A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.
A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts.
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.
The bovine variety of the tubercle bacillus. It is called also Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis.
A rapid-growing, nonphotochromogenic species of MYCOBACTERIUM originally isolated from human smegma and found also in soil and water. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.
Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: "first-line" agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and "second-line" drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy.
Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis.
A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily humans.
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.
So-called atypical species of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM that do not cause tuberculosis. They are also called tuberculoid bacilli, i.e.: M. buruli, M. chelonae, M. duvalii, M. flavescens, M. fortuitum, M. gilvum, M. gordonae, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX;), M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. obuense, M. scrofulaceum, M. szulgai, M. terrae, M. ulcerans, M. xenopi.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat TUBERCULOSIS.
A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that causes LEPROSY in man. Its organisms are generally arranged in clumps, rounded masses, or in groups of bacilli side by side.
A complex that includes several strains of M. avium. M. intracellulare is not easily distinguished from M. avium and therefore is included in the complex. These organisms are most frequently found in pulmonary secretions from persons with a tuberculous-like mycobacteriosis. Strains of this complex have also been associated with childhood lymphadenitis and AIDS; M. avium alone causes tuberculosis in a variety of birds and other animals, including pigs.
Infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (atypical mycobacteria): M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. scrofulaceum, M. flavescens, M. gordonae, M. obuense, M. gilvum, M. duvali, M. szulgai, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX;), M. xenopi (littorale), M. ulcerans, M. buruli, M. terrae, M. fortuitum (minetti, giae), M. chelonae.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.
A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent.
An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863)
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Substances obtained from various species of microorganisms that are, alone or in combination with other agents, of use in treating various forms of tuberculosis; most of these agents are merely bacteriostatic, induce resistance in the organisms, and may be toxic.
Material coughed up from the lungs and expectorated via the mouth. It contains MUCUS, cellular debris, and microorganisms. It may also contain blood or pus.
A moderate-growing, photochromogenic species found in aquariums, diseased fish, and swimming pools. It is the cause of cutaneous lesions and granulomas (swimming pool granuloma) in humans. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A rapid-growing, nonphotochromogenic species that is potentially pathogenic, producing lesions of lung, bone, or soft tissue following trauma. It has been found in soil and in injection sites of humans, cattle, and cold-blooded animals. (Dorland, 28th ed)
One of several skin tests to determine past or present tuberculosis infection. A purified protein derivative of the tubercle bacilli, called tuberculin, is introduced into the skin by scratch, puncture, or interdermal injection.
A slow-growing, photochromogenic species that is the etiologic agent of a tuberculosis-like disease in humans and is frequently isolated from human pulmonary secretions or tubercles. The incidence of infection is sharply increased among immunocompromised individuals. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria commonly found in soil and occasionally isolated from sputum. It causes postoperative wound infections as well as gluteal abscesses.
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.
Techniques used in studying bacteria.
An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.
Viruses whose host is one or more Mycobacterium species. They include both temperate and virulent types.
The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.
The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
Infection of the lymph nodes by tuberculosis. Tuberculous infection of the cervical lymph nodes is scrofula.
A subspecies of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. It is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease (PARATUBERCULOSIS), a chronic GASTROENTERITIS in RUMINANTS.
A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)
Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.
Tuberculosis of the skin. It includes scrofuloderma and tuberculid, but not LUPUS VULGARIS.
Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.
A saprophytic bacterium widely distributed in soil and dust and on plants.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.
A slow-growing mycobacterium that infects the skin and subcutaneous tissues, giving rise to indolent BURULI ULCER.
Tuberculosis of the bones or joints.
The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
Tuberculosis of the serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and surrounding the lungs.
A protein extracted from boiled culture of tubercle bacilli (MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS). It is used in the tuberculin skin test (TUBERCULIN TEST) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in asymptomatic persons.
TUBERCULOSIS that involves any region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, mostly in the distal ILEUM and the CECUM. In most cases, MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS is the pathogen. Clinical features include ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and palpable mass in the ileocecal area.
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.
Osteitis or caries of the vertebrae, usually occurring as a complication of tuberculosis of the lungs.
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.
Cyclic peptide antibiotic similar to VIOMYCIN. It is produced by Streptomyces capreolus.
Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.
The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
Tandem arrays of moderately repetitive, short (10-60 bases) DNA sequences which are found dispersed throughout the GENOME, at the ends of chromosomes (TELOMERES), and clustered near telomeres. Their degree of repetition is two to several hundred at each locus. Loci number in the thousands but each locus shows a distinctive repeat unit.
Infection of the spleen with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.
Tuberculosis of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges (TUBERCULOSIS, MENINGEAL), most often caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and rarely by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The infection may be limited to the nervous system or coexist in other organs (e.g., TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY). The organism tends to seed the meninges causing a diffuse meningitis and leads to the formation of TUBERCULOMA, which may occur within the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal spaces. Tuberculous involvement of the vertebral column (TUBERCULOSIS, SPINAL) may result in nerve root or spinal cord compression. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-20)
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.
The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
A non-tuberculous mycobacterium causing cervical lymphadenitis in children. It very rarely causes pulmonary disease, and is believed to be non-pathogenic in animals.
A general term for MYCOBACTERIUM infections of any part of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.
Membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles formed by invagination of phagocytized material. They fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes in which the hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome digest the phagocytized material.
Tuberculous infection of the eye, primarily the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.
Infection of the LIVER with species of MYCOBACTERIUM, most often MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. It is characterized by localized small tuberculous miliary lesions or tumor-like mass (TUBERCULOMA), and abnormalities in liver function tests.
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
Measurable quantity of bacteria in an object, organism, or organism compartment.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques used in the diagnosis of disease.
Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate.
Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)
Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
Copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome, some of which are still active and often referred to as "jumping genes". There are two classes of interspersed repetitive elements. Class I elements (or RETROELEMENTS - such as retrotransposons, retroviruses, LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS) transpose via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Class II elements (or DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS - such as transposons, Tn elements, insertion sequence elements and mobile gene cassettes of bacterial integrons) transpose directly from one site in the DNA to another.
A slow-growing, scotochromogenic species occurring usually harmlessly in human secretions but occasionally associated with chronic pulmonary disease. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The etiologic agent of rat leprosy, also known as murine leprosy.
The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A group I chaperonin protein that forms the barrel-like structure of the chaperonin complex. It is an oligomeric protein with a distinctive structure of fourteen subunits, arranged in two rings of seven subunits each. The protein was originally studied in BACTERIA where it is commonly referred to as GroEL protein.
Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.
The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
Identification of those persons (or animals) who have had such an association with an infected person, animal, or contaminated environment as to have had the opportunity to acquire the infection. Contact tracing is a generally accepted method for the control of sexually transmitted diseases.
A family of multisubunit protein complexes that form into large cylindrical structures which bind to and encapsulate non-native proteins. Chaperonins utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis to enhance the efficiency of PROTEIN FOLDING reactions and thereby help proteins reach their functional conformation. The family of chaperonins is split into GROUP I CHAPERONINS, and GROUP II CHAPERONINS, with each group having its own repertoire of protein subunits and subcellular preferences.
Using MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques, such as DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; and DNA FINGERPRINTING, to identify, classify, and compare organisms and their subtypes.
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.
A chronic GASTROENTERITIS in RUMINANTS caused by MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSPECIES PARATUBERCULOSIS.
A bacterial DNA topoisomerase II that catalyzes ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. Gyrase binds to DNA as a heterotetramer consisting of two A and two B subunits. In the presence of ATP, gyrase is able to convert the relaxed circular DNA duplex into a superhelix. In the absence of ATP, supercoiled DNA is relaxed by DNA gyrase.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619)
A treatment method in which patients are under direct observation when they take their medication or receive their treatment. This method is designed to reduce the risk of treatment interruption and to ensure patient compliance.
Laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of DNA or RNA from one original template.
A republic in southern Africa, the southernmost part of Africa. It has three capitals: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Officially the Republic of South Africa since 1960, it was called the Union of South Africa 1910-1960.
Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.
A group of ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS characterized by a chromophoric naphthohydroquinone group spanned by an aliphatic bridge not previously found in other known ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS. They have been isolated from fermentation broths of Streptomyces mediterranei.
A class of quinoline compounds defined by the presence of two aromatic ring structures which are attached via a side chain to carbon 3 of the qunolinyl structure. The two aromatic moieties are typically NAPTHALENE and BENZENE. Several compounds in this class are used as ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS.
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
Infection of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS with species of MYCOBACTERIUM, most often MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.
Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
Tuberculosis involving the larynx, producing ulceration of the VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA.
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
A family of hemoglobin-like proteins found in BACTERIA; PLANTS; and unicellular eukaryotes. Truncated hemoglobins are distantly related to vertebrate hemoglobins and are typically shorter than vertebrate hemoglobins by 20-40 residues.
An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.
A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
The use of devices which use detector molecules to detect, investigate, or analyze other molecules, macromolecules, molecular aggregates, or organisms.
A tumor-like mass resulting from the enlargement of a tuberculous lesion.
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in ACATALASIA.
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that causes granulomatous or ulcerating skin lesions in immunosuppressed persons. This organism owes its name to its requirement for growth of high levels of iron, conveniently supplied as blood, heme, or ferric ammonium citrate.
Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.
Granulomatous disorders affecting one or more sites in the respiratory tract.
Any technique by which an unknown color is evaluated in terms of standard colors. The technique may be visual, photoelectric, or indirect by means of spectrophotometry. It is used in chemistry and physics. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Burrowing, chiefly nocturnal mammals of the family Dasypodidae having bodies and heads encased in small bony plates. They are widely distributed in the warmer parts of the Americas.
Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.
The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Tuberculosis of the mouth, tongue, and salivary glands.
A broad-spectrum antibiotic that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in HIV-positive patients.
A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.
A family of gram-positive bacteria found in soil and dairy products and as parasites on animals and man. Several are important pathogens.
A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.
A group of QUINOLONES with at least one fluorine atom and a piperazinyl group.
Procedures for collecting, preserving, and transporting of specimens sufficiently stable to provide accurate and precise results suitable for clinical interpretation.
A pattern recognition receptor that forms heterodimers with other TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS. It interacts with multiple ligands including PEPTIDOGLYCAN, bacterial LIPOPROTEINS, lipoarabinomannan, and a variety of PORINS.
A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217)
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. It is a cytochrome protein that contains IRON and MOLYBDENUM.
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
Incorrect diagnoses after clinical examination or technical diagnostic procedures.
The assay of INTERFERON-GAMMA released from lymphocytes after their exposure to a specific test antigen, to check for IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY resulting from a previous exposure to the antigen. The amount of interferon-gamma released is usually assayed by an ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY.
Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.
Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.
Polysaccharides composed of repeating galactose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.
A form of PERITONITIS seen in patients with TUBERCULOSIS, characterized by lesion either as a miliary form or as a pelvic mass on the peritoneal surfaces. Most patients have ASCITES, abdominal swelling, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and other systemic symptoms such as FEVER; WEIGHT LOSS; and ANEMIA.
Immunologic techniques involved in diagnosis.
Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.
The process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants.
Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellant agents.
Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
Six-membered heterocycles containing an oxygen and a nitrogen.
An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible DEAMINATION of L-ALANINE to PYRUVATE and AMMONIA. The enzyme is needed for growth when ALANINE is the sole CARBON or NITROGEN source. It may also play a role in CELL WALL synthesis because L-ALANINE is an important constituent of the PEPTIDOGLYCAN layer.
The process of leaving one's country to establish residence in a foreign country.
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
The study of disease in prehistoric times as revealed in bones, mummies, and archaeologic artifacts.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.
Simultaneous resistance to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs.
Round, granular, mononuclear phagocytes found in the alveoli of the lungs. They ingest small inhaled particles resulting in degradation and presentation of the antigen to immunocompetent cells.
Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.
A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.
Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).

Cell-mediated immunity: dealing a direct blow to pathogens. (1/9979)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are essential for defence against viral infections. Recent data demonstrating direct killing of intracellular bacteria by granulysin, a protein released from the granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, emphasize the contribution of these lymphocytes to the control of tuberculosis.  (+info)

Surfactant protein A suppresses reactive nitrogen intermediates by alveolar macrophages in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (2/9979)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis attaches to, enters, and replicates within alveolar macrophages (AMs). Our previous studies suggest that surfactant protein A (SP-A) can act as a ligand in the attachment of M. tuberculosis to AMs. Reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNIs) play a significant role in the killing of mycobacteria. We have demonstrated that RNI levels generated by AMs were significantly increased when interferon-gamma-primed AMs were incubated with M. tuberculosis. However, the RNI levels were significantly suppressed in the presence of SP-A (10 microg/ml). The specificity of SP-A's effect was demonstrated by the use of F(ab')2 fragments of anti-SP-A monoclonal antibodies and by the use of mannosyl-BSA, which blocked the suppression of RNI levels by SP-A. Furthermore, incubation of deglycosylated SP-A with M. tuberculosis failed to suppress RNI by AMs, suggesting that the oligosaccharide component of SP-A, which binds to M. tuberculosis, is necessary for this effect. These results show that SP-A-mediated binding of M. tuberculosis to AMs significantly decreased RNI levels, suggesting that this may be one mechanism by which M. tuberculosis diminishes the cytotoxic response of activated AMs.  (+info)

Tuberculosis outbreaks in prison housing units for HIV-infected inmates--California, 1995-1996. (3/9979)

During 1995-1996, staff from the California departments of corrections and health services and local health departments investigated two outbreaks of drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB). The outbreaks occurred in two state correctional institutions with dedicated HIV housing units. In each outbreak, all cases were linked by IS6110-based DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. This report describes the investigations of both outbreaks; the findings indicated that M. tuberculosis can spread rapidly among HIV-infected inmates and be transmitted to their visitors and prison employees, with secondary spread to the community.  (+info)

Influence of sampling on estimates of clustering and recent transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis derived from DNA fingerprinting techniques. (4/9979)

The availability of DNA fingerprinting techniques for Mycobacterium tuberculosis has led to attempts to estimate the extent of recent transmission in populations, using the assumption that groups of tuberculosis patients with identical isolates ("clusters") are likely to reflect recently acquired infections. It is never possible to include all cases of tuberculosis in a given population in a study, and the proportion of isolates found to be clustered will depend on the completeness of the sampling. Using stochastic simulation models based on real and hypothetical populations, the authors demonstrate the influence of incomplete sampling on the estimates of clustering obtained. The results show that as the sampling fraction increases, the proportion of isolates identified as clustered also increases and the variance of the estimated proportion clustered decreases. Cluster size is also important: the underestimation of clustering for any given sampling fraction is greater, and the variability in the results obtained is larger, for populations with small clusters than for those with the same number of individuals arranged in large clusters. A considerable amount of caution should be used in interpreting the results of studies on clustering of M. tuberculosis isolates, particularly when sampling fractions are small.  (+info)

A train passenger with pulmonary tuberculosis: evidence of limited transmission during travel. (5/9979)

In January 1996, smear- and culture-positive tuberculosis (TB) was diagnosed for a 22-year-old black man after he had traveled on two U.S. passenger trains (29.1 hours) and a bus (5.5 hours) over 2 days. To determine if transmission had occurred, passengers and crew were notified of the potential exposure and instructed to undergo a tuberculin skin test (TST). Of the 240 persons who completed screening, 4 (2%) had a documented TST conversion (increase in induration of > or = 10 mm between successive TSTs), 11 (5%) had a single positive TST (> or = 10 mm), and 225 (94%) had a negative TST (< 10 mm). For two persons who underwent conversion, no other risk factors for a conversion were identified other than exposure to the ill passenger during train and/or bus travel. These findings support limited transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a potentially highly infectious passenger to other persons during extended train and bus travel.  (+info)

Site-directed spin labeling study of subunit interactions in the alpha-crystallin domain of small heat-shock proteins. Comparison of the oligomer symmetry in alphaA-crystallin, HSP 27, and HSP 16.3. (6/9979)

Site-directed spin labeling was used to investigate quaternary interactions along a conserved sequence in the alpha-crystallin domain of alphaA-crystallin, heat-shock protein 27 (HSP 27), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat-shock protein (HSP 16.3). In previous work, it was demonstrated that this sequence in alphaA-crystallin and HSP 27 forms a beta-strand involved in subunit contacts. In this study, the symmetry and geometry of the resulting interface were investigated. For this purpose, the pattern of spin-spin interactions was analyzed, and the number of interacting spins was determined in alphaA-crystallin and HSP 27. The results reveal a 2-fold symmetric interface consisting of two beta-strands interacting near their N termini in an antiparallel fashion. Remarkably, subunit interactions along this interface persist when the alpha-crystallin domains are expressed in isolation. Because this domain in alphaA-crystallin forms dimers and tetramers, it is inferred that interactions along this interface mediate the formation of a basic dimeric unit. In contrast, in HSP 16.3, spin-spin interactions are observed at only one site near the C terminus of the sequence. Furthermore, cysteine substitutions at residues flanking the N terminus resulted in the dissociation of the oligomeric structure. Analysis of the spin-spin interactions and size exclusion chromatography indicates a 3-fold symmetric interface. Taken together, our results demonstrate that subunit interactions in the alpha-crystallin domain of mammalian small heat-shock proteins assemble a basic building block of the oligomeric structure. Sequence divergence in this domain results in variations in the size and symmetry of the quaternary structure between distant members of the small heat-shock protein family.  (+info)

Comparison of synonymous codon distribution patterns of bacteriophage and host genomes. (7/9979)

Synonymous codon usage patterns of bacteriophage and host genomes were compared. Two indexes, G + C base composition of a gene (fgc) and fraction of translationally optimal codons of the gene (fop), were used in the comparison. Synonymous codon usage data of all the coding sequences on a genome are represented as a cloud of points in the plane of fop vs. fgc. The Escherichia coli coding sequences appear to exhibit two phases, "rising" and "flat" phases. Genes that are essential for survival and are thought to be native are located in the flat phase, while foreign-type genes from prophages and transposons are found in the rising phase with a slope of nearly unity in the fgc vs. fop plot. Synonymous codon distribution patterns of genes from temperate phages P4, P2, N15 and lambda are similar to the pattern of E. coli rising phase genes. In contrast, genes from the virulent phage T7 or T4, for which a phage-encoded DNA polymerase is identified, fall in a linear curve with a slope of nearly zero in the fop vs. fgc plane. These results may suggest that the G + C contents for T7, T4 and E. coli flat phase genes are subject to the directional mutation pressure and are determined by the DNA polymerase used in the replication. There is significant variation in the fop values of the phage genes, suggesting an adjustment to gene expression level. Similar analyses of codon distribution patterns were carried out for Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their phages with complete genomic sequences available.  (+info)

Fluoroquinolone action against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: effects of a C-8 methoxyl group on survival in liquid media and in human macrophages. (8/9979)

When the lethal action of a C-8 methoxyl fluoroquinolone against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in liquid medium was measured, the compound was found to be three to four times more effective (as determined by measuring the 90% lethal dose) than a C-8-H control fluoroquinolone or ciprofloxacin against cells having a wild-type gyrA (gyrase) gene. Against ciprofloxacin-resistant strains, the C-8 methoxyl group enhanced lethality when alanine was replaced by valine at position 90 of the GyrA protein or when aspartic acid 94 was replaced by glycine, histidine, or tyrosine. During infection of a human macrophage model by wild-type Mycobacterium bovis BCG, the C-8 methoxyl group lowered survival 20- to 100-fold compared with the same concentration of a C-8-H fluoroquinolone. The C-8 methoxyl fluoroquinolone was also more effective than ciprofloxacin against a gyrA Asn94 mutant of M. bovis BCG. In an M. tuberculosis-macrophage system the C-8 methoxyl group improved fluoroquinolone action against both quinolone-susceptible and quinolone-resistant clinical isolates. Thus, a C-8 methoxyl group enhances the bactericidal activity of quinolones with N1-cyclopropyl substitutions; these data encourage further refinement of fluoroquinolones as antituberculosis agents.  (+info)

There are two main forms of TB:

1. Active TB: This is the form of the disease where the bacteria are actively growing and causing symptoms such as coughing, fever, chest pain, and fatigue. Active TB can be contagious and can spread to others if not treated properly.
2. Latent TB: This is the form of the disease where the bacteria are present in the body but are not actively growing or causing symptoms. People with latent TB do not feel sick and are not contagious, but they can still become sick with active TB if their immune system is weakened.

TB is a major public health concern, especially in developing countries where access to healthcare may be limited. The disease is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical imaging, and laboratory tests such as skin tests or blood tests. Treatment for TB typically involves a course of antibiotics, which can be effective in curing the disease if taken properly. However, drug-resistant forms of TB have emerged in some parts of the world, making treatment more challenging.

Preventive measures against TB include:

1. Vaccination with BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine, which can provide some protection against severe forms of the disease but not against latent TB.
2. Avoiding close contact with people who have active TB, especially if they are coughing or sneezing.
3. Practicing good hygiene, such as covering one's mouth when coughing or sneezing and regularly washing hands.
4. Getting regular screenings for TB if you are in a high-risk group, such as healthcare workers or people with weakened immune systems.
5. Avoiding sharing personal items such as towels, utensils, or drinking glasses with people who have active TB.

Overall, while TB is a serious disease that can be challenging to treat and prevent, with the right measures in place, it is possible to reduce its impact on public health and improve outcomes for those affected by the disease.

Pulmonary tuberculosis typically affects the lungs but can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the brain, kidneys, or spine. The symptoms of pulmonary TB include coughing for more than three weeks, chest pain, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

Pulmonary tuberculosis is diagnosed by a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and radiologic imaging, such as chest X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans. Treatment for pulmonary TB usually involves a combination of antibiotics and medications to manage symptoms.

Preventive measures for pulmonary tuberculosis include screening for latent TB infection in high-risk populations, such as healthcare workers and individuals with HIV/AIDS, and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in countries where it is available.

Overall, pulmonary tuberculosis is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications and death.

Types of Mycobacterium Infections:

1. Tuberculosis (TB): This is the most common Mycobacterium infection and is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body such as the brain, kidneys, and spine.
2. Leprosy: This is a chronic infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae, which primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes. It is also known as Hansen's disease.
3. Buruli ulcer: This is a skin infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium ulcerans, which is found in wet environments such as rivers, lakes, and swamps.
4. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC): This is a group of bacteria that can cause a variety of diseases, including lung disease, disseminated disease, and cardiovascular disease.
5. Mycobacterium abscessus: This is a type of bacteria that can cause skin and soft tissue infections, as well as respiratory and disseminated diseases.

Symptoms of Mycobacterium Infections:

The symptoms of Mycobacterium infections can vary depending on the type of infection and the severity of the disease. Some common symptoms include:

* Coughing or difficulty breathing (in TB infections)
* Skin lesions or ulcers (in leprosy and Buruli ulcer)
* Fever, chills, and fatigue (in all types of Mycobacterium infections)
* Swollen lymph nodes (in all types of Mycobacterium infections)
* Joint pain or swelling (in some cases)
* Weight loss and loss of appetite (in severe cases)

Diagnosis of Mycobacterium Infections:

Diagnosing a Mycobacterium infection can be challenging, as the bacteria are slow-growing and require specialized culture techniques. Some common methods for diagnosing Mycobacterium infections include:

* Skin scrapings or biopsies (for leprosy and Buruli ulcer)
* Sputum or lung biopsy (for TB)
* Blood tests (for disseminated disease)
* Imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans (to evaluate the extent of the infection)

Treatment of Mycobacterium Infections:

The treatment of Mycobacterium infections depends on the type of infection and the severity of the disease. Some common treatments include:

* Antibiotics: For TB, the standard treatment is a combination of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for at least 6 months. For leprosy, the standard treatment is a combination of rifampin, dapsone, and clofazimine for at least 12 months.
* Surgery: For Buruli ulcer, surgical debridement of the affected skin and tissue is often necessary.
* Supportive care: Patients with severe forms of the disease may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, fluid replacement, and wound care.

Prevention of Mycobacterium Infections:

Preventing the spread of Mycobacterium infections is crucial for controlling these diseases. Some common prevention measures include:

* Vaccination: For TB, vaccination with the BCG vaccine is recommended for infants and young children in high-risk areas.
* Screening: Screening for TB and leprosy is important for early detection and treatment of cases.
* Contact tracing: Identifying and testing individuals who have been in close contact with someone who has been diagnosed with TB or leprosy can help prevent the spread of the disease.
* Infection control measures: Healthcare workers should follow strict infection control measures when caring for patients with Mycobacterium infections to prevent transmission to others.
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick: Avoiding close contact with people who are sick with TB or leprosy can help prevent the spread of the disease.
* Covering mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing: Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing can help prevent the spread of TB bacteria.
* Properly disposing of contaminated materials: Properly disposing of contaminated materials, such as used tissues and surfaces soiled with respiratory secretions, can help prevent the spread of TB bacteria.

It is important to note that while these measures can help control the spread of Mycobacterium infections, they are not foolproof and should be combined with other prevention measures, such as early detection and treatment of cases, to effectively control these diseases.

Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) can develop when a person with TB does not complete their full treatment course as prescribed by a healthcare provider, or if they do not take their medications correctly. It can also develop in people who have weakened immune systems or other underlying health conditions that make them more susceptible to the development of drug-resistant bacteria.

MDR-TB is a significant global public health concern because it is harder to treat and can spread more easily than drug-sensitive TB. Treatment for MDR-TB typically involves using stronger medications that are more effective against drug-resistant bacteria, such as fluoroquinolones or aminoglycosides. However, these medications can have more side effects and may be less effective in some cases.

Preventing the development of MDR-TB is crucial, and this can be achieved by ensuring that all patients with TB receive complete and correct treatment as prescribed by a healthcare provider. Additionally, screening for drug resistance before starting treatment can help identify patients who may have MDR-TB and ensure they receive appropriate treatment from the outset.

Some common types of NTM infections include:

* Lung infections
* Skin infections
* Bone and joint infections
* Heart valve infections
* Cystic fibrosis-related infections
* Infections in people with weakened immune systems

NTM infections can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium chelonae. These bacteria are commonly found in soil and water, and they can enter the body through cuts or open wounds, or by being inhaled into the lungs.

Symptoms of NTM infections may include:

* Coughing
* Fever
* Chest pain or discomfort
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Skin lesions or ulcers

Diagnosis of an NTM infection is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as cultures or PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests. Treatment may involve antibiotics, surgery, or a combination of both, depending on the severity and location of the infection.

Preventive measures for NTM infections are not well established, but people with weakened immune systems or those who live in areas with high levels of NTM bacteria in the environment may be advised to take precautions such as avoiding contact with soil and water, wearing protective clothing and gloves when working with soil or water, and practicing good hygiene.

The symptoms of bovine tuberculosis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the organs affected. Common symptoms include:

* Coughing or difficulty breathing
* Weight loss and loss of condition
* Fever
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Enlarged liver or spleen
* Poor milk production in lactating cows
* Intestinal problems, such as diarrhea or constipation

If left untreated, bovine tuberculosis can lead to serious complications, such as pneumonia, pleurisy, and peritonitis. It can also spread to other animals in the herd, making it important to identify and isolate infected animals promptly.

Diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Skin tests, such as the Mantoux test or the single-dose intradermal test, can detect exposure to the bacteria, but they may not always provide accurate results in animals with low levels of antibodies. Blood tests, such as the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) test or the QuantiFERON® test, can detect the presence of TB antigens in the blood, but these tests may also have limitations.

Treatment of bovine tuberculosis typically involves a combination of antibiotics and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. The most commonly used antibiotics include isoniazid, streptomycin, and pyrazinamide. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged organs.

Prevention of bovine tuberculosis primarily involves controlling the spread of the disease through control of the mycobacteria that cause it. Measures such as testing and removal of infected animals, use of clean needles and equipment, and proper disposal of animal carcasses can help prevent the spread of the disease. Additionally, vaccination of animals with a live bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been shown to be effective in preventing TB infections.

In conclusion, bovine tuberculosis is a significant health concern for cattle and other animals, as well as humans who may be exposed to infected animals or contaminated products. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent the spread of the disease and manage symptoms in affected animals. Prevention measures such as testing and removal of infected animals, use of clean needles and equipment, and proper disposal of animal carcasses can help control the spread of the disease.

The symptoms of miliary TB can vary depending on the organs affected and can include fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and coughing up blood. Diagnosis is typically made by a combination of physical examination, chest X-ray, laboratory tests (such as blood cultures or polymerase chain reaction), and imaging studies (such as CT scans or MRI).

Treatment of miliary TB involves a combination of antibiotics and supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and pain management. The prognosis for miliary TB is generally poor, with high mortality rates if left untreated. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many patients can recover.

Prevention measures for miliary TB include avoiding close contact with people who have active TB disease, practicing good hygiene (such as covering the mouth when coughing), and getting screened for TB infection if you are at high risk. Vaccination against TB is also recommended for people living in areas with a high prevalence of TB.

See also: Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Word origin: [L. miliaris, of or pertaining to milk, from mille, a thousand + Latin lactis, milk]

Latent TB can be diagnosed through a skin test (such as the PPD test) or a blood test (such as the QFT-GIT test), which detect the presence of TB antigens in the body. If the results are positive, it indicates that the person has been infected with M. tuberculosis, but the infection is currently dormant.

People with latent TB are not infectious to others and do not have any symptoms. However, if their immune system weakens or they experience significant stress, the infection can become active, leading to active TB.

Latent TB is common, particularly among people who have been exposed to someone with active TB. It is estimated that one-third of the global population has latent TB infection.

There are several treatment options available for latent TB, including:

1. Antibiotics: The most commonly used antibiotics are isoniazid and rifampin. These medications can help to reduce the risk of developing active TB.
2. Vaccination: The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine can provide some protection against latent TB, particularly in children. However, it is not effective in adults.
3. Antiretroviral therapy (ART): In people with HIV/AIDS, ART can help to reduce the risk of developing active TB.
4. Monitoring: Regular monitoring and follow-up are essential to detect any progression to active TB.

It is important to note that latent TB is not a diagnosis, but rather a state of infection. It is important to differentiate between active TB and latent TB, as they require different treatment approaches.

The symptoms of lymph node TB may include:

1. Swollen and tender lymph nodes in the neck or other areas of the body
2. Fever
3. Night sweats
4. Weight loss
5. Fatigue
6. Coughing up blood
7. Chest pain

If you suspect that you have been exposed to TB or are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare provider will perform a physical examination and order diagnostic tests such as a chest X-ray, CT scan, blood tests, or a skin test (called the PPD test) to determine if you have TB infection.

If you are diagnosed with lymph node TB, treatment will typically involve antibiotics for a period of at least six months. It is crucial to complete the full course of treatment as directed by your healthcare provider to ensure that the infection is fully cleared and to prevent the development of drug-resistant TB.

In addition to treatment, it is important to take steps to prevent the spread of TB to others. This may include:

1. Isolating yourself from others until your symptoms have improved and you have been declared non-infectious by a healthcare provider.
2. Covering your mouth when coughing or sneezing to prevent the spread of bacteria.
3. Washing your hands frequently, especially after coughing or sneezing.
4. Avoiding close contact with others until your infection has been fully treated and you have been declared non-infectious.

Overall, early detection and prompt treatment of lymph node TB are crucial to prevent complications and ensure a full recovery.

The symptoms of MAC infection can vary depending on the severity of the infection and may include:

* Chronic cough
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Chest pain
* Shortness of breath

MAC infections can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. The infection can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, such as chest X-rays, CT scans, blood tests, and lung biopsies.

Treatment for MAC infections typically involves a combination of antibiotics and supportive care to manage symptoms. The choice of antibiotics depends on the severity of the infection and the individual's medical history and health status. Surgical intervention may be necessary in some cases, such as when the infection is severe or has spread to other parts of the body.

Preventive measures for MAC infections include avoiding exposure to contaminated water or soil, maintaining good hand hygiene, and avoiding close contact with individuals who have compromised immune systems. Vaccines are not available for MAC infections, but ongoing research is exploring the development of vaccines to prevent these types of infections.

Overall, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment by a healthcare professional. With appropriate management, individuals with MAC infections can experience significant improvement in their symptoms and quality of life.

Treatment involves administration of anti-TB drugs, usually in combination with supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications such as seizures and brain damage. Treatment can take several months and must be completed even if symptoms improve before finishing treatment.

Prevention is difficult because TB bacteria are often resistant to standard antibiotics, so it's important for individuals with HIV or other conditions that weaken the immune system to avoid exposure to TB bacteria whenever possible and receive regular screening tests.

The symptoms of cutaneous TB can vary depending on the location and severity of the infection. Common signs include:

* Skin lesions, which may appear as nodules, papules, or plaques
* Ulcers or open sores
* Fistulae (abnormal connections between two organs or between an organ and the skin)
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Night sweats

Cutaneous TB is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, and in severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue.

While cutaneous TB is less common than pulmonary TB, it can be more challenging to treat because the bacteria can penetrate deep into the skin and other connective tissues. However, with prompt and appropriate treatment, most people with cutaneous TB can recover completely.

Symptoms of XDR TB are similar to those of drug-sensitive TB, such as coughing, fever, fatigue, weight loss, and chest pain. Diagnosis is made by collecting a sample from the patient's lungs or other affected areas and testing it for resistance to various drugs.

XDR TB can be prevented by improving access to TB care and treatment, particularly in resource-poor settings where TB is more prevalent. This includes ensuring that all patients with TB receive proper diagnosis and treatment, as well as taking measures to prevent the spread of the disease, such as screening for latent TB infection and quarantining individuals who are infected.

Early detection and prompt treatment of XDR TB are essential to prevent its spread and control the disease. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications and may take longer than standard treatment for drug-sensitive TB. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue from the lungs or other affected areas.

Overall, extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis is a serious form of TB that requires careful management and monitoring to prevent its spread and ensure effective treatment.

Osteoarticular tuberculosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests to detect the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Treatment typically involves a course of antibiotics for a period of at least six months, and surgical intervention may be necessary in some cases.

Preventive measures for osteoarticular tuberculosis include vaccination against tuberculosis, screening for the disease in high-risk populations such as those with weakened immune systems, and avoiding close contact with individuals who have active tuberculosis infections.

Some of the key features of osteoarticular tuberculosis include:

* Pain and swelling in the affected joint
* Limited mobility in the joint
* Fever, fatigue, and weight loss
* Night sweats and loss of appetite
* Presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the joint fluid or tissue.

Osteoarticular tuberculosis can be challenging to diagnose and treat, as it may mimic other conditions such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. However, early detection and appropriate treatment can help prevent long-term joint damage and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

Overall, osteoarticular tuberculosis is a serious form of tuberculosis that affects the bones and joints, causing pain, swelling, and limited mobility. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

Symptoms of pleural TB may include:

* Chest pain
* Coughing up blood or mucus
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Fever

Pleural TB can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are often similar to those of other conditions, such as pneumonia or cancer. A diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as chest X-rays or CT scans), and laboratory tests (such as sputum smears or cultures).

Treatment of pleural TB usually involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery. Antibiotics are used to kill the TB bacteria, and surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair any damage to the lungs or chest cavity. In some cases, hospitalization may be required to ensure proper treatment and monitoring.

Pleural TB is more common in developing countries and in areas with high rates of TB infection. It can also be a complication of latent TB infection, which is a condition in which the TB bacteria are present in the body but not actively causing disease.

Prevention of pleural TB includes vaccination against TB, proper ventilation and air filtration to reduce exposure to the bacteria, and early detection and treatment of latent TB infection.

Gastrointestinal TB typically affects the distal portion of the small intestine and the proximal portion of the large intestine, causing inflammation and ulceration in these areas. The symptoms of gastrointestinal TB can vary depending on the location and severity of the infection, but may include:

* Abdominal pain
* Diarrhea
* Fever
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss
* Anemia

If a doctor suspects gastrointestinal TB, they may perform a series of tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:

1. Endoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus to visualize the inside of the stomach and intestines.
2. Biopsy: A small sample of tissue is removed from the affected area and examined under a microscope for TB bacteria.
3. Cultures: Samples of fluid or tissue are collected and grown in a laboratory to isolate the TB bacteria.
4. Imaging tests: X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans may be used to visualize the affected area and look for signs of inflammation or other complications.

Treatment for gastrointestinal TB typically involves a combination of antibiotics and supportive care, such as fluid replacement and nutritional support. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Preventive measures for gastrointestinal TB include:

1. Avoiding close contact with people who have active TB infections.
2. Practicing good hygiene, such as covering the mouth when coughing and washing hands regularly.
3. Avoiding sharing food or drinks with people who have active TB infections.
4. Getting vaccinated against TB, especially for people who live in areas where TB is common.
5. Avoiding smoking and alcohol consumption, as these can increase the risk of developing TB.
6. Maintaining a healthy diet and getting regular exercise to keep the immune system strong.

It's important to note that gastrointestinal TB is a rare condition and most cases of TB affect the lungs. If you suspect you or someone you know may have TB, it's important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can perform tests to confirm the diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment.

Symptoms of spinal tuberculosis may include:

* Back pain
* Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Fever, fatigue, and weight loss
* Loss of bladder or bowel control

If left untreated, spinal tuberculosis can lead to severe complications such as paralysis, nerve damage, and infection of the bloodstream. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery to remove infected tissue.

Spinal TB is a rare form of TB, but it is becoming more common due to the increasing number of people living with HIV/AIDS, which weakens the immune system and makes them more susceptible to TB infections. Spinal TB can be difficult to diagnose as it may present like other conditions such as cancer or herniated discs.

The prognosis for spinal tuberculosis is generally good if treated early, but the condition can be challenging to treat and may require long-term management.

Granulomas are formed in response to the presence of a foreign substance or an infection, and they serve as a protective barrier to prevent the spread of the infection and to isolate the offending agent. The granuloma is characterized by a central area of necrosis, surrounded by a ring of immune cells, including macrophages and T-lymphocytes.

Granulomas are commonly seen in a variety of inflammatory conditions, such as tuberculosis, leprosy, and sarcoidosis. They can also occur as a result of infections, such as bacterial or fungal infections, and in the context of autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis.

In summary, granuloma is a term used to describe a type of inflammatory lesion that is formed in response to the presence of a foreign substance or an infection, and serves as a protective barrier to prevent the spread of the infection and to isolate the offending agent.

Symptoms of splenic TB may include fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and abdominal pain. The spleen may become enlarged, and there may be anemia (low red blood cell count) due to the destruction of red blood cells in the spleen.

Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as chest X-rays, blood cultures, and polymerase chain reaction), and imaging studies (such as computed tomography (CT) scans or ultrasound).

Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgical removal of the affected spleen. In some cases, the spleen may be preserved if the infection is limited to certain areas of the organ. The prognosis for splenic TB is generally good if treated early and appropriately, but it can be serious if left untreated or if there are complications such as bleeding or perforation of the spleen.

Splenic tuberculosis is a rare form of tuberculosis that affects the spleen and can cause significant morbidity and mortality if not treated promptly and appropriately. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for preventing complications and ensuring a good outcome.

The symptoms of TB CNS can vary depending on the location and severity of the infection, but may include:

* Headache
* Fever
* Nausea and vomiting
* Weakness or paralysis of the face, arm, or leg
* Confusion, seizures, or coma
* Vision loss or double vision
* Hearing loss or ringing in the ears
* Meningitis (inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)

TB CNS can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are often non-specific and can resemble other conditions, such as a stroke or a brain tumor. A diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT or MRI scans), and laboratory tests (such as lumbar puncture and culture).

TB CNS is treated with antibiotics, usually for a period of at least 6-12 months. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove abscesses or repair damaged tissue. Treatment outcomes are generally good if the diagnosis is made early and the infection is contained within the central nervous system. However, delays in diagnosis and treatment can lead to serious complications, such as permanent neurological damage or death.

Prevention of TB CNS involves identifying and treating cases of active TB infection, as well as taking measures to prevent the spread of the disease. This includes screening for TB in high-risk individuals, such as those with weakened immune systems or living in areas with a high prevalence of TB. Vaccination against TB is also recommended in some cases.

In summary, TB CNS is a rare and potentially life-threatening form of tuberculosis that can cause severe neurological symptoms and complications. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to preventing serious outcomes and ensuring effective management of the disease.

Symptoms of urogenital TB may include blood in the urine, painful urination, frequent urination, and fever. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery to remove affected tissue. Preventive measures for urogenital TB include screening for TB in individuals who are at high risk, such as those with HIV/AIDS or other immunosuppressive conditions.

Symptoms:

* Blurred vision
* Redness and inflammation in the eye
* Pain in the eye
* Sensitivity to light
* Floaters (specks or cobwebs in vision)
* Eye discharge

Diagnosis:

* Physical examination of the eye
* Imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans
* Lymph node biopsy
* Culture tests to identify the presence of Mycobacterium TB

Treatment:

* Anti-TB medications for at least 12 months
* Surgical removal of the affected portion of the eye
* Corticosteroid eye drops or ointments to reduce inflammation
* Antibiotics to prevent infection

Prognosis:

* With proper treatment, the prognosis is good and most patients regain their vision.
* However, if left untreated, the condition can lead to severe visual impairment and even blindness.

Leprosy can cause a range of symptoms, including:

1. Skin lesions: Leprosy can cause skin lesions, including lighter or darker patches on the skin, and thickening of the skin.
2. Nerve damage: The bacteria can damage the nerves, leading to numbness, pain, and muscle weakness.
3. Eye problems: Leprosy can cause eye inflammation, vision loss, and dryness of the eyes.
4. Respiratory problems: In severe cases, leprosy can cause breathing difficulties and respiratory failure.
5. Enlarged lymph nodes: The lymph nodes may become enlarged in some cases.
6. Joint pain and swelling: Leprosy can cause joint pain and swelling.
7. Neuritis: Inflammation of the nerves can occur, leading to pain, numbness, and tingling sensations.
8. Ulcers: Leprosy can cause ulcers on the skin and mucous membranes.

Leprosy is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and medical imaging. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and other medications to manage symptoms. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged nerves.

Leprosy can be transmitted through respiratory droplets, close contact with an infected person, or through contaminated objects such as clothing or bedding. However, leprosy is not highly contagious and the risk of transmission is low if proper precautions are taken.

While there is no cure for leprosy, early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications and disability. However, due to the stigma surrounding the disease, many people may delay seeking medical attention, leading to a higher risk of long-term complications.

Overall, while leprosy is a serious disease, it is also a preventable and treatable one. With proper awareness and education, we can work towards reducing the stigma surrounding leprosy and ensuring that those affected receive the medical attention they need.

Symptoms of hepatic TB may include:

* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Weight loss
* Fever
* Night sweats
* Coughing up blood

In some cases, hepatic TB can lead to liver failure or other complications if left untreated. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and medications to manage symptoms.

It is important to note that hepatic TB is relatively rare in developed countries, but it is still prevalent in many developing countries where TB is more common. A diagnosis of hepatic TB should be considered in anyone with suspected TB who has elevated liver enzymes or other signs of liver disease.

Examples of AROIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): a type of pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii.
2. Tuberculosis (TB): a bacterial infection that can affect the lungs, brain, or other organs.
3. Toxoplasmosis: an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii that can affect the brain, eyes, and other organs.
4. Cryptococcosis: a fungal infection that can affect the lungs, brain, or skin.
5. Histoplasmosis: a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum that can affect the lungs, skin, and other organs.
6. Aspergillosis: a fungal infection caused by Aspergillus species that can affect the lungs, sinuses, and other organs.
7. Candidiasis: a fungal infection caused by Candida species that can affect the mouth, throat, vagina, or skin.
8. Kaposi's sarcoma: a type of cancer that is caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and can affect the skin and lymph nodes.
9. Wasting syndrome: a condition characterized by weight loss, fatigue, and diarrhea.
10. Opportunistic infections that can affect the gastrointestinal tract, such as cryptosporidiosis and isosporiasis.

AROIs are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with HIV/AIDS, and they can be prevented or treated with antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, and other interventions.

Source: Adapted from the article "Tuberculosis" in the medical encyclopedia MedlinePlus, available at medlineplus.gov (accessed March 28, 2017).

In paratuberculosis, MAP infection leads to a chronic inflammatory response in the gut, causing granulomas to form, which can obstruct the intestine and disrupt nutrient absorption. The disease is often characterized by weight loss, diarrhea, and eventually emaciation. Paratuberculosis can also lead to extrapulmonary diseases such as lymph nodes, joints, and eyes.

Paratuberculosis has a significant impact on animal productivity and public health, as infected animals may shed the bacteria in their feces, contaminating soil and water sources, leading to potential transmission to other animals and humans. The disease is also a major cause of economic loss in the livestock industry due to reduced milk production, meat quality, and reproductive efficiency.

There are several diagnostic techniques available for paratuberculosis, including fecal culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) blood testing. However, these tests have limited sensitivity and specificity, making it challenging to diagnose the disease accurately.

Prevention of paratuberculosis primarily involves controlling the spread of MAP through improved herd management practices, such as proper sanitation, biosecurity, and testing of animal imports. Vaccination is also an effective control measure, although the development of effective vaccines against MAP is still a challenge. Treatment options for paratuberculosis are limited, and the disease often remains untreated, leading to significant welfare and economic impacts.

Symptoms of renal tuberculosis may include fever, chills, weight loss, fatigue, abdominal pain, blood in the urine, and kidney failure. Diagnosis is based on a combination of imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, and renal ultrasound, along with laboratory tests to detect the presence of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in the urine or tissue.

Treatment of renal tuberculosis typically involves a combination of antibiotics and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, dialysis may be required to remove waste products from the blood when the kidneys are no longer functioning properly.

Symptoms of endocrine tuberculosis may include:

* Swelling in the neck
* Pain in the neck or throat
* Difficulty swallowing
* Hoarseness
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss

Endocrine tuberculosis can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans, and laboratory tests to detect the presence of TB bacteria. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to kill the TB bacteria, and thyroid hormone replacement therapy to address any hormonal imbalances caused by the infection. Surgery may also be necessary to remove infected tissue.

Endocrine tuberculosis is relatively rare, but it can be a serious condition if left untreated. It is important for healthcare providers to consider the possibility of endocrine TB when diagnosing and treating patients with thyroid disorders, particularly in areas where TB is common.

Symptoms of laryngeal tuberculosis may include:

* Hoarseness or a raspy voice
* Difficulty swallowing
* Persistent cough
* Pain when swallowing
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss

Laryngeal tuberculosis can be diagnosed with a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as chest X-rays or CT scans, and microscopic examination of samples from the larynx. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery to remove any infected tissue.

Prognosis for laryngeal tuberculosis is generally good if treatment is started early and the infection is limited to the larynx. However, if left untreated, the infection can spread to other parts of the body and cause serious complications.

Examples of delayed hypersensitivity reactions include contact dermatitis (a skin reaction to an allergic substance), tuberculin reactivity (a reaction to the bacteria that cause tuberculosis), and sarcoidosis (a condition characterized by inflammation in various organs, including the lungs and lymph nodes).

Delayed hypersensitivity reactions are important in the diagnosis and management of allergic disorders and other immune-related conditions. They can be detected through a variety of tests, including skin prick testing, patch testing, and blood tests. Treatment for delayed hypersensitivity reactions depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications such as antihistamines, corticosteroids, or immunosuppressants.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a condition in which the body is infected with HIV, a type of retrovirus that attacks the body's immune system. HIV infection can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), a condition in which the immune system is severely damaged and the body is unable to fight off infections and diseases.

There are several ways that HIV can be transmitted, including:

1. Sexual contact with an infected person
2. Sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia with an infected person
3. Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Blood transfusions ( although this is rare in developed countries due to screening processes)
5. Organ transplantation (again, rare)

The symptoms of HIV infection can be mild at first and may not appear until several years after infection. These symptoms can include:

1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Swollen glands in the neck, armpits, and groin
4. Rash
5. Muscle aches and joint pain
6. Night sweats
7. Diarrhea
8. Weight loss

If left untreated, HIV infection can progress to AIDS, which is a life-threatening condition that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:

1. Opportunistic infections (such as pneumocystis pneumonia)
2. Cancer (such as Kaposi's sarcoma)
3. Wasting syndrome
4. Neurological problems (such as dementia and seizures)

HIV infection is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests and physical examination. Treatment typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is a combination of medications that work together to suppress the virus and slow the progression of the disease.

Prevention methods for HIV infection include:

1. Safe sex practices, such as using condoms and dental dams
2. Avoiding sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment
3. Avoiding mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which is a short-term treatment that can prevent infection after potential exposure to the virus
5. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), which is a daily medication that can prevent infection in people who are at high risk of being exposed to the virus.

It's important to note that HIV infection is manageable with proper treatment and care, and that people living with HIV can lead long and healthy lives. However, it's important to be aware of the risks and take steps to prevent transmission.

Tuberculomas are typically slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in the early stages. However, as they grow, they can compress surrounding brain tissue and lead to a variety of neurological symptoms such as headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and difficulty with coordination and balance.

Tuberculomas are caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is the same bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB) in other parts of the body. The bacteria enter the brain or spinal cord through the bloodstream or by spreading from a TB infection in another part of the body.

Diagnosis of a tuberculoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Treatment usually involves a combination of antitubercular medications and surgery to remove the tumor. In some cases, corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and swelling.

Overall, while tuberculomas are rare, they can be a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent long-term neurological damage or death.

Coinfection can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Exposure to multiple pathogens: When an individual is exposed to multiple sources of infection, such as contaminated food or water, they may contract multiple pathogens simultaneously.
2. Weakened immune system: A compromised immune system can make it more difficult for the body to fight off infections, making it more susceptible to coinfection.
3. Increased opportunities for transmission: In some situations, such as in healthcare settings or during travel to areas with high infection rates, individuals may be more likely to come into contact with multiple pathogens.

Examples of common coinfections include:

1. HIV and tuberculosis (TB): TB is a common opportunistic infection that affects individuals with HIV/AIDS.
2. Malaria and bacterial infections: In areas where malaria is prevalent, individuals may also be at risk for bacterial infections such as pneumonia or diarrhea.
3. Influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae: During flu season, individuals may be more susceptible to both influenza and bacterial infections such as pneumonia.

Coinfection can have significant consequences for an individual's health, including increased morbidity and mortality. Treatment of coinfections often requires a combination of antimicrobial therapies targeting each pathogen, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Preventing coinfection is important for maintaining good health, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems. This can include:

1. Practicing good hygiene: Washing hands regularly and avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick can help reduce the risk of infection.
2. Getting vaccinated: Vaccines can protect against certain infections, such as influenza and pneumococcal disease.
3. Taking antimicrobial prophylaxis: In some cases, taking antibiotics or other antimicrobial drugs may be recommended to prevent infection in individuals who are at high risk of coinfection.
4. Managing underlying conditions: Effectively managing conditions such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and heart disease can help reduce the risk of infection and coinfection.
5. Avoiding risky behaviors: Avoiding risky behaviors such as sharing needles or engaging in unprotected sex can help reduce the risk of infection and coinfection.

The formation of a granuloma in the respiratory tract can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Infections, such as tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, and aspergillosis
2. Allergic reactions to environmental exposures, such as dust, pollen, or smoke
3. Irritants, such as chemicals or pollutants in the air
4. Cancer, such as lung cancer or lymphoma
5. Rare genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

The symptoms of a respiratory tract granuloma may include:

1. Coughing up blood or mucus
2. Chest pain or tightness
3. Shortness of breath or wheezing
4. Fatigue or fever
5. Weight loss or loss of appetite

The diagnosis of a respiratory tract granuloma is based on a combination of clinical findings, imaging studies, and microbiological tests. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the granuloma, but may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, or surgery to remove the affected tissue.

In summary, a respiratory tract granuloma is a type of inflammatory lesion that occurs in the respiratory tract and can be caused by various factors. It is characterized by the formation of clusters of immune cells surrounded by a fibrotic capsule, and may cause a range of symptoms including coughing up blood or mucus, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the granuloma.

To: [Name of Doctor or Medical Professional]

Re: [Patient's Name] - Respiratory Tract Granuloma

Dear [Doctor's Name],

I am writing to request your expertise in diagnosing and treating a respiratory tract granuloma in my patient, [Patient's Name]. As you may recall, [Patient's Name] was previously diagnosed with antitrypsin deficiency and has been experiencing persistent respiratory symptoms.

Recently, a bronchoscopy revealed the presence of a granuloma in [Patient's Name]'s respiratory tract, which I believe may be related to the antitrypsin deficiency. I have attached the bronchoscopy report and imaging studies for your review.

I would greatly appreciate any insights you can provide on the following:

1. The likelihood that the granuloma is caused by antitrypsin deficiency
2. Any additional testing or evaluations that may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis
3. Potential treatment options for the granuloma, including any medications or therapies that have been effective in treating similar cases
4. Any other considerations or recommendations you have for [Patient's Name]'s ongoing care and management

Thank you for your time and expertise in this matter. I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Sincerely,

[Your Name]

The symptoms of oral tuberculosis can vary depending on the location and severity of the infection. They may include:

* A painless ulcer or open sore on the tongue, lips, gums, or inside the cheek
* Swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck
* Fever, chills, and fatigue
* Weight loss and loss of appetite
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking

If you think you may have oral tuberculosis, it is important to see a doctor as soon as possible. The disease can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are similar to those of other conditions. To diagnose oral tuberculosis, your doctor will perform a physical examination and order tests such as a chest X-ray, blood tests, and a smear of the ulcer or sputum.

Treatment for oral tuberculosis typically involves a combination of antibiotics and supportive care to manage symptoms. It is important to complete the full course of treatment to ensure that the infection is fully cleared.

Prevention of oral tuberculosis includes avoiding close contact with people who have active TB, getting vaccinated against TB, and practicing good hygiene such as covering your mouth when you cough or sneeze.

The diagnosis of peritonitis, tuberculous is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery to remove any infected tissue or organs. In some cases, the disease may be resistant to standard treatment, and more specialized therapies may be necessary.

The prognosis for peritonitis, tuberculous depends on several factors, including the severity of the disease, the extent of organ damage, and the response to treatment. In general, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the prognosis is good, but delays in diagnosis or resistance to treatment can lead to poor outcomes.

Some of the key risk factors for developing peritonitis, tuberculous include living in a region where tuberculosis is common, having a weakened immune system, and being in close contact with someone who has tuberculosis. Prevention measures include screening for tuberculosis before undergoing abdominal surgery or procedures, using protective equipment such as masks and gloves when caring for individuals with tuberculosis, and ensuring that anyone with active tuberculosis is properly treated and isolated.

In summary, peritonitis, tuberculous is a serious infection of the abdominal cavity caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can cause significant morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and preventive measures are essential to reduce the risk of this disease.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

MGT typically presents with symptoms such as scrotal swelling, pain, and fever, as well as difficulty urinating or infertility. The infection can also cause abscesses in the genital area, which can lead to further complications if left untreated.

The bacteria that cause MGT is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the same bacteria that causes tuberculosis in other parts of the body. The infection is typically spread through contact with an infected person's respiratory secretions, such as coughing or sneezing.

Diagnosis of MGT is made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests such as smear or culture of tissue samples. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for a period of at least 6-9 months, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain abscesses or remove affected tissue.

Prevention of MGT includes avoiding close contact with people who have active TB, practicing safe sex, and getting tested regularly for TB if you are at high risk. Early detection and treatment of MGT can help prevent long-term complications and improve the chances of successful treatment.

Avian tuberculosis typically affects the respiratory system of birds, causing symptoms such as coughing, difficulty breathing, weight loss, and mortality. The disease can be transmitted through direct contact with infected birds or contaminated feces and soil. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, radiography, and laboratory tests, such as bacterial cultures and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays.

There are several methods for controlling and preventing avian tuberculosis in poultry flocks, including:

1. Biosecurity measures: Implementing strict biosecurity measures, such as proper cleaning and disinfection, can help prevent the introduction of MAC into poultry flocks.
2. Vaccination: Use of vaccines against MAC can help protect birds from infection and reduce the spread of disease.
3. Herd health monitoring: Regular monitoring of bird health can help identify early signs of infection and allow for prompt treatment.
4. Culling: Infected birds should be humanely euthanized and removed from the flock to prevent further spread of the disease.
5. Quarantine: Quarantining new birds before introducing them into a flock can help prevent the introduction of MAC.
6. Sanitation: Maintaining proper sanitation practices, such as regular cleaning and disinfection, can help reduce the risk of infection.
7. Rodent control: Rodents are a natural host for MAC, so controlling rodent populations around poultry farms can help prevent the spread of disease.

Preventing avian tuberculosis is crucial to maintaining healthy and productive poultry flocks while protecting public health. By implementing effective biosecurity measures, vaccination, herd health monitoring, culling, quarantine, sanitation, and rodent control, poultry farmers can help prevent the spread of this disease.

Symptoms of lymphadenitis may include swelling and tenderness of the affected lymph nodes, fever, fatigue, and general illness. In some cases, the lymph nodes may become abscessed, which is a collection of pus that forms within the node.

Treatment of lymphadenitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition. If the infection is caused by bacteria, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection and help to reduce the swelling and tenderness. In some cases, surgical drainage of the abscess may be necessary to help to resolve the infection.

Prevention of lymphadenitis includes good hygiene practices such as frequent handwashing, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and avoiding sharing personal items such as toothbrushes or razors. Vaccination against certain infections, such as H. pylori, can also help to prevent lymphadenitis.

The symptoms of cardiovascular TB may include:

1. Fever
2. Coughing up blood
3. Chest pain
4. Shortness of breath
5. Fatigue
6. Swelling in the legs and feet
7. Weight loss

If you suspect that you or someone you know may have cardiovascular TB, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional will perform a physical examination and order diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, electrocardiograms (ECG), and blood tests to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for cardiovascular TB typically involves a combination of antibiotics and medications to manage symptoms. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged tissue. It is important to follow the treatment plan recommended by your healthcare professional to ensure that the infection is fully treated and to prevent complications.

Prevention measures for cardiovascular TB include:

1. Avoiding close contact with people who have active TB infections
2. Practicing good hygiene, such as covering your mouth when coughing or sneezing
3. Getting vaccinated against TB
4. Implementing infection control measures in healthcare settings to prevent the spread of TB bacteria.

Early detection and treatment of cardiovascular TB can help prevent serious complications and improve outcomes for patients. If you suspect that you or someone you know may have cardiovascular TB, seek medical attention as soon as possible to receive a proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

The term "lepromatous" is derived from the Latin word "leprum," meaning "scale," which refers to the rough, scaly skin lesions that are a hallmark of this type of leprosy. Lepromatous leprosy is the most severe and disfiguring form of the disease, and it is often associated with a high risk of complications and death.

In medical terms, "lepromatous" is used to describe any condition or lesion that resembles lepromatous leprosy, such as certain types of skin cancer or other inflammatory disorders. However, the term is most commonly associated with leprosy and its severe and debilitating effects on the body.

The diagnosis of lepromatous leprosy is typically made based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and skin biopsy. Treatment for this condition typically involves a combination of antibiotics and other medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In addition, individuals with lepromatous leprosy may require surgery to remove deformities and improve function and mobility.

Overall, the term "lepromatous" is used in the medical field to describe a severe and debilitating form of leprosy that can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life and longevity.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Scholia has a topic profile for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ... TB database: an integrated platform for Tuberculosis research Photoblog about Tuberculosis "Mycobacterium tuberculosis". NCBI ... tuberculosis was found in a genetically related complex group of Mycobacterium species called Mycobacterium tuberculosis ... Todar K. "Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Tuberculosis". textbookofbacteriology.net. Retrieved 24 December 2016. McMurray, David ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains at least nine small RNA families in its genome. The small RNA (sRNA) families were ... Pelly S, Bishai WR, Lamichhane G (May 2012). "A screen for non-coding RNA in Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals a cAMP- ... June 1998). "Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence". Nature. 393 (6685): 537- ... "Mycobacterium tuberculosis pks12 produces a novel polyketide presented by CD1c to T cells". The Journal of Experimental ...
It includes: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium africanum Mycobacterium orygis Mycobacterium bovis and the Bacillus ... Calmette-Guérin strain Mycobacterium microti Mycobacterium canetti Mycobacterium caprae Mycobacterium pinnipedii Mycobacterium ... The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC or MTBC) is a genetically related group of Mycobacterium species that can cause ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Mycobacteria, Tuberculosis, All stub articles, ...
"Mycobacterium Tuberculosis". 7 November 2018. "Mycobacterium Avium Complex infections , Genetic and Rare Diseases Information ... one with nontuberculous mycobacteria or NTM, caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), which is made of two Mycobacterium ... The Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) includes common atypical bacteria, i.e. nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), found in the ... Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), also called Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, is a microbial complex of three ...
... is a species of bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium and a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex ... "Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. caprae subsp. nov.: A taxonomic study of a new member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ... "Elevation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. caprae Aranaz et al. 1999 to species rank as Mycobacterium caprae comb. nov., sp ... the species was referred to as Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. caprae. It is also synonymous with the name Mycobacterium ...
Whereas Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae are pathogenic, most mycobacteria do not cause disease unless they enter skin ... Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members are causative agents of human and animal tuberculosis. Species in this ... This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) ... tuberculosis, the major cause of human tuberculosis Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) members primarily infect patients that ...
... (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally ... June 2003). "Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in ... Tuberculosis deaths per million persons in 2012 Tuberculosis deaths by region, 1990 to 2017. Tuberculosis has existed since ... Tuberculosis at Curlie "Tuberculosis (TB)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 24 October 2018. "Tuberculosis ( ...
... tuberculosis and thus is a good model organism to study mycobacteria in general and the highly pathogenic M. tuberculosis in ... Reyrat JM, Kahn D (October 2001). "Mycobacterium smegmatis: an absurd model for tuberculosis?". Trends in Microbiology. 9 (10 ... Mycobacterium smegmatis is an acid-fast bacterial species in the phylum Actinomycetota and the genus Mycobacterium. It is 3.0 ... I. Species' descriptions of Mycobacterium phlei Lehmann and Neumann and Mycobacterium smegmatis (Trevisan) Lehmann and Neumann ...
Deretic, V., & Fratti, R. A. (1999). Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome. Molecular microbiology, 31(6), 1603-1609. Chicago ... Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits phagosome-endosome fusion, thus avoiding being destroyed by the harsh environment of the ...
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Tuberculosis". Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. (Articles with short description, Short ...
van Kessel J. C., Hatfull G. F. (2007). "Recombineering in Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Nature Methods. 4 (2): 147-152. doi: ... To date, recombineering has been performed in E. coli, S. enterica, Y. pseudotuberculosis, S. cerevisiae and M. tuberculosis. ... van Kessel J. C., Hatfull G. F. (2008). "Efficient point mutagenesis in mycobacteria using single-stranded DNA recombineering: ... van Kessel J. C., Marinelli L. J., Hatfull G. F. (2008). "Recombineering mycobacteria and their phages". Nature Reviews ...
... is a species of the tuberculosis complex of the genus Mycobacterium. It causes tuberculosis in oryx, ... Mycobacterium orygis is similar in morphology to species in the tuberculosis complex of Mycobacterium. It is a non-motile, acid ... "TUBERCULOSIS CAUSED BY MYCOBACTERIUM ORYGIS IN A GREATER ONE-HORNED RHINOCEROS (RHINOCEROS UNICORNIS): FIRST REPORT IN THE ... Characterization of Mycobacterium orygis as M. tuberculosis Complex Subspecies. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(4), 653-655. ...
It is a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. There are seven major lineages in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ... M. africanum tuberculosis is treated with an identical regime to tuberculosis caused by M. tuberculosis. The overall rate of ... "Progression to Active Tuberculosis, but Not Transmission, Varies by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lineage in The Gambia". The ... March 2002). "A new evolutionary scenario for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (6): ...
It also killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It was also found to be effective in vivo, when used to treat mice infected with ... Teixobactin was shown to kill Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In January 2015, a collaboration of four ... tuberculosis was generated in vitro when administering sublethal doses, for as long as 27 days in the case of the former. It is ...
"Protection by live Mycobacterium habana vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv challenge in mice". The Indian Journal ... "Selective identification of new therapeutic targets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by IVIAT approach". Tuberculosis. 82 (4-5): ... Mycobacterium tuberculosis India portal Medicine portal Long link - please select award year to see details Please see Selected ... "Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific DNA fragment". Justia Patents. 2017. World Intellectual Property Organization (2001). ...
"Mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: update 2015". The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung ... It is a highly structured, text-based database focusing on Mycobacterium tuberculosis at seven different mutation loci: rpoB, ... Heym, B (February 1997). "Multidrug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 8 ... "Molecular basis and mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: classical and new drugs". Journal of ...
Jayaram HN, Ramakrishnan T, Vaidyanathan CS (1969). "Aspartotransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra". Indian J. ...
Phulera S, Mande SC (June 2013). "The crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis NrdH at 0.87 Å suggests a possible mode ... Phulera S, Akif M, Sardesai AA, Mande SC (2014-01-01). "Redox Proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Journal of the Indian ... This is especially true for Mycobacterium Haemophilum, and could be used for antibiotic resistant bacteria. Mustacich D, Powis ...
Though related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it does not cause tuberculosis. ATCC 23366 CCUG 37666 CIP 104465 DSM 43999 HAMBI ... Nontuberculous mycobacteria, Bacteria described in 1966, All stub articles, Mycobacteria stubs). ... Mycobacterium aurum is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, ... PMID 4961417 Type strain of Mycobacterium aurum at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short ...
... i, a novel pathogenic taxon of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), was first reported in 1969 ... Mycobacterium canettii' the smooth Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 10 (8): 1165-73. doi ... "Two Cases of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. canetti". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (11 ... It did not differ from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the biochemical tests and in its 16S rRNA sequence. It had shorter ...
"ISONIAZID-RESISTANT STRAINS OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS." The Lancet 261.6768 (1953): 978-979". The Lancet. 262 (6768): 253- ... on the chemotherapy of tuberculosis. In addition, she lectured on dietetics to 2nd-year Social Science students at Trinity. Her ...
... is when a person is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but does not have active tuberculosis. Active tuberculosis can be ... To give treatment for latent tuberculosis to someone with active tuberculosis is a serious error: the tuberculosis will not be ... There are 4 types of tuberculosis recognized in the world today: Tuberculosis (TB) Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) ... Because tuberculosis is not common in the United States, doctors may not suspect tuberculosis; therefore, they may not test. If ...
The Mycobacteria species that causes tuberculosis (TB) in humans is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is an airborne bacterium ... Mycobacterium bovis causes tuberculosis in cattle. Since tuberculosis can be spread to humans, milk is pasteurized to kill any ... Soon after Koch's discovery, Paul Ehrlich developed a stain for mycobacterium tuberculosis, called the alum hematoxylin stain. ... The genus Mycobacterium is a slow growing bacteria, made up of small rods that are slightly curved or straight, and are ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis could also cause WFS. Tubercular invasion of the adrenal glands could cause hemorrhagic destruction ...
It is isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Huang H, Scherman MS, D'Haeze W, Vereecke D, Holsters M, Crick DC, McNeil MR ( ... July 2005). "Identification and active expression of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene encoding 5-phospho-{alpha}-d-ribose-1- ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a once genetically intractable organism. In Molecular Genetics of the Mycobacteria, ed. GF Hatfull ... While originally isolated from the bacterial species Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative ... Froman S, Will DW, Bogen E (October 1954). "Bacteriophage active against virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. I. Isolation and ... Jones WD (1975). "Phage typing report of 125 strains of "Mycobacterium tuberculosis"". Annali Sclavo; Rivista di Microbiologia ...
aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Chlamydia and Candida. A detailed history allows doctors to determine whether the ...
"Polyprenyl phosphate biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis". Journal of Bacteriology. 182 (20 ... Kaur D, Brennan PJ, Crick DC (November 2004). "Decaprenyl diphosphate synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Journal of ...
... as well as for the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the major causative agent of tuberculosis. In this latter case, ICL ... "Potential inhibitors for isocitrate lyase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-M. tuberculosis: a summary". BioMed Research ... "Selection of genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis upregulated during residence in lungs of infected mice". Tuberculosis. 88 (3 ... "Characterization of activity and expression of isocitrate lyase in Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Journal ...
... tuberculosis have been lost in the Mycobacterium leprae genome.Due to Mycobacterium leprae's reliance on a host organism, many ... Scholia has a topic profile for Mycobacterium leprae. The genome of Mycobacterium leprae "Mycobacterium leprae". NCBI Taxonomy ... tuberculosis have been retained throughout the genome reductive evolution that Mycobacterium leprae underwent. Mycobacterium ... Compared to the amount of efflux pumps in M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae contains about half as many. The efflux pumps ...
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, two of the most promising inhibitors are 2,6-dihydroxipyridine-4-carboxylic acid and 3- ... ones based inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis orotate phosphoribosyltransferase". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry ...
... amino acid substitution uncouples catalysis and allostery in an essential biosynthetic enzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis". ...
Wipperman MF, Sampson NS, Thomas ST (2014). "Pathogen roid rage: cholesterol utilization by Mycobacterium tuberculosis". ... M. tuberculosis can also grow on the lipid cholesterol as a sole source of carbon, and genes involved in the cholesterol-use ... pathway(s) have been validated as important during various stages of the infection lifecycle of M. tuberculosis. Amino acids ...
"Identification of a second Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene cluster encoding proteins of an ABC phosphate transporter". FEBS ...
The name 'Tuberculostearic acid' was coined because it was first isolated in 1927 from the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis ...
History of Tuberculosis (1984) Management of Medical Laboratories (1986) Biology and Bacteriology of Mycobacteria (1986) ... Principles of Tuberculosis (with Velayati, Masjedi, Tabatabaii) (1995) Clinical Study of Tuberculosis (with Velayati, Masjedi, ... In 1991, Abolhassan Zia-Zarifi was among the founders of Iran's National Institute for Tuberculosis, which is recognized as a ... His books have ranged from the earlier purely scientific volumes (The Bacteriology of Tuberculosis, 1973) to works on modern ...
Although most common Mycobacterium species which causes tuberculosis is M. tuberculosis, TB is also caused by M. bovis and M. ... Tuberculosis is the most common cause of death due to single organism among person over 5 years of age in low-income countries ... Tuberculosis (Nepali: क्षयरोग), the world's most serious public health problem is an infectious bacterial disease caused by the ... In addition, 80% of deaths due to tuberculosis occurs in young to middle age men and women. The incidence of disease in a ...
Research on preventing and treating Mycobacterium tuberculosis with particular emphasis on TB and aging, diabetes, and vaccine ... Rigby, Wendy (21 August 2017). "San Antonio Scientist Wins Big Grant To Develop Novel Tuberculosis Vaccine". Texas Public Radio ...
360 A tuberculosis infection can be confirmed using a radiograph of the knee and urinalysis. It is possible to prevent the ... Mycobacterium, and Brucella.: p. 359 It is highly unusual for septic bursitis to be caused by anaerobes, fungi, or Gram- ... negative bacteria.: p. 608 In very rare cases, the infection can be caused by tuberculosis. There are several types of ...
September 2003). "Structural genomics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a preliminary report of progress at UCLA". Biophys. Chem. ... the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. The development of novel drug therapies against tuberculosis are particularly important ... The goal of the TB Structural Genomics Consortium is to determine the structures of potential drug targets in Mycobacterium ... The fully sequenced genome of M. tuberculosis has allowed scientists to clone many of these protein targets into expression ...
Staphylococcus aureus is usually the primary suspect, along with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in areas where TB is endemic, ...
The structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) ICDH-1 bound with NADPH and Mn(2+) bound has been solved by X-ray ... kinetic and chemical mechanism of isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Biochemistry. 52 (10): 1765-1775 ...
"An essential role for interferon gamma in resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection". Journal of Experimental Medicine ...
March 24 - Robert Koch announces the discovery of the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). ...
Sequella focuses on clinical stage antibiotic development, in particular against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). Nacy was the ...
... utilized ultraviolet light to treat a form of lupus caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Finsen was awarded the ...
G6PD is found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and is of interest for treating tuberculosis. The bacterial G6PD found in ... "Crystal structures of F420-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase FGD1 involved in the activation of the anti-tuberculosis ...
"Transboundary tuberculosis: Importation of alpacas infected with Mycobacterium bovis from the United Kingdom to Poland and ... "Review of Diagnostic Tests for Detection of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in South African Wildlife". Frontiers in Veterinary ...
... from Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Science. 279 (5347): 98-102. Bibcode:1998Sci...279...98R. doi:10.1126/science.279.5347.98. ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis), anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), and cholera (Vibrio cholerae). For his research on tuberculosis, he ... "Use of RODAC plates to measure containment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Class IIB biosafety cabinet during routine ... It was using this method that Koch discovered important pathogens of tuberculosis ( ...
Rainwater DL, Kolattukudy PE (1985). "Fatty acid biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin ...
Taylor AB, Benglis DM, Dhandayuthapani S, Hart PJ (2003). "Structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis methionine sulfoxide ...
... and more distantly to the mycobacteria which cause tuberculosis and leprosy. M. ulcerans are rod-shaped bacteria. They appear ... Within the genus Mycobacterium, M. ulcerans is classified as both a "non-tuberculous mycobacterium" and a "slow-growing ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mycobacterium ulcerans. "Mycobacterium ulcerans". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 1809. (Articles ... Mycobacterium ulcerans is a species of bacteria found in various aquatic environments. The bacteria can infect humans and some ...
Beggs ML, Cave MD, Marlowe C, Cloney L, Duck P, Eisenach KD (December 1996). "Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ...
Michel, A.L.; Huchzermeyer, H.F.A.K. (1998). "The zoonotic importance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis : Transmission from human ... In 1998, The Zoonotic Importance of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: Transmission From Human to Monkey was noticed. In 2001, ... Also in 2018, scientists speculated that an outbreak of tuberculosis among a closed breeding colony of Aotus monkeys was likely ... Obaldía, Nicanor; Nuñez, Marlon; Montilla, Santiago; Otero, William; Marin, Jose Camilo (2018). "Tuberculosis (TB) outbreak in ...
Verrall, Ayesha (2018). Innate Factors in Early Clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Doctoral thesis). OUR Archive- ... Her research has included work on cattle-based spreading of leptospirosis in Tanzania, and a study of tuberculosis in Indonesia ...
... its aerial tissues have been observed in laboratory tests to have antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis ...
May 2008). "Insights from the complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium marinum on the evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ... Mycobacterium marinum is a mycobacterium which can infect humans. It was formerly known as Mycobacterium balnei. Infection is ... Mycobacterium marinum is a slow growing mycobacterium (SGM) belonging to the genus Mycobacterium and the phylum Actinobacteria ... Initial phylogenetic studies using the gene 16S rDNA sequence data shows M. marinum is close to M. tuberculosis and M. ulcerans ...
Two infectious diseases that are commonly associated with cavities of lung tissue are Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Klebsiella ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a species of bacteria that causes tuberculosis, a respiratory infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ... Gordon SV, Parish T (April 2018). "Microbe Profile: Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Humanity's deadly microbial foe". Microbiology ... Potential sources of tuberculosis (high risk healthcare facilities, regions with high rates of tuberculosis, patients with ... Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of two bacteria, M. avium and M. intracellulare, that typically co-infect, leading ...
... What is Mycobacterium bovis? In the United States, the majority of ... tuberculosis (TB) cases in people are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is ... Division of Tuberculosis Elimination. CS225931. For example, disease in the lungs can be associated with a cough, and ... instead of M. tuberculosis. M. bovis is usually resistant to one of the antibiotics, pyrazinamide, typically used to treat TB ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis,/i,. Its application in mono and mixed infections peoples shows promise, and mNGS is likely to be ... increasingly used to address challenges posed by ,i,Mycobacterium tuberc,/i, … ... Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex detection: a meta-analysis Yulian Li 1 , Wentao ... Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex detection: a meta-analysis Yulian Li et al. Front ...
RESEARCH CAREER DEVELOPMENT IN MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS NIH GUIDE, Volume 21, Number 29, August 14, 1992 PA NUMBER: PA-92-96 ... This PA, Research Career Development in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, is related to the priority areas of immunization and ... The increasing incidence of both tuberculosis and drug- resistant tuberculosis makes it imperative to apply current ... Research Career Development In Mycobacterium Tuberculosis" on line 2a of the face page of the PHS 398 form that is available ...
Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and non-tuberculous mycobacteria by multiplex polymerase chain reactions  ... Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Syrian patients by double-repetitive-element polymerase chain reaction  ... Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis of Lebanese patients by double-repetitive-element polymerase chain reaction  ... Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from previously treated patients [‎n = 88]‎ from all regions of Syrian ... ...
... has been hypothesized to have the potential to shorten therapy for active tuberculosis (TB) and prevent reactivation of latent ... Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli in low-oxygen microenvironments, such as caseous granulomas, ... Metronidazole prevents reactivation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macaques Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 ... Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli in low-oxygen microenvironments, such as caseous granulomas, has been hypothesized ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, ... CategoriesOrganisms CategoryBacteriaGram-Positive BacteriaActinobacteriaMycobacteriaceaeMycobacteriumMycobacterium tuberculosis ... RegularMycobacteriaceaeMycobacteriumMycobacterium tuberculosis ...
... that a visitor from a foreign country had died of complications from pulmonary tuberculosis; her Mycobacterium tuberculosis ... Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis during air travel. Lancet 1993;342:112-3. * Braden CR, Valway SE, Onorato IM, et al. ... Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis associated with air travel. JAMA 1994;272: 1031-5. * Exposure of passengers and ... Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis During A Long Airplane Flight Thomas A. Kenyon, M.D., M.P.H., ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv). Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds tested against it in ...
... by NIAID in 2019 to elucidate the immune responses needed to protect against infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). ... The Immune Mechanisms of Protection Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Centers (IMPAc-TB) program is an initiative established ... The Immune Mechanisms of Protection Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Centers (IMPAc-TB) program is an initiative established ... by NIAID in 2019 to elucidate the immune responses needed to protect against infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). ...
... active tuberculosis (ATB), latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and endemic healthy control (EHC). Preferential IgA recognition ... applied to gauge IgA and IgG antibodies specific to 16,730 linear epitopes of 52 dormancy-associated Mycobacterium tuberculosis ... Multi-stage tuberculosis (TB) vaccines composed of active- and dormancy-associated antigens are promising to trigger the ... IgA and IgG against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2031 discriminate between pulmonary tuberculosis patients, Mycobacterium ...
... ... to-reach populations are most affected by indoor and outdoor air pollution and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) transmission. ... Air pollution and tuberculosis (TB) represent two of the most devastating and life-threatening global public health problems. ...
... Manr quez-Reyes M, Chable-Montero F, ... Wang J, Vanley C, Miyamoto E, Turner J, Peng S. Coinfection of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Mycobacterium in a Patient with ... He was treated with Amphotericin B, desoxicolate and anti-tuberculosis treatment. Visceral Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the ...
eLife is a non-profit organisation inspired by research funders and led by scientists. Our mission is to help scientists accelerate discovery by operating a platform for research communication that encourages and recognises the most responsible behaviours in science. eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd is a limited liability non-profit non-stock corporation incorporated in the State of Delaware, USA, with company number 5030732, and is registered in the UK with company number FC030576 and branch number BR015634 at the address: ...
Timothy A. Georoff, Paul P. Calle, Denise McAloose, and Michael T. Barrie "Use of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rapid Lateral ... Timothy A. Georoff, Paul P. Calle, Denise McAloose, Michael T. Barrie "Use of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rapid Lateral Flow ... Use of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rapid Lateral Flow Test for Assessment of Non-Specific Tuberculin Responses in Silvered ... A commercial rapid lateral flow immunoassay (RT) for the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis antibodies ...
... typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) based on the multipurpose BioNumerics software. DNA from randomly selected isolates ... Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is the Subject Area "Mycobacterium tuberculosis" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ... Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis Is the Subject Area "Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ... Tuberculosis Is the Subject Area "Tuberculosis" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ...
Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Strains, Alberta, Canada, 1991-2007 Deanne Langlois-Klassen, Ambikaipakan ... Characteristics of persons with pulmonary TB associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing and non-Beijing strains, ... Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Strains, Alberta, Canada, 1991-2007. ... Boldface indicates significance (p,0.05). TB, tuberculosis; OR, odds ratio. †Sputum smear microscopy was not completed for all ...
... of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was constructed. pCMFO/DDA and pCMFO/DMT complexes were then prepared and their physicochemical ... of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was constructed. pCMFO/DDA and pCMFO/DMT complexes were then prepared and their physicochemical ... The immunogenicity and protection against M. tuberculosis infection in vaccinated C57BL/6 mice were compared. Formulation of ... The immunogenicity and protection against M. tuberculosis infection in vaccinated C57BL/6 mice were compared. Formulation of ...
To establish the significance of RIP2 kinase during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, RIP2 was depleted in THP-1- derived ... Characterisation of host determinants that influence host-pathogen interaction during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ... Tuberculosis is endemic in the Gambian population, in which the magnitude of mycobacterial antigen-driven interferon-γ (IFN-γ) ...
Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Syrian patients by double-repetitive-element polymerase chain reaction ... Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Syrian patients by double-repetitive-element polymerase chain reaction ... The Mycobacterium tuberculosis iniA gene is essential for activity of an efflux pump that confers drug tolerance to both ... Les isolats de Mycobacterium tuberculosis issus de patients précédemment traités (n = 88) provenant de toutes les régions de la ...
Here, we engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proteins (ESAT6, CFP10, and MTB7.7) to self-assemble into core-shell ... tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the ten leading causes of death worldwide. ... Engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen assembly into core-shell nanobeads for diagnosis of tuberculosis.. Mar 8, 2021 ... Here, we engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proteins (ESAT6, CFP10, and MTB7.7) to self-assemble into core-shell ...
Diagnosis and Management of Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in an Asian Elephant in Australia ... Pre-import tuberculosis screening and initial post-arrival screening was by trunk wash (TW). In April 2009 the Elephant TB Stat ... A routine TW on November 24, 2010, was culture positive for M. tuberculosis. Although previous shedding could not be ruled out ...
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), one of the most ... Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is a highly successful pathogen that has co‑existed with humans for 1,000s of years. As the ... Desvignes L, Wolf AJ and Ernst JD: Dynamic roles of type I and type II IFNs in early infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ... PPI networks of the DEGs in THP-1-derived macrophages infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. (A) The PPI network of all ...
"Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in a Rural Setting, Angola" 24, no. 3 (2018). Rando-Segura, Ariadna et al ... "Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in a Rural Setting, Angola" vol. 24, no. 3, 2018. Export RIS Citation ... Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in a Rural Setting, Angola Cite ... 2018). Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in a Rural Setting, Angola. 24(3). Rando-Segura, Ariadna et al. " ...
Bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in British farmland wildlife: the importance to agriculture. ... Bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in British farmland wildlife: the importance to agriculture. Proceedings of the Royal ... Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important disease of cattle and an emerging infectious disease of humans. Cow- and badger-based ... yielded positive isolates of Mycobacterium bovis. This is the first time the bacterium has been isolated from the bank vole. ...
Novel compounds from sphagnum bog bacteria kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thursday, September 15, 2016. - Poster Session III ... Bacterial natural products are a varied and rich source of undiscovered anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs with unique scaffolds and/ ... Here we report novel compounds from bog bacteria capable of selectively inhibiting M. tuberculosis. Bog bacteria, including ... tuberculosis (MIC 100 µg/ml). Three novel non-ribosomal peptide (NRP) or hybrid NRP/polyketide (PK) biosynthetic gene clusters ...
... for high-throughput screening of compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium. Antimicrobial Agents and ... Substances that inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis could potentially be used as antibiotics. These substances ... Effects of culture filtrates of endophytic fungi obtained from Piper aduncum L. on the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ... The recent increase in multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has created an urgent need for the ...
Environmental mycobacteria in areas of high and low tuberculosis prevalence in the Islamic Republic of Iran ... There are currently 71 recognized or proposed species of Mycobacterium [1], all of which, except M. tuberculosis complex and M ... Effects of infection with atypical mycobacteria on BCG vaccination and tuberculosis. American review of respiratory disease, ... Exposure to Mycobacterium avium primes the immune system of calves for vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Clinical and ...
  • One belongs to recombinant live vaccines such as modified BCG strains, attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, and recombinant viral vaccines. (frontiersin.org)
  • All regions of the country showed high levels of genotype diversity, suggesting a low level of transmission of M. tuberculosis strains in previously treated patients. (who.int)
  • Patients with a previous history of tuberculosis (TB) treatment have been shown worldwide to have the highest risk of harbouring multidrug-resistant (MDR) and even extensively drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (who.int)
  • Erp is present in all strains of mycobacteria, including BCG strains, but its sequence varies (12). (biomedcentral.com)
  • View of Agreement between methods for antimicrobial susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Montería, Córdoba: mycobacteria growth indicator tube vs. proportion method. (univalle.edu.co)
  • After resolution of discrepant results by retesting the strains using both methods in the National Reference Laboratory of tuberculosis, the overall concordance values between the 2 systems were 99.7% (kappa value: 0.97) for CPM, 99.7% (kappa value: 0.97) for KAN, 100.0% (kappa value: 1.00) for OFX, and 98.6% (kappa value: 0.95) for ETH. (eurekamag.com)
  • The development of new pharmaceuticals to treat tuberculosis, especially pharmaceuticals with new mechanisms of action, is of increasing concern as new drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis emerge. (nih.gov)
  • Tuberculosis is a disease of serious concern, responsible for more than a million deaths worldwide every year, with antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis becoming increasingly problematic. (nih.gov)
  • 1. Allix-Béguec C, Harmsen D, Weniger T, Supply P, Niemann S. Evaluation and strategy for use of MIRU-VNTRplus, a multifunctional database for online analysis of genotyping data and phylogenetic identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates. (cdc.gov)
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from previously treated patients (n = 88) from all regions of Syrian Arab Republic were characterized in terms of antibiotic sensitivity and genotyping using double-repetitive-element polymerase chain reaction (DRE-PCR) method for the proximity of the repetitive DNA elements IS6110 (a mobile genetic element) and PGRS. (who.int)
  • One of the 1307 bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) live-sampled, and three of the 43 badgers (Meles meles), yielded positive isolates of Mycobacterium bovis. (stir.ac.uk)
  • ABSTRACT This research compared the numbers and types of different Mycobacterium species in soil samples taken from 2 areas of Golestan province, Islamic Republic of Iran, 1 with a high prevalence of tuberculosis and 1 with a low prevalence. (who.int)
  • Substances that inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis could potentially be used as antibiotics. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • What is Mycobacterium bovis? (cdc.gov)
  • Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is another mycobacterium that can cause TB disease in people. (cdc.gov)
  • However, as with M. tuberculosis, not everyone infected with M. bovis becomes sick. (cdc.gov)
  • M. bovis is treated similarly to M. tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)
  • In fact, healthcare providers might not know that a person has M. bovis instead of M. tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)
  • No. The Cooperative State-Federal Tuberculosis Eradication Program, including the U.S. Department of Agriculture, state animal health agencies, and U.S. livestock producers, has nearly eliminated M. bovis infection from cattle in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • A commercial rapid lateral flow immunoassay (RT) for the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis antibodies was employed to assess this test's correlation with TST results and tuberculosis status. (bioone.org)
  • Despite the vaccine Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin is used worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) remains the first killer among infectious diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Tuberculosis (TB) remains the first killer among infectious diseases worldwide, despite Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only available attenuated live vaccine for TB, has been integrated into Expanded Program of Immunization since 1974 ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • This PA, Research Career Development in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, is related to the priority areas of immunization and infectious diseases, and HIV infection. (nih.gov)
  • Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli in low-oxygen microenvironments, such as caseous granulomas, has been hypothesized to have the potential to shorten therapy for active tuberculosis (TB) and prevent reactivation of latent infection. (nih.gov)
  • We previously reported that upon low-dose M. tuberculosis infection, equal proportions of cynomolgus macaques develop active disease or latent infection and that latently infected animals reactivated upon neutralization of TNF. (nih.gov)
  • The Immune Mechanisms of Protection Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Centers (IMPAc-TB) program is an initiative established by NIAID in 2019 to elucidate the immune responses needed to protect against infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). (nih.gov)
  • The studies also will address how immunity from previous BCG vaccination and natural nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection affects the investigational vaccines' effectiveness and ability to generate an immune response across species. (nih.gov)
  • Peptide microarray was applied to gauge IgA and IgG antibodies specific to 16,730 linear epitopes of 52 dormancy-associated Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M. tb ) proteins in three study groups: active tuberculosis (ATB), latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and endemic healthy control (EHC). (nature.com)
  • TB-elimination remains unachievable when a quarter of the world population harbours an M. tb reservoir, namely latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) 1 . (nature.com)
  • The immunogenicity and protection against M. tuberculosis infection in vaccinated C57BL/6 mice were compared. (frontiersin.org)
  • Besides Th1-biased responses, pCMFO/DMT vaccinated mice elicited more significantly CFMO-specific IL2 + T CM cell responses in the spleen and provided an enhanced and persistent protection against M. tuberculosis aerosol infection, compared to pCMFO/DDA and pCMFO groups. (frontiersin.org)
  • Subsequently, at least 60 genes from the genome of M. tuberculosis were constructed as DNA vaccine candidates, which could evoke antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and confer various degrees of protection against virulent M. tuberculosis infection in mice ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • To establish the significance of RIP2 kinase during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, RIP2 was depleted in THP-1- derived macrophages using small interfering RNAs. (bl.uk)
  • In the absence of RIP2, THP- 1-derived macrophages secreted significantly reduced levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β upon infection with M. tuberculosis. (bl.uk)
  • The identification of antigens able to differentiate tuberculosis (TB) disease from TB infection would be valuable. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protective immune responses elicited by tuberculosis infection or vaccination with BCG in non endemic countries remain poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) uses a complex 3′, 5′-cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling network to sense and respond to changing environments encountered during infection, so perturbation of cAMP signaling might be leveraged to disrupt Mtb pathogenesis. (listlabs.com)
  • Here, we explore how genetic deficiency in Tirap impacts resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in a mouse model and ex vivo. (bvsalud.org)
  • The test is performed when the doctor suspects tuberculosis or other mycobacterium infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j. from 93 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)
  • 350 newly registered and suspected patients for pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis in outpatients and inpatients department of new civil Hospital of south Gujarat, Surat were included in the study during the period of October 2013-December 2015. (scirp.org)
  • Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has been gradually applied to the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) due to its rapid and highly sensitive characteristics. (nih.gov)
  • Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology. (cdc.gov)
  • There is an urgent need to promote research training in basic and clinical aspects of tuberculosis including improved diagnosis, molecular biology, therapeutics, patient compliance, immunology, and vaccine development. (nih.gov)
  • Many laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and for the identification of drug resistance were developed in the 1950s and 1960s. (nih.gov)
  • Engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen assembly into core-shell nanobeads for diagnosis of tuberculosis. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Despite recent advances in diagnosis, tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the ten leading causes of death worldwide. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Here, we engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proteins (ESAT6, CFP10, and MTB7.7) to self-assemble into core-shell nanobeads for enhanced TB diagnosis. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • These substances could also be added to test culture media to improve the speed of tuberculosis diagnosis. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • These compounds have the potential to be used as antimicrobials or in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • Shete PB, Cattamanchi A, Yoon C. Tuberculosis: clinical manifestations and diagnosis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Compound 7 was then found to inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis , but relatively high concentrations were necessary. (nih.gov)
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) survives within human macrophages. (gardp.org)
  • Upon investigation at the cellular level, we observed that mycobacteria were not able to replicate in Tirap-deficient macrophages compared to wild type counterparts. (bvsalud.org)
  • A) Section of the variable- number tandem-repeat-based dendrogram of the Latin-American-Mediterranean family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RD-Rio strain with enlarged branch including SIT20 strain from Kazakhstan. (cdc.gov)
  • A patient who develops active disease with a drug resistant tuberculosis strain can transmit this form of tuberculosis to other individuals. (scirp.org)
  • These lengthy regimens raise the risk that people will stop taking the drugs prematurely or that an opportunistic strain of M. tuberculosis will grow resistant to the therapy. (nih.gov)
  • M. tuberculosis is the bacterial strain responsible for tuberculosis, an infectious disease that cases more than 1 million deaths worldwide every year. (nih.gov)
  • There are currently 71 recognized or proposed species of Mycobacterium [1], all of which, except M. tuberculosis complex and M. leprae, are considered as environmental mycobacteria and can usually be isolated from environmental samples including water, soil and dust [2]. (who.int)
  • The different environmental mycobacteria are very similar and for many years were mistakenly assumed to be M. tuberculosis in patients [1,2]. (who.int)
  • Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M. tb ), one of the most successful bacteria that infects humans ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • A small rod-shaped bacillus that grows very slowly and causes tuberculosis (TB). (gardp.org)
  • Background: In April, 1994, a passenger with infectious multidrug- resistant tuberculosis traveled on commercial-airline flights from Honolulu to Chicago and from Chicago to Baltimore and returned one month later. (cdc.gov)
  • Multidrug resistant tuberculosis is a form of tuberculosis that has resistant to two most effective first line anti-tuberculosis drugs which are Isoniazid and Rifampicin. (scirp.org)
  • Here we report novel compounds from bog bacteria capable of selectively inhibiting M. tuberculosis. (nih.gov)
  • Four types of opportunistic mycobacterial disease of humans have been described: skin lesions (following traumatic inoculation of bacteria), localized lymphadenitis, tuberculosis (TB)-like pulmonary lesions and disseminated disease [5]. (who.int)
  • Contact with different species of environmental Mycobacterium can cause acquired immunity to M. tuberculosis or increase the efficacy of BCG vaccine protection (M. vaccae, M. microti), although some species of these bacteria reduce the efficacy of BCG vaccine (M. scrofulaceum) [8,10-13]. (who.int)
  • Sputum stain for mycobacteria is a test to check for a type of bacteria that cause tuberculosis and other infections. (medlineplus.gov)
  • He was treated with Amphotericin B, desoxicolate and anti-tuberculosis treatment. (medigraphic.com)
  • Patients with major diseases like HIV/malignancy/immunocompromised patients/patients on immunosuppressive treatment/patients with past or present history of anti-tuberculosis treatment were excluded. (scirp.org)
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is a highly successful pathogen that has co‑existed with humans for 1,000's of years. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important disease of cattle and an emerging infectious disease of humans. (stir.ac.uk)
  • Cellular and humoral immune responses to Erp (Exported repetitive protein) - a recently identified M. tuberculosis protein - have not yet been investigated in humans and may contribute to this aim. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tuberculosis is an ancient scourge that has evolved in lockstep with humans for more than ten millennia. (nih.gov)
  • In humans , resistance to tuberculosis is associated with a loss-of-function in Tirap. (bvsalud.org)
  • While the fumarate hydratase is a common enzyme in both humans and M. tuberculosis , with a very similar structure, compound 7 inhibits only the bacterial version of fumarate hydratase. (nih.gov)
  • Tuberculosis is endemic in the Gambian population, in which the magnitude of mycobacterial antigen-driven interferon-γ (IFN-γ) response in BCG vaccinated neonates has been linked to regions on the genome that encode the RIP2 kinase, the toll-like receptor 4 adapter protein MD-2 and the NF-κB subunit NF-κB2 by genome-wide linkage analysis. (bl.uk)
  • Thymidine monophosphate kinase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TMPKmt), which is essential to DNA replication, was selected as a promising target for the design of new inhibitors. (eurekaselect.com)
  • As BCG vaccination is widely used in countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis, we decided to use a new M. tuberculosis antigen, Erp, to analyze cellular and humoral immune responses in TB patients and in healthy individuals, including both those who had or had not been vaccinated with BCG. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Application of sensitive and specific molecular methods to uncover global dissemination of the major RDRio sublineage of the Latin American-Mediterranean Mycobacterium tuberculosis spoligotype family. (cdc.gov)
  • We used lymphoproliferation, ELISpot IFN-γ, cytokine production assays and detection of specific human antibodies against recombinant M. tuberculosis proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The average turnaround time with BACTEC MGIT 960 system among four sites was 8.9 ± 1.7 days, significantly shorter than 28 days with the traditional L-J PM. Therefore, the BACTEC MGIT 960 system is a reliable and rapid method for the second-line drug susceptibility testing of tuberculosis in China. (eurekamag.com)
  • Mycobacterium leprae Hsp65 and Ag85A of M. tuberculosis ( 3 , 4 ) were initially used for the development of DNA vaccine against TB. (frontiersin.org)
  • tuberculosis complex based on colony phenotype. (cdc.gov)
  • This Program Announcement (PA) emphasizes the commitment of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) to support Clinical Investigator Awards (K08), Physician Scientist Awards (K11), and Research Career Development Awards (K04) to increase the number of biomedical investigators conducting high-quality research in the area of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). (nih.gov)
  • The program will lead to a better understanding of tuberculosis (TB) immunology, which is critical to guide the design and development of new and improved TB vaccines, and it aligns with the goals of the NIAID Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Research . (nih.gov)
  • The ability of two-band and three-band multiplex polymerase chain reactions to detect and differentiate Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex from non-tuberculous mycobacteria was evaluated. (who.int)
  • The increasing incidence of both tuberculosis and drug- resistant tuberculosis makes it imperative to apply current technologies to the fullest capacity. (nih.gov)
  • Because of the extent of her disease, concern for potential transmission of drug-resistant M. tuberculosis, and uncertainty regarding passenger-to-passenger transmission of M. tuberculosis on aircraft, an investigation of passengers and flight crew was conducted. (cdc.gov)
  • Is the Subject Area "Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
  • Continuous surveillance should be applied to know the periodic changing patterns and trend in Drug resistant tuberculosis. (scirp.org)
  • To elucidate the action mechanism of DMT and improve immunological effects induced by DNA vaccine, a new recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid pCMFO that secretes the fusion of four multistage antigens (Rv2875, Rv3044, Rv2073c, and Rv0577) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was constructed. (frontiersin.org)
  • SITVITWEB--a publicly available international multimarker database for studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology. (cdc.gov)
  • Although more accurate, rapid, and sophisticated methods are available, they have not been implemented for tuberculosis. (nih.gov)
  • Tuberculosis vaccine candidates generally fall into two categories. (frontiersin.org)
  • Results of search for 'su:{Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (who.int)
  • The role of previous treatment in the dynamics of tuberculosis transmission has not been adequately investigated. (who.int)
  • Conclusions: The transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that we describe aboard a commercial aircraft involved a highly infectious passenger, a long flight, and close proximity of contacts to the index patient. (cdc.gov)
  • A 1993 investigation of a flight attendant with infectious tuberculosis demonstrated transmission to other crew members, but evidence of transmission to passengers was inconclusive. (cdc.gov)
  • With hundreds of million persons living in urban slums worldwide, vulnerable, marginalized and hard- to-reach populations are most affected by indoor and outdoor air pollution and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) transmission. (nih.gov)
  • Une forte diversité des génotypes a été constatée pour toutes les régions du pays, ce qui suggère un faible niveau de transmission des souches de M. tuberculosis chez les patients précédemment traités. (who.int)
  • Developing National Genotype-Independent Indicators for Recent Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Transmission Using Pediatric Cases-United States, 2011-2017. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pediatric tuberculosis (TB) cases are sentinel events for Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in communities because children , by definition, must have been infected relatively recently. (bvsalud.org)
  • Multi-stage tuberculosis (TB) vaccines composed of active- and dormancy-associated antigens are promising to trigger the immune protection against all TB stages. (nature.com)
  • Although the immune responses induced by TB are generally able to contain the pathogen, they are unable to eliminate it, and 5 to 10% of immunocompetent individuals develop tuberculosis [ 2 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Substances that increase the growth rate of M. tuberculosis are also necessary to decrease the time needed for bacteriological identification of M. tuberculosis . (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • The most common species isolated were Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. flavescens and M. chelonae. (who.int)
  • Studies utilizing the mNGS for tuberculosis detection were included. (nih.gov)
  • Simultaneous drug resistance detection and genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using a low-density hydrogel microarray. (cdc.gov)
  • We isolated 315 fungal types, which represented 85 morphologies, from different parts of P. aduncum L. The bioassays were performed on 82 culture filtrates and 6 plant extracts and resulted in the detection of 1 culture filtrate that stimulated the growth of M. tuberculosis and 15 that inhibited microbial growth. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • Progression of tuberculosis is tightly linked to a disordered immune balance, resulting in inability of the host to restrict intracellular bacterial replication and its subsequent dissemination. (bvsalud.org)
  • Anti-tuberculosis drugs have been used for many decades but resistance to them is now widespread. (scirp.org)
  • This study was planned to know the pattern of first line anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in south Gujarat, Surat region in newly diagnosed patients of tuberculosis. (scirp.org)
  • Conclusion: Such study may help in control of tuberculosis at regional and national level which would in turn help in planning of measures to control Multidrug resistance tuberculosis. (scirp.org)
  • M. tuberculosis may be resistance to one or more drugs. (scirp.org)
  • Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance is a major public health problem which arises due to improper and irrational use of anti-tuberculosis drugs in chemotherapy of drug-susceptible tuberculosis patients. (scirp.org)
  • Globally, 5% of tuberculosis cases were estimated to have multi-drug resistance (MDR-TB). (scirp.org)
  • As the rate of MDR-TB is variable in different parts of countries, this study was planned to know the pattern of first line anti-tuberculosis resistance in south Gujarat, Surat region in newly diagnosed patients of tuberculosis as no study was planned for the same before. (scirp.org)
  • This is an especially important technology for patients who are smear-negative and currently need to wait several weeks before beginning tuberculosis treatment. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • Our findings provide new molecular evidence about how Mtb manipulates innate immune signaling to enable intracellular replication and survival of the pathogen, thus paving the way for host-directed approaches to treat tuberculosis . (bvsalud.org)
  • We analyzed 98 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex platform to enhance SARS-CoV-2 testing capacity. (cdc.gov)
  • This remains a promising lead for the development of therapeutics to treat tuberculosis. (nih.gov)
  • Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) continues to be a top-tier life-threatening disease globally. (nature.com)
  • Today, we head to Boston to visit a researcher who has set her sights on a major infectious disease challenge: tuberculosis, or TB. (nih.gov)