The most common types of mycoses include:

1. Ringworm: This is a common fungal infection that causes a ring-shaped rash on the skin. It can affect any part of the body, including the arms, legs, torso, and face.
2. Athlete's foot: This is a common fungal infection that affects the feet, causing itching, redness, and cracking of the skin.
3. Jock itch: This is a fungal infection that affects the groin area and inner thighs, causing itching, redness, and cracking of the skin.
4. Candidiasis: This is a fungal infection caused by Candida, a type of yeast. It can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth, throat, and vagina.
5. Aspergillosis: This is a serious fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, sinuses, and brain.

Symptoms of mycoses can vary depending on the type of infection and the severity of the infection. Common symptoms include itching, redness, swelling, and cracking of the skin. Treatment for mycoses usually involves antifungal medications, which can be applied topically or taken orally. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Preventive measures for mycoses include practicing good hygiene, avoiding sharing personal items such as towels and clothing, and using antifungal medications as prescribed by a healthcare professional. Early diagnosis and treatment of mycoses can help prevent complications and reduce the risk of transmission to others.

These types of infections can be mild or severe and can have a significant impact on public health. For example, tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that affects the lungs and can be transmitted through airborne droplets, while candidiasis is a fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, mouth, and vagina.

Bacterial infections and mycoses can be treated with antibiotics or antifungal medications, but some types of infections can be resistant to treatment, making them difficult to manage. It is important to identify the specific cause of an infection and to take appropriate steps to prevent its spread, such as practicing good hygiene, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and following proper infection control procedures in healthcare settings.

Prevention and Control:

1. Practice good hygiene: Wash your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or before eating.

2. Avoid close contact with people who are sick: Keep a distance from people who have infections, especially if they have a contagious infection like tuberculosis or strep throat.

3. Follow proper infection control procedures in healthcare settings: Healthcare providers should follow strict infection control guidelines when caring for patients with infections, including wearing gloves and masks, cleaning equipment and surfaces thoroughly, and properly disposing of medical waste.

4. Get vaccinated: Vaccines can help prevent some types of bacterial infections, such as pneumococcal disease and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease.

5. Use antibiotics wisely: Antibiotics should only be used to treat bacterial infections, not viral infections. Overuse or misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of drug-resistant bacteria, making infections harder to treat.

6. Practice safe sex: Using condoms and other forms of barrier protection can help prevent the spread of some types of infections, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea.

7. Avoid sharing personal items: Sharing personal items, such as towels or drinking glasses, can spread infections from one person to another.

8. Properly store and prepare food: Improper food storage and preparation can lead to the growth of harmful bacteria, such as E. coli and Salmonella.

9. Keep wounds clean and covered: Properly cleaning and covering wounds can help prevent infection and promote healing.

10. Get regular check-ups: Regular health check-ups can help identify infections early, when they are easier to treat.

By following these steps, you can help prevent the spread of bacterial infections and keep yourself and others healthy. It's important to remember that not all infections can be prevented, but taking these precautions can greatly reduce your risk of getting sick.

Also found in: Medical, Encyclopedia.

Examples from the web for 'dermatomycoses'

Some common types of dermatomycoses include athlete's foot and jock itch.

Scientific American, 25 Mar. 2019.

Topical antifungal medications are effective against most types of dermatomycoses.

Britannica.com: encyclopedia article about dermatomycoses.

This condition is caused by a type of fungus that affects the skin, known as dermatomycoses.

Mayo Clinic, 01 Mar. 2020.

The symptoms of coccidioidomycosis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the individual's immune response. Some people may experience mild symptoms, such as fever, cough, and fatigue, while others may develop more severe symptoms, including pneumonia, meningitis, and bone or skin infections. Skin lesions and rashes are also common.

Diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment may involve antifungal medications and supportive care to manage symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention is key in avoiding coccidioidomycosis, which includes avoiding areas with high concentrations of the fungus, using respiratory protection when working in areas where the fungus is present, and taking antifungal medications prophylactically for those who are at high risk.

Prognosis for coccidioidomycosis is generally good for those with mild infections, but can be poor for those with severe infections or underlying conditions such as HIV/AIDS or cancer. Long-term effects of the infection can include lung scarring and joint damage.

The fungi enter the body through traumatic inoculation or inhalation of spores, and may cause a chronic inflammatory response that leads to the formation of granulomas. The hallmark of chromoblastomycosis is the presence of histopathologically distinctive yeast-like structures called "chromoblasts" within the granulomas. These chromoblasts are typically blue-green or bluish-black in color due to the accumulation of melanin.

The clinical presentation of chromoblastomycosis can vary depending on the location and extent of the infection, but may include skin lesions, lymphadenopathy, fever, fatigue, and weight loss. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical findings, radiographic imaging (e.g., chest X-ray or CT scan), and histopathologic examination of tissue samples. Treatment typically involves surgical excision of affected tissues, antifungal therapy, and management of associated complications such as inflammation and fibrosis.

Here are 10 key points to remember about histoplasmosis:

1) Histoplasmosis is a fungal disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.
2) It primarily affects the lungs and can disseminate to other organs.
3) Inhalation of spores from contaminated soil or bird droppings leads to infection.
4) Symptoms range from mild to severe, including fever, cough, chest pain, fatigue, and difficulty breathing.
5) Diagnosis is based on clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies.
6) Treatment is primarily supportive, with antifungal medications for severe cases.
7) Prevention includes avoiding exposure to contaminated environments and wearing protective clothing during cleanup or construction activities.
8) Histoplasmosis has a global distribution and is found in many parts of the United States.
9) It is an important occupational hazard for workers involved in construction, mining, and agriculture.
10) In severe cases, histoplasmosis can lead to chronic lung disease, heart problems, and meningitis.

The fungus is found in soil and water and is typically contracted through the inhalation of contaminated dust or the ingestion of contaminated food or water. The symptoms of blastomycosis can vary depending on the severity of the infection, but may include:

* Fever
* Cough
* Shortness of breath
* Skin lesions
* Joint pain
* Swollen lymph nodes

In severe cases, blastomycosis can lead to life-threatening complications such as respiratory failure, cardiovascular problems, and meningitis.

Diagnosis of blastomycosis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, which can be effective in resolving symptoms and preventing complications. However, the disease can be challenging to diagnose and treat, and long-term follow-up is often necessary to ensure that the infection has been fully cleared.

Preventive measures for blastomycosis include avoiding contact with contaminated soil and water, wearing protective clothing and equipment when working outdoors in areas where the fungus is prevalent, and taking antifungal medications as prescribed by a healthcare provider. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to preventing severe complications and improving outcomes for patients with blastomycosis.

The disease typically presents with symptoms such as fever, cough, fatigue, weight loss, and night sweats, and can progress to severe respiratory, cutaneous, and disseminated forms if left untreated. The infection is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, radiological studies, and laboratory tests such as PCR and culture.

Treatment options for paracoccidioidomycosis include antifungal medications such as amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole, which are often associated with significant side effects and variable efficacy. Surgical debulking may also be considered in certain cases.

The prognosis for paracoccidioidomycosis is generally poor, especially in advanced stages of the disease, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. However, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can improve outcomes.

If left untreated, sporotrichosis can progress to more serious complications such as bone infections, meningitis, or other life-threatening conditions. Treatment typically involves the use of antifungal medications and surgical debridement of infected tissue.

Sporotrichosis has been associated with a number of risk factors including rural living, outdoor work, and contact with soil or contaminated objects. In some cases, sporotrichosis may also be transmitted through inhalation of fungal spores.

Prevention measures include avoiding activities that involve exposure to soil or other potential sources of the fungus, wearing protective clothing and equipment when working outdoors, and taking precautions such as washing hands regularly to reduce the risk of infection.

The symptoms of aspergillosis depend on the location and severity of the infection. In the lungs, it may cause coughing, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. In the sinuses, it can cause headaches, facial pain, and nasal congestion. In the brain, it can cause seizures, confusion, and weakness.

Aspergillosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans, along with a biopsy to confirm the presence of Aspergillus fungi.

Treatment of aspergillosis depends on the severity and location of the infection. In mild cases, treatment may involve antifungal medications and supportive care such as oxygen therapy and pain management. In severe cases, treatment may require hospitalization and intravenous antifungal medications.

Preventive measures for aspergillosis include avoiding exposure to dusty or damp environments, managing chronic conditions such as asthma and COPD, and taking antifungal medications as prescribed.

Aspergillosis can be a serious condition, especially in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with cancer, HIV/AIDS, or taking immunosuppressive drugs. In severe cases, aspergillosis can lead to life-threatening complications such as respiratory failure, sepsis, and organ damage.

In conclusion, aspergillosis is a common fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, and it can be serious and potentially life-threatening, especially in people with weakened immune systems. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

1. Zygomycosis is a rare and opportunistic fungal infection caused by members of the order Ophiostomatales, which primarily affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues, but can also disseminate to other organs and cause severe systemic disease.
2. Zygomycosis is a type of deep mycosis that is characterized by the presence of broad, flat pseudohyphae and/or thick-walled spherules in the infected tissue, typically seen on histopathological examination.
3. Zygomycosis is an invasive fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, soft tissues, bones, and organs, and is often associated with underlying conditions such as diabetes, immunodeficiency, or malignancy.
4. Zygomycosis is a rare and aggressive fungal infection that can cause significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent progression of the disease.

Types of candidiasis:

1. Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC): a common infection that affects the vagina and vulva; symptoms include itching, burning, and abnormal discharge.
2. Oral thrush (OT): an infection that affects the mouth, often seen in infants and people with weakened immune systems; symptoms include white patches on the tongue and inside the cheeks.
3. Invasive candidiasis (IC): a severe infection that can spread throughout the body, often seen in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy; symptoms include fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
4. Candidal balanitis: an infection of the foreskin and glans of the penis; symptoms include redness, swelling, and pain.
5. Diaper rash: a common skin infection that affects infants who wear diapers; symptoms include redness, swelling, and irritability.

Causes and risk factors:

1. Overgrowth of Candida fungus due to an imbalance of the normal flora.
2. Use of antibiotics or steroids that can disrupt the balance of the body's natural flora.
3. Weakened immune system, such as in people with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy.
4. Poor hygiene and sanitation.
5. Diabetes mellitus.
6. Pregnancy.
7. Obesity.

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination and medical history.
2. Microscopic examination of a scraping or biopsy specimen.
3. Cultures of skin, blood, or other body fluids.
4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other molecular diagnostic techniques to detect the presence of the fungus.

Treatment:

1. Topical antifungal medications, such as clotrimazole, miconazole, or terbinafine, applied directly to the affected area.
2. Oral antifungal medications, such as fluconazole or itraconazole, for more severe infections or those that do not respond to topical treatment.
3. Antibiotics if there is a secondary bacterial infection.
4. Supportive care, such as pain management and wound care.
5. Proper hygiene and sanitation practices.
6. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous antifungal medications and close monitoring.

Prevention:

1. Practice good hygiene and sanitation.
2. Avoid sharing personal items, such as towels or clothing.
3. Wash hands before touching the affected area.
4. Keep the affected area clean and dry.
5. Use of antifungal powders or sprays on the affected area.
6. Avoid using harsh soaps or cleansers that can irritate the skin.
7. Wear shoes in public areas to prevent exposure to fungal spores.
8. Avoid sharing bathing or showering facilities with others.
9. Dry thoroughly after bathing or swimming.
10. Use of antifungal medications as a prophylactic measure in high-risk individuals, such as those with weakened immune systems.

It's important to note that the best treatment and prevention strategies will depend on the specific type of fungus causing the infection, as well as the severity and location of the infection. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

In IPA, the Aspergillus fungus invades the lungs and can cause inflammation, bleeding, and scarring. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. If left untreated, IPA can lead to respiratory failure and death.

IPA is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and bronchoscopy, as well as through laboratory tests that detect the presence of Aspergillus antigens or DNA in the body.

Treatment of IPA typically involves antifungal medications, such as voriconazole or caspofungin, which are given intravenously for several weeks. In severe cases, hospitalization and supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation, may be necessary.

Prevention of IPA is challenging, but efforts to reduce the risk include avoiding exposure to Aspergillus spores, managing underlying conditions that weaken the immune system, and promptly treating any respiratory infections that occur. Early detection and treatment of IPA can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications and death.

A type of meningitis caused by a fungal infection. Fungal meningitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can occur when fungi enter the bloodstream and spread to the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meninges).

The most common types of fungi that cause fungal meningitis are Aspergillus, Candida, and Cryptococcus. These fungi can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and contaminated food. People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs, are at a higher risk of developing fungal meningitis.

Symptoms of fungal meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, and confusion. If left untreated, fungal meningitis can lead to serious complications such as brain damage, hearing loss, and seizures. Treatment typically involves the use of antifungal medications, and in severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or relieve pressure on the brain.

Preventive measures for fungal meningitis include avoiding exposure to fungal sources, practicing good hygiene, and taking antifungal medications as prescribed by a healthcare professional. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical in preventing serious complications and improving outcomes for patients with fungal meningitis.

Examples of OIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): A type of pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii, which is commonly found in the lungs of individuals with HIV/AIDS.
2. Cryptococcosis: A fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, which can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, central nervous system, and skin.
3. Aspergillosis: A fungal infection caused by Aspergillus fungi, which can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, sinuses, and brain.
4. Histoplasmosis: A fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, which is commonly found in the soil and can cause respiratory and digestive problems.
5. Candidiasis: A fungal infection caused by Candida albicans, which can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, mouth, throat, and vagina.
6. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can affect various parts of the body, including the brain, eyes, and lymph nodes.
7. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
8. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV): A viral infection that can cause various types of cancer, including Kaposi's sarcoma, which is more common in individuals with compromised immunity.

The diagnosis and treatment of OIs depend on the specific type of infection and its severity. Treatment may involve antibiotics, antifungals, or other medications, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. It is important for individuals with HIV/AIDS to receive prompt and appropriate treatment for OIs to help prevent the progression of their disease and improve their quality of life.

The symptoms of cryptococcosis vary depending on the location and severity of the infection. In lung infections, patients may experience fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. In CNS infections, patients may experience headaches, confusion, seizures, and loss of coordination. Skin infections can cause skin lesions, and eye infections can cause vision problems.

Cryptococcosis is diagnosed by culturing the fungus from body fluids or tissue samples. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B or fluconazole, which may be given intravenously or orally, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be required to remove infected tissue or repair damaged organs.

Preventive measures for cryptococcosis include avoiding exposure to fungal spores, practicing good hygiene, and maintaining a healthy immune system. For individuals with HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral therapy can help reduce the risk of developing cryptococcosis.

Overall, while rare, cryptococcosis is a serious opportunistic infection that can affect individuals with compromised immune systems. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

The symptoms of mycetoma can vary depending on the type of pathogen causing the infection, but they typically include:

* Swelling and redness of the affected area
* Pain or tenderness to the touch
* Skin thickening and hardening
* Ulceration and discharge of pus
* Fever and malaise

Mycetoma can be difficult to diagnose, as the symptoms can be similar to those of other skin conditions. However, a biopsy of the affected tissue can help to confirm the diagnosis by revealing the presence of granulomas and the pathogen responsible for the infection.

Treatment of mycetoma typically involves antibiotics or antifungal medications, which can help to clear the infection and reduce symptoms. In severe cases, surgical debridement of the affected tissue may be necessary to remove the infected area.

Prevention of mycetoma is challenging, as it is often caused by environmental factors such as soil and water contamination. However, maintaining good wound care and hygiene practices can help to reduce the risk of infection. Early diagnosis and treatment can also help to prevent the spread of the infection and reduce the risk of complications.

Overall, mycetoma is a chronic and debilitating condition that can have a significant impact on quality of life. While it can be challenging to diagnose and treat, early detection and appropriate management can help to improve outcomes for patients affected by this condition.

The condition can affect anyone, but it is more common in older adults and people with certain underlying health conditions such as diabetes, circulatory problems, and immune deficiency disorders. It can also be a side effect of certain medications or a result of exposure to fungal spores in the environment.

There are several types of onychomycosis, including:

1. Distal lateral subungual onychomycosis: This is the most common type and affects the nails of the big toe and thumb.
2. Proximal subungual onychomycosis: This type affects the nails of the fingertips and toes.
3. White superficial onychomycosis: This type is characterized by a white, patchy appearance on the surface of the nail.
4. Candidal onychomycosis: This type is caused by a yeast infection and is more common in people with diabetes or compromised immune systems.

Onychomycosis can be diagnosed through a physical examination, medical history, and fungal cultures of the nail. Treatment options include topical creams and ointments, oral medications, and laser therapy. The best treatment approach depends on the severity and location of the infection, as well as the individual's overall health status.

Preventative measures for onychomycosis include keeping the nails clean and dry, avoiding sharing personal care items, wearing socks that absorb sweat, and using antifungal sprays or powders. Good hygiene practices and regular check-ups with a healthcare provider can also help prevent and manage onychomycosis.

Examples of AROIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): a type of pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii.
2. Tuberculosis (TB): a bacterial infection that can affect the lungs, brain, or other organs.
3. Toxoplasmosis: an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii that can affect the brain, eyes, and other organs.
4. Cryptococcosis: a fungal infection that can affect the lungs, brain, or skin.
5. Histoplasmosis: a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum that can affect the lungs, skin, and other organs.
6. Aspergillosis: a fungal infection caused by Aspergillus species that can affect the lungs, sinuses, and other organs.
7. Candidiasis: a fungal infection caused by Candida species that can affect the mouth, throat, vagina, or skin.
8. Kaposi's sarcoma: a type of cancer that is caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and can affect the skin and lymph nodes.
9. Wasting syndrome: a condition characterized by weight loss, fatigue, and diarrhea.
10. Opportunistic infections that can affect the gastrointestinal tract, such as cryptosporidiosis and isosporiasis.

AROIs are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with HIV/AIDS, and they can be prevented or treated with antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, and other interventions.

Types of fungal lung diseases include:

1. Aspergillosis: This is an infection caused by the fungus Aspergillus, which is commonly found in soil and decaying organic matter. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with cancer, HIV/AIDS, or taking immunosuppressive drugs.
2. Cryptococcosis: This is an infection caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, which is found in soil and decaying wood. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs.
3. Histoplasmosis: This is an infection caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which is found in soil and decaying organic matter. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs.
4. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): This is an infection caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii, which is found in soil and decaying organic matter. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs.
5. Sporotrichosis: This is an infection caused by the fungus Sporothrix schenckii, which is found in soil and decaying organic matter. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs.

Symptoms of fungal lung diseases can include:

* Cough
* Fever
* Chest pain
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue

Diagnosis of fungal lung diseases is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and fungal cultures. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications and may also include supportive care to manage symptoms.

Prevention of fungal lung diseases includes:

1. Avoiding exposure to fungal spores by wearing protective clothing and gear when working with soil or decaying organic matter.
2. Maintaining good indoor air quality by using ventilation systems and reducing humidity.
3. Reducing the risk of infection by avoiding close contact with people who are at high risk of developing fungal lung diseases, such as those with weakened immune systems.
4. Avoiding smoking and other tobacco products, which can increase the risk of developing fungal lung diseases.
5. Managing underlying medical conditions, such as HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs, to reduce the risk of developing fungal lung diseases.

A type of meningitis caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, which can be found in soil and decaying organic matter. The fungus is more common in areas with warm climates and poor air quality. It can cause a variety of symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, and mental confusion.

It is most commonly seen in people who have compromised immune systems (such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive medications), and the elderly. It can be diagnosed by analyzing a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for the presence of the fungus or its antigens, or through imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications and supportive care to manage symptoms.

Symptoms of neutropenia may include recurring infections, fever, fatigue, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes. The diagnosis is typically made through a blood test that measures the number of neutrophils in the blood.

Treatment options for neutropenia depend on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, supportive care to manage symptoms, and in severe cases, bone marrow transplantation or granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy to increase neutrophil production.

Hematologic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that affect the blood, bone marrow, or lymphatic system. These types of cancer can originate from various cell types, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and lymphoid cells.

There are several subtypes of hematologic neoplasms, including:

1. Leukemias: Cancers of the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, which can lead to an overproduction of immature or abnormal white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
2. Lymphomas: Cancers of the immune system, which can affect the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, or other organs. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
3. Multiple myeloma: A cancer of the plasma cells in the bone marrow that can lead to an overproduction of abnormal plasma cells.
4. Myeloproliferative neoplasms: Cancers that affect the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Examples include polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia.
5. Myelodysplastic syndromes: Cancers that affect the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, leading to an underproduction of normal blood cells.

The diagnosis of hematologic neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests (such as complete blood counts and bone marrow biopsies), and imaging studies (such as CT scans or PET scans). Treatment options for hematologic neoplasms depend on the specific type of cancer, the severity of the disease, and the overall health of the patient. These may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation, or targeted therapy with drugs that specifically target cancer cells.