Natronococcus
Pandalidae
Halobacteriaceae
RNA, Archaeal
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Natronococcus jeotgali sp. nov., a halophilic archaeon isolated from shrimp jeotgal, a traditional fermented seafood from Korea. (1/3)
A novel halophilic archaeon (strain B1(T)) belonging to the genus Natronococcus was isolated from shrimp jeotgal, a traditional fermented food from Korea. Colonies of this strain were orange-red and cells were non-motile cocci that stained Gram-variable. Strain B1(T) grew in 7.5-30.0 % (w/v) NaCl and at 21-50 degrees C and pH 7.0-9.5, with optimal growth occurring in 23-25 % (w/v) NaCl and at 37-45 degrees C and pH 7.5. Strain B1(T) was most closely related to the type strain of Natronococcus occultus, with which it shared 97.91 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Within the phylogenetic tree, this novel strain shared a branching point with N. occultus and occupied a phylogenetic position that was distinct from the main Natronococcus branch. The degree of DNA-DNA hybridization with the type strain of N. occultus, the most closely related species phylogenetically, was 16.4 %. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that strain B1(T) represents a novel species of the genus Natronococcus, for which the name Natronococcus jeotgali is proposed. The type strain is B1(T) (=KCTC 4018(T)=DSM 18795(T)=JCM 14583(T)=CECT 7216(T)). (+info)Novel ether lipid cardiolipins in archaeal membranes of extreme haloalkaliphiles. (2/3)
(+info)The cell wall polymer of the extremely halophilic archaeon Natronococcus occultus. (3/3)
The cell wall polymer of Natronococcus occultus (DSM 3396) consists of L-glutamate, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-galacturonic acid, D-glucuronic acid and D-glucose in a molar ratio of 5:7:1:8:0.5:0.3. Partial acid hydrolysis of the cell wall polymer produced soluble fragments that could be separated by HPLC. A gamma-glutamyl dipeptide was isolated. In the intact cell wall polymer, the glutamate residues form a poly-(gamma-glutamine) chain with a length of about 60 monomers, which corresponds to a relative molecular mass of approximately 7700 Da. Two other soluble dimeric fragments, composed of glutamate and either glucosamine or galactosamine in a molar ratio of 1:1, were purified from the hydrolysate, suggesting the presence of two different oligosaccharides linked to the poly-(gamma-glutamine) chain of the intact polymer. The analysis of additional fragments, which were composed of an amino sugar and galacturonic acid or glucose indicated that one oligosaccharide consisted of a glucosamine pentamer in an alpha-1,3 linkage at the reducing end and an oligomer with at least five beta-1,4-linked galacturonic acid residues at the non-reducing end. The second oligosaccharide was comprised of a galactosamine dimer in a beta-1,3 linkage at the reducing end and a maltose unit at the non-reducing end. Both oligosaccharides were linked to the alpha-amide group of the glutamine residues of the poly-(gamma-glutamine) chain. The whole cell wall polymer, which represents a novel type of natural glycoconjugate, has a relative molecular mass of 54 kDa. (+info)I apologize for any confusion, but "Natronococcus" is not a term that has a widely accepted medical definition. It is actually a genus name in the field of microbiology, specifically for a group of extremely halophilic archaea (salt-loving microorganisms) that are capable of growing in environments with very high salt concentrations.
These archaea were initially isolated from soda lakes and other hypersaline environments. They are often studied in the context of astrobiology, as they can provide insights into the types of life forms that might exist in extraterrestrial environments with extreme conditions.
If you have any questions related to medical definitions or health-related topics, please don't hesitate to ask!
I apologize for any confusion, but "Pandalidae" is not a medical term. It is actually a family of shrimp-like decapod crustaceans, also known as "pandala shrimps." They include various species such as the familiar "Norway lobster" or "langoustine" (Nephrops norvegicus). I hope this clarification helps. If you have any medical questions, please don't hesitate to ask!
Halobacteriaceae is a family of Archaea, a domain of single-celled organisms. These microorganisms are extremely halophilic, meaning they require high concentrations of salt to survive and grow. They are typically found in environments such as salt lakes, salt pans, and other saline habitats.
The cells of Halobacteriaceae are usually rod-shaped or irregularly shaped, and they can form pink, red, or purple colorations in their natural environments due to the presence of carotenoid pigments and retinal-based proteins called bacteriorhodopsins. These proteins function as light-driven proton pumps, allowing the cells to generate a proton gradient and create ATP, which is their primary energy source.
Halobacteriaceae are also known for their ability to survive in extreme conditions, such as high temperatures, radiation, and desiccation. They have evolved unique adaptations to cope with these harsh environments, making them a fascinating subject of study in the field of extremophile microbiology.
Archaeal RNA refers to the Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules that are present in archaea, which are a domain of single-celled microorganisms. RNA is a nucleic acid that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as protein synthesis, gene expression, and regulation of cellular activities.
Archaeal RNAs can be categorized into different types based on their functions, including:
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): It carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where it is translated into proteins.
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA): It helps in translating the genetic code present in mRNA into specific amino acids during protein synthesis.
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): It is a structural and functional component of ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs.
4. Non-coding RNA: These are RNAs that do not code for proteins but have regulatory functions in gene expression and other cellular processes.
Archaeal RNAs share similarities with both bacterial and eukaryotic RNAs, but they also possess unique features that distinguish them from the other two domains of life. For example, archaeal rRNAs contain unique sequence motifs and secondary structures that are not found in bacteria or eukaryotes. These differences suggest that archaeal RNAs have evolved to adapt to the extreme environments where many archaea live.
Overall, understanding the structure, function, and evolution of archaeal RNA is essential for gaining insights into the biology of these unique microorganisms and their roles in various cellular processes.
Archaeal DNA refers to the genetic material present in archaea, a domain of single-celled microorganisms lacking a nucleus. Like bacteria, archaea have a single circular chromosome that contains their genetic information. However, archaeal DNA is significantly different from bacterial and eukaryotic DNA in terms of its structure and composition.
Archaeal DNA is characterized by the presence of unique modifications such as methylation patterns, which help distinguish it from other types of DNA. Additionally, archaea have a distinct set of genes involved in DNA replication, repair, and recombination, many of which are more similar to those found in eukaryotes than bacteria.
One notable feature of archaeal DNA is its resistance to environmental stressors such as extreme temperatures, pH levels, and salt concentrations. This allows archaea to thrive in some of the most inhospitable environments on Earth, including hydrothermal vents, acidic hot springs, and highly saline lakes.
Overall, the study of archaeal DNA has provided valuable insights into the evolutionary history of life on Earth and the unique adaptations that allow these organisms to survive in extreme conditions.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.
Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) refers to the specific regions of DNA in a cell that contain the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes are complex structures composed of proteins and rRNA, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.
In humans, there are four types of rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S. These rRNAs are encoded by multiple copies of rDNA genes that are organized in clusters on specific chromosomes. In humans, the majority of rDNA genes are located on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22.
Each cluster of rDNA genes contains both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer regions. The transcribed regions contain the genes for the four types of rRNA, while the non-transcribed spacers contain regulatory elements that control the transcription of the rRNA genes.
The number of rDNA copies varies between species and even within individuals of the same species. The copy number can also change during development and in response to environmental factors. Variations in rDNA copy number have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.