Mutation. Medical search

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A type of mutation in which a number of NUCLEOTIDES deleted from or inserted into a protein coding sequence is not divisible by three, thereby causing an alteration in the READING FRAMES of the entire coding sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of MUTAGENS or may occur spontaneously.

Any detectable and heritable alteration in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells (i.e., "generative" cells ancestral to the gametes) are transmitted to progeny while those in somatic cells are not.

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

The number of mutations that occur in a specific sequence, GENE, or GENOME over a specified period of time such as years, CELL DIVISIONS, or generations.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Variation in a population's DNA sequence that is detected by determining alterations in the conformation of denatured DNA fragments. Denatured DNA fragments are allowed to renature under conditions that prevent the formation of double-stranded DNA and allow secondary structure to form in single stranded fragments. These fragments are then run through polyacrylamide gels to detect variations in the secondary structure that is manifested as an alteration in migration through the gels.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

An amino acid-specifying codon that has been converted to a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR) by mutation. Its occurance is abnormal causing premature termination of protein translation and results in production of truncated and non-functional proteins. A nonsense mutation is one that converts an amino acid-specific codon to a stop codon.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE only in the homozygous state.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.

Detection of a MUTATION; GENOTYPE; KARYOTYPE; or specific ALLELES associated with genetic traits, heritable diseases, or predisposition to a disease, or that may lead to the disease in descendants. It includes prenatal genetic testing.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

A phenomenon that is observed when a small subgroup of a larger POPULATION establishes itself as a separate and isolated entity. The subgroup's GENE POOL carries only a fraction of the genetic diversity of the parental population resulting in an increased frequency of certain diseases in the subgroup, especially those diseases known to be autosomal recessive.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Tumor suppressor genes located on the short arm of human chromosome 17 and coding for the phosphoprotein p53.

A characteristic symptom complex.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Proteins produced from GENES that have acquired MUTATIONS.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The magnitude of INBREEDING in humans.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Genes whose loss of function or gain of function MUTATION leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They may be essential genes (GENES, ESSENTIAL) required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Identification of genetic carriers for a given trait.

That part of the genome that corresponds to the complete complement of EXONS of an organism or cell.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.

A raf kinase subclass found at high levels in neuronal tissue. The B-raf Kinases are MAP kinase kinase kinases that have specificity for MAP KINASE KINASE 1 and MAP KINASE KINASE 2.

A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human CHROMOSOME 17 at locus 17q21. Mutations of this gene are associated with the formation of HEREDITARY BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER SYNDROME. It encodes a large nuclear protein that is a component of DNA repair pathways.

Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.

The health status of the family as a unit including the impact of the health of one member of the family on the family as a unit and on individual family members; also, the impact of family organization or disorganization on the health status of its members.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

An ethnic group with historical ties to the land of ISRAEL and the religion of JUDAISM.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.

Genes that have a suppressor allele or suppressor mutation (SUPPRESSION, GENETIC) which cancels the effect of a previous mutation, enabling the wild-type phenotype to be maintained or partially restored. For example, amber suppressors cancel the effect of an AMBER NONSENSE MUTATION.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.

A mutation named with the blend of insertion and deletion. It refers to a length difference between two ALLELES where it is unknowable if the difference was originally caused by a SEQUENCE INSERTION or by a SEQUENCE DELETION. If the number of nucleotides in the insertion/deletion is not divisible by three, and it occurs in a protein coding region, it is also a FRAMESHIFT MUTATION.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

Genetic diseases that are linked to gene mutations on the X CHROMOSOME in humans (X CHROMOSOME, HUMAN) or the X CHROMOSOME in other species. Included here are animal models of human X-linked diseases.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

The percent frequency with which a dominant or homozygous recessive gene or gene combination manifests itself in the phenotype of the carriers. (From Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed)

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field.

A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human chromosome 13 at locus 13q12.3. Mutations in this gene predispose humans to breast and ovarian cancer. It encodes a large, nuclear protein that is an essential component of DNA repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (from Genes Dev 2000;14(11):1400-6)

A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.

The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.

Nucleotide sequences located at the ends of EXONS and recognized in pre-messenger RNA by SPLICEOSOMES. They are joined during the RNA SPLICING reaction, forming the junctions between exons.

Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

A large, nuclear protein, encoded by the BRCA2 gene (GENE, BRCA2). Mutations in this gene predispose humans to breast and ovarian cancer. The BRCA2 protein is an essential component of DNA repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (from Genes Dev. 2000;14(11):1400-6)

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.

Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes (GENES, RAS). The protooncogene-derived protein, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS), plays a role in normal cellular growth, differentiation and development. The oncogene-derived protein (ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS)) can play a role in aberrant cellular regulation during neoplastic cell transformation (CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC). This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the southeastern and eastern areas of the Asian continent.

The presence of apparently similar characters for which the genetic evidence indicates that different genes or different genetic mechanisms are involved in different pedigrees. In clinical settings genetic heterogeneity refers to the presence of a variety of genetic defects which cause the same disease, often due to mutations at different loci on the same gene, a finding common to many human diseases including ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE DEFICIENCY, FAMILIAL; and POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES. (Rieger, et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

The analysis of a sequence such as a region of a chromosome, a haplotype, a gene, or an allele for its involvement in controlling the phenotype of a specific trait, metabolic pathway, or disease.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal HEMIZYGOSITY. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the ALLELES was deleted.

The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.

Any codon that signals the termination of genetic translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). PEPTIDE TERMINATION FACTORS bind to the stop codon and trigger the hydrolysis of the aminoacyl bond connecting the completed polypeptide to the tRNA. Terminator codons do not specify amino acids.

The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single ZYGOTE, as opposed to CHIMERISM in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.

A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

Abnormal development of cartilage and bone.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A social group consisting of parents or parent substitutes and children.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.

Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Tumor suppressor genes located in the 5q21 region on the long arm of human chromosome 5. The mutation of these genes is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI) and GARDNER SYNDROME, as well as some sporadic colorectal cancers.

The phosphoprotein encoded by the BRCA1 gene (GENE, BRCA1). In normal cells the BRCA1 protein is localized in the nucleus, whereas in the majority of breast cancer cell lines and in malignant pleural effusions from breast cancer patients, it is localized mainly in the cytoplasm. (Science 1995;270(5237):713,789-91)

A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

A reverse transcriptase encoded by the POL GENE of HIV. It is a heterodimer of 66 kDa and 51 kDa subunits that are derived from a common precursor protein. The heterodimer also includes an RNAse H activity (RIBONUCLEASE H, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS) that plays an essential role the viral replication process.

Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.

Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

A bacterial DNA topoisomerase II that catalyzes ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. Gyrase binds to DNA as a heterotetramer consisting of two A and two B subunits. In the presence of ATP, gyrase is able to convert the relaxed circular DNA duplex into a superhelix. In the absence of ATP, supercoiled DNA is relaxed by DNA gyrase.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different.

Modified peptidoglycan transpeptidase activity in a carbenicillin-resistant mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18s. (1/138264)

A carbenicillin-resistant mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18s was found to possess peptidoglycan transpeptidase activity significantly more resistant to inhibition by benzyl penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cephaloridine than that of the parent strain. The mutant was more resistant than the parent strain to all of the beta-lactam antibiotics tested, and 50% inhibition values for these compounds against membrane-bound model transpeptidase activity paralleled this increase. The resistance of the mutant to kanamycin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol was unchanged. (+info)

Marker effects on reversion of T4rII mutants. (2/138264)

The frequencies of 2-aminopurine- and 5-bromouracil-induced A:T leads to G:C transitions were compared at nonsense sites throughout the rII region of bacteriophage T4. These frequencies are influenced both by adjacent base pairs within the nonsense codons and by extracodonic factors. Following 2AP treatment, they are high in amber (UAG) and lower in opal (UGA) codons than in allelic ochre (UAA) codons. In general, 5BU-induced transitions are more frequent in both amber and opal codons than in the allelic ochre codons. 2AP- and 5BU-induced transition frequencies in the first and third positions of opal codons are correlated with those in the corresponding positions of the allelic ochre codons. Similarly, the frequencies of 2AP-induced transition in the first and second positions of amber codons and their ochre alleles are correlated. However, there is little correlation between the frequencies of 5BU-induced transitions in the first and second positions of allelic amber and ochre codons. (+info)

Nonbehavioral selection for pawns, mutants of Paramecium aurelia with decreased excitability. (3/138264)

The reversal response in Paramecium aurelia is mediated by calcium which carries the inward current during excitation. Electrophysiological studies indicate that strontium and barium can also carry the inward current. Exposure to high concentrations of barium rapidly paralyzes and later kills wild-type paramecia. Following mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine, seven mutants which continued to swim in the ;high-barium' solution were selected. All of the mutants show decreased reversal behavior, with phenotypes ranging from extremely non-reversing (;extreme' pawns) to nearly wild-type reversal behavior (;partial' pawns). The mutations fall into three complementation groups, identical to the pwA, pwB, and pwC genes of Kunget al. (1975). All of the pwA and pwB mutants withstand longer exposure to barium, the pwB mutants surviving longer than the pwA mutants. Among mutants of each gene, survival is correlated with loss of reversal behavior. Double mutants (A-B, A-C, B-C), identified in the exautogamous progeny of crosses between ;partial' mutants, exhibited a more extreme non-reversing phenotype than either of their single-mutant (;partial' pawn) parents.---Inability to reverse could be expected from an alteration in the calcium-activated reversal mechanism or in excitation. A normal calcium-activated structure was demonstrated in all pawns by chlorpromazine treatment. In a separate report (Schein, Bennett and Katz 1976) the results of electrophysiological investigations directly demonstrate decreased excitability in all of the mutants, a decrease due to an altered calcium activation. The studies of the genetics, the survival in barium and the electro-physiology of the pawns demonstrate that the pwA and pwB genes have different effects on calcium activation. (+info)

Testing for selective neutrality of electrophoretically detectable protein polymorphisms. (4/138264)

The statistical assessment of gene-frequency data on protein polymorphisms in natural populations remains a contentious issue. Here we formulate a test of whether polymorphisms detected by electrophoresis are in accordance with the stepwise, or charge-state, model of mutation in finite populations in the absence of selection. First, estimates of the model parameters are derived by minimizing chi-square deviations of the observed frequencies of genotypes with alleles (0,1,2...) units apart from their theoretical expected values. Then the remaining deviation is tested under the null hypothesis of neutrality. The procedure was found to be conservative for false rejections in simulation data. We applied the test to Ayala and Tracey 's data on 27 allozymic loci in six populations of Drosophila willistoni . About one-quarter of polymorphic loci showed significant departure from the neutral theory predictions in virtually all populations. A further quarter showed significant departure in some populations. The remaining data showed an acceptable fit to the charge state model. A predominating mode of selection was selection against alleles associated with extreme electrophoretic mobilities. The advantageous properties and the difficulties of the procedure are discussed. (+info)

Apontic binds the translational repressor Bruno and is implicated in regulation of oskar mRNA translation. (5/138264)

The product of the oskar gene directs posterior patterning in the Drosophila oocyte, where it must be deployed specifically at the posterior pole. Proper expression relies on the coordinated localization and translational control of the oskar mRNA. Translational repression prior to localization of the transcript is mediated, in part, by the Bruno protein, which binds to discrete sites in the 3' untranslated region of the oskar mRNA. To begin to understand how Bruno acts in translational repression, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify Bruno-interacting proteins. One interactor, described here, is the product of the apontic gene. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments lend biochemical support to the idea that Bruno and Apontic proteins physically interact in Drosophila. Genetic experiments using mutants defective in apontic and bruno reveal a functional interaction between these genes. Given this interaction, Apontic is likely to act together with Bruno in translational repression of oskar mRNA. Interestingly, Apontic, like Bruno, is an RNA-binding protein and specifically binds certain regions of the oskar mRNA 3' untranslated region. (+info)

oko meduzy mutations affect neuronal patterning in the zebrafish retina and reveal cell-cell interactions of the retinal neuroepithelial sheet. (6/138264)

Mutations of the oko meduzy (ome) locus cause drastic neuronal patterning defect in the zebrafish retina. The precise, stratified appearance of the wild-type retina is absent in the mutants. Despite the lack of lamination, at least seven retinal cell types differentiate in oko meduzy. The ome phenotype is already expressed in the retinal neuroepithelium affecting morphology of the neuroepithelial cells. Our experiments indicate that previously unknown cell-cell interactions are involved in development of the retinal neuroepithelial sheet. In genetically mosaic animals, cell-cell interactions are sufficient to rescue the phenotype of oko meduzy retinal neuroepithelial cells. These cell-cell interactions may play a critical role in the patterning events that lead to differentiation of distinct neuronal laminae in the vertebrate retina. (+info)

Cancer genetics: tumor suppressor meets oncogene. (7/138264)

The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor protein is inactivated by mutations in the majority of colorectal cancers. A recent study has revealed that alterations in the APC signaling pathway can result in the transcriptional activation of the c-MYC gene. (+info)

Alzheimer's disease: clues from flies and worms. (8/138264)

Presenilin mutations give rise to familial Alzheimer's disease and result in elevated production of amyloid beta peptide. Recent evidence that presenilins act in developmental signalling pathways may be the key to understanding how senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and apoptosis are all biochemically linked. (+info)

Mutations[edit]. Figure 3. Effects on TBP binding to the TATA box from mutations. Wildtype shows transcription done normally. ... Point mutations[edit]. Point mutations to the TATA box have similar varying phenotypic changes depending on the gene that is ... Mutations to the TATA box can range from a deletion or insertion to a point mutation with varying effects based on the gene ... Based on the sequence and mechanism of TATA box initiation, mutations such as insertions, deletions, and point mutations to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box

Defining mutations. M242. Highest frequencies. Kets 93.8%,[6] Turkmens 73%,[7] Selkups 66.4%.,[6] Altaians 63.6%.,[8] Tuvans ... Technical specification of mutation[edit]. The technical details of M242 are: Nucleotide change: C to T. Position (base pair): ... The subclades of Haplogroup Q-M242 with their defining mutation (s), according to the 2015 ISOGG tree[4] are provided below. ... Human Mutation. 24 (3): 248-60. doi:10.1002/humu.20077. PMID 15300852.. Q-M323 in 3/20=15% of a sample of Yemenite Jews. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_Q_

75 to 80 percent of Leigh syndrome is caused by mutations in nuclear DNA; mutations affecting the function or assembly of the ... The most common MT-ATP6 mutation found with Leigh syndrome is a point mutation at nucleotide 8993 that changes a thymine to a ... Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and over 30 genes in nuclear DNA (gene SURF1[8] and some COX assembly factors) have been ... Mitochondrial DNA mutations[edit]. Mitochondria are essential organelles in eukaryotic cells. Their function is to convert the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_disease

Consonant mutation[edit]. Another feature of the language is initial consonant mutation between singular and plural forms of ... nouns and of verbs (except in Pular, there is no consonant mutation in verbs, only in nouns). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language

Initial mutations[edit]. Main article: Irish initial mutations. In Irish, there are two classes of initial consonant mutations ... Due to initial mutation, prefixes, clitics, suffixes, root inflection, ending morphology, elision, sandhi, epinthesis, and ... Mutations are often the only way to distinguish grammatical forms. For example, the only non-contextual way to distinguish ... possessive pronouns "her," "his" and "their", is through initial mutations since all meanings are represented by the same word ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language

Rare mutations[edit]. Women with CAIS, who are completely insensitive to the AR-mediated actions of androgens, have, as a group ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_development

MDR1 gene mutation[edit]. Recent research at Washington State University indicates that, in addition to many other herding ... breeds, approximately 15% of the English Shepherd population is subject to the MDR1 gene mutation. Dogs that are tested ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Shepherd

EGFR mutations[edit]. Roughly 10-35% of people who have NSCLC will have drug sensitizing mutations of the EGFR.[43] The ... likely cause the high level of mutation in lung cancer cells of more than 100,000 mutations per genome (see Whole genome ... Several studies have also shown that ALK mutations and EGFR activating mutations are typically mutually exclusive. Thus, it is ... People with these mutations are more likely to have adenocarcinoma histology and be non-smokers or light smokers. These people ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-small-cell_lung_carcinoma

Mutation[edit]. Whole genome sequencing has established the mutation frequency for whole human genomes. The mutation frequency ... Cause of mutations[edit]. The likely major underlying cause of mutations in carcinomas is DNA damage.[13] For example, in the ... The high mutation frequencies in carcinomas reflect the genome instability characteristic of cancers.[citation needed] ... While a mutation or epimutation in a DNA repair gene, itself, would not confer a selective advantage, such a repair defect may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinomas

Mutations[edit]. Panem uses genetic engineering to create animals which figure into the Hunger Games or otherwise serve its ... part-human mutations during the second rebellion, so that he could save Katniss's life. This results in Annie being the only ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_12_

Mutation breeding[edit]. Conventional hybridization is difficult to carry out in roselle due to its cleistogamous nature of ... Because of this, a mutation breeding programme was initiated to generate new genetic variability.[21] The use of induced ... Roselle improvement through conventional and mutation breeding. Proc. Intern. Nuclear Conf. 2002, 15-18 Oct 2002, Kuala Lumpur ... These new varieties were developed using Arab as the parent variety in a mutation breeding programme which started in 2006. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roselle_

Sports (mutations)[edit]. Many sports of Gala have been selected, mostly for increased red color, including the popular Royal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala_

Mitochondrial mutations in disease[edit]. See also: Mitochondrial diseases. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA are usually single ... This refers to hundreds of independent mutations in one organism, with each mutation found in about 1-2% of all mitochondrial ... In most cases, a muscle mutation level of approximately 18% or less confers a 95% risk reduction.[12] ... Additionally, there is a dose-dependent decrease in reproduction ability for females that have mutations in mitochondrial DNA. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroplasmy

Mutation mechanisms and mutation rates[edit]. DNA strand slippage during replication of an STR locus. Boxes symbolize ... Unlike point mutations, which affect only a single nucleotide, microsatellite mutations lead to the gain or loss of an entire ... Microsatellite mutation rates[edit]. Microsatellite mutation rates vary with base position relative to the microsatellite, ... Thus, the mutation rate at microsatellite loci is expected to differ from other mutation rates, such as base substitution rates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_tandem_repeats

Deleterious mutation clearance[edit]. Mutations can have many different effects upon an organism. It is generally believed that ... Once a mutation occurs in the DNA or other genetic carrying sequence, there is no way for the mutation to be removed from the ... The next mutation that occurs turns the ratchet once more. Additional mutations in a population continually turn the ratchet ... Muller described this occurrence by comparing the mutations that accumulate as a ratchet. Each mutation that arises in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction

b: black- The black mutation was discovered in 1910 by Thomas Hunt Morgan.[48] The black mutation results in a darker colored ... y: yellow- The yellow gene is a genetic mutation known as Dmel\y within the widely used data base called flybase. This mutation ... It is caused by mutations in the gene WRN that encodes a protein with essential roles in repair of DNA damage. Mutations in the ... due to a point mutation on chromosome II.[51] When the mutation is homozygous, the pteridine pigments are unable to be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster

Mutations[edit]. Approximately four hundred type X Charcot-Marie-Tooth causing mutations have been identified within the GJB1 ... Some of these mutations also cause hearing loss in patients with CMTX.[14] Currently it is unknown how the mutations of the ... Most of the mutations of the GJB1 gene switch or change a single amino acid in the gap junction (connexin-32) protein, although ... With the creation of genetic testing, 90% of CMTX cases are now diagnosed using the mutations of the GJB1 (Cx32) gene.[11] The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJB1

Mutations[edit]. In 2018 scientists from the University of Portsmouth with the collaboration of the National Renewable Energy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PETase

COD has been linked to several genetic mutations including mutations in the guanylate cyclase activator 1A (GUCA1A) and ... Mutations[edit]. Cone dystrophy (COD) is a retinal degradation of photoreceptor function wherein cone function is lost at the ... 2011). "Mutation analysis at codon 838 of the guanylate cycllase 2D gene in spanish families with autosomal dominant cone, cone ... Therefore, mutations in the RETGC-1 can cause COD by increasing intracellular calcium levels and stimulating cone photoreceptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanylate_cyclase

Genetic mutations occur when nucleotide sequences in an organism are altered. These mutations lead to not only observable ... The sources for these mutations can be errors during replication, spontaneous mutations, and chemical and physical mutagens (UV ... Mutations in polycomb-group response elements (PREs)[edit]. The Polycomb-group (PcG) regulatory complexes are known for their ... A mutation in either the NRSF or NRSE can lead to an undesirable development of ventricular myocytes, due to lack of repression ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silencer_(DNA)

Gene mutations[edit]. Genetic mutations and chromosomal abnormalities are two sources of HPG axis alteration.[15] Single ... For example, the male mutation of the GnRH coding gene could result in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. A mutation that cause a ... These mutations can occur in the genes coding for GnRH, LH, and FSH or their receptors. Depending on which hormone and receptor ... In females mutations would have analogous effects. Hormone replacement can be used to initiate puberty and continue if the gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal_axis

In this mutation, the adult male is melanistic with black wings.[8][12] Young birds with the nigripennis mutation are creamy ... Mutations and hybrids[edit]. A white peafowl that is maintained by selective breeding in many parks such as this one at the ... The black-shouldered or Japanned mutation was initially considered as a subspecies P. c. nigripennis (or even a species),[11] ... There are several colour mutations of Indian peafowl. These very rarely occur in the wild, but selective breeding has made them ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavo_cristatus

Most mutations have little effect on an organism's phenotype, health, or reproductive fitness.[76] Mutations that do have an ... Mutations occasionally occur within cells in the body as they divide. Although these mutations will not be inherited by any ... Figure (2) shows a missense, single point, non silent mutation. Figures (3 and 4) both show frameshift mutations, which is why ... somatic mutations). The most frequent mutations are a loss of function of p53 protein, a tumor suppressor, or in the p53 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics

a b Sanjuán R, Nebot MR, Chirico N, Mansky LM, Belshaw R. Viral mutation rates. Journal of Virology. 2010;84(19):9733-48. doi: ... Shuda M, Feng H, Kwun HJ, Rosen ST, Gjoerup O, Moore PS, Chang Y. T antigen mutations are a human tumor-specific signature for ... However, viruses are not classified on the basis of phylum or class, as their small genome size and high rate of mutation makes ... Most of these point mutations are "silent" - they do not change the protein that the gene encodes - but others can confer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_structure

High mutation rate[edit]. Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of RNA viruses. The ... Three mutations were introduced into the H5N1 virus genome, and the virus was then passed from the noses of infected ferrets to ... Mutations occurring within this genotype are increasing their pathogenicity.[66] Birds are also able to shed the virus for ... Genetic mutations in the hemagglutinin gene that cause single amino acid substitutions can significantly alter the ability of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H5n1

Variegated mutation[edit]. There is also a variegated mutation of the regular calamansi, showing green stripes on yellow fruit. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrofortunella_microcarpa

High mutation rate[edit]. The human Y chromosome is particularly exposed to high mutation rates due to the environment in which ... These two conditions combined put the Y chromosome at a greater risk of mutation than the rest of the genome.[16] The increased ... Thus, although a male may have a well adapted Y chromosome free of excessive mutation, it may never make it in to the next gene ... Even if a well adapted Y chromosome manages to maintain genetic activity by avoiding mutation accumulation, there is no ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome

Gene mutations[edit]. Several gene mutations have been identified in patients with camptocormia. These include the RYR1 gene in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptocormia

Consonant mutation[edit]. Celtic languages[edit]. See also: Irish initial mutations § Changes to vowel-initial words ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthesis_

Mutations and clinical significance[edit]. A mutation in the NOBOX gene is associated with premature ovarian failure (POF), ... However, these mutations were not found in Chinese and Japanese women making it a less common explanation for POF in the region ... Several NOBOX loss-of-function mutations were observed in Caucasian and African women accounting to 6.2%, 5.6% and 6.4%.[11][21 ... Qin Y, Shi Y, Zhao Y, Carson SA, Simpson JL, Chen ZJ (April 2009). "Mutation analysis of NOBOX homeodomain in Chinese women ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOBOX

These mutations can be passed down genetically and either be lost or become fixed. Since mutation usually affects a single ... To connect the idea of mutations back to our discussion of DNA and proteins, here are some examples of how a mutation in the ... Finally, a common mutation in humans causes red blood cells to be shaped in a sickle pattern as shown above on the upper left. ... A mutation in these garden moss roses (shown in the left) has caused some of the flowers to grow orange rather than yellow. ...

http://web.mit.edu/saraht/Public/8.592FinalProject/Population_genetics/Mutation.html

A suppressor mutation is a second mutation that alleviates or reverts the phenotypic effects of an already existing mutation in ... suppression relieves the effects of a mutation in one gene by a mutation somewhere else within the genome. The second mutation ... Intragenic suppression results from suppressor mutations that occur in the same gene as the original mutation. In a classic ... Genetic suppression therefore restores the phenotype seen prior to the original background mutation.[1] Suppressor mutations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppressor_mutation

... with BRCA1 mutations being slightly more common than BRCA2 mutations), but the impact on women with the gene mutation is more ... A BRCA mutation is a mutation in either of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are tumour suppressor genes. Hundreds of different ... There is likely little or no effect of a BRCA gene mutation on overall fertility,[17] although women with a BRCA mutation may ... Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are strongly implicated in some hematological malignancies. BRCA1 mutations are associated acute ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA_mutation

"mutation" in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language). ... Names for a group: A flute or mutation of thrushes.. *2013, Jason Sacher, A Compendium of Collective Nouns: From an Armory of ... From Middle French mutation, from Old French mutacion, borrowed from Latin mutatio, mutationem. ... A Mutation of Thrushes. The authors of the books of venery were not predicting Darwin with this term, but taking a cue from a ...

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mutation

... mutation refers to any sudden change in DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic blueprint for an organism-that creates a change ... MUTATION CONCEPT A word familiar to all fans of science fiction [1], ... Mutation Biology COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group Inc.. Mutation. Mutations are physical changes in genes and chromosomes . They ... Mutation UXL Encyclopedia of Science COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group, Inc.. Mutation. A mutation is a permanent change in a gene ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biology-and-genetics/genetics-and-genetic-engineering/mutation

... everything you need for studying or teaching Mutation. ... Immediately download the Mutation summary, chapter-by-chapter ... Same-Sense Mutation A same-sense mutation is form of silent mutation where a change in the base sequence of a gene does not ... Gene Mutation Gene mutation is a sudden change in the DNA making up an individual gene. Gene mutation is a fairly infrequent ... Mutation A mutation is any heritable change in the genome of an organism. For a population, heritable mutations provide the ...

http://www.bookrags.com/Mutation/

Change in the genetic structure (DNA); it may occur spontaneously or be induced (e.g., by radiation, drugs, or certain mutagenic chemicals ...

https://labtestsonline.org/glossary/mutation

5. Mutations affect and are affected by many genes.. The mutation concept is no longer as simple as it once was. Instead of a ... 1. Mutations are random, not directed.. It remains true to say that we know of no way other than random mutation by which new ... 2. Mutations are rare, not common.. It is probably fair to estimate the frequency of a majority of mutations in higher ... 4. The Net Effect of All Mutations is Harmful. Even if the mutations are not harmful enough to cause their carriers to be ...

http://www.angelfire.com/oh/jude3and4homepage/mutations.html

The production by further mutation [1] of a premutation gene [2] from a mutant gene. This reverse mutation restores the ability ... Strictly, reversion is the correction of a mutation, i.e. ... reverse mutation (reversion) The production by further mutation ... reverse mutation (reversion) The production by further mutation of a premutation gene from a mutant gene. This reverse mutation ... the term is applied also to a mutation at another site that masks or suppresses the effect of the first mutation (in fact such ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/zoology-and-veterinary-medicine/zoology-general/reverse-mutation

... the pivotal points is called mutation. It enabled the singer to apply the solmization syllables to any series of notes he ... the pivotal points is called mutation. It enabled the singer to apply the solmization syllables to any series of notes he ... Other articles where Mutation is discussed: hexachord: … ... Mutation. music. THIS IS A DIRECTORY PAGE. Britannica does not ...

https://www.britannica.com/art/mutation-music

... (also known as i-umlaut) is the raising and fronting of a root vowel in anticipation of i or y s ... I-Mutation. I-MUTATION (also known as i-umlaut) is the raising and fronting of a root vowel in anticipation of i or y ... 6. I-mutation turns up in an adjective formed from a noun by adding -ish in at least one important case: English (Old English ... I-mutation is caused by the very human habit of laziness: taking the shortest distance between two points. The plural of man in ...

https://www.etymonline.com/columns/post/imutate

Other family members could still inherit the mutation and should still be tested for the mutation that runs in your family. ... Other family members could still inherit the mutation and should be tested for the mutation that runs in your family. ... You cannot pass the mutation on to your child. If you have LDL cholesterol levels higher than 100 mg/dL, you may be at risk for ... What the test results mean for you and your family if the FH-causing mutation in your family has been found through genetic ...

https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/disease/fh/known_FH.htm

CHAMP Mutations, United States Excel fileexcel icon. CHBMP F9 Mutation List. The CHBMP F9 Mutation List is an Excel database ... CHAMP F8 Mutation List. The CHAMP F8 mutations that have been reported worldwide. It was compiled from mutations listed ... CHBMP Mutation List Database Excel fileexcel icon. CHBMP F9 Mutations in the United States. As part of the Hemophilia Inhibitor ... CHAMP Mutation List Database Excel fileexcel icon. CHAMP F8 Mutations in the United States. As part of the Hemophilia Inhibitor ...

https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/champs.html

Mutation. Definition. A mutation is any detectable and heritable change in nucleotide sequence that causes a change in genotype ... Elucidation of the unique mutation spectrum of severe hearing loss in a Vietnamese pediatric population *Jae Joon Han ... microphthalmia plus posterior capsule defect in monozygotic twins caused by a novel GJA8 mutation *Hongfang Zhang ...

http://www.nature.com/subjects/mutation?error=cookies_not_supported&code=c8509de5-0183-46d0-932f-418498a93865

Pages in category "Manx mutation templates". The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. ... Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Manx_mutation_templates&oldid=28295291" ...

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Manx_mutation_templates

Mutations in which one base is changed are called point mutations-for example, substitution of the nucleotide pair AT by GC, CG ... Mutations arise from changes to the DNA of a gene. These changes can be quite small, affecting only one nucleotide pair, or ... Any mutation that results in a lack of function for a particular gene is called a "null" mutation. Less-severe mutations are ... Mechanisms of mutation. Mutations arise from changes to the DNA of a gene. These changes can be quite small, affecting only one ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/heredity-genetics/Mechanisms-of-mutation

A clinician advocates genetic testing to identify asymptomatic mutation carriers who are at risk for several cancers associated ... has written extensively on genetic testing for mutations related to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 - a rare, autosomal- ...

https://www.genomeweb.com/archive/mutation-search

It is the mutation of DNA during cell division. Just one base out of place, and suddenly the gene that made a protein to ...

https://scienceblogs.com/tag/mutations

14 Spirant Mutation. 14.1 The spirant mutation happens after the conjunction/preposition a (and, with -- really the same ...

http://www.mit.edu/~dfm/canol/chap14.html

CpG Mutations.. CpG dinucleotides are known to be mutation hotspots in some cancer types (1, 3-5). Thirty-two percent of the ... We also excluded mutations in intronic splice sites. Analysis of mutation data from ref. 1 for Fig. 3 used version 1 of the ... Mutation frequencies for data from refs. 1 and 3-5 were calculated by dividing the observed number of nonsynonymous mutations ... Transition mutations occur at a significantly higher rate than transversion mutations (6-8). Substitution rates depend on ...

http://www.pnas.org/content/106/51/21766

... have a higher level of genetic somatic mutations, compared with other regions where... ... They chose to probe mutations in mice because their generations are renewed every three months, so it could be assumed for the ... "Link Between Asbestos And Genetic Mutation." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 15 Jun. 2011. Web.. 20 Sep. 2018. ,https ... not only cause certain cancers but also genetic mutations in DNA structures. It is also known that asbestos is a material that ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/228625.php

The NAA15 Gene Mutation. June 7, 2018. News, ResearchRablab Gholson Lyon, assistant professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory ... Lyon and his team identified 38 people with a harmful NAA15 mutation, 24 of which had autism features and 23 had an ... Thus, it is critical for autism treatment and intervention to continue to identify patterns in behavior related to mutations in ... in New York found a strong connection between mutations in the NAA15 gene, a protein modifier, and neurodevelopmental delays. ...

http://depts.washington.edu/rablab/2018/06/07/the-naa15-gene-mutation/

Another consequence of this high rate of mutation is that all but the most mild mutator mutations will be lethal. Mutation ... a published mutation frequency f for a particular trait can be converted into a mutation rate μ. A mutation rate μb per base ... few progeny viruses escape mutation. In general, for 1.5c mutations distributed randomly among genomes, the mutation-free ... For mutations studied in riboviruses, T is usually very small; for instance, if the mutations consist exclusively of a single ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/96/24/13910?ijkey=0dea8efc3f7c64f37d66fd8dd7f16ecc635396cc&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

This expense has prevented mutation from becoming widely used in practical situations, but recent... ... Mutation testing is a powerful, but computationally expensive, technique for unit testing software. ... IEEE Computer Society Software Test Mutation Testing Original Program Selective Mutation These keywords were added by machine ... Offutt A.J., Untch R.H. (2001) Mutation 2000: Uniting the Orthogonal. In: Wong W.E. (eds) Mutation Testing for the New Century ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-5939-6_7

Neals DNA Mutation Site This site contains: Databases and software for the analysis of mutations at the human hprt, human p53 ... A program for entering mutation data into a relational database Brief descriptions Mutation databases and software Human hprt ...

http://www.ibiblio.org/dnam/mainpage.html

A mutation which makes itself apparent only under certain conditions, such as low or high temperatures. From the BioTech ... A mutation which makes itself apparent only under certain conditions, such as low or high temperatures. ...

https://everything2.com/title/conditional+mutation

A mutation that causes a mutant gene to revert to its original wild type base sequence. From the BioTech Dictionary at http:// ... A mutation that causes a mutant gene to revert to its original wild type base sequence. From the BioTech Dictionary at http:// ...

https://everything2.com/title/back+mutation

In a frameshift mutation, a nucleotide is added or ... mutation: Point Mutations mutation: Point Mutations. Enter your ... Occasionally a mutation can be offset by either another mutation on the same gene or on another gene that suppresses the effect ... For example, the inherited sickle cell disease is the result of a mutation that results in the substitution of the amino acid ... A single gene mutation may have many effects if the enzyme it controls is involved in several metabolic processes. ...

https://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/science/biology/genetics/mutation/point-mutations

Without genetic mutation, genes would not vary, and natural selection would be powerless to act. But if genetic mutation ... Mutation rates are typically very small and are thought to be swamped by the amount of genetic divergence seen over ... Variations due to mutation and interspecific differences are similar, perhaps as a result of complex genetic interactions. See ... This challenges several models of the role of mutation in evolution. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature23536?error=cookies_not_supported&code=b7997d94-d56d-4b8f-b2f8-fc8d5c08dd11

New genes are being isolated almost daily, Fundamental to those studies is the ability to detect mutations. Mutation detection ... New genes are being isolated almost daily, Fundamental to those studies is the ability to detect mutations. Mutation detection ... Mutation Detection: A Practical Approach. R. G. H. Cotton,E. Edkins,S. Forrest. Limited preview - 1998. ... Mutation Detection: A Practical Approach. Richard G. H. Cotton,Edward Edkins,Sue Forrest. Snippet view - 1998. ...

https://books.google.com/books/about/Mutation_detection.html?id=42bwAAAAMAAJ&hl=en

Most of these mutations are in two genes, one of which codes for myosin, a protein crucial to muscle contraction. (harvard.edu)
This led to the conclusion that genes needed to be read in a specific " reading frame " and a single base insertion or deletion would shift the reading frame ( frameshift mutation ) in such a way that the remaining DNA would code for a different polypeptide than the one intended. (wikipedia.org)
Suppressor mutations also occur in genes that code for virus structural proteins. (wikipedia.org)
A BRCA mutation is a mutation in either of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes , which are tumour suppressor genes. (wikipedia.org)
Hundreds of different types of mutations in these genes have been identified, some of which have been determined to be harmful, while others have no proven impact. (wikipedia.org)
Harmful mutations in these genes may produce a hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome in affected persons. (wikipedia.org)
Women with deleterious mutations in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes have a high risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer . (wikipedia.org)
Mutation Mutation is an alteration in an organism's genes. (bookrags.com)
Gene Mutations and Genetic Change In a strict sense, mutations are changes in genes not caused by genetic recombination. (bookrags.com)
However, mutations in a special class of genes called proto- oncogene s can cause uncontrolled division of that cell, resulting in a group of cells that constitutes a cancerous tumour . (britannica.com)
Recent large-scale cancer sequencing studies have focused primarily on identifying cancer-associated genes, but as an important byproduct provide "passenger mutation" data that can potentially illuminate the mutational mechanisms at work in cancer cells. (pnas.org)
The germline mutation rate at CpGs is much lower within CpG islands (regions enriched in CpGs surrounding or near the transcription start sites of many genes) reflecting, at least in part, the fact that most islands are likely unmethylated in the germline ( 10 ). (pnas.org)
Certain genes are responsible for producing enzymes that can repair some mutations. (factmonster.com)
While this process is not fully understood, it is believed that if these genes themselves mutate, the result can be a higher mutation rate of all genes in an organism. (factmonster.com)
New genes are being isolated almost daily, Fundamental to those studies is the ability to detect mutations. (google.com)
Which type of mutation affects more genes a genes mutation or a chromosomal mutation? (answers.com)
The mutation causes knew genes and diversity which can spread quickly throughout a population and eventually change the frequency of alleles (causes mutation) Remember the mutation has to be beneficial to the survival of the organism. (answers.com)
Further analysis of the mice bearing the mutation clarified that the gene regulates a number of other genes that have previously-established connections to pain signalling. (ucl.ac.uk)
With more research to understand exactly how the mutation impacts pain sensitivity, and to see what other genes might be involved, we could identify novel targets for drug development," said co-author Professor Anna Maria Aloisi (University of Siena), who was part of the team that initially identified the Marsili family's distinctive condition. (ucl.ac.uk)
In the first part of the study, the mice with a mutation in the LKB1 gene were seen to have more aggressive tumours than the mice with mutations in other genes. (www.nhs.uk)
Most newly arisen mutations in functional genes are deleterious, but the fraction may approach zero for spacer DNAs such as introns and intergenic regions. (genetics.org)
they identified no mutations in any of the other genes tested. (www.nhs.uk)
Kent and his colleagues focused on mutations in two genes already known to be critical for development of this type of pre-leukaemia. (newscientist.com)
Maybe that's why I'd continued my comforting trope about my healthy genes while we evaluated my risk in the context of my sister's mutation-a completely new equation. (nursingcenter.com)
[1] Although most phenotypic variation is a product of genetic recombination , all new genes are considered to be produced by mutations. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
A tulip flower exhibiting a partially yellow petal because of a mutation in its genes. (wikipedia.org)
Mutations in genes can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene , or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely. (wikipedia.org)
[8] Due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on genes, organisms have mechanisms such as DNA repair to prevent or correct mutations by reverting the mutated sequence back to its original state. (wikipedia.org)
[11] Novel genes are produced by several methods, commonly through the duplication and mutation of an ancestral gene, or by recombining parts of different genes to form new combinations with new functions. (wikipedia.org)
[16] [17] Other types of mutation occasionally create new genes from previously noncoding DNA . (wikipedia.org)
Researchers took DNA from tumor tissue and analyzed it for mutations in two genes known to drive cancer-causing proteins targeted by Bayer's drug and medicines from Pfizer Inc. (PFE) and Novartis AG (NOVN) , Sutent and Gleevec. (bloomberg.com)

Could create genetic mutation that harm the animal but may create ones that make it adaptable into living and reproducing. (answers.com)
In the 1990s, virologists in New York learned of a genetic mutation that would become one of the most famous ever discovered. (theatlantic.com)
Scientists have identified a genetic mutation responsible for a rare condition called epilepsy and mental retardation limited to females (EFMR), The Times reports. (www.nhs.uk)
However, mice with a genetic mutation to the gene Gabrb1 overwhelmingly preferred drinking alcohol over water, choosing to consume almost 85% of their daily fluid as drinks containing alcohol. (ucl.ac.uk)
Researchers discovered a genetic mutation, which makes breastfeeding physically harder to achieve. (dailymail.co.uk)
They're about three and a half feet tall and their origins are mysterious, but an isolated group of Ecuadorians with a genetic mutation causing dwarfism are making news for another reason: They hardly ever get cancer or diabetes. (discovermagazine.com)
An international team of scientists writing in the journal Nature Genetics has helped to identify a single genetic mutation in National Paracycling Champion Tom Staniford that has led to his extremely rare condition. (redorbit.com)
Image 2 (below): Researchers identify the single genetic mutation responsible for rare condition in UK Paracycling Champion, Tom Staniford. (redorbit.com)

2) A nonsense mutation is a change of base at one point in the DNA that causes a stop signal where one shouldn't be and halts the creation of a protein in the middle. (mit.edu)
3) A missense mutation is a change of base at a point in the DNA that results in the substitution of a different amino acid than originally intended at some point in the protein. (mit.edu)
4) A neutral mutation is one leading to a substitution of a different amino acid than originally intended, but not to one that alters the function of the protein. (mit.edu)
5) A silent mutation is one that does not lead to a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein. (mit.edu)
Therefore, researchers concluded that the second mutation of opposite sign suppresses the original mutation by restoring the reading frame, as long as the portion between the two mutations is not critical for protein function. (wikipedia.org)
For example, a mutation which disrupts the complementary interaction between protein molecules may be compensated for by a second mutation elsewhere in the genome that restores or provides a suitable alternative interaction between those molecules. (wikipedia.org)
An amber mutant of phage T4 contains a mutation that changes a codon for an amino acid in a protein to the nonsense stop codon TAG (see stop codon and nonsense mutation ). (wikipedia.org)
However, it was found that viable phage could sometimes be produced in the host with the weak nonsense suppressor if a second amber mutation in a gene that encodes another structural protein is also present in the phage genome. (wikipedia.org)
Amber, Ocher, and Opal Mutations Amber, ocher and opal mutations are specific types of nonsense mutations that result in production of protein chain terminating codons that prematurely stop protein sy. (bookrags.com)
Same-Sense Mutation A same-sense mutation is form of silent mutation where a change in the base sequence of a gene does not result in a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein for which the g. (bookrags.com)
This reverse mutation restores the ability of the gene to produce a functional protein. (encyclopedia.com)
Each mutation has been reviewed and uniquely identified using the Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS) external icon nomenclature for DNA and predicted protein changes, as well as using traditional nomenclature based on the mature processed protein. (cdc.gov)
A more severe type of base substitution , called a " nonsense " mutation, results in a stop codon in a position where there was not one before, which causes the premature termination of protein synthesis and, more than likely, a complete loss of function in the finished protein. (britannica.com)
Large deletions of many codons will not only remove amino acids from a protein but may also result in a frameshift mutation if the number of nucleotides deleted is not a multiple of three. (britannica.com)
Second, some nonsense or frameshift mutations can lead to the complete absence of a protein. (britannica.com)
Gholson Lyon, assistant professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York found a strong connection between mutations in the NAA15 gene, a protein modifier, and neurodevelopmental delays. (washington.edu)
Researchers examined a mutation called the missense rs4238001 variant, which alters the type of protein made by the gene SCARB1, and thereby the body's cholesterol regulation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In a frameshift mutation, a nucleotide is added or deleted to the sequence and the decoding of the entire gene sequence will be radically altered and the amino acid sequence of the protein produced will also be very different. (factmonster.com)
A newly identified mutation in the leptin gene causes early-onset extreme obesity by rendering the protein biologically inactive rather than absent. (medscape.com)
The mutation alters a part of the gene's protein sequence that is normally consistent across species as variable as mice and frogs. (ucl.ac.uk)
The mutation, a deletion of 25 letters of genetic code from the heart protein gene MYBPC3, is virtually restricted to people from the Indian subcontinent. (redorbit.com)
The mutation leads to the formation of an abnormal protein," explained the study leader, Kumarasamy Thangaraj from the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India. (redorbit.com)
Of course, some protein evolution certainly results from favorable mutations, and to this extent the neutral fraction is overestimated. (genetics.org)
In JAK2 , this kind of mutation, called a point mutation, replaces the normal amino acid valine (abbreviated V) with phenylalanine (abbreviated F). This amino acid change results in a JAK2 protein that is constantly "on," leading to uncontrolled blood cell production. (labtestsonline.org)
All of the mutations in the PCDH19 gene in women with EFMR were predicted to stop the PCDH19 protein from functioning. (www.nhs.uk)
Two of the mutations in the gene were shown to stop the gene from producing protein by prematurely breaking down the chemical messages sent from the gene to the protein-making machinery of the cells. (www.nhs.uk)
A missense mutation in the gene coding for the protein hemoglobin substitutes the base thymine for adenine. (reference.com)
A silent mutation occurs when a DNA message changes but the message still codes for the same amino acid and produces the correct protein. (reference.com)
The Zebrafish Mutation Project (ZMP) aims to create a knockout allele in every protein--coding gene in the zebrafish genome, using a combination of ENU mutagenesis, whole exome enrichment and Illumina sequencing, in addition to a targeted CRISPR/Cas9 approach. (sanger.ac.uk)
Light chain amyloidosis, a deadly protein misfolding disease, is caused by multiple mutations in cells that are intended to protect the body. (news-medical.net)
Through a combination of crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and bioinformatics, they were able to determine the surface shape of the molecule involved with one mutation and also deduce that it was constantly shifting its position, from 90 degrees to 180 degrees off the normal position of the comparable functional protein. (news-medical.net)
In this specific case, the researchers were able to identify that the mutation called the Tyr-to-His substitution in the reconfiguration at position 87 on the protein was the alteration that promoted fibril development. (news-medical.net)
Analysis of the protein variant revealed that the mutation was p.Pro507Ser. (hindawi.com)
Mutations in a specific protein called ZnT2 can stop mammary glands developing, as as a result stopping mothers producing enough milk to feed a child, it found. (dailymail.co.uk)
In 1989, CF became the first disease pinned to a specific gene mutation, without the benefit of knowing the protein first. (discovermagazine.com)
Laron syndrome results from a mutation in the gene that codes for growth hormone receptor (GHR), a protein that binds with the human growth hormone and ultimately results in the production of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), causing cells to grow and divide. (discovermagazine.com)
One study on genetic variations between different species of Drosophila suggests that, if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, the result is likely to be harmful, with an estimated 70 percent of amino acid polymorphisms that have damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or marginally beneficial. (wikipedia.org)
A 2007 study on genetic variations between different species of Drosophila suggested that, if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, the result is likely to be harmful, with an estimated 70% of amino acid polymorphisms that have damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or marginally beneficial. (wikipedia.org)

Researchers showed that mutations caused by either a single base insertion (+) or a single base deletion (-) could be "suppressed" or restored by a second mutation of the opposite sign, as long as the two mutations occurred in the same vicinity of the gene. (wikipedia.org)
But now that the UConn study made the connection between the mutation in SCARB1 and heart disease, the researchers want to figure out a way to fix it. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Two other mutations causing congenital analgesia are being actively explored by researchers alongside pharmaceutical firms, but have yet to yield any breakthrough drugs. (ucl.ac.uk)
The second part of this study found that only 34% of human lung tumours had the mutations in the gene that the researchers were investigating. (www.nhs.uk)
The researchers then investigated the effects of the mutations and the interactions between the different genetic mutations and the characteristics of the lung tumours that developed in the mice. (www.nhs.uk)
In the second part of the study, the researchers looked at DNA from 144 frozen samples of human lung cancer tumours and looked for the presence of four mutations, including the mutation at LKB1. (www.nhs.uk)
In the second part of the study, the researchers found an LKB1 mutation in 34% of the human lung adenocarcinomas and in 19% of the human squamous cell carcinomas. (www.nhs.uk)
Knowing that there is an association between the LKB1 mutation and some lung cancers does not mean that researchers would know how to prevent cancer in people with this mutation. (www.nhs.uk)
Heart disease is one of the world's leading killers, but now that researchers have identified this common mutation, carried by one in 25 people of Indian origin, we have hope of reducing the burden that the disease causes. (redorbit.com)
Researchers have discovered the first definitive proof that a mutation in a single gene can cause Parkinson's disease, the second most common brain degenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. (wsj.com)
By investigating 7,329,860 somatic mutations from the cancer genomes, the researchers were able to effectively look back in time, calculating which mutations each cell had had before it became a cancer cell. (lanl.gov)
NEW YORK, Jan. 31 (UPI) -- A gene mutation could increase the potential of aggressive tumor development in men suffering from prostate cancer, U.S. researchers say. (upi.com)
After HIV researchers made CCR5 -Δ32 famous, scientists in other fields got interested in the mutation, too. (theatlantic.com)
This led the researchers to identify the gene Gabrb1 which changes alcohol preference so strongly that mice carrying either of two single base-pair point mutations in this gene preferred drinking alcohol (10% ethanol v/v - about the strength of wine), over water. (ucl.ac.uk)
The researchers found that the gene mutation caused the receptor to activate spontaneously even when the usual GABA trigger was not present. (ucl.ac.uk)
Overall survival in patients with metastatic lung cancer does not correlate with Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue mutation subtypes, US researchers report. (news-medical.net)
Researchers at the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, show that induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be used to correct genetic mutations that cause Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). (news-medical.net)
Researchers have identified additional resistance mechanisms that could be targeted to improve the efficacy of irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer harbouring both EGFR and T790M mutations. (news-medical.net)
Mayo Clinic researchers have identified one of these mutations and have shown that the molecule's shifting position is as important as its unique shape. (news-medical.net)
Researchers say that while this is just one of many possible mutations, it is a beginning towards identifying targets for future drug development in a condition that is otherwise fatal. (news-medical.net)
Researchers had access to samples from both early and later stages of the disease, enabling them to see the order in which key mutations appeared in affected blood cells. (newscientist.com)
Reuters) - A specific mutation in the new coronavirus can significantly increase its ability to infect cells, according to a study by U.S. researchers. (reuters.com)
The researchers say that it is still unknown whether this small mutation affects the severity of symptoms of infected people, or increases mortality. (reuters.com)
Researchers unveiled a comprehensive look at the genetic mutations responsible for two cancers Wednesday as part of a broad government-sponsored initiative to enlist the power of genomic information to transform cancer treatment. (foxnews.com)
In a study of Bayer AG (BAYN) 's drug Stivarga, researchers analyzed tissue and blood samples from patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors, or GIST, to find cancer-driving mutations. (bloomberg.com)
As cancer treatments increasingly home in on known genetic causes of the disease, researchers need better tools to determine just what mutations each patient has, said George Demetri, director of the Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, who led the trial. (bloomberg.com)
Bayer jointly promotes Stivarga with Onyx Pharmaceuticals Inc. In the study, researchers took blood samples from patients once their cancer had progressed and analyzed them for mutations, including so- called secondary mutations that cause resistance to those drugs. (bloomberg.com)
Newer versions of the technology are being worked on now that would enable researchers to seek out unidentified cancer-causing mutations, which could be helpful for drug development. (bloomberg.com)

Another type of point mutation that can lead to drastic loss of function is a frameshift mutation , the addition or deletion of one or more DNA bases. (britannica.com)

With Padrón's expertise in structural biology and Seidman's keen knowledge of genetics, the two investigated how HCM-associated mutations change the structural interactions of myosin that occur during cardiac relaxation. (harvard.edu)
Intragenic suppression results from suppressor mutations that occur in the same gene as the original mutation. (wikipedia.org)
Germinal mutations are those that occur in the egg or sperm cells and therefore can be passed on to the organism's offspring. (encyclopedia.com)
Mutations may occur due to exposure to natural mutagens such as ultraviolet (UV) light, to industrial or environmental mutagens such as be. (bookrags.com)
For a population, heritable mutations provide the source of genetic variation, without which evolution could not occur: If all. (bookrags.com)
Radiation Mutagenesis Mutations are caused by DNA damage and genetic alterations that may occur spontaneously at a very low rate. (bookrags.com)
If recessive mutations occur in both members of one gene pair in the same cell, the mutant phenotype will be expressed. (britannica.com)
Transition mutations occur at a significantly higher rate than transversion mutations ( 6 - 8 ). (pnas.org)
Note that such trends could reflect mutations arising before carcinogenesis that are carried along by subsequent clonal expansion, in addition to mutations that occur within the cancer cells themselves. (pnas.org)
Does it arise as a consequence of microevolutionary processes that occur at the species level 1 , such as mutation, selection and the random genomic changes in a population known as genetic drift? (nature.com)
Mutations allow new versions of DNA combinations to occur. (answers.com)
Which is the single most important type of mutation that eventually allows for evolution via natural selection to occur? (answers.com)
IT IS well known that cancers can develop from mutations in DNA - but now we've seen for the first time that a person's fate may depend on the order in which they occur. (newscientist.com)
Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division, by exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, chemical mutagens, or viruses , or can occur deliberately under cellular control during processes such as hypermutation. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Mutations can also occur in nongenic regions . (wikipedia.org)

➋, genomes with two mutations, which may arise in sequential replications (as in the fourth line) or during a single replication (as in the bottom line). (pnas.org)
Mutation rates in RNA viruses, whose genomes contain ca. 10 4 bases, are roughly 1 per genome per replication for lytic viruses and roughly 0.1 per genome per replication for retroviruses and a retrotransposon. (genetics.org)
Through the course of a lifetime all cells are thought to acquire mutations in their genomes. (lanl.gov)
Sebat and his colleagues looked for gene mutations in the genomes of 8,290 people with schizophrenia and 7,431 healthy people. (livescience.com)
The team sequenced and compared the entire genomes of the participants and their families, helping them pinpoint the exact mutation responsible for MDP Syndrome. (redorbit.com)

Mutations in which one base is changed are called point mutations -for example, substitution of the nucleotide pair AT by GC, CG, or TA. (britannica.com)
Point mutations can have one of three effects. (genome.gov)
Point mutations are a large category of mutations that describe a change in single nucleotide of DNA, such that that nucleotide is switched for another nucleotide, or that nucleotide is deleted, or a single nucleotide is inserted into the DNA that causes that DNA to be different from the normal or wild type gene sequence. (genome.gov)
The cause of the excessive drinking was tracked down to single base-pair point mutations in the gene Gabrb1, which codes for the beta 1 subunit, an important component of the GABAA receptor in the brain. (ucl.ac.uk)

[1] Women with harmful mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2 have a risk of breast cancer that is about five times the normal risk, and a risk of ovarian cancer that is about ten to thirty times normal. (wikipedia.org)
Mutations that allow an organism to survive and reproduce better than other members of its species are always beneficial, though a mutation that may be beneficial in some circumstances can be harmful in others. (encyclopedia.com)
The creation model, on the other hand, would predict that, if there are any such things as real mutations, causing 'vertical' changes in complexity and order of the kings, they will be harmful, not beneficial. (angelfire.com)
Accordingly, the great majority of mutations, certainly well over 99%, are harmful in some way, as is to be expected of the effects of accidental occurrences. (angelfire.com)
Even if the mutations are not harmful enough to cause their carriers to be eliminated completely by natural selection, the over-all effect is to gradually lower the viability of the population. (angelfire.com)
The large majority of mutations, however, are harmful or even lethal to the individual in whom they are expressed. (angelfire.com)
Lyon and his team identified 38 people with a harmful NAA15 mutation, 24 of which had autism features and 23 had an intellectual disability. (washington.edu)
How can such a harmful mutation be so common? (redorbit.com)
However, most mutations actually are harmful, such as seen in genetic diseases, leading to speculation that the role of mutations may be overstated by evolutionary biologists and that other factors, perhaps less random, may be of greater importance in the origin of new designs and macroevolutionary changes. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

A word familiar to all fans of science fiction , mutation refers to any sudden change in DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic blueprint for an organism - that creates a change in an organism's appearance, behavior, or health. (encyclopedia.com)
Mutation A mutation is any heritable change in the genome of an organism. (bookrags.com)
Spontaneous Mutations and Reversions Mutations and reversions are events that change the expression of traits of an organism. (bookrags.com)
A proportion of favorable mutations of one in a thousand does not sound much, but is probably generous, since so many mutations are lethal, preventing the organism living at all, and the great majority of the rest throw the machinery slightly out of gear. (angelfire.com)
In most cases, the somatic cell with the mutation will die, an event that is generally of little consequence in a multicellular organism . (britannica.com)
A somatic mutation will only affect the organism which already contains that mutation and will not pass that mutation to its offspring. (answers.com)
A gametic mutation may not affect the organism which contains the mutation, but that mutation may or will be passed to its offspring, where the mutation might be, or can be expressed. (answers.com)
The mutation has to be a beneficial mutation, meaning that it has to help the survival of the organism that got the mutation. (answers.com)
a mutation occurring in a somatic cell, resulting in a change in the morphology or some other aspect of one part of an organism (usually a plant). (dictionary.com)
It was clear to me then that cancer is an evolutionary process that the organism does not want," he said: After malignant cells arise through mutation, competition among those cells selects for the ones best able to run rampant through the body. (wired.com)
In biology , mutation is a sudden change in the base pair sequence of the genetic material of a living organism , whether the genetic material be deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In biology , a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism , virus , or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements. (wikipedia.org)
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Mutations may or may not produce detectable changes in the observable characteristics (phenotype) of an organism. (wikipedia.org)

First, the base substitution can be a silent mutation where the altered codon corresponds to the same amino acid. (genome.gov)
What is a silent mutation? (reference.com)

A mutation is any detectable and heritable change in nucleotide sequence that causes a change in genotype and is transmitted to daughter cells and succeeding generations. (nature.com)
JAK2 V617F mutation is acquired as opposed to inherited and results in the change of a single DNA nucleotide base pair. (labtestsonline.org)

[3] It was found that the reason the second amber mutation could suppress the first one is that the two numerically reduced structural proteins would now be in balance. (wikipedia.org)
Because proteins called enzymes control most cell activities, a mutation affecting an enzyme can result in alteration of other cell components. (factmonster.com)
They determined that the Stellar mutation, which occurs in one of the proteins that make up the SPT complex, causes an increase in the number of "long" 20-carbon sphingolipids. (cnbc.com)
Instead, the mutations send misfolded bundles of proteins through the bloodstream, potentially destroying the heart, kidneys, liver or other organs. (news-medical.net)
Immunoglobulin molecules made in cells from the bone marrow are subject to mutations that can cause the proteins to misfold. (news-medical.net)
If we can identify women who will have trouble with breast-feeding while they're still pregnant - by identifying mutations in their ZnT2 proteins - then maybe we can help them better prepare before the baby comes. (dailymail.co.uk)

It is probably fair to estimate the frequency of a majority of mutations in higher organisms between one in ten thousand and one in a million per gene per generation. (angelfire.com)
more loosely, the term is applied also to a mutation at another site that masks or suppresses the effect of the first mutation (in fact such organisms are not non-mutant, but double mutants with the same phenotype ). (encyclopedia.com)
A previous analysis of mutation rates in RNA viruses (specifically in riboviruses rather than retroviruses) was constrained by the quality and quantity of available measurements and by the lack of a specific theoretical framework for converting mutation frequencies into mutation rates in this group of organisms. (pnas.org)
Rates of spontaneous mutation per genome as measured in the laboratory are remarkably similar within broad groups of organisms but differ strikingly among groups. (genetics.org)
In the case of RNA viruses, the mutation rate is higher than in other organisms. (bio.net)
In multicellular organisms that reproduce sexually , mutations can be subdivided into germ line mutations , which can be passed on to descendants, and somatic mutations , which cannot be transmitted to descendants in animals. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In most organisms, this means the mutation impacts the base pairs of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (newworldencyclopedia.org)

What is missense mutation? (reference.com)
A missense mutation occurs when a gene is altered in a way that results in a different amino acid being substituted for the one originally coded. (reference.com)

The frequency of these mutations can be increased by using special age. (bookrags.com)
The man probably more responsible than any other for the modern view of evolution known as neo-Darwinism, which says evolution proceeds by the accumulation of small mutations preserved by natural selection, is even less confident in the frequency of beneficial mutations. (angelfire.com)
We then show that the increased CpG mutation frequency observed in some cancers primarily occurs outside of CpG islands and CpG island shores, thus rejecting the hypothesis that the increase is a byproduct of island or shore methylation followed by deamination. (pnas.org)
We also demonstrate that the relative frequency of mutations at dinucleotide "hotspots" can be used as a tool to detect likely technical artifacts in large-scale studies. (pnas.org)
This study clearly indicates that there is a link between the higher levels of asbestos in the environment and the frequency of genetic somatic mutations in the mammals," the scientists said. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Here, we describe a robust relationship among the mutation frequency f , the easily determined growth parameter c , and the mutation rate μ. (pnas.org)
The key attribute of iterative replication is that the mutation frequency f equals the mutation rate μ per copying event: if n complementary strands are copied from a template and if μ is the mutation rate per copying event, then the number of mutations will be n μ, and f = n μ/ n = μ. (pnas.org)
Ignoring rare precise back mutations and in the absence of selection, this mutant subpopulation will persist at the frequency f 1 . (pnas.org)
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor sensitivity may be predicted by the frequency of a point mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene, suggests a study of Japanese patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. (news-medical.net)

The existence of strong taxonomic patterns of mutability implies that genomic mutation rates are close to an evolutionary equilibrium whose driving forces we consider here. (genetics.org)
As genomic science and potential gene therapies continue to develop, the detection of mutations plays an increasingly central role in diverse areas of biology. (booksamillion.com)

A mutation caused by duplication, deletion or inversion comes under the category of chromosomal mutation. (answers.com)
Mutations may also result from insertion or deletion of segments of DNA due to mobile genetic elements . (wikipedia.org)

Why BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations lead preferentially to cancers of the breast and ovary is not known, but lack of BRCA1 function seems to lead to non-functional X-chromosome inactivation . (wikipedia.org)
Mutations also can be errors in all or part of a chromosome. (encyclopedia.com)
Applies mutation operator to a 'Chromosome', a bitstring, really. (cpan.org)
if there is a mutation on one chromosome, the other chromosome compensates for the defect. (www.nhs.uk)
Males, who have only one X chromosome, usually cannot compensate and they will be affected by the disease caused by the mutation. (www.nhs.uk)
The mutation had previously been found to lie on a part of the X chromosome called Xq22. (www.nhs.uk)
Changes in chromosome number may involve even larger mutations, where segments of the DNA within chromosomes break and then rearrange. (wikipedia.org)

These myosin mutations simply switch one amino acid for another. (harvard.edu)
It turned out that many of the amino acids involved in the molecular interactions of relaxation are the very ones that are altered by HCM mutations. (harvard.edu)
For example, enzymes are particularly susceptible to mutations that affect the amino acid sequence at their active site (i.e., the region that allows the enzyme to bind with its specific substrate). (britannica.com)
We first examine the overall impact of selection on the mutation spectra by comparing synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution frequencies (mutations per site sequenced) in pancreatic cancer and glioblastoma multiforme ( 4 , 5 ) and by examining the nature of amino acid changes in breast and colorectal cancers ( 1 ). (pnas.org)
For example, the inherited sickle cell disease is the result of a mutation that results in the substitution of the amino acid valine for glutamic acid in hemoglobin . (factmonster.com)

The abundance of some genetic changes within the gene pool can be reduced by natural selection, while other "more favorable" mutations may accumulate and result in adaptive changes. (wikipedia.org)

[3] Natural selection is proposed to increase beneficial mutations and select against and eliminate deleterious mutations. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

In microbial genetics , a revertant is a mutant that has reverted to its former genotype or to the original phenotype by means of a suppressor mutation, or else by compensatory mutation somewhere in the gene (second site reversion). (wikipedia.org)
reverse mutation ( reversion ) The production by further mutation of a premutation gene from a mutant gene. (encyclopedia.com)
A mutation that causes a mutant gene to revert to its original wild type base sequence . (everything2.com)
Few investigators of the genetics of RNA viruses have focused specifically on mutation rates , although mutant frequencies are often noted to be high compared with those observed in microbes with DNA chromosomes. (genetics.org)

Analysis of mutations in TP53 suggests that diverse tumor types are affected by different mutation processes ( 18 ). (pnas.org)
However they exhibited substantially different mutation rates in the different tumor types and surprisingly they also had different rates to each other, even in the same type of tumor. (lanl.gov)
[ 33 , 34 ] However, CHEK2 Y390C mutation in BC prevents the activation of p53 and the proliferation of cells along with lack of DNA repair, as well as accumulation of mutations in genome of cells that eventually lead to the proliferation of tumor cells and their metastasis to different parts of the body. (medscape.com)
[ 36 ] Despite this, Y390C mutation in breast tumor cells impairs the activation of p53, and the cells thus become resistant to apoptosis. (medscape.com)
However, the mutation in CHEK2 domains in breast cancer impairs the cell-cycle control mechanisms, leading to the resistance of breast tumor cells to apoptosis and the metastasis of those cells to other parts of the body. (medscape.com)
A simple blood sample turned up cancer-causing mutations more frequently than a tumor biopsy in a study that suggests the approach could help deliver a clearer picture of the disease and better tailor patients' treatments. (bloomberg.com)
The problem for the last decade of research is when you take out one tumor and sample one corner of the tumor and then sample another, you may see two different mutations in that same tumor," Demetri said in an interview. (bloomberg.com)

On the right, a fairly common mutation in mice causes bands in the coat around the body. (mit.edu)
Mice inhabiting a northern town of Israel known for its high concentration of asbestos-contaminated dust, have a higher level of genetic somatic mutations, compared with other regions where asbestos pollution levels are lower. (medicalnewstoday.com)
They chose to probe mutations in mice because their generations are renewed every three months, so it could be assumed for the study that dozens of generations of this sample population in Nahariya had already been exposed to the fibers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The results indicated differences between the groups' DNA and that the Nahariya-based mice had higher levels of genetic somatic mutations. (medicalnewstoday.com)
They then bred a new line of mice that had the relevant mutation, and those mice were notably insensitive to high temperatures. (ucl.ac.uk)
In the first part of the study, mice with particular genetic mutations (including a mutation in a gene called LKB1) were given a virus that causes lung tumours. (www.nhs.uk)
Mice with the LKB1 mutation also developed a greater range of tumours than those with the other mutations. (www.nhs.uk)
Working at the MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, a team led by Professor Howard Thomas from Imperial College London introduced subtle mutations into the genetic code at random throughout the genome and tested mice for alcohol preference. (ucl.ac.uk)
The group showed that mice carrying this mutation were willing to work to obtain the alcohol-containing drink by pushing a lever and, unlike normal mice, continued to do so even over long periods. (ucl.ac.uk)
Their experiments on mice suggest that ZnT2 mutations cause deficiencies in breast milk and may create difficulty for breastfeeding in general. (dailymail.co.uk)

Rates of spontaneous mutation are critical to understanding the genetic structure of populations over time and thus to understanding the course of evolution. (pnas.org)

High-risk mutations, which disable an important error-free DNA repair process ( homology directed repair ), significantly increase the person's risk of developing breast cancer , ovarian cancer and certain other cancers. (wikipedia.org)
The risk of BRCA -related breast cancers for men with the mutation is higher than for other men, but still low. (wikipedia.org)
[3] However, BRCA mutations can increase the risk of other cancers, such as colon cancer , pancreatic cancer , and prostate cancer . (wikipedia.org)
We observe an A→G vs. T→C mutational asymmetry in some cancers similar to one that has been observed in germline mutations in transcribed regions, suggesting that the mutation process may be influenced by gene expression. (pnas.org)
In contrast, TpC dinucleotides are a mutation hotspot in breast cancers ( 16 ), but not in the germline ( 17 ). (pnas.org)
Earlier studies of asbestos have already shown that the thin fibers, which penetrate the body by inhalation or through consumption of food contaminated with the material, not only cause certain cancers but also genetic mutations in DNA structures. (medicalnewstoday.com)
To evaluate the risks of other cancers in BRCA1 mutation carriers, we conducted a cohort study of 11 847 individuals from 699 families segregating a BRCA1 mutation that were ascertained in 30 centers across Europe and North America. (nih.gov)
BRCA1 mutations may confer increased risks of other abdominal cancers in women and increased risks of pancreatic cancer in men and women. (nih.gov)
If the effects of mutation order were established for all common cancers, it could have a dramatic impact on treatment, says Kent. (newscientist.com)
We hope that our study will stimulate the search in other cancers for whether or not the order of mutation acquisition matters," he says. (newscientist.com)

It is quite remarkable that a single mutation in a relatively rare GABA receptor gene can lead to such a profound change in alcohol consumption. (ucl.ac.uk)
We had to look at thirty million base pairs in Tom's DNA, and similar numbers in his family members and the other patients, to identify the single mutation. (redorbit.com)

However, the majority of mutations actually identified are presumed to be "passenger" mutations that are not advantageous to the cancer cell ( 2 ). (pnas.org)

Or third, the base substitution can be a nonsense mutation where the altered codon corresponds to a stop signal. (genome.gov)

This test detects activating mutations at codon 600 of the BRAF gene, including the V600E, V600K, and V600R mutations. (nationwidechildrens.org)
It detects expected mutations, while is unable to turn up unknown drivers of cancer. (bloomberg.com)

There were no mutations in this gene in the males with non-EFMR mental retardation or in control X chromosomes from people without mental retardation or epilepsy, which supported the fact that mutations in PCDH19 specifically cause EFMR. (www.nhs.uk)

Since mutation usually affects a single individual in a population, the initial fraction is small and the probability of fixation is thus also small (high probability of loss). (mit.edu)
The authors concluded that mutation in the LKB1 gene affects the ability of a cell to suppress the development of a tumour. (www.nhs.uk)
The mutation affects a gene that regulates learning and behavior, which makes sense considering these cognitive abilities are often impaired in people with schizophrenia, said study researcher Jonathan Sebat, an assistant professor of psychiatry and cellular and molecular medicine at the University of California, San Diego. (livescience.com)
Further studies will be needed to confirm that mutations in this gene are causing possible cases of EFMR in other families and to investigate why the disease affects women and not men. (www.nhs.uk)

Finally, a common mutation in humans causes red blood cells to be shaped in a sickle pattern as shown above on the upper left. (mit.edu)
A common mutation in a gene that regulates cholesterol levels may raise the risk of heart disease in carriers, according to a new UConn Health study. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The rate of spontaneous mutation is a key parameter in modeling the genetic structure and evolution of populations. (pnas.org)
Applying this formulation to the available data provides the best estimate to date of the rate of spontaneous mutation in riboviruses. (pnas.org)
i] spontaneous mutation ii] induced mutation iii] germinal mutation iv] somatic mutation v] chromosomal mutation vi] gene mutation are the some of the major types of mutation. (answers.com)

From one point of view, passenger mutations are an annoying "haystack" complicating the search for causal mutations. (pnas.org)

Attempts to detect order in these mutation rates have revealed certain underlying patterns. (genetics.org)
There are tests available to detect mutations in JAK2 exon 12 and to identify other non-V617F mutations. (labtestsonline.org)
The screen, called BEAMing technology, is sensitive enough to detect even rare mutations circulating in the blood stream in the form of free DNA, genetic material shed from tumors. (bloomberg.com)

on the other hand, if a germinal mutation is involved, what was once an abnormality may become so common in certain populations that it emerges as the norm. (encyclopedia.com)

A suppressor mutation is a second mutation that alleviates or reverts the phenotypic effects of an already existing mutation in a process defined synthetic rescue . (wikipedia.org)
Look up suppressor mutation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. (wikipedia.org)

Over the eons, advantageous mutations, examples of which we look at later, have allowed life to develop and diversify from primitive cells into the multitude of species - including Homo sapiens - that exist on Earth today. (encyclopedia.com)
Those structures stymie evolution by denying advantageous mutations any chance to take over a population. (wired.com)

Only 5-10% of breast cancer cases in women are attributed to BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations (with BRCA1 mutations being slightly more common than BRCA2 mutations), but the impact on women with the gene mutation is more profound. (wikipedia.org)
[2] The risk of breast and ovarian cancer is higher for women with a high-risk BRCA1 mutation than with a BRCA2 mutation. (wikipedia.org)
Methods to diagnose the likelihood of a patient with mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 getting cancer were covered by patents owned or controlled by Myriad Genetics . (wikipedia.org)
Approximately 50% to 65% of women born with a deleterious mutation in BRCA1 will develop breast cancer by age 70, and 35% to 46% will develop ovarian cancer by age 70. (wikipedia.org)
Dr. Robert Burk of New York's Yeshiva University said his study found that men with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation were facing a greater risk of developing aggressive tumors, The Canadian Broadcasting Corp. reported Friday. (upi.com)
Their familial descent was chosen since the Ashkenazi Jewish population is much more likely to have a BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation. (upi.com)
Cancer Incidence in BRCA1 mutation carriers. (nih.gov)
Germline BRCA1 mutations confer a substantial lifetime risk of breast and ovarian cancer, but whether cancer at other sites is increased is less clear. (nih.gov)
Relative risks (RRs) of each cancer type in BRCA1 carriers relative to risks for the general population were estimated by weighting individuals according to their estimated probability of being a mutation carrier. (nih.gov)
In carriers of BRCA1 mutations, the overall increased risk of cancer at sites other than breast and ovary is small and is observed in women but generally not in men. (nih.gov)

The basic evolution model would predict, therefore, that mutations must be primarily beneficial, generating a 'vertical' change upward toward higher degrees of order. (angelfire.com)
As a matter of fact, the phenomenon of a truly beneficial mutation, one which is known to be a mutation and not merely a latent characteristic already present in the genetic material but lacking previous opportunity for expression, and one which is permanently beneficial in the natural environment, has yet to be documented. (angelfire.com)
A central premise of the theory of evolution through natural selection is that when beneficial mutations appear, they should spread throughout a population. (wired.com)

because if they continued forever, too many mutations would accumulate in the individual. (scienceblogs.com)
The molecular clocks generate mutations at a steady rate, the "ticking" rate of the clock, and accumulate more mutations with age. (lanl.gov)
Nonlethal mutations accumulate within the gene pool and increase the amount of genetic variation. (wikipedia.org)

Mutation is a phenomenon significant to many aspects of life on Earth and is one of the principal means by which evolutionary change takes place. (encyclopedia.com)
Mutations become especially important when an organism's environment is changing - something that has happened often over the course of evolutionary history. (encyclopedia.com)
Mutation is a major evolutionary force that results from wide range of factors and that carries a w. (bookrags.com)
It is now possible to specify some of the evolutionary forces that shape these diverse mutation rates. (genetics.org)
In evolutionary theory , specifically the theory of evolution by natural selection , mutation is considered the main source of new variation in a population. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Mutation is the ultimate source of all genetic variation, providing the raw material on which evolutionary forces such as natural selection can act. (wikipedia.org)

Mutation A mutation is a sudden change in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic material of life. (bookrags.com)

A mutation on a gene that regulates brain development is associated with a 14-fold increased risk of schizophrenia. (livescience.com)

Chromosomal mutation can have lasting impacts on the person who this happens to. (answers.com)

A basic principle of genetics is that the likelihood that a particular mutation occurs is independent of its phenotypic consequences. (nih.gov)
Up-to-date, user friendly, and comprehensive, the Guide to Mutation Detection is an invaluable resource for students and practitioners working across a wide range of genetics-related disciplines. (booksamillion.com)
Human Mutation is a peer-reviewed medical journal of human genetics published by Wiley-Liss on behalf of the Human Genome Variation Society. (wikipedia.org)

We first show that selection (negative or positive) has affected only a small fraction of mutations, allowing us to attribute observed trends to underlying mutational processes rather than selection. (pnas.org)
Some of the mutational processes generating these mutations do so in bursts and these will often be through external exposures such as sunbathing or tobacco smoking. (lanl.gov)
Other mutational processes, however, may be internal to the cell and generate mutations continuously, at a constant rate over decades. (lanl.gov)

Y390C mutation occurs in the serine/threonine kinase domain, [ 26 ] which disrupts the kinase function of CHEK2 and prevents the phosphorylation of downstream factors in the signaling pathway. (medscape.com)

As part of the Hemophilia Inhibitor Research Study (HIRS), the Division of Blood Disorders at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) tested more than 1400 patients and identified over 250 unique mutations in the factor VIII gene, F8 , to identify the mutation in the gene that caused their hemophilia A. This Excel database lists mutation results for patients tested as part of HIRS. (cdc.gov)
Our results suggest that most coding sequence mutations in cancer are neutral with respect to cancer growth. (pnas.org)
In a recent survey ( D rake 1993a ), most of the mutation rates that could be calculated were necessarily based on results obtained with very small and thus potentially unrepresentative mutational targets, and contained other experimental and calculational uncertainties. (genetics.org)
Elevation of 20-carbon long chain bases due to a mutation in serine palmitoyltransferase small subunit b results in neurodegeneration. (cnbc.com)
Disease progression-free survival is similar for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and epidermal growth factor receptor mutations whether they receive erlotinib or gefitinib, show the results of a South Korean study. (news-medical.net)
In Mutation, Cook explores the possible results of genetic engineering, zygote implantation, and surrogate motherhood. (bookrags.com)
This error-prone process often results in mutations. (wikipedia.org)

They might be the result of a mutation in cells, or the result of a chemical or nuclear reaction. (dezeen.com)

Blood samples from people in the study showed that the people with the mutation had greater expression and greater activity of the gene than people without the mutations, the study said. (livescience.com)
Earlier and much smaller studies have shown more vulnerability to the flu and West Nile in people with the mutation, but there is no evidence of increased mortality in the 500,000 people of the U.K. Biobank database. (theatlantic.com)

In addition to the reading frame, Crick also used suppressor mutations to determine codon size. (wikipedia.org)

If adaptive mutations are rare, as seems to be the case, then rates of DNA sequence evolution are driven mainly by mutation and random drift, as K imura ( 1983a ) has argued. (genetics.org)
They compared these sequences with the normal gene sequences and looked for mutations (changes in the sequence). (www.nhs.uk)
Once they identified mutations within one gene, they then looked at the sequence of this gene in 87 other women with EFMR-like conditions (epilepsy with cognitive impairment), which had not yet been proven to be EFMR. (www.nhs.uk)
Information about mutations is delivered to observers as an ordered sequence of MutationRecords, representing an observed sequence of changes that have occurred. (mail-archive.com)
All mutations made to all observed nodes in all registrations for a given observer are delivered, in time-ordered sequence, via a single invocation of the MutationCallback's handleEvent method. (mail-archive.com)

It will be updated annually with newly published or submitted mutations and corrections. (cdc.gov)
Mutation is a newly formed 4 piece heavy metal band from the Twin Cities. (first-avenue.com)

As a result, half of the people with BRCA gene mutations are male, who would then pass the mutation on to 50% of their offspring, male or female. (wikipedia.org)
You cannot pass the mutation on to your child. (cdc.gov)

This was a genetic study which aimed to identify the mutation that causes the disease: epilepsy and mental retardation limited to females (EFMR). (www.nhs.uk)

Here, we describe a simple relation between ribovirus mutation frequencies and mutation rates, apply it to the best (albeit far from satisfactory) available data, and observe a central value for the mutation rate per genome per replication of μ g ≈ 0.76. (pnas.org)
These uncertainties included lack of information about what proportion of lytic virus replication is linear (repeated copying of the same template) and what is binary (as in most DNA replication), as well as lack of information about the relative contributions of transcription and reverse transcription to retroviral mutation rates. (genetics.org)

Genetic suppression therefore restores the phenotype seen prior to the original background mutation. (wikipedia.org)

The second mutation is not on the same gene as the original mutation. (wikipedia.org)

it must not be forgotten that mutation is the ultimate source of all genetic variation found in natural populations and the only new material available for natural selection to work on. (angelfire.com)
But mutations are found to be of a random nature, so far as their utility is concerned. (angelfire.com)
Data from the Israeli Ministry of Health indicate a rise in the number of cancer patients from exposure to asbestos in the Western Galilee region of northern Israel, and therefore the scientists set out to examine whether genetic mutations are found in the mouse population living in its northern town of Nahariya. (medicalnewstoday.com)
They found that changes in the wing-vein patterns evolve very slowly, given the amount of variation that is produced by mutations. (nature.com)
In this case, the mutation in the gene was found in only 34% of the human tumours that were analysed. (www.nhs.uk)
These two clock-like processes, termed Signature 1 and Signature 5, showed a correlation between the number of mutations found in each cancer sample and the age of the patient when the cancer was diagnosed. (lanl.gov)
A study with roundworms in the journal Cell Metabolism found that a diet rich in sugar offset a mutation that ordinarily doubled the worms' life spans. (scientificamerican.com)
In previous work, Cynthia Kenyon of the University of California, San Francisco, found that a mutation to a gene called daf-2 changed insulin signaling and doubled the lifespan of the worms. (scientificamerican.com)
They found several mutations that seemed to be associated with schizophrenia. (livescience.com)
They found that disease was noticeable 10 years earlier in people with JAK2 -first mutations, because they were overproducing blood cells at high levels from the outset. (newscientist.com)
The study of 100,000 women by the Institute of Cancer Research found women with the mutations had a much greater risk of breast cancer. (telegraph.co.uk)
A month after the accident, scientists who study the pale grass blue butterfly collected 144 near the plant, and found that they had begun to show mutations like dented eyes and deformed wings . (discovermagazine.com)
They found secondary mutations in 48 percent of blood samples, versus 12 percent of tissue samples. (bloomberg.com)

Does not this fact show that mutations are really assaults on the organism's central being, its basic capacity to be a living thing? (angelfire.com)
This mutation is not always expressed on the outside but can affect that organism's offspring. (answers.com)
Mutations involve a change in the base pair of an organism's genetic material. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

The accumulation of mutations during a single round of infection. (pnas.org)
The authors had measured this variation in mutation-accumulation experiments, generating large numbers of sublines from inbred fly lines, breeding these sublines for many generations and then measuring mutational variation from the wing-vein differences between the sublines 4 . (nature.com)

This test looks for mutations in JAK2 that are associated with bone marrow disorders caused by the production of too many blood cells. (labtestsonline.org)
The bone marrow disorders caused by JAK2 mutations are known as myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) in which the bone marrow produces too many white blood cells, red blood cells, and/or platelets. (labtestsonline.org)
The primary JAK2 test is JAK2 V617F, named for a mutation at a specific location in the JAK2 gene. (labtestsonline.org)
Other mutations in the JAK2 gene are also associated with MPNs. (labtestsonline.org)
Of these, the team identified 12 samples in which TET2 had unequivocally mutated first, and another 12 in which the JAK2 mutation came first. (newscientist.com)
In cell culture, these mutants were easier to kill with targeted JAK2 inhibitor drugs than cells from those with TET2 -first mutations, but Kent's team has yet to test that this is also true inside the human body. (newscientist.com)
By contrast, the disease was more hidden in those who developed TET2 mutations first and was more likely to develop into full-blown leukaemia, but people in this group were less likely to suffer or die from blood clots than those who developed JAK2 mutations first. (newscientist.com)

Name 2 major types of mutation? (answers.com)

Anatomy11

Organisms12

Diseases23

Chemicals and Drugs74

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes111

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science4

Named Groups3

Health Care6

Modified peptidoglycan transpeptidase activity in a carbenicillin-resistant mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18s. (1/138264)

Marker effects on reversion of T4rII mutants. (2/138264)

Nonbehavioral selection for pawns, mutants of Paramecium aurelia with decreased excitability. (3/138264)

Testing for selective neutrality of electrophoretically detectable protein polymorphisms. (4/138264)

Apontic binds the translational repressor Bruno and is implicated in regulation of oskar mRNA translation. (5/138264)

oko meduzy mutations affect neuronal patterning in the zebrafish retina and reveal cell-cell interactions of the retinal neuroepithelial sheet. (6/138264)

Cancer genetics: tumor suppressor meets oncogene. (7/138264)

Alzheimer's disease: clues from flies and worms. (8/138264)

Point Mutation

Mutation, Missense

Mutation

Frameshift Mutation

Germ-Line Mutation

Pedigree

Mutation Rate

Exons

Base Sequence

Heterozygote

Amino Acid Substitution

Polymerase Chain Reaction

DNA Mutational Analysis

Molecular Sequence Data

Alleles

Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Amino Acid Sequence

Codon, Nonsense

Genotype

Homozygote

Mutagenesis

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Genes, Recessive

Sequence Deletion

Genes, Dominant

Genetic Testing

Protein Structure, Tertiary

DNA Primers

Escherichia coli

Suppression, Genetic

Phenotype

Models, Molecular

Chromosome Mapping

Codon

Cell Line

Binding Sites

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

DNA-Binding Proteins

Genetic Complementation Test

Gene Deletion

Founder Effect

Transcription Factors

Genes, p53

Syndrome

Cloning, Molecular

Protein Binding

Sequence Alignment

DNA

Mutant Proteins

Genetic Linkage

Genetic Predisposition to Disease

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Membrane Proteins

Consanguinity

Bacterial Proteins

Plasmids

Models, Genetic

Transfection

Genes, Lethal

Nuclear Proteins

Heterozygote Detection

Exome

Polymorphism, Genetic

DNA, Mitochondrial

Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf

Genes, BRCA1

Mutagenesis, Insertional

Family Health

Transcription, Genetic

Carrier Proteins

Gene Frequency

Promoter Regions, Genetic

DNA, Neoplasm

Genetic Variation

Introns

Genes, Bacterial

Protein Conformation

RNA, Messenger

Recombination, Genetic