedia.org)
Langman, Craig B, ed. "eMedicine: Renal Cortical Necrosis" . (wikipedia.org)
Sahay M, Swain M, Padua M. Renal cortical necrosis in tropics. (medscape.com)
Sepsis-induced acute bilateral renal cortical necrosis. (medscape.com)
Renal cortical necrosis and acute kidney injury associated with Plasmodium vivax: a neglected human malaria parasite. (medscape.com)
Bilateral acute renal cortical necrosis in SLE-associated antiphospholipid syndrome. (medscape.com)
Decreasing incidence of renal cortical necrosis in patients with acute renal failure in developing countries: a single-centre experience of 22 years from Eastern India. (medscape.com)
Prakash J, Pant P, Singh AK, Sriniwas S, Singh VP, Singh U. Renal cortical necrosis is a disappearing entity in obstetric acute kidney injury in developing countries: our three decade of experience from India. (medscape.com)
Bilateral renal cortical necrosis in acute pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
Defined as necrosis of papillae and inner portions of renal medulla (which receives 10% of renal blood flow). (auanet.org)
Gross: necrosis of renal papillae/medullary portion (image A) . (auanet.org)
La NTA es una causa común de insuficiencia renal en personas hospitalizadas. (umm.edu)

Bilateral avascular necrosis occurs in about 40-80% of patients, but 10 years later in women on average, than in men. (news-medical.net)
Decrease in the risk of bilateral acute retinal necrosis by acyclovir therapy. (medscape.com)
Similar regionally selective bilateral brain necrosis of the parietal cortex area 1 (blue arrow), thalamus (arrowhead), and retrosplenial cortex (white arrow) in a treated male F344/N rat from a 4-day study, all resulting from the same toxic compound as used in Figure 3. (nih.gov)
depicts acute bilateral necrosis in the parietal cortex area 1 (blue arrow), thalamus (arrowhead), and retrosplenial cortex (white arrow). (nih.gov)

The present invention relates to ligands which bind to human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) in a manner such that upon binding of these ligands to TNF the biological activity of TNF is modified. (google.co.uk)
High resolution crystal structure of a human tumor necrosis factor-alpha mutant with low systemic toxicity. (ebi.ac.uk)

Necrosis (from the Greek νέκρωσις "death, the stage of dying, the act of killing" from νεκρός "dead") is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis . (wikipedia.org)
Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, toxins, or trauma which result in the unregulated digestion of cell components. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, untreated necrosis results in a build-up of decomposing dead tissue and cell debris at or near the site of the cell death. (wikipedia.org)
[5] Hypoxic infarcts in the brain presents as this type of necrosis, because the brain contains little connective tissue but high amounts of digestive enzymes and lipids, and cells therefore can be readily digested by their own enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
Fat necrosis is specialized necrosis of fat tissue, [8] resulting from the action of activated lipases on fatty tissues such as the pancreas . (wikipedia.org)
Necrosis (from the Greek νεκρός , "dead", νέκρωσις , "death, the stage of dying, the act of killing") is the premature death of cells and living tissue . (princeton.edu)
Haemorrhagic necrosis is due to blockage of the venous drainage of an organ or tissue (e.g., in testicular torsion ). (princeton.edu)
Fatty necrosis results from the action of lipases on fatty tissues (e.g., acute pancreatitis , breast tissue necrosis). (princeton.edu)
Necrosis is the death of body tissue. (medlineplus.gov)
Myocardial infarction, or heart attacks, play a large part in heart diseases and the necrosis of cardiac tissue after blood supply is decreased or stopped. (news-medical.net)
Lipase activation produces the necrosis of fat tissue in pancreatic and peripancreatic spaces as well as vessel damage. (tripdatabase.com)
First, unlike subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose cells produce significant amounts of proinflammatory such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( ), and -1 and −6, etc. (tripdatabase.com)
Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = Dead ) is the name given to accidental death of cells and living tissue . (bionity.com)
A main cause of necrosis is from the Brown Recluse Spiders, who's venom causes significant cutaneous injureis with tissue loss and necrosis. (bionity.com)
Note that the substance of the olfactory bulb is lost (arrows) as a result of marked tissue necrosis, leaving only cellular debris and hemorrhage. (nih.gov)
Somewhat confusingly, patches of dead tissue are identified as necroses, even when the cause of the cell death is unknown. (reference.com)
While diabetic necrosis is frightening, you do have some control over diabetes, tissue death and anxiety . (healthyplace.com)
Like necrosis, gangrene is the death of tissue or organs. (healthyplace.com)

Resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip for avascular necrosis of the femoral head: a minimum follow-up of four years. (medscape.com)
Fat-cell changes as a mechanism of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in cortisone-treated rabbits. (medscape.com)
Ninomiya S. An epidemiological survey of idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head in Japan. (medscape.com)
Bisphosphonate combination therapy for non-femoral avascular necrosis. (jakesonline.org)

In the initial stages, avascular necrosis is asymptomatic, but pain sets in when the weight is borne by the joint, and in the later stages, joint pain occurs at rest also. (news-medical.net)
Avascular necrosis occurs most often in men between 40 and 50 years old. (adventisthealthcare.com)
Heparin necrosis is a cutaneous condition and usually occurs between days 5 and 10 of heparin therapy. (wikipedia.org)
Piecemeal necrosis generally refers to a necrosis that occurs in fragments. (wikipedia.org)

By contrast, patients who receive short-term steroids, including pulse-dosing and steroid injections into a joint, rarely develop avascular necrosis. (britannica.com)
A dose-response relationship exists between alcohol intake and avascular necrosis risk such that the more alcohol a person consumes regularly, the more likely he or she is to develop avascular necrosis. (britannica.com)
2 We included these patients in our article to illustrate the point that of the many patients who receive a short course of corticosteroid medication only a small percentage develop avascular necrosis. (cmaj.ca)

11. People most at risk for avascular necrosis include children who have been exposed to second hand cigarette smoke, those who drink excessively, and individuals who have blood clotting disorders (ex: factor V Leiden, protein C and protein S deficiency, etc). (slideshare.net)

In the late 1990s, the mouse and human nomenclature committees and basic researchers met and combined efforts to standardize the nomenclature of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. (jax.org)
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a member of the TNF ligand superfamily that also includes lymphotoxins alpha (LTA) and beta (LTB), tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 5 (TNFSF5) and the FAS ligand (FASL). (jax.org)

[4] Severe ischemia most commonly causes necrosis of this form. (wikipedia.org)
The extent of the necrosis is a major determinant of the prognosis, which in turn is dependent on the duration of ischemia , duration of oliguria , and the severity of the precipitating conditions. (wikipedia.org)
The problem of human myocardial infarction passed through stage 2 when everybody was happy with the explanation that the syndrome was produced by a sudden occlusion ofa branch ofa coronary artery with subsequent acute ischemia and necrosis ofthe area supplied by the occluded vessel. (jhu.edu)

arrows), depending on the location and extent of necrosis. (nih.gov)

During apoptosis, in contrast to necrosis, the cell and eventually the fragments of the cell all maintain their ion-gradients and energy levels. (madsci.org)

this help me to really know the different between apoptosis and necrosis. (wisegeek.com)
This helped me do a report on apoptosis and necrosis. (wisegeek.com)

Caseous necrosis is a specific form of coagulation necrosis typically caused by mycobacteria (e.g., tuberculosis ), fungi , and some foreign substances. (princeton.edu)
Contrast-enhanced four-chamber ECG-gated cardiac CT image planes, showing a large predominantly calcified mass (arrow) with peripheral discontinuous calcifications and central areas of low density attenuation located in the posterior left VA groove, consistent with caseous necrosis of the mitral valve. (massgeneral.org)
Three-chamber non-contrast ECG-gated cardiac CT image showing a large predominantly calcified mass (arrow) with peripheral discontinuous calcifications and central areas of low density attenuation located in the posterior left VA groove, suggestive of caseous necrosis of the mitral valve. (massgeneral.org)
Cardiac CT demonstrated a large extra-cavitary calcified mass with central areas of low density attenuation in the posterior atrio-ventricular groove, consistent with caseous necrosis of the mitral valve. (massgeneral.org)
Caseous necrosis of the mitral valve is a rare form of mitral annular calcification (MAC) in which there is high atherosclerotic burden with central 'caseous' necrosis, which can resemble a tumor. (massgeneral.org)

Can corticosteroids cause avascular necrosis (AVN)? (webmd.com)
We agree with Allan Knight that avascular necrosis was reported long before corticosteroids were introduced and that it remains to some extent a disorder of unknown origin. (cmaj.ca)
1 At present, corticosteroids remain the single most common etiological factor for avascular necrosis seen in our centre. (cmaj.ca)
Long-term use of corticosteroids or drinking a large amount of alcohol over a long time increases the risk of avascular necrosis. (adventisthealthcare.com)

[4] This pattern of necrosis is typically seen in hypoxic (low-oxygen) environments, such as infarction . (wikipedia.org)

Peripheral skin necrosis complicating beta-blockade. (bmj.com)
After the patient's condition has stabilized, he or she should be treated in an urgent fashion to minimize the risk of complications, including especially skin necrosis and avascular necrosis of the talar body. (jakesonline.org)

11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the electrode means has an electrode means advancement length extending from an exterior of the handpiece means to the interior of the tongue, wherein the advancement length is sufficient to position the energy delivery surface at the selected site and deliver sufficient electromagnetic energy to create cell necrosis without damaging a main branch of a hypoglossal nerve. (google.com)
In addition to inducing cell necrosis in tumor cells, TNF induces apoptosis in non-cancerous cells ( e.g. , hepatocytes and T cells). (jax.org)

In the US at least, only the bites of spiders in the genus Loxosceles or brown recluse have been proven to consistently cause necrosis. (bionity.com)
[1] Many other spider species are claimed to cause necrosis but in most cases firm evidence is lacking. (bionity.com)
It is this high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) that can cause necrosis. (healthyplace.com)

Back muscle necrosis is part of the porcine stress syndrome and in affected pigs degenerative changes take place in the back muscles along each side of the spine. (thepigsite.com)

Selective vulnerability of brain regions to the effects of toxic compounds may imitate the lesions of ischemic necrosis and should be differentiated from insults of that type based on compound exposure and clinical history. (nih.gov)

What is radiation necrosis? (patientslikeme.com)
Data from patients with radiation necrosis, who reported starting treatments within the last 5 years. (patientslikeme.com)
We hypothesized that patients with oligodendroglioma have a higher risk of radiation necrosis (RN) as compared to patients with astrocytoma. (springer.com)
Radiation necrosis appeared within 24 months from radiation in 80.5% of patients. (springer.com)

How does papillary necrosis cause flank pain? (medscape.com)
Papillary necrosis can cause ureteral obstruction as sloughed papilla pass down the ureter. (medscape.com)
See Papillary Necrosis for more information. (medscape.com)
Papillary necrosis is a topic covered in the Diagnosaurus . (unboundmedicine.com)
Zeiger, Roni F.. "Papillary Necrosis. (unboundmedicine.com)
5minute , www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Diagnosaurus/115019/all/Papillary_necrosis. (unboundmedicine.com)

The effect of varying both paddle electrode size and the time interval between direct current countershock on myocardial necrosis was studied. (ahajournals.org)
Myocardial necrosis was quantitated by precordial electrocardiographic mapping recorded minutes after, and by gross and microscopic examination of the hearts four days after direct current countershock. (ahajournals.org)
When the time interval between discharges was shorter, myocardial necrosis was greater. (ahajournals.org)
staining with hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid demonstrated newly developed massive myocardial necrosis, a rarely documented finding. (aappublications.org)

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) kills a range of fish species, including salmon and trout. (biosecurity.govt.nz)
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a disease of freshwater and saltwater finfish. (biosecurity.govt.nz)

Liquefactive necrosis (or colliquative necrosis) is usually associated with cellular destruction and pus formation (e.g., pneumonia ). (princeton.edu)

Our study establishes HMGB1 as a bona fide and targetable DAMP that selectively triggers a neutrophil-mediated injury amplification loop in the setting of necrosis. (jci.org)

These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Navicular Avascular Necrosis. (fpnotebook.com)

Fat necrosis is not cancer, but it can cause lumps and pulling of the tissues. (cancer.org)
If the necrosis involves muscle or multiple tissues in the tongue, then it is diagnosed as "tongue - necrosis. (nih.gov)
Death (necrosis) of muscle fibres with haemorrhages into the tissues themselves. (thepigsite.com)
Diabetic necrosis is the death of tissues in the body, and it causes serious consequences that can sometimes include the amputation of limbs, fingers, or toes. (healthyplace.com)

In ischemic brain lesions, the typical morphologic criteria of neuronal necrosis may take more than 24 hours of survival to manifest in hematoxylin and eosin sections. (nih.gov)

Increased risk of avascular necrosis in patients with psoriatic disease: A nationwide population-based matched cohort study. (medscape.com)
I have a very good friend in Ohio who's father has the disease vascular necrosis.Apprently there is a doctor somewhere(I think in California) who has been experimenting with a cure. (bio.net)
Maize lethal necrosis disease is caused by co-infection of maize by Maize chlorotic mottle virus (Machlomovirus: Tombusviridae) and Sugarcane mosaic virus (Potyvirus: Potyviridae) or sometimes another cereal virus of the Potyviridae group. (cabi.org)
Formerly known as Familial Hibernian fever, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Associated Periodic Syndrome (TRAPS) is a rare, genetic disease that causes recurrent episodes of fever that typically last more than one week and are associated with chills and severe muscle pain in the torso and the arms. (rheumatology.org)
Peanut bud necrosis disease (PBND) is an important disease of peanut in south and southeast Asia. (apsnet.org)
Avascular necrosis doesn't usually stow on xray until the latter stages of the disease. (healingwell.com)
Acute esophageal necrosis or black esophagus (Gurvits Syndrome) is a disease characterized by diffuse, circumferential black appearing mucosa that always affects the distal mucosa due to relative hypovascularity [1, 2] Estimated incidence is between 0.008 and 0.28% of patients undergoing upper endoscopy based on autopsy and retrospective reviews [1, 35]. (thefreedictionary.com)

Mediastinal fat necrosis (MFN) or epipericardial fat necrosis, as it is commonly referred to in the literature, is a rare self-limiting cause of chest pain of unclear etiology. (hindawi.com)

Avascular necrosis tends to occur in men more often than women and typically is diagnosed between ages 30 and 50. (britannica.com)
Necrosis does not spontaneously occur in healthy people, and the number of insects capable of causing it are relatively rare. (wisegeek.com)
Tumor necrosis factor has also been implicated in several forms of cancer, such as breast and stomach cancers, which occur when cells that are supposed to undergo cell death fail to do so. (wisegeek.com)
Necrosis can occur secondary to trauma, infection, vasculitis, or thrombosis or as a direct effect of a test agent (particularly epithelial necrosis). (nih.gov)

Necrosis is closely related to gangrene. (healthyplace.com)
Very simply put, necrosis is a process while gangrene is an event, the result. (healthyplace.com)

Cellular death due to necrosis does not follow the apoptotic signal transduction pathway, but rather various receptors are activated, and result in the loss of cell membrane integrity and an uncontrolled release of products of cell death into the extracellular space . (wikipedia.org)

In NTP studies, infarcts are diagnosed as necrosis, and the term "malacia" is reserved for gross lesions in the brain. (nih.gov)

TRAPS is due to a gene defect in a protein called tumor necrosis factor receptor, which leads to an increase of the patient's normal inflammatory response. (rheumatology.org)
Tumor necrosis factors (TNF) alpha and beta are structurally related cytokines that mediate a wide range of immunological, inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects. (pnas.org)
Piecemeal necrosis in liver aka interface hepatitis is necrosis of the limiting plates, by inflammatory cells. (wikipedia.org)
It may be identified as actual necrosis of cells or by irregularity of the limiting plates which is caused IOS's hepatocytes and replacement with inflammatory cells and/or fibrosis. (wikipedia.org)

Binding of tumor necrosis factors to their receptors can become deregulated in the body, leading to a range of diseases. (wisegeek.com)

Anatomy37

Organisms18

Diseases32

Chemicals and Drugs116

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes31

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care5

Systemic infection with Alaria americana (Trematoda). (1/6081)

Daunorubicin-induced apoptosis in rat cardiac myocytes is inhibited by dexrazoxane. (2/6081)

Changes in the total number of neuroglia, mitotic cells and necrotic cells in the anterior limb of the mouse anterior commissure following hypoxic stress. (3/6081)

A photodynamic pathway to apoptosis and necrosis induced by dimethyl tetrahydroxyhelianthrone and hypericin in leukaemic cells: possible relevance to photodynamic therapy. (4/6081)

Diet and risk of ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity: carbohydrate-fat relationships in rats. (5/6081)

Tumor suppression in human skin carcinoma cells by chromosome 15 transfer or thrombospondin-1 overexpression through halted tumor vascularization. (6/6081)

Mycophenolate mofetil inhibits rat and human mesangial cell proliferation by guanosine depletion. (7/6081)

Bcl-2 alters the balance between apoptosis and necrosis, but does not prevent cell death induced by oxidized low density lipoproteins. (8/6081)

Necrosis

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor

Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II

Fat Necrosis

Femur Head Necrosis

Kidney Papillary Necrosis

Kidney Cortex Necrosis

Cytokines

Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute

Interleukin-1

Apoptosis

Tumor Necrosis Factors

Cells, Cultured

Lipopolysaccharides

NF-kappa B

Interleukin-6

RNA, Messenger

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus

Lymphotoxin-alpha

Interferon-gamma

Macrophages

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Cell Line

Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors

TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand

Inflammation

Signal Transduction

Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute

Recombinant Proteins

Time Factors

Monocytes

Disease Models, Animal

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Caspases

Gene Expression Regulation

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus

Liver

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Cell Death

Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases

Membrane Glycoproteins

Interleukin-8

Cell Survival

Antigens, CD

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Mice, Knockout

Interleukin-1beta

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Arthritis, Rheumatoid

Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins

Antirheumatic Agents

Gene Expression

Inflammation Mediators

Interleukin-10

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand

Up-Regulation

Neutrophils

Immunohistochemistry

Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Caspase 8

Endotoxins

Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Molecular Sequence Data

Drug Synergism

Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins

TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2

Flow Cytometry

Macrophage Activation

Enzyme Activation

Caspase 3

Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing

I-kappa B Proteins

Endothelium, Vascular

Blotting, Western

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Fish Diseases

TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 1