Human monoclonal antibody combination against SARS coronavirus: synergy and coverage of escape mutants. (1/3)
BACKGROUND: Experimental animal data show that protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection with human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is feasible. For an effective immune prophylaxis in humans, broad coverage of different strains of SARS-CoV and control of potential neutralization escape variants will be required. Combinations of virus-neutralizing, noncompeting mAbs may have these properties. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Human mAb CR3014 has been shown to completely prevent lung pathology and abolish pharyngeal shedding of SARS-CoV in infected ferrets. We generated in vitro SARS-CoV variants escaping neutralization by CR3014, which all had a single P462L mutation in the glycoprotein spike (S) of the escape virus. In vitro experiments confirmed that binding of CR3014 to a recombinant S fragment (amino acid residues 318-510) harboring this mutation was abolished. We therefore screened an antibody-phage library derived from blood of a convalescent SARS patient for antibodies complementary to CR3014. A novel mAb, CR3022, was identified that neutralized CR3014 escape viruses, did not compete with CR3014 for binding to recombinant S1 fragments, and bound to S1 fragments derived from the civet cat SARS-CoV-like strain SZ3. No escape variants could be generated with CR3022. The mixture of both mAbs showed neutralization of SARS-CoV in a synergistic fashion by recognizing different epitopes on the receptor-binding domain. Dose reduction indices of 4.5 and 20.5 were observed for CR3014 and CR3022, respectively, at 100% neutralization. Because enhancement of SARS-CoV infection by subneutralizing antibody concentrations is of concern, we show here that anti-SARS-CoV antibodies do not convert the abortive infection of primary human macrophages by SARS-CoV into a productive one. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of two noncompeting human mAbs CR3014 and CR3022 potentially controls immune escape and extends the breadth of protection. At the same time, synergy between CR3014 and CR3022 may allow for a lower total antibody dose to be administered for passive immune prophylaxis of SARS-CoV infection. (+info)Potent cross-reactive neutralization of SARS coronavirus isolates by human monoclonal antibodies. (2/3)
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) caused a worldwide epidemic in late 2002/early 2003 and a second outbreak in the winter of 2003/2004 by an independent animal-to-human transmission. The GD03 strain, which was isolated from an index patient of the second outbreak, was reported to resist neutralization by the human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) 80R and S3.1, which can potently neutralize isolates from the first outbreak. Here we report that two hmAbs, m396 and S230.15, potently neutralized GD03 and representative isolates from the first SARS outbreak (Urbani, Tor2) and from palm civets (SZ3, SZ16). These antibodies also protected mice challenged with the Urbani or recombinant viruses bearing the GD03 and SZ16 spike (S) glycoproteins. Both antibodies competed with the SARS-CoV receptor, ACE2, for binding to the receptor-binding domain (RBD), suggesting a mechanism of neutralization that involves interference with the SARS-CoV-ACE2 interaction. Two putative hot-spot residues in the RBD (Ile-489 and Tyr-491) were identified within the SARS-CoV spike that likely contribute to most of the m396-binding energy. Residues Ile-489 and Tyr-491 are highly conserved within the SARS-CoV spike, indicating a possible mechanism of the m396 cross-reactivity. Sequence analysis and mutagenesis data show that m396 might neutralize all zoonotic and epidemic SARS-CoV isolates with known sequences, except strains derived from bats. These antibodies exhibit cross-reactivity against isolates from the two SARS outbreaks and palm civets and could have potential applications for diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of SARS-CoV infections. (+info)Biphasic tracheal relaxation induced by higenamine and nantenine from Nandina domestica Thunberg. (3/3)
We compared the effects of the extract from fruits of Nandina domestica Thunberg (NDE) and its constituents, higenamine and nantenine, on contractile responses in isolated guinea-pig trachea. NDE (1 mg/ml) caused biphasic relaxation of the trachea precontracted with high-K(+) stimulation: the fast component was blocked by propranolol and mimicked by higenamine; and the slow was resistant to propranolol and mimicked by nantenine. Ca(2+)-induced contraction under high-K(+) stimulation was antagonized by nantenine or NDE + propranolol. These results suggest that NDE relaxes the trachea quickly through beta-adrenoceptor stimulation by higenamine and slowly through Ca(2+) antagonism by nantenine. (+info)Nandiniidae is a family of small, arboreal primates commonly known as slow lorises, which are characterized by their thick fur, round heads, and a specialized toothcomb used for grooming, native to Southeast Asia and renowned for their distinct toxic bite.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Nandiniidae" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a taxonomic family in the order Primates, which includes the genus *Nandinia*. This family consists of a single species, the African palm civet (*Nandinia binotata*). The African palm civet is native to continental Africa and is not typically associated with medical or clinical contexts. If you have any questions from the field of biology or veterinary medicine, I would be happy to try to help answer them.
Handbook of the Mammals of the World
Groups covered in this volume are: African palm civet (Nandiniidae). One genus and one species. Cats (Felidae). 14 genera and ...
List of carnivorans
The Nandiniidae family is composed of a single extant species, the African palm civet. The Prionodontidae family is composed of ... The feliforms are further subdivided into seven families: Eupleridae, Felidae, Herpestidae, Hyaenidae, Nandiniidae, ... 4 species Family Nandiniidae (African palm civet): 1 genus, 1 species Family Prionodontidae (Asiatic linsangs): 1 genus, 2 ...
Asiavorator
They state this clade is a sister taxon to the extant Feliformia excluding the Nandiniidae. The oldest known fossils of ...
Alagtsavbaatar
They state this clade is a sister taxon to the extant Feliformia excluding the Nandiniidae. The known fossils of Alagtsavbaatar ...
Reginald Innes Pocock
In 1929, he proposed the family Nandiniidae, with the genus Nandinia as its sole member. He argued that it differs from the ...
African palm civet
In 1929, Reginald Innes Pocock proposed the family Nandiniidae, with the genus Nandinia as sole member. He argued that it ...
Civet
The African palm civet (Nandinia binotata) is genetically distinct and belongs in its own monotypic family, Nandiniidae. The ...
Feliformia
Family Nandiniidae (the African palm civet) has only one species (Nandinia binotata), extant across sub-Saharan Africa. They ... Nandiniidae Genus: †Alagtsavbaatar Genus: †Anictis Genus: †Asiavorator Genus: †Shandgolictis Superfamily: Feloidea Family: ...
Viverridae
... the Nandiniidae. There is little dispute that the Poiana species are viverrids. DNA analysis based on 29 Carnivora species, ...
List of mammals of Rwanda
Nandiniidae Genus: Nandinia African palm civet, Nandinia binotata LC Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Atilax Marsh ...
List of mammals of Tanzania
Nandiniidae Genus: Nandinia African palm civet, Nandinia binotata LC Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Atilax Marsh ...
List of mammals of Burundi
Nandiniidae Genus: Nandinia African palm civet, Nandinia binotata LC Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Mungos Banded ...
List of mammals of the Central African Republic
Nandiniidae Genus: Nandinia African palm civet, N. binotata LC Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Crossarchus Alexander's ...
List of mammals of Cameroon
Nandiniidae Genus: Nandinia African palm civet, Nandinia binotata LC Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Atilax Marsh ...
List of mammals of Guinea
Nandiniidae Genus: Nandinia African palm civet, Nandinia binotata LC Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Herpestes Egyptian ...
List of mammals of Kenya
Nandiniidae Genus: Nandinia African palm civet, N. binotata LC Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Atilax Marsh mongoose, A ...
List of mammals of Angola
Nandiniidae Genus: Nandinia African palm civet, Nandinia binotata LC Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Atilax Marsh ...
Mammal classification
... aardwolf Family Nandiniidae: African palm civets Suborder Caniformia Family †Miacidae Infraorder Cynoidea Family Canidae: dogs ... Suborder Feliformia Family Nandiniidae: (4 species) African palm civet (Central Africa) Family Prionodontidae: (2 species) ... Family Nandiniidae (African palm civet) Family Herpestidae (mongooses) Family Hyaenidae (hyaenas, aardwolf) Family Canidae ( ...
List of mammals of Sierra Leone
Nandiniidae Genus: Nandinia African palm civet, Nandinia binotata LC Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Atilax Marsh ...
List of mammals of Sudan
Nandiniidae Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Atilax Marsh mongoose, Atilax paludinosus LC Genus: Helogale Common dwarf ...
List of mammals of Malawi
Nandiniidae Genus: Nandinia African palm civet, Nandinia binotata LC Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Atilax Marsh ...
List of mammals of Zambia
Nandiniidae Genus: Nandinia African palm civet, Nandinia binotata LC Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Atilax Marsh ...
List of mammals of South Sudan
Nandiniidae Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Atilax Marsh mongoose, Atilax paludinosus LC Genus: Helogale Common dwarf ...
List of mammals of Liberia
Nandiniidae Genus: Nandinia African palm civet, Nandinia binotata LC Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Atilax Marsh ...
List of mammals of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Nandiniidae Genus: Nandinia African palm civet, N. binotata LC Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Atilax Marsh mongoose, A ...
List of mammals of the Republic of the Congo
Nandiniidae Genus: Nandinia African palm civet, N. binotata LC Family: Herpestidae Genus: Bdeogale Black-footed mongoose, B. ...
List of tetrapod families
Family Nandiniidae (African palm civet) Family Prionodontidae (Asiatic linsangs) Family Felidae (domestic cats, leopards, ...
Carnivora
The other small carnivoran families Nandiniidae, Prionodontidae, Viverridae, Herpestidae, Eupleridae, Mephitidae and Mustelidae ...
List of prehistoric mammals
Protictitherium Genus Ictitherium Genus Chasmaporthetes Genus Adcrocuta Genus Pachycrocuta Genus Percrocuta Family Nandiniidae ...
List of mammals of Equatorial Guinea
Nandiniidae Genus: Nandinia African palm civet, Nandinia binotata LR/lc Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Atilax Marsh ...
Category:Families of Mammalia - Wikimedia Commons
nowiki,ကဏ္ဍ:နို့တိုက်သတ္တဝါ မျိုးရင်းများ; Categoría:Families de mamíferos; Категория:Семейства млекопитающих; Категория:Һөтимәрҙәр ғаиләләре; Categori:Teuluoedd o famaliaid; Category:Mammal families; Կատեգորիա:Կաթնասունների ընտանիքներ; Kategory:Sûchdierefamylje; Kategori:Memeliler familyaları; زمرہ:ممالیہ خاندان; קטגוריה:משפחות יונקים; श्रेणी:स्तनधारी कुल; Category:Mammal families; பகுப்பு:பாலூட்டிக் குடும்பங்கள்; Ronney:Kynneeyn sheeintagh; বিষয়শ্রেণী:স্তন্যপায়ী পরিবার; Catégorie:Famille de mammifères (nom scientifique); Категори:Сĕтпе ӳсекенсен йышĕсем; Kategorii:Imetaiživatoiden sugukundad; Categoria:Famílias de ...
Raccoon - New World Encyclopedia
Handbook of the Mammals of the World - Wikipedia
Kûgar - Wîkîpediya
African civet - Africa Geographic
Felidae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
All felids share a broadly similar set of vocalisations, but with some variation between species. In particular, the pitch of calls varies, with larger species producing deeper sounds; overall, the frequency of felid calls ranges between 50 and 10,000 hertz. All felids are able to spit, hiss, growl, snarl, and mew. The first four sounds are all used in an aggressive context. The spitting sound is a sudden burst, typically used when making threats, especially towards other species. The hiss is a prolonged, atonal sound used in close range to other members of the species, when the animal is uncertain whether to attack or retreat. Growling is used to indicate a willingness to attack, while the higher-pitched snarl is used when adopting a defensive posture. The mewing sound may be used either as a close-contact call, typically between a mother and kittens, or as a louder, longer distance call, primarily during the mating season. The acoustic properties of the mew vary somewhat between different ...
Tiger
In the 1990s, a new approach to tiger conservation was developed: Tiger Conservation Units (TCUs), which are blocks of habitat that have the potential to host tiger populations in 15 habitat types within five bioregions. Altogether 143 TCUs were identified and prioritized based on size and integrity of habitat, poaching pressure and population status. They range in size from 33 to 155,829 km2 (13 to 60,166 sq mi).[120]. In 2016, an estimate of a global wild tiger population of approximately 3,890 individuals was presented during the Third Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation.[117][121] The WWF subsequently declared that the worlds count of wild tigers had risen for the first time in a century.[122]. Major threats to the tiger include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching for fur and body parts, which have simultaneously greatly reduced tiger populations in the wild.[1] In India, only 11% of the historical tiger habitat remains due to habitat fragmentation.[123] ...
Cottoradunol (Carnivora) - Wikipedia
Nandinia binotata by Margot Michaud (CC0 1.0) - PhyloPic
Pesquisa | Portal Regional da BVS
Canids of the World Wolves, Wild Dogs, Foxes - DocsLib
Zalophus californianus - Society for Marine Mammalogy
Before mating begins, females gather into "milling" groups of 2-20 individuals. The females in these groups will mount each other as well as the males. These groups begin to disintegrate as the females begin to mate.[4] The territorial and mating system of the California sea lion has been described as similar to a lek system, as females appear to choose their mates while moving through different territories.[32] They avoid males that are too aggressive or energetic. Males are usually unable to prevent females from leaving their territories,[4] particularly in water.[33] Mating may occur outside the rookeries, between non-territorial males and females, as the latter move to and from the mating site. In some rookeries, copulation may be monopolized by a few males, while at others, a single male may sire no more than four pups.[33] Female California sea lions have a 12-month reproductive cycle, consisting of a 9-month actual gestation and a 3-month delayed implantation of the fertilized egg before ...
DeCS 2019 - June 12, 2019 version
Viverridae - Wikipedia
Giant Panda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Previously a problem to reproduction, pandas lose their interest in mating once in captivity. This has led some scientists to try extreme methods such as showing pandas videos of mating pandas[29] and giving male pandas Viagra.[30] The primary reproduction method had been artificial insemination.[31] Only recently have researchers begun to have success with captive breeding programs and have determined that pandas have comparable breeding to some populations of the American Black Bear, a thriving bear family. The current reproductive rate is considered one young every two years.[7][14]. Pandas reach sexual maturity between the ages of 4 and 8, and may be reproductive until age 20.[32] The mating season takes place between March and May, when a female goes into her estrous cycle which lasts for 2 or 3 days and only occurs once a year.[33] During this time, two to five males can compete for one female; the male with the highest rank gets the female[dubious - discuss]. When mating, the female is in ...
DeCS 2019 - June 12, 2019 version
DeCS 2007 - New terms
DeCS 2018 - July 31, 2018 version
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DeCS 2007 - New terms
DeCS 2007 - New terms
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DeCS 2017 - July 04, 2017 version
DeCS 2007 - New terms
DeCS 2007 - New terms
CSVColl Portal Image Library
African2
- Groups covered in this volume are: African palm civet (Nandiniidae). (wikipedia.org)
- Despite its common name, the African palm civet is only very distantly related to African civets and belongs to an entirely different family - the Nandiniidae. (africageographic.com)